焊接基础知识-无损检测
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Introduction to
Compiled by Zulfahmi Baha. Snr Welding Insp CSWIP 3.2- PenglaiChina 2012
NonDestructive Testing
无损检验介绍
This Module presents you the basic knowledge of NDT methods using in the
Penetrant Solid
• A developer is applied to pull the trapped penetrant back to the surface where it spread out and forms an indication.显像剂施加在被检工件
表面上，把存在于表面的不连续内的渗透剂吸出并形成 有对比的显示
fabrications, to give you more ideas how the Methods operating with their
advantages and Limitations for your reference of your job as welding Inspector这一单元将告诉你所用的NDT检测方法的基本知识，作为一个焊接检 验员让你更加了解这些方法在操作时的优点和局限性，以便作为参考。
Crack Indications显示裂纹
Electromagnetic Yoke 电磁轭
Main Uses of MT磁粉探伤的作用
• Used to inspect ferromagnetic materials( those that can be magnetized) for surface defects and those that are slightly subsurface (near surface defects).可以检查铁磁性材料（被磁化 ）的表面和表面微下部分的缺陷。
捷的检查较大工件表面。 Portable, simple, cheap and easy to interpret.便携，简单，便宜，
容易去理解。 Applicable to non ferrous material.适用于非磁性金属材料。
Disadvantages缺点 Detects only surface breaking defects.只能发现表面的缺陷。 Surface preparation is critical as contaminant may mask defect.表
面清理工作非常关键，因为污染可能掩盖缺陷。 Not applicable to porous material.不适用于有孔状的材料。 Potential hazardous chemicals.化学品存在潜在危险。
MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING (MPI or MT)
或再进入材料。
Defects such as cracks or voids cannot
support as much flux, and force some of
the flux outside of the part creating “flux
leakage”. 裂纹或者孔洞等缺陷
FLUX LEAKAGE
i.e Fatigue cracks
Porosity
Pin holes in weld
Quench cracks
Laps
Lack of fusion breaking
Grinding cracks
Seams
the surface
• Can be used to inspect almost any material provided that its surface is not extremely rough or porous. 渗透探伤方法可以检查不 是特别粗糙或者毛细孔多的材料表面。
• A magnetic field is introduced in a ferromagnetic material. The magnetic lines of force travel through the material, and exit and reenter the material at the poles.铁磁性材料受磁场作用吸引。磁力线在磁极处进入
S
N
• Magnetic particles distributed over
the component will be attracted to
areas of flux leakage and produces a visible indication.磁粉喷洒在工件 上形成一个连续性裂缝区域并产生一 个可见的不连续显示。
无损检测已经被定义为一种检测方法，在无破坏情况下对其部件质量做评估。
i.e. Inspect or measure without doing harm. 例如：检查和测量都不会造成损害。
What are Some Uses of NDT Methods?
在什么情况下需要用到无损检测方法？
• Flaw Detection and Evaluation缺陷检查和评估 • Leak Detection 裂缝检查 • Location Determination定位 • Dimensional Measurements 尺寸测量 • Structure and Microstructure Characterization 结构和微
Basic Methods of NDT 基本无损检测方法
►Visual Inspection (VI)外观检查 ►Penetrant Testing (PT)渗透探伤 ►Magnetic ParticleTesting (MT or MPI)磁粉探伤 ►Ultrasonic Testing (UT)超声探伤 ►Radiographic Testing (RT)射线探伤
。
• After a period of time called the “dwell time” has elapsed, excess penetrant is carefully cleaned from the surface.经过一段时间（驻留时间）以后，多余的
渗透剂将从表面仔细清洁掉。
Penetrant Solid
磁粉探伤
Magnetic particle inspection is a method of locating surface and subsurface defects in ferromagnetic materials.
磁粉探伤是发现铁磁性材料表面和表面下的缺陷。
Basic Principles基本原理
PENETRANT TESTING (PT)渗透探伤
Basic Principles基本原理
• Penetrant solution is applied to the surface of a pre-cleaned component
渗透探伤是对被探伤工件的表面进行预清理
• The liquid is pulled into surfacebreaking defects by capillary action.液体被倒在表面的缺陷通过毛细现象显现出来
What is Nondestructive Testing 什么是无损检测
► Nondestructive Testing has been defined as test method used to examine a component to assess its quality without destroying it.
