阅读3
2023考研英语一阅读理解Text3部分试题及答案解析
2023考研英语一阅读理解Text3部分试题及答案解析2023考研英语一阅读理解Text3部分试题及答案解析：Text 3If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones，the biggest book retailer in the UK, in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit; the same may be true of The President's Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House, a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.The problem began late last year, when Penguin Random House confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were “quietly retiring them to their relevant sections”.PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me: “Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock. We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately. Certainly, our shops are exceptionally busy and book sales are very strong. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018.”In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon & Schuster - the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published.“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power and cartels. Literary agencies are getting bigger to have the clout to negotiate better terms with publishers, publishers consolidating to deal wi th Amazon,” says Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in re cent years have come from small publishers.”We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31. The author mentions two books in Paragraph 1 to present ______.[A] an ongoing conflict[B] an intellectual concept[C] a prevailing sentiment[D] a literary phenomenon32. Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant section?[A] to make them easily noticeable[B] to comply with PRH’s requirement[C] t o respond to PRH’s business move[D] to arrange them in a systematic way33. What message does the spokesperson for Waterstones seem to convey?[A] Their customer remain loyal.[B] The credit limit will be removed.[C] Their stock is underestimated.[D] The book market is rather slack.34. What can be one consequence of the current dispute?[A] Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably.[B] Lesser-known PRH writers become the target of criticism.[C] Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big-name author’s book.[D] Waterstones branches suffer a severe reduction in revenue.35. Which of the following statements best represents Lownie’s view?[A] Small publishers ought to stick together.[B] Big publishers will lose their dominance.[C] The publishing industry is having a hard time.[D] The merger of publishers is a worrying trend.答案解析：31.【答案】[A] an ongoing conflict【解析】本题为例证题。
托福TPO35阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO35阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
The surface of Mars [1]The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features,including huge volcanoes—the largest known in the solar system—and extensive impact cratering.Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge,an enormous geologic area near Mars's equator.Northwest of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all:Olympus Mons,with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base.The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller—a“mere”18 ki1ometers high. [2]None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plates of the Martian crust-there is no plate motion on Mars.Instead,they are shield volcanoes—volcanoes with broad,sloping slides formed by molten rock.All four show distinctive lava channels and other flow features similar to those found on shield volcanoes on Earth.Images of the Martian surface reveal many hundreds of volcanoes.Most of the largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge,but many sma11er ones are found in the northern plains. [3]The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet's low surface gravity.As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano,the volcano's eventual height depends on the new mountain's ability to support its own weight.The lower the gravity,the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain.It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height(about10 kilometers)above their respective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface gravity.Mars's surface gravity is only 40 percent that of Earth,so volcanoes rise roughly 2.5 times as high.Are the Martian shield volcanoes still active?Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions,but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago(an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes),some of them may still be at least intermittently lions of years,though,may pass between eruptions. [4]Another prominent feature of Mars's surface is cratering.The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars,as well as that of its two moons,is pitted with impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space.As on our Moon,the smaller craters are often filled with surface matter—mostly dust—confirming that Mars is a dry desert world.However,Martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar counterparts.On the Moon,ancient craters less than100 meters across(corresponding to depths of about 20 meters)have been obliterated,primarily by meteoritic erosion.On Mars,there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in diameter.The Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent,with Martian windstransporting dust from place to place and erasing surface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them. [5]As on the Moon,the extent of large impact cratering(i.e.craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed)serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface.Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars's southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way. [6]The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet's surface.Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta(debris formed as a result of an impact)that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts.A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the(fairly typical)crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences.The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust,,soil,and boulders.■However,the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater.■Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost,or water ice,lies just a few meters under the surface.■Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice,resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.■ Paragraph 1 Q29 The word“enormous”in the passage is closest in meaning to A.Important B.Extremely large C.Highly unusual D.Active 正确答案:B 解析：回到原文题干定位词汇出现的句子，“Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge,an enormous geologic area near Mars’s equator.”从句型结构来看，这句话的是修饰Tharsis bulge的同位语短语。
2020年考研英语一阅读text3
2020年考研英语一阅读text3概述1. 2020年考研英语一阅读部分text3是考研英语一部分中的阅读部分的一篇文章，该部分占据了考试试卷的一定篇幅，对于考生来说具有重要意义。
2. 阅读text3的目的在于检验考生的阅读理解能力、逻辑推理能力和语言表达能力，通过这篇文章的阅读对考生的综合能力进行考查。
文章内容分析3. text3的主题围绕了“社交媒体对年轻人的影响”展开，文章涉及了社交媒体对情感交流、个人观点形成、社会参与等方面的影响。
4. 文章通过举例和论证来昭示社交媒体对年轻人生活的影响，并探讨了这种影响所带来的积极和消极的结果。
5. 通过对社交媒体影响的两种不同观点的阐述，文章展现了复杂和多维的社交媒体对年轻人的影响，以及对社会和个人发展的潜在影响。
文章结构分析6. text3的结构清晰，包括概述、正文和结论部分。
概述部分介绍了社交媒体对年轻人的影响这一主题，并引出了文章的主要内容。
7. 正文部分主要围绕社交媒体对年轻人情感交流、个人观点形成和社会参与等方面的影响展开论述，通过例证和论证加深了对这一主题的理解。
8. 结论部分对文章的主要内容进行了总结，强调社交媒体对年轻人生活的复杂和多维影响，呼吁社会对社交媒体对年轻人的关注和引导。
文章理解与分析9. 文章的理解和分析需要考生具备对社交媒体的基本了解，同时需要考生对文章内容的思考和推理能力。
10. 考生需要明确文章的中心思想，并能够理解和分析文中举例和论证来支持这一主题的文字。
11. 考生还应当能够审视文章中的观点和立场，并对这些观点进行分析和思考。
文章写作建议12. 阅读text3的考生在写作时应当注意逻辑性、条理性和语言表达的准确性。
13. 在表达自己观点时，考生应当注意观点的合理性和完整性，同时要尊重文章的原意，并在理解文章的基础上进行推理和分析。
14. 写作中避免无效的重复和废话，注意段落之间的逻辑过渡和连接，使文章结构合理、连贯。
剑桥雅思真题7-阅读Test 3(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题7-阅读Test 3（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Ant IntelligenceWhen we think of intelligent members of the animal kingdom, the creatures that spring immediately to mind are apes and monkeys. But in fact the social lives of some members of the insect kingdom are sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint of intelligence. Among these, the world of the ant has come in for considerable scrutiny lately, and the idea that ants demonstrate sparks of cognition has certainly not been rejected by those involved in these investigations.Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack. Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels (as in religious chants, advertising images and jingle s, political slogans and martial music) to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote, Ants are so much like human beings as to be an embarrassment. They farm fungi, raise aphids* as livestock, launch armies to war, use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse enemies, capture slaves, engage in child lab our, exchange information ceaselessly. They do everything but watch television.'However, in ants there is no cultural transmission -everything must be encoded in the genes -whereas in humans the opposite is true. Only basic instincts are carried in the genes of a newborn baby, other skills being learned from others in the community as the child grows up. It may seem that this cultural continuity gives us a huge advantage over ants. They have never mastered fire nor progressed. Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of humans five thousand years ago but been totally overtaken by modern human agribusiness.Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.Ants were farmers fifty million years before humans were. Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves - but some fungi can. They therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food. Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might ac t as 'weeds', and spread waste to fertilize the crop.It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically screened 8 62 different types of fungi taken from ants' nests. These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighbouring ant colonies.Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles - the forcing house of intelligence -the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of specialised chambers and tunnels.When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles, we are amazed at what has been accomplishedby humans. Yet Hoelldobler and Wilson's magnificent work for ant lovers, The Ants, describes a supercolony of the ant Formica yessensis on the Ishikari Coast of Hokkaido. This 'megalopolis' was reported to be compose d of 360 million workers and a million queens living in 4, 500 interconnected nests a cross a territory of 2.7 square kilometres.Such enduring and intricately meshed levels of technical achievement outstrip by far anything achieved by our distant ancestors. We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years. Ant societies existed in something like their present form more than seventy million years ago. Beside this, prehistoric ma n looks technologically primitive. Is this then some kind of intelligence, albeit of a different kind? Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update in their heads. They combine the evidence of visual landmarks with a mental library of local directions, all within a framework which is consulted and updated. So ants can learn too.And in a twelve-year programmed of work, Ryabko and Reznikova have found evidence that ants can transmit very complex messages. Scouts who had located food in a maze returned to mobilise their foraging teams. They engaged in contact sessions, at the end of which the scout was removed in order to observe what her team might do. Often the foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the maze where the food had been. Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odor clues. Discussion now centres on whether the route through the maze is communicated as a 'left-right' sequence of turns or as a 'compass bearing and distance ' message.During the course of this exhaustive study, Reznikova has grown so attached to her laboratory ants that she feels she knows them as individuals - even without the paint spots used to mark them. It's no surprise that Edward Wilson, in his essay, 'In the company of ants', advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their kitchen to: 'Watch where you step. Be careful of little lives.' Question 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage1. Ants use the same channels of communication as humans do.2. City life is one factor that encourages the development of intelligence.3. Ants can build large cities more quickly than humans do.4. Some ants can find their way by making calculations based on distance and position.5. In one experiment, foraging teams were able to use their sense of smell to find food.6. The essay, ‘In the company of ants’, explores ant communication.Question 7-13Complete the summary using the list of words, A-O, below.Write the correct letter, A-O, in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.Ants have sophisticated methods of farming, including herding livestock and growing crops, which are in many ways similar to those used in human agriculture. The ants cultivate a largenumber of different species of edible fungi which convert 7 …………into a form which they can digest. They use their own natural8………… as weed-killers and also use unwanted materials as 9………… Genetic analysis shows they constantly upgrade these fungi by developing new species and by 10 …………species with neighbouring ant colonies. In fact, the forming methods of ants could be said to be more advanced than human agribusiness, since they use 11 …………methods, they do not affect the 12………… and do not waste 13 ………… .You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Population movements and geneticsA Study of the origins and distribution of human populations used to be based on archaeological and fossil evidence. A number of techniques developed since the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on a sounder and more objective footing. The best information on early population movements is now being obtained from the 'archaeology of the living body', the clues to be found in genetic material.B Recent work on the problem of when people first entered the Americas is an example of the value of these new techniques. North-east Asia and Siberia have long been accepted as the launching ground for the first human colonizers of the New World. But was there one major wave of migration across the Bering Strait into the Americas, or several? And when did this event, or events, take place？In recent years, new clues have come from research into genetics, including the distribution of genetic markers in modern Native Americans.C An important project, led by the biological anthropologist Robert Williams, focused on the variants (called Gm allotypes) of one particular protein -immunoglobin G-found in the fluid portion of human blood. All proteins 'drift', or produce variants, over the generations, and members of an interbreeding human population will share a set of such variants. Thus, by comparing the Gm allotypes of two different populations (e.g. two Indian tribes), one can establish their genetic 'distance', which itself can be calibrated to give an indication of the length of time since these populations last interbred.D Williams and his colleagues sampled the blood of over 5,000 American Indians in western North America during a twenty- year period. They found that their Gm allotypes could be divided into two groups, one of which also corresponded to the genetic typing of Central and South American Indians. Other tests showed that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut formed a third group. From this evidence it was deduced that there had been three major waves of migration across the Bering Strait. The first, Paleo-lndian, wave more than 15,000 years ago was ancestral to all Central and South American Indians. The second wave, about 14,000-12,000 years ago, brought Na-Dene hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache (who only migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years ago). The third wave, perhaps 10,000 or 9,000 years ago, saw the migration from North-east Asia of groups ancestral to the modern Eskimo and Aleut.E How far does other research support these conclusions ？Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima- Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Y ucatan peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil. As would have been predicted by Robert Williams's work, all three groups appear to be descended from the same ancestral (Paleo-lndian) population.F There are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages. The biological anthropologist Christy Turner is an expert in the analysis of changing physical characteristics in human teeth. He argues that tooth crowns and roots have a high genetic component, minimally affected by environmental and other factors. Studies carried out by Turner of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modern, suggest that the majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to Northern Asian populations by crown and root traits such as incisor shoveling (a scooping out on one or both surfaces of the tooth), single-rooted upper first premolars and triple-rooted lower first molars.According to Turner, this ties in with the idea of a single Paleo-lndian migration out of North Asia, which he sets at before 14,000 years ago by calibrating rates of dental micro-evolution. Tooth analyses also suggest that there were two later migrations of Na-Denes and Eskimo- Aleut.G The linguist Joseph Greenberg has, since the 1950s, argued that all Native American languages belong to a single 'Amerind' family, except for Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut - a view that gives credence to the idea of three main migrations. Greenberg is in a minority among fellow linguists, most of whom favour the notion of a great many waves of migration to account for the more than 1,000 languages spoken at one time by American Indians. But there is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg's view. Dates given for the migrations should nevertheless be treated with caution, except where supported by hard archaeological evidence.Question 14-19Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-GChoose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-x, into boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.14Section A15Section A16Section A17Section A18Section A19Section AThe discussion of Williams's research indicates the periods at which early people are thought to have migrated along certain routes. There are six routes, A-F, marked on the map below. Complete the table below.