Advantages and Disadvantages优点和缺点
Advantages优点 • Pre-cleaning not as critical as PT.和渗透的预先清理相比，这里的清理显得并不重要。 • Can detect surface and subsurface defects.可以检查表面和表面下的缺陷。 • Relatively low equipment cost and simple equipment.相对较低设备费用，设备
i.e. Metals, Glass, Ceramics, r, Plastics类如：铁，玻 璃，陶瓷，橡胶，塑料等材料。
Advantages and Disadvantages优点和缺点
Advantages优点 Low operator skill. 操作技能要求低。 Large surface can be inspected rapidly and at low cost.可以经济快
• The indication is much easier to see than the actual defect.表明实
际上的缺陷加显而易见。
Developer Solid
Main Uses of PT渗透探伤主要作用
• Used to locate cracks, porosity and other defects that is open to the surface of a material.可以检查裂纹，渗透剂渗透到材料表面开口 内。
VISUAL INSPECTION (VI)目视检验
►It is the most cost effective method of inspection
是成本最低、最有效的检查方法。
►Most basic and common inspection method
最基本和最常见的检查方法
►Visual Inspection requires little equipment, to name a few;外观检查需要的工具少，要求多； ●Good eyesight and sufficient light良好的视力和足够的光线。 ●Welding Gauge焊接测量仪器 ●Pocket Rule, small steel rule小尺子，小铁尺 ●Inspection mirror检验镜子 ●Square for checking straightness, alignment and perpendicularity.直尺检查笔直度，水平度和垂直度。 ●Standards, codes and specification.标准，规范和规格书。
• This method may be used to inspect plate edges prior to welding, in process inspection of each weld pass, and to inspect repair.磁粉探伤可以检查焊前的
• It is good method for detecting surface crack of all sizes in both weld and base metal, subsurface cracks, incomplete fusion, undercut as well as defects on the repaired edges of the base metal. 这是一个很好的方法，可以检测任何尺寸的焊接和 母材表面的裂纹及表面下裂纹和未熔，
“Please note that this will not certify you as NDT technician” as you have to attend the detail training under certification Body such as : ASNT, PCN“请注 意不是每个人都可以做NDT技术工作”因为你必须参加一些关于类似ASNT、 PCN证书考试的培训课程。
型结构的特性
• Estimation of Mechanical and Physical Properties评估机 械和物理性能
• Stress (Strain) and Dynamic Response Measurements
• Material Sorting and Chemical Composition Determination 材料类型和化学成分构成
Compiled by Zulfahmi Baha. Snr Welding Insp CSWIP 3.2- PenglaiChina 2012
NonDestructive Testing
无损检验介绍
This Module presents you the basic knowledge of NDT methods using in the
Penetrant Solid
• A developer is applied to pull the trapped penetrant back to the surface where it spread out and forms an indication.显像剂施加在被检工件
表面上，把存在于表面的不连续内的渗透剂吸出并形成 有对比的显示
fabrications, to give you more ideas how the Methods operating with their
advantages and Limitations for your reference of your job as welding Inspector这一单元将告诉你所用的NDT检测方法的基本知识，作为一个焊接检 验员让你更加了解这些方法在操作时的优点和局限性，以便作为参考。
Crack Indications显示裂纹
Electromagnetic Yoke 电磁轭
Main Uses of MT磁粉探伤的作用
• Used to inspect ferromagnetic materials( those that can be magnetized) for surface defects and those that are slightly subsurface (near surface defects).可以检查铁磁性材料（被磁化 ）的表面和表面微下部分的缺陷。
捷的检查较大工件表面。 Portable, simple, cheap and easy to interpret.便携，简单，便宜，
容易去理解。 Applicable to non ferrous material.适用于非磁性金属材料。
Disadvantages缺点 Detects only surface breaking defects.只能发现表面的缺陷。 Surface preparation is critical as contaminant may mask defect.表
面清理工作非常关键，因为污染可能掩盖缺陷。 Not applicable to porous material.不适用于有孔状的材料。 Potential hazardous chemicals.化学品存在潜在危险。
MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING (MPI or MT)
或再进入材料。
Defects such as cracks or voids cannot
support as much flux, and force some of
the flux outside of the part creating “flux
leakage”. 裂纹或者孔洞等缺陷
FLUX LEAKAGE
i.e Fatigue cracks
Porosity
Pin holes in weld
Quench cracks
Laps
Lack of fusion breaking
Grinding cracks
Seams
the surface
• Can be used to inspect almost any material provided that its surface is not extremely rough or porous. 渗透探伤方法可以检查不 是特别粗糙或者毛细孔多的材料表面。
• A magnetic field is introduced in a ferromagnetic material. The magnetic lines of force travel through the material, and exit and reenter the material at the poles.铁磁性材料受磁场作用吸引。磁力线在磁极处进入
S
N
• Magnetic particles distributed over
the component will be attracted to
areas of flux leakage and produces a visible indication.磁粉喷洒在工件 上形成一个连续性裂缝区域并产生一 个可见的不连续显示。
无损检测已经被定义为一种检测方法，在无破坏情况下对其部件质量做评估。
i.e. Inspect or measure without doing harm. 例如：检查和测量都不会造成损害。
What are Some Uses of NDT Methods?
在什么情况下需要用到无损检测方法？
• Flaw Detection and Evaluation缺陷检查和评估 • Leak Detection 裂缝检查 • Location Determination定位 • Dimensional Measurements 尺寸测量 • Structure and Microstructure Characterization 结构和微
Basic Methods of NDT 基本无损检测方法
►Visual Inspection (VI)外观检查 ►Penetrant Testing (PT)渗透探伤 ►Magnetic ParticleTesting (MT or MPI)磁粉探伤 ►Ultrasonic Testing (UT)超声探伤 ►Radiographic Testing (RT)射线探伤
。
• After a period of time called the “dwell time” has elapsed, excess penetrant is carefully cleaned from the surface.经过一段时间（驻留时间）以后，多余的
渗透剂将从表面仔细清洁掉。
Penetrant Solid
磁粉探伤
Magnetic particle inspection is a method of locating surface and subsurface defects in ferromagnetic materials.
磁粉探伤是发现铁磁性材料表面和表面下的缺陷。
Basic Principles基本原理
PENETRANT TESTING (PT)渗透探伤
Basic Principles基本原理
• Penetrant solution is applied to the surface of a pre-cleaned component
渗透探伤是对被探伤工件的表面进行预清理
• The liquid is pulled into surfacebreaking defects by capillary action.液体被倒在表面的缺陷通过毛细现象显现出来
What is Nondestructive Testing 什么是无损检测
► Nondestructive Testing has been defined as test method used to examine a component to assess its quality without destroying it.
Advantages and Disadvantages优点和缺点
Advantages优点 • Pre-cleaning not as critical as PT.和渗透的预先清理相比，这里的清理显得并不重要。 • Can detect surface and subsurface defects.可以检查表面和表面下的缺陷。 • Relatively low equipment cost and simple equipment.相对较低设备费用，设备
i.e. Metals, Glass, Ceramics, r, Plastics类如：铁，玻 璃，陶瓷，橡胶，塑料等材料。
Advantages and Disadvantages优点和缺点
Advantages优点 Low operator skill. 操作技能要求低。 Large surface can be inspected rapidly and at low cost.可以经济快
• The indication is much easier to see than the actual defect.表明实
际上的缺陷加显而易见。
Developer Solid
Main Uses of PT渗透探伤主要作用
• Used to locate cracks, porosity and other defects that is open to the surface of a material.可以检查裂纹，渗透剂渗透到材料表面开口 内。
VISUAL INSPECTION (VI)目视检验
►It is the most cost effective method of inspection
是成本最低、最有效的检查方法。
►Most basic and common inspection method
最基本和最常见的检查方法
►Visual Inspection requires little equipment, to name a few;外观检查需要的工具少，要求多； ●Good eyesight and sufficient light良好的视力和足够的光线。 ●Welding Gauge焊接测量仪器 ●Pocket Rule, small steel rule小尺子，小铁尺 ●Inspection mirror检验镜子 ●Square for checking straightness, alignment and perpendicularity.直尺检查笔直度，水平度和垂直度。 ●Standards, codes and specification.标准，规范和规格书。
• This method may be used to inspect plate edges prior to welding, in process inspection of each weld pass, and to inspect repair.磁粉探伤可以检查焊前的
• It is good method for detecting surface crack of all sizes in both weld and base metal, subsurface cracks, incomplete fusion, undercut as well as defects on the repaired edges of the base metal. 这是一个很好的方法，可以检测任何尺寸的焊接和 母材表面的裂纹及表面下裂纹和未熔，
“Please note that this will not certify you as NDT technician” as you have to attend the detail training under certification Body such as : ASNT, PCN“请注 意不是每个人都可以做NDT技术工作”因为你必须参加一些关于类似ASNT、 PCN证书考试的培训课程。
型结构的特性
• Estimation of Mechanical and Physical Properties评估机 械和物理性能
• Stress (Strain) and Dynamic Response Measurements
• Material Sorting and Chemical Composition Determination 材料类型和化学成分构成