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.Early Population Movement to the AmericasQuestion 22-25Reading Passage 2 refers to the three-wave theory of early migration to the Americas. It also suggests in which of these three waves the ancestors of various groups of modem native Americans first reached the continent.Classify the groups named in the table below as originating fromA the first waveB the second waveC the third waveWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.Choose the correct letter, A. B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.26. Christy Turner's research involved the examination ofA. teeth from both prehistoric and modem Americans and Asians.B. thousands of people who live in either the New or the Old World.C. dental specimens from the majority of prehistoric Americans.D. the eating habits of American and Asian populations.Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage. The decline of Europe's forests over the last decade and a half has led to an increasing awareness and understanding of the serious imbalances which threaten them.European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to European forests, threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate: air pollution, soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage. There has been a growing awareness of the need for countries to get together to co-ordinate their policies. In December 1990, Strasbourg hosted the first Ministerial Conference on the protection of Europe's forests. The conference brought together 31 countries from both Western and Eastern Europe. The topics discussed included the co-ordinated study of the destruction of forests, as well as how to combat forest fires and the extension of European research programs on the forest ecosystem. The preparatory work for the conference had been undertaken at two meetings of experts. Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countriestherefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future they will be ignored.As a whole, European countries see forests as performing a triple function: biological, economic and recreational. The first is to act as a 'green lung' for our planet; by means of photosynthesis, forests produce oxygen through the transformation of solar energy, thus fulfilling what for humans is the essential role of an immense, non-polluting power plant. At the same time, forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood. Finally, they offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking. The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man - wood was the first fuel. The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries but they are becoming more and more important. Hence, there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage to the forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.The myth of the 'natural' forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining 'primary' forests in Europe. All European forests are artificial, having been adapted and exploited by man for thousands of years. This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion. A general declaration was made that 'a central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained'.That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policy-making. The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline. Forest decline is still poorly understood but leads to the loss of a high proportion of a tree's needles or leaves. The entire continent and the majority of species are now affected: between 30%and 50% of the tree population. The condition appears to result from the cumulative effect of a number of factors, with atmospheric pollutants the principal culprits. Compounds of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide should be particularly closely watched. However, their effects are probably accentuated by climatic factors, such as drought and hard winters, or soil imbalances such as soil acidification, which damages the roots. The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests. The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of tree species or at least to preserve the 'genetic material' of all of them. Although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject. All information used in the development of national preventative policies would become generally available. The subject of the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was mountain forests. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the mountain ecosystem which has changed most rapidly and is most at risk. A thinly scattered permanent population and development of leisure activities, particularly skiing, have resulted in significant long-term changes to the local ecosystems. Proposed developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests. The fifth resolution relaunched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Eurosilva. Eurosilva should support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemical aspects. Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financial support for doctoraltheses and research projects in this area. Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. This would also involve harmonising activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority research topics relating to the protection of forests. The Strasbourg conference's main concern was to provide for the future. This was the initial motivation, one now shared by all 31 participants representing 31 European countries. Their final text commits them to on-going discussion between government representatives with responsibility for forests.Question 27-33Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage27. Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting of experts.28. Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community.29. Forests are a renewable source of raw material.30. The biological functions of forests were recognised only in the twentieth century.31. Natural forests still exist in parts of Europe.32. Forest policy should be limited by national boundaries.33. The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy must allow for the possibility of change.Question 34-39Look at the following statements issued by the conference.Which six of the following statements, A-J, refer to the resolutions that were issued?Match the statements with the appropriate resolutions (Questions 34-39).Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.35Resolution 236Resolution 337Resolution 438Resolution 539Resolution 6Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.40. What is the best title for Reading Passage 3?A. The biological, economic and recreational role of forestsB. Plans to protect the forests of EuropeC. The priority of European research into ecosystemsD. Proposals for a world-wide policy on forest management参考答案1 FALSE2 TRUE3 NOT GIVEN4 TRUE5 FALSE6 NOT GIVEN7 C8 M9 F10 D11 N12 O13 E14 iv15 vii16 x17 i18 vi19 ii20 E21 D22 C23 B24 A25 A26 A27 NOT GIVEN28 FALSE29 TRUE30 FALSE31 FALSE32 FALSE33 TRUE34 J35 A36 E37 B38 G39 D40 B。
阅读教程3(上海外语教育出版社)填空题答案
1.Her supervisor gave her a glowing reference for her years of hard work and great achievement.2.Smith harangued his fellow students and persuaded…3.I see the tabloids are all ranting and raving about Fergie’s skiing trip.4.The locals are renowned for their hospitality.5.He has placid nature, well-suited to teaching.6.Anyone who has a legitimate grievance against the company…7.The beleaguered prime minister explained …8.The witness was being browbeaten under cross-examination.9.The hotel was expensive, the food poor and the bad weather was the last straw.10.I left Adrian and Jo battling it out.11.High production rates are often achieved at the expense of quality of work.12.These medical costs are beyond the means of most working people.13.Colley refused. This was the last straw and a row broke out..14.When his wife left him his world just fell apart.15.This disease is not just confined to children.16.She was prohibited from speaking bore the brunt of the attack.17.He finished the job at the expense of his health.18.He often ramble and said…19.We have to import an extra 4 million tons of wheat to replenish our reserves.20.The move entailed radical…21.To the surprise of many people, lifetime monogamy has…22.What a mess! The desk is cluttered with papers…23.It is important that the fire regulations are adherence to.24.We would never be able to keep track of the luggage …25.Mrs. Jones, the hostess, replenished glasses for her …26.How can they question our adherence to the treaty?27.The work entails precision.28.A judge should be impartial.29.The pendulum of public opinion has swung back.30.He was meticulous, but never pedantic.31.They failed to fulfill their promises to revive the economy.32.She proportion of men to women in the population…33.I am getting fed up with your stupid comments.34.Spain has at last produced her trump card and sent on…35.There is a great deal of money at stake if the project fails.36.We must follow the plan through to the end.37.You should hang on to that letter.38.I picked up a book that happened to be at hand.39.He had managed to get by without much reading and writing.40.Everybody settles down so we can hear the story.41.Spending so much time playing sport is setting him back at school.42.I have long felt that he lacks maturity.43.The new taxes will be a major impediment to economic growth.44.She was so flustered that she forgot to close the door.45.He managed to recover his composure quickly after…46.There was shy modesty behind that steely determination.47.They were arrested for conspiracy against the government.48.The teacher flunked her because …49.The jury listened carefully to the witness’s testimony of what he saw…50.I’m hoping to get my teaching diploma this year.51.He was very resentful at the way he had been treated.52.The long walking was beginning to take its toll on all of us.53.He seems to think there’s something sacrosanct about his annual…54.No, no! The rhythm was not synchronized with steps.55.Here we come to the crux of the matter.56.They calibrated their responses to…57.The engines were overhauled before our …58.That’s the corner where all the junkies hang out.59.The whole assembly applauded him the minute…60.Though most people do think he is a wonderful actor, he has been accused of being too flamboyant on stage.61.I have sent in my first year’s subscription to the …62.He would quickly have seen through Mary’s deceptions.63.If you have any queries , please don’t hesitate…64.How far should any of us go in pursuit of what we want?65.It was a small, albeit very important mistake.66.I had taken the precaution of swallowing two …67.It turned out that the whole thing was nothing but a big con.68.They were scrimping and scraping all winter so that …69.‘I didn’t even want to come in the first place,’ he muttered.70.To open a new file, click on the icon at the top of …71.Louise often chided her son for his idleness.72.It wasn’t a hoax; there really was a fire.73.He could real off the names of all the capitals of Europe.74.The sick child moaned a little and then fell asleep.75.No way! The twins replied in unison.76.I felt a stabbing pain behind one of my eyes.77.She implored me to come over the telephone…78.The child sat on my hat and squashed it.79.That is all bunk —there can’t be equality.80.I saw a dead cat. It had been squashed by a car.81.That man was fuming with rage.82.They staged these attacks in retaliation for attacks on …83.They made a frantic search for the lost child.84.The famous reporter was kidnapped by terrorists …85.The critics have been almost undermine in their dislike …86.Highway 16 intersects.87.The new law is an infringement on free speech.88.The majority of British people find this sort of souvenir repugnant.89.The benefits from the medicine outweigh the risks of treatment.90.She tried to unanimous his authority at every opportunity.91.Forget about it. This is a book with no redeeming qualities.92.The Herald had been prosecuted for printing obscene advertising.93.Tourists need to be alert to the dangers of …ernment censorship is relaxing a bit to allow …95.The long climb saps the cyclists’ strength and slows …96.She fumbled about in the dark for the light switch.97.They feel they have won another battle in their crusade against …98.It’s a very seductive offer, but I’m quite happy …99.I could see the street lights flickering through the trees.100.His only vice is to get drunk on champagne after …101.Her constant querulous complaints distanced her friends from her.102.Instead of a middle-aged,……Oscar turned out to be a brawny young man.103.The production and sale of alcohol was outlawed in America in the 1960s.104.Without the prospect of promotion, there’s no incentive for people…105.Scores of young actresses turned up for …106.No one can deny the pernicious influence …107.He takes a perverse pleasure in upsetting his mother.108.Prisoners are constantly subjected to torture and beating.109.She is a fair and conscientious manager.110.Any style can be parodied, but a real artist has to be original.111.Sophia Loran is famous for her full luscious lips.112.Outwardly, Graham will ooze all his old confidence.113.It was his lust for glitz and glamour that was driving them apart.114.She never repents anything in her life.115.Witnesses said the gunman immediately ran to a motorcycle being ridden by an accomplice. 116.The whole thing stinks of political corruption.117.The pop singers is feral in the eyes of his fans …118.I decided to try for a more natural shot of a fox peering …119.The Congress had agreed to its stance on the armed struggle.120.What do you think causes the police to go overboard to use excessive violence?121.He didn’t even have the courtesy to reply my email.122.Election boards will count the ballots by hand.123.I was irritated by the intrusive interest they showed in our affairs.124.New housing estates are sprouting up all around the city.125.The whole question of salaries is a touchy one on this company.126.The men involved in the holdup had been …127.Try to figure out what feeling underlies your anger.128.I enjoyed the film but I think they overdid the gruesome details.129.The Scottish electorate is more sophisticated than we care to admit.130.The government will provide temporary accommodation for up to 3,000 homeless people in winter. 131.Don’t feel so bad. You are new in this area. Novice are likely to make …132.It’s a real hassle to get this child to eat.133.Sally used to keep up entertained by mimicking our high school history teacher.134.She only exchanged a few …at the party she jabbered in Italian …135.Mrs. McCord spoke in such a drawl that she sounded very unnatural.136.Since the whole incident had …reporters vied with each other to write about it.137.He’s still a novice as far as film acting is concerned.138.Will computers ever be able to mimic the way humans think?139.Washing is real hassle in a house with only one cold tap.140.The instrument was so bulky that it had to be wheeled around on a large trolley.141.Their vehicles are demonstrably more reliable than ours.142.The letter seemed to implicate Mitchell in the robbery.143.He sacrificed a promising career to look after his handicapped daughter.144.He repeated his assertions at court that he was not guilty.145.She great resented her brother’s refusal to help.146.Jim was seduced into leaving the company by the offer of higher pay.147.I’m afraid the girl is really hooked on that young man.148.It was reported that traffic had been disrupted by floods149.Who is responsible for the maintenance and care of the buildings?150.New ways of thinking usually supersede older ones.151.I was so concentrated on what I was doing that I didn’t notice Bob sneaking up …152.The company would have gone into liquidation ……management whiz.153.We are less sanguine about the …154.The old lady was now half blind and nearly senile.155.I’m sorry about your situation, but how did you get yourself in this pickle?156.He always likes to vaunt his achievement in front of others.157.I was surprised to find that his much-vaunted car was old …158.The hostess hastily improvised a supper when the unexpected friends showed up. 159.Actually the clay pot is porous, though you may not see any holes.160.Water is more precious than …little or no precipitation.161.It was raining so heavily that water seeped/percolated inside the collar of my raincoat. 162.I used to lie awake at night watching the rain seep/percolate through the cracks. 163.They hauled the pilot clear of the wreckage.164.As cities develop at a great …village life intact.165.The use of poison gas was outlawed many years ago.166.He went into such a fume that he took the bag and tossed it into some …167.This kind of aluminum frying pan is no sale …168.Over a million tons of rich ore were excavated from that one pocket.169.If you want the repairs done right, you’ll have to shell out at least $800.170.Villagers petitioned the local authority to provide better bus service.171.Few will dispute that travel broadens the mind.172.Change is the great catalyst for action.173.With prices so low there is little incentive for the farmers.174.Mushrooms tend to pop up overnight.175.The editor was concerned at the drop in advertising revenue.176.The government needs to come out with a viable alternative to the present …177.They petitioned the government to legalize euthanasia.178.All this seeded to doom his chances in the election.179.Humans can not only reproduce themselves but also produce the necessities of life. 180.The negotiations collapsed after several meetings.181.Social and economic factors are inextricably linked that we can’t separate them. 182.He had a cataract removed the other day in the hospital …183.It was such a good rain. The parched plains of India soaked up the rain thirstily. 184.She had a great aversion to children and that’s why …185.She professed that she could do nothing unaided.186.They are among the most benign people on earth.187.The courts made me a ward of my aunt and she brought me up.。
托福TPO33阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO33阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Extinction Episodes of the Past 【1】It was not until the Cambrian period,beginning about 600 million years ago,that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity.Since the Cambrian period,biodiversity has generally risen,but there have been some notable exceptions.Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe.The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attention,but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events.Collectively,more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent.The best known of the five major extinction events,the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs,is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. 【2】Starting about 280 million years ago,reptiles were the dominant large animals in terrestrial environments.In popular language this was the era“when dinosaurs ruled Earth,”when a wide variety of reptile species occupying many ecological niches.However,no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely,and when,after over 200 million years,the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago,mammals began to flourish,evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species,including bats and whales,that we know today.Paleontologists label this point in Earth’s history as the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Tertiary period,often abbreviated as the K-T boundary.This time was also marked by changes in many other types of organisms.Overall,about 38 percent of the families of marine animals were lost,with percentages much higher in some groups Ammonoid mollusks went from being very diverse and abundant to being extinct.An extremely abundant set of planktonic marine animals called foraminifera largely disappeared,although they rebounded later.Among plants,the K-T boundary saw a sharp but brief rise in the abundance of primitive vascular plants such as ferns,club mosses,horsetails,and conifers and other gymnosperms.The number of flowering plants(angiosperms)was reduced at this time,but they then began to increase dramatically. 【3】What caused these changes?For many years scientists assumed that a cooling of the climate was responsible,with dinosaurs being particularly vulnerable because,like modern reptiles,they were ectothermic(dependent on environmental heat,or cold-blooded).It is now widely believed that at least some species of dinosaurs had a metabolic rate high enough for them to be endotherms(animals that maintain a relatively consistent body temperature by generating heat internally).Nevertheless,climatic explanations for the K-T extinction are not really challenged by the ideas that dinosaurs may have been endothermic,because evenendotherms can be affected by a significant change in the climate. 【4】Explanations for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980 when a group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed that 65 million years ago Earth was stuck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour.They believed that this impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth,shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels.Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires.In other words,a series of events arising from a single cataclysmic event caused the massive extinctions.Initially,the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence.At locations around the globe,geologists had found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago.Iridium is an element that is usually uncommon near Earth’s surface,but it is abundant in some meteorites.Therefore,Alvarez and his colleagues concludedthat it was likely that the iridium in sedimentary rocks deposited at the K-T boundary had originated in a giant meteorite or asteroid.Most scientist came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation,180 kilometers in diameter in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula,was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago. 1.The word"proliferation"in the passage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to A.decline. B.extinction. C.increase. D.migration. 2.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period? A.Biodiversity levels were steady,as indicated by the fossil record. B.Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked. C.The most dramatic extinction episode occurred. D.Few microscopic species existed. 3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in importantways or leave out essential information. A.The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago,at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify. B.Because no group of species can remain dominant forever,mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct. C.After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years,the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago. D.The diverse group of mammals that we know today,including bats and whales,evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs. 4.According to paragraph 2,why are dinosaurs popularly said to have"ruled Earth"during the Cretaceous period? A.Dinosaurs were the only species of reptile that existed during the whole of the Cretaceous period. B.Dinosaurs won the battle for food resources over mammals during the Cretaceous period. C.Dinosaurs survived extinction during the Cretaceous period,whereas many other animal species did not. D.Dinosaurs were the physically and ecologically dominant animals during the Cretaceous period. 5.According to paragraph 2,which of the following species initially increased in number at the K-T boundary? A.Dinosaurs. B.Foraminifera. C.Ferns. D.Ammonoid mollusks. 6.Why does the author note that"even endotherms can be affected by a significant change in the climate"(paragraph 3)? A.To argue that there was a significant climate at the time that endothermicdinosaurs became extinct. B.To argue that climate change caused some dinosaurs to evolve as endotherms. C.To support the view that at least some of the dinosaurs that became extinct were endotherms. D.To defend climate change as possible explanation for the extinction of dinosaurs. 7.The word"generated"(paragraph 4)in the passage is closest in meaning to A.collected. B.produced. C.spread. D.added. 8.The word"extensive"(paragraph 4)in the passage is closest in meaning to A.widespread. B.sudden. C.numerous. D.subsequent. 9.According to paragraph 4,all of the following contributed to the massive extinctions of the K-T period EXCEPT: A.tidal waves. B.fires. C.insufficient solar radiation. D.iridium. 10.According to paragraph 4,which of the following statements explains the importance of the discovery of high levels of iridium rocks? A.It provided evidence that overexposure to solar radiation led to the K-T extinction. B.It showed that more than one cataclysmic event was responsible for the K-T extinction. C.It suggested that the cause of the K-T extinction may have been a meteorite striking Earth. D.It provided evidence that the K-T extinction occurred 65 million years ago. 11.According to paragraph 4,which of the following is true about the Yucatan Peninsula? A.The circular formation there was caused by a meteorite impact 65 million years ago. B.Sedimentary rocks from that area have the lowest iridium concentration of any rocks on Earth. C.There is evidence that a huge tidal wave occurred there 65 million years ago. D.Evidence found there challenged the meteorite impact theory. 12.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the meteorite theory? A.The data originally presented as evidence for the theory were eventually rejected. B.Many scientists did not accept it when it was first proposed. C.It has not been widely accepted as an explanation for the K-T extinction. D.Alvarez subsequently revised it after a circular formation was found in the Yucatan Peninsula. 13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?This focused on the chemical composition of ancient rocks. Explanations for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980 when a group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed that 65 million years ago Earth was stuck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour.Theybelieved that this impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth,shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels.Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires.In other words,a series of events arising from a single cataclysmic event caused the massive extinctions.■【A】Initially,the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence.■【B】At locations around the globe,geologists had found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago.■【C】Iridium is an element that is usually uncommon near Earth's surface,but it is abundant in some meteorites.■【D】Therefore,Alvarez and his colleagues concluded that it was likely that the iridium in sedimentary rocks deposited at the K-T boundary had originated in a giant meteorite or asteroid.Most scientist came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation,180 kilometers in diameter in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula,was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago. 14.Prose Summary The K-T extinction 65 million years ago is the best known of the five major extinction episodes since the Cambrian period. A.Collectively,the five major extinction episodes resulted in the elimination of a larger number of species than did all the minor extinction events. B.The K-T extinction eliminated the dinosaurs and ammonoid mollusks but was followed by the diversification of mammals and gymnospermous plants. C.An extreme cooling of the climate could not have caused the K-T extinction of dinosaurs,because,while most dinosaurs depended on environmental heat,some did not. D.The K-T extinction of the dinosaurs is the only mass extinction that has been explained by the impact of a meteorite. E.In 1980 Luis Alvarez proposed that the K-T extinction was caused by ecological disasters brought about by the impact of a meteorite striking Earth. F.A high concentration of iridium in sedimentary rocks at the K-T boundary and a large impact crater in the Yucatan Peninsula from 65 million years ago strongly support Alvarez'hypothesis. 1.proliferation，繁殖，激增，对应C。
大学英语阅读教程3
大学英语阅读教程3
《大学英语阅读教程3》是一本非常有用的学习工具，它帮助
学生提高阅读理解能力和英语水平。
本书内容丰富多样，包括各种各样的文章类型，涵盖了科学、文化、历史、社会等多个领域。
学生可以通过阅读这些文章，了解不同的观点和文化背景，拓宽自己的视野和知识面。
本书主要分为四个部分，每个部分都有不同主题的文章。
第一部分主要介绍了一些科学相关的话题，如大脑研究、环境保护等。
这些文章既有科普性质的解释，又有专业性的讨论，对于学生了解现代科学发展十分有帮助。
第二部分的主题涉及文化和历史的相关内容。
这些文章介绍了不同国家和地区的特色文化，让学生了解到世界上的多样性和不同的传统习俗。
同时，一些历史相关的文章也帮助学生了解到人类社会的发展和变迁。
第三部分主要关注社会问题和时事热点。
这些文章涉及到一些重要的社会议题，如教育、医疗、环境等。
通过阅读这些文章，学生可以了解到社会问题的多样性和复杂性，培养批判性思维和综合分析能力。
最后，第四部分的文章主要是一些文学作品或是文化交流的报道。
这些文章有助于学生提高阅读理解能力和文学欣赏水平，同时加深对不同文化的理解和尊重。
总的来说，《大学英语阅读教程3》是一本内容丰富、有趣且
实用的教材。
通过阅读这些文章，学生可以提高英语阅读能力，同时了解到世界上的不同科学、文化、历史和社会等领域的发展和变化。
这对于学生扩展自己的知识面和增强综合素养来说十分重要。
新视野大学英语 长篇阅读 3 翻译
Unit 1Passage A苹果成功的秘诀是:简单苹果的包装设计团队刚刚从向乔布斯的解说回来，他们的面容说出了这个故事——他们说“事情并没有按照我们计划的那样发展”。
我对项目负责人说：“焦虑让我受不了，今天早上怎么样?”他说：“史蒂夫用那根简单的棍子打了我们。
”意思是：史蒂夫拒绝了他们的工作,不是因为它不好,而是因为,在某种程度上,它未能提炼想法。
这个项目负责人已经安排团队为同一产品的两个版本设计包装。
乔布斯认为这是脑死亡。
“把它们结合起来，”乔布斯说。
“一个产品，一个盒子。
”没有必要去探索第二套方案。
他是对的。
它更简单，更快，更好。
谈话几分钟后就结束了，这让一群非常聪明、才华横溢的人想知道，为什么他们以前没有想到过这一点。
简单的棍子象征着苹果的核心价值。
他它激励人们以野蛮的方式思考，以小的方式思考，以乔布斯的方式做生意。
有时它被当作灵感举起：有时它的挥动就像一个野人的俱乐部：一个在简单中深刻的、几乎像是宗教信仰的力量。
史蒂夫·乔布斯(Steve Jobs)要求别人直接和他沟通，就像他自己说的那样。
如果你闲聊，他将会打断你。
他经营着自己的生意，好像没有多少宝贵的时间可以浪费，这很好地反映了苹果的现实——当然，任何认真对待竞争的公司都是如此。
这可能是最容易建立的简单的元素之一。
你会让一些人局促不安，但是每个人都知道他们的立场：你的团队百分之百的时间将集中在前进上——没有必要去理解人们真正在说什么。
人们普遍认为乔布斯是要求效忠的暴君，强制命令，在他周围灌输来自上帝的恐惧。
虽然乔布斯确实表现出了这样的行为，但这幅画像是不完整的。
这个男人也可以是有趣的，温暖的，甚至是迷人的。
残忍的诚实和简单的残忍之间有着巨大的区别。
一名前苹果高级员工记得，在他担任直接向乔布斯汇报时，他经常看到这样的惯例。
他称之为“旋转炮塔(旋转炮台)”。
因为这取决于对话是如何演变的，所以无法预测它何时会发生。
但在某个会议上，在某个偶然的时刻，房间里的某个可怜鬼会说些什么，房间里的每个人都知道这些话会点燃乔布斯的导火索。
托福TPO11阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO11阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO11阅读Passage3原文文本： Begging by Nestlings Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials. Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters' begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters' calls. The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators. This prediction was supported by data collected in one survey of 24 species from an Arizona forest, more evidence that predator pressure favors the evolution of begging calls that are hard to detect and pinpoint. Given that predators can make it costly to beg for food, what benefit do begging nestlings derive from their communications? One possibility is that a noisy baby bird provides accurate signals of its real hunger and good health, making it worthwhile for the listening parent to give it food in a nest where several other offspring are usually available to be fed. If this hypothesis is true, then it follows that nestlings should adjust the intensity of their signals in relation to the signals produced by their nestmates, who are competing for parental attention. When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings, the hungrynestlings beg more loudly than usual—but so do their better-fed siblings, though not as loudly as the hungrier birds. If parent birds use begging intensity to direct food to healthy offspring capable of vigorous begging, then parents should make food delivery decisions on the basis of their offsprings’ calls. Indeed, if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour feeding half the set and starving the other half, when the birds are replaced in the nest, the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds, and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those who beg less vigorously. As these experiments show, begging apparently provides a signal of need that parents use to make judgments about which offspring can benefit most from a feeding. But the question arises, why don't nestlings beg loudly when they aren't all that hungry? By doing so, they could possibly secure more food, which should result in more rapid growth or larger size, either of which is advantageous. The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging—such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories—but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share genes with one another. An individual's success in propagating his or her genes can be affected by more than just his or her own personal reproductive success. Because close relatives have many of the same genes, animals that harm their close relatives may in effect be destroying some of their own genes. Therefore, a begging nestling that secures food at the expense of its siblings might actually leave behind fewer copies of its genes overall than it might otherwise. Paragraph 1: Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials. ▉托福TPO11阅读Passage3题目： 1. The phrase “impose on” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ increase for ○ remove from ○ place on。
一年级语文阅读训练3(附答案)
一年级语文阅读训练阅读短文，回答问题。
变成老年人早上，小闹钟叫明明起床:“再不起床，上学就要迟到了。
”“哼，你这个讨厌的小闹钟，就你多事!”明明没有听小闹钟的话，迷迷糊糊地又睡着了。
他做了一个梦，在梦中，他来到了一个人人都可以不遵守时间的王国，这下，可把明明乐坏了，他又蹦又跳:“太棒了!再也不用早起了。
”可是，由于人人都不遵守时间,时间飞快地从他们身边溜走了,明明和这个国家的人全都变成了老年人。
明明害怕了，他该怎么办呢?1.早晨，小闹钟叫明明起床，明明是怎么回答的?2.明明做了一个什么样的梦呢?3.明明害怕了，他应该怎么办?一年级答案：1.“哼，你这个讨厌的小闹钟，就你多事!”2.他来到了一个人人都可以不遵守时间的王国，这下，可把明明乐坏了，他又蹦又跳:“太棒了!再也不用早起了。
”可是，由于人人都不遵守时间，时间飞快地从他们身边溜走了，明明和这个国家的人全变成了老年人。
3.示例:他应该珍惜时间，不要睡懒觉，抓紧时间起床去上学。
阅读短文，回答问题。
乌鸦搬家乌鸦在搬家的路上遇到了百灵鸟。
百灵鸟问乌鸦：“看你这样匆忙，要上哪儿去呀？”乌鸦说：“我要搬到东村去住。
”“那是为什么？”“西村的人说我的声音太难听，都很讨厌我。
我在那里住不下去，非搬家不可了！”百灵鸟说：“我认为，西村的人讨厌你，是因为你的声音太难听。
如果你不改变，东村的人也是不会欢迎你的呀！”1.乌鸦原来住在，现在要搬到住。
2.乌鸦为什么要搬家？在文中用“——”画出来。
3.乌鸦要怎样做才能让人们喜欢它？一年级答案：1.西村东村2.画出：西村的人说我的声音太难听，都很讨厌我。
3.示例：乌鸦要想办法改变它的声音。
阅读短文，回答问题。
水果歌苹果爱脸红，香蕉爱弯腰，石榴爱咧嘴，桃子爱长毛。
（1）儿歌中哪些音节是整体认读音节？（2）你知道儿歌里写了哪些水果吗？一年级答案：（1）shízi（2）苹果、香蕉、石榴、桃子。
阅读短文，回答问题。
爱玩的太阳娃娃天上的太阳娃娃喜欢吹白云玩儿。
剑桥雅思真题5-阅读Test3(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题5-阅读Test3（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Early Childhood EducationNew Zealand's National Party spokesman on education, Dr Lockwood Smith, recently visited the US and Britain. Here he reports on the findings of his trip and what they could mean for NewZealand's education policyA'Education To Be More' was published last August. It was the report of the New Zealand Government's Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. The report argued for enhanced equity of access and better funding for childcare and early childhood education institutions. Unquestionably, that's a real need; but since parents don't normally send children to pre-schools until the age of three, are we missing out on the most important years of all?BA 13-year study of early childhood development at Harvard University has shown that, by the age of three, most children have the potential to understand about 1000 words — most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation for the rest of their lives.Furthermore, research has shown that while every child is born with a natural curiosity, it can be suppressed dramatically during the second and third years of life. Researchers claim that the human personality is formed during the first two years of life, and during the first three years children learn the basic skills they will use in all their later learning both at home and at school. Once over the age of three, children continue to expand on existing knowledge of the world.CIt is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system. That's observed not just in New Zealand, but also in Australia, Britain and America. In an attempt to overcome that educational under-achievement, a nationwide programme called 'Headstart' was launched in the United States in 1965. A lot of money was poured into it. It took children into pre-school institutions at the age of three and was supposed to help the children of poorer families succeed in school.Despite substantial funding, results have been disappointing. It is thought that there are two explanations for this. First, the programme began too late. Many children who entered it at the age of three were already behind their peers in language and measurable intelligence. Second, the parents were not involved. At the end of each day, 'Headstart' children returned to the same disadvantaged home environment.DAs a result of the growing research evidence of the importance of the first three years of a child's life and the disappointing results from 'Headstart', a pilot programme was launched in Missouri in the US that focused on parents as the child's first teachers. The 'Missouri' programme was predicated on research showing that working with the family, rather than bypassing the parents, is the most effective way of helping children get off to the best possible start in life. The four-year pilot study included 380 families who were about to have their first child and whorepresented a cross-section of socio-economic status, age and family configurations. They included single-parent and two-parent families, families in which both parents worked, and families with either the mother or father at home.The programme involved trained parent — educators visiting the parents' home and working with the parent, or parents, and the child. Information on child development, and guidance on things to look for and expect as the child grows were provided, plus guidance in fostering the child's intellectual, language, social and motor-skill development. Periodic check-ups of the child's educational and sensory development (hearing and vision) were made to detect possible handicaps that interfere with growth and development. Medical problems were referred to professionals.Parent-educators made personal visits to homes and monthly group meetings were held with other new parents to share experience and discuss topics of interest. Parent resource centres, located in school buildings, offered learning materials for families and facilitators for child care.EAt the age of three, the children who had been involved in the 'Missouri' programme were evaluated alongside a cross-section of children selected from the same range of socio-economic backgrounds and family situations, and also a random sample of children that age. The results were phenomenal. By the age of three, the children in the programme were significantly more advanced in language development than their peers, had made greater strides in problem solving and other intellectual skills, and were further along in social development. In fact, the average child on the programme was performing at the level of the top 15 to 20 per cent of their peers in such things as auditory comprehension, verbal ability and language ability.Most important of all, the traditional measures of 'risk', such as parents' age and education, or whether they were a single parent, bore little or no relationship to the measures of achievement and language development. Children in the programme performed equally well regardless of socio-economic disadvantages. Child abuse was virtually eliminated. The one factor that was found to affect the child's development was family stress leading to a poor quality of parent-child interaction. That interaction was not necessarily bad in poorer families.FThese research findings are exciting. There is growing evidence in New Zealand that children from poorer socio-economic backgrounds are arriving at school less well developed and that our school system tends to perpetuate that disadvantage. The initiative outlined above could break that cycle of disadvantage. The concept of working with parents in their homes, or at their place of work, contrasts quite markedly with the report of the Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. Their focus is on getting children and mothers access to childcare and institutionalized early childhood education. Education from the age of three to five is undoubtedly vital, but without a similar focus on parent education and on the vital importance of the first three years, some evidence indicates that it will not be enough to overcome educational inequity.Questions 1-4Reading Passage 1 has six sections, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 details of the range of family types involved in an education programme2 reasons why a child's early years are so important3 reasons why an education programme failed4 a description of the positive outcomes of an education programmeQuestions 5-10Classify the following features as characterisingA the 'Headstart' programmeB the 'Missouri' programmeC both the 'Headstart' and the 'Missouri' programmesD neither the 'Headstart' nor the 'Missouri' programmeWrite the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.5 was administered to a variety of poor and wealthy families6 continued with follow-up assistance in elementary schools7 did not succeed in its aim8 supplied many forms of support and training to parents9 received insufficient funding10 was designed to improve pre-schoolers’ educational developmentQuestions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this11 Most ‘Missouri’ programme three-year-olds scored highly in areas such as listening speaking, reasoning and interacting with others.12 ‘Missouri’ programme children of young, uneducated, single parents scored less highly on the tests.13 The richer families in the ‘Missouri’ programme had higher stress levels.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Disappearing DeltaA The fertile land of the Nile delta is being eroded along Egypt's Mediterranean coast at an astounding rate, in some parts estimated at 100 metres per year. In the past, land scoured away from the coastline by the current of the Mediterranean Sea used to be replaced by sediment brought down to the delta by the River Nile, but this is no longer happening.B Up to now, people have blamed this loss of delta land on the two large dams at Aswan in the south of Egypt, which hold back virtually oil of the sediment that used to flow down the river. Before the dams were built, the Nile Bowed freely, carrying huge quantities of sediment north from Africa's interior to be deposited on the Nile delta. This continued for 7000 years, eventually covering a region of over 22,000 square kilometres with layers of fertile silt. Annual flooding brought in new, nutrient-rich soil to the delta region, replacing what had been washed away by the sea, and dispensing with the need for fertilizers in Egypt’s richest food-growing area. But when the Aswan dams were constructed in the 20th century to provide electricity and irrigation, and to protect the huge population centre of Cairo and its surrounding areas from annual flooding and drought, most of the sediment with its natural fertilizer accumulated up above the dam in thesouthern, upstream half of Lake Nasser, instead of passing down to the delta.C Now, however, there turns out to be more to the story. It appears that the sediment-free water emerging from the Aswan dams picks up silt and sand as it erodes the river bed and banks on the 800-kilometre trip lo Cairo. Daniel Jean Stanley of the Smithsonian Institute noticed that water samples taken in Cairo, just before the river enters the delta, indicated that the river sometimes carries more than 850 grams of sediment per cubic metre of water - almost half of what it carried before the dams were built. ‘I’m ashamed to say that the significance of this didn't strike me until after I had read 50 or 60 studies,’ says Stanley in Marine Geology. "There is still a lot of sediment coming into the delta, but virtually no sediment comes out into the Mediterranean to replenish the coastline.So this sediment must be trapped on the delta itself.’D Once north of Cairo, most of the Nile water is diverted into more than 10,000 kilometres of irrigation canals and only a small proportion reaches the sea directly through the rivers in the delta. The water in the irrigation canals is still or very slow-moving and thus cannot carry sediment, Stanley explains. The sediment sinks to the bottom of the canals and then is added to fields by farmers or pumped with the water into the four large freshwater lagoons that are located near the outer edges of the delta. So very little of it actually reaches the coastline to replace what is being washed away by the Mediterranean currents.E The farms on the delta plains and fishing and aquaculture in the lagoons account for much of Egypt's food supply. But by the time the sediment has come to rest in the fields and lagoons it is laden with municipal, industrial and agricultural waste from the Cairo region, which is home to more than 40 million people. Pollutants are building up faster and faster,’ says Stanley. Based on his investigations of sediment from the delta lagoons, Frederic Siegel of George Washington University concurs.’ In Manzalah Lagoon, for example, the increase in mercury, lead and zinc coincided with the building of the High Dam at Aswan, the availability of cheap electricity, and the development of major power-based industries,’ he says. Since that time the concentration of mercury has increased significantly. Lead from engines that use leaded fuels and from other industrial sources has also increased dramatically. These poisons can easily enter the food chain, affecting the productivity of fishing and farming. Another problem is that agricultural wastes include fertilizers which stimulate increases in plant growth in the lagoons and upset the ecology of the area, with serious effects on the fishing industry.F According to Siegel, international environmental organisations are beginning to pay closer attention to the region, partly because of the problems of erosion and pollution of the Nile delta, but principally because they fear the impact this situation could have on the whole Mediterraneancoastal ecosystem. But there are no easy solutions. In the immediate future, Stanley believes that one solution would be to make artificial floods to flush out the delta waterways, in the same way that natural floods did before the construction of the dams. He says, however, that in the long term an alternative process such as desalination may have to be used to increase the amount of water available. ‘In my view, Egypt must devise a way to have more water running through the river and the delta,’ says Stanley. Easier said than done in a desert region with a rapidly growing population. Question 14-17Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-viii in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi. Effects of irrigation on sedimentationii. The danger of flooding the Cairo areaiii. Causing pollution in the Mediterraneaniv. Interrupting a natural processv. The threat to food productionvi. Less valuable sediment than beforevii. Egypt's disappearing coastline16Paragraph E17Paragraph FQuestion 18-23Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement reflects the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this18. Coastal erosion occurred along Egypt’s Mediterranean coast before the building of the Aswan dams.19. Some people predicted that the Aswan dams would cause land loss before they were built.20. The Aswan dams were built to increase the fertility of the Nile delta.21. Stanley found that the levels of sediment in the river water in Cairo were relatively high.22. Sediment in the irrigation canals on the Nile delta causes flooding.23. Water is pumped from the irrigation canals into the lagoons.Question 24-26Complete the summary of paragraphs E and F with the list of words A-H below.Write the correct letter A-H into boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.In addition to the problem of coastal erosion, there has been a marked increase in-the level of 24 ………… contained in the silt deposited in the Nile delta. To deal with this, Stanley suggeststhe use of 25………… in the short term, and increasing the amount of water available throughYou should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The Return of Artificial IntelligenceIt is becoming acceptable again to talk of computers performing human tasks such asproblem-solving and pattern-recognitionA After years in the wilderness, the term 'artificial intelligence’ (Al) seems poised to make a comeback. Al was big in the 1980s but vanished in the 1990s. It re-entered public consciousness with the release of Al, a movie about a robot boy. This has ignited public debate about Al, but the term is also being used once more within the computer industry. Researchers, executives and marketing people are now using the expression without irony or inverted commas. And it is not always hype. The term is being applied, with some justification, to products that depend on technology that was originally developed by Al researchers. Admittedly, the rehabilitation of the term has a long way to go, and some firms still prefer to avoid using it. But the fact that others are starting to use it again suggests that Al has moved on from being seen as an over-ambitious and under-achieving field of research.B The field was launched, and the term 'artificial intelligence' coined, at a conference in 1956 by a group of researchers that included Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert Simon and Alan Newell, all of whom went on to become leading figures in the field. The expression provided an attractive but informative name for a research programme that encompassed such previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics, logic and computer science. The goal they shared was an attempt to capture or mimic human abilities using machines. That said, different groups of researchers attacked different problems, from speech recognition to chess playing, in different ways; Al unified the field in name only. But it was a term that captured the public imagination.C Most researchers agree that Al peaked around 1985. A public reared on science-fiction movies and excited by the growing power of computers had high expectations. For years, Al researchers had implied that a breakthrough was just around the corner. Marvin Minsky said in 1967 that within a generation the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence, would besubstantially solved. Prototypes of medical-diagnosis programs and speech recognition software appeared to be making progress. It proved to be a false dawn. Thinking computers and household robots failed to materialise, and a backlash ensued. There was undue optimism in the early 1980s,’ says David Leake, a researcher at Indiana University. Then when people realised these were hard problems, there was retrenchment. By the late 1980s, the term Al was being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case-based reasoning, and so on.'D Ironically, in some ways Al was a victim of its own success. Whenever an apparently mundane problem was solved, such as building a system that could land an aircraft unattended, the problem was deemed not to have been Al in the first place. 'If it works, it can't be Al,’ as Dr Leake characterises it. The effect of repeatedly moving the goal-posts in this way was that Al came to refer to 'blue-sky* research that was still years away from commercialisation. Researchers joked that Al stood for 'almost implemented'. Meanwhile, the technologies that made it onto the market, such as speech recognition, language translation and decision-support software, were no longer regarded as Al. Yet all three once fell well within the umbrella of Al research.E But the tide may now be turning, according to Dr Leake. HNC Software of San Diego, backed by a government agency, reckon that their new approach to artificial intelligence is the most powerful and promising approach ever discovered. HNC claim that their system, based on a duster of 30 processors, could be used to spot camouflaged vehicles on a battlefield or extract a voice signal from a noisy background - tasks humans can do well, but computers cannot. 'Whether or not their technology lives up to the claims made for it, the fact that HNC are emphasising the use of Al is itself an interesting development,’ says Dr Leake.F Another factor that may boost the prospects for Al in the near future is that investors are now looking for firms using clever technology, rather than just a clever business model, to differentiate themselves. In particular, the problem of information overload, exacerbated by the growth of e-mail and the explosion in the number of web pages, means there are plenty of opportunities for new technologies to help filter and categorise information - classic Al problems. That may mean that more artificial intelligence companies will start to emerge to meet this challenge.G The 1969 film, 2001: A Space Odyssey, featured an intelligent computer called HAL 9000. As well as understanding and speaking English, HAL could play chess and even learned to lipread. HAL thus encapsulated the optimism of the 1960s that intelligent computers would be widespread by 2001. But 2001 has been and gone, and there is still no sign of a HAL-like computer. Individual systems can play chess or transcribe speech, but a general theory of machine intelligence still remains elusive. It may be, however, that the comparison with HAL no longer seems quite so important, and Al can now be judged by what it can do, rather than by how well it matches up to a 30-year-old science-fiction film. 'People are beginning to realise that there are impressive things that these systems can do,' says Dr Leake hopefully.Question 27-31Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27. how AI might have a military impact28. the fact that AI brings together a range of separate research areas29. the reason why AI has become a common topic of conversation again30. how AI could help deal with difficulties related to the amount of information available electronically31. where the expression AI was first usedQuestion 32-37Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-37 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this32. The researchers who launched the field of AI had worked together on other projects in the past.33. In 1985, AI was at its lowest point.34. Research into agent technology was more costly than research into neural networks.35. Applications of AI have already had a degree of success.36. The problems waiting to be solved by AI have not changed since 1967.37. The film 2001: A Space Odyssey reflected contemporary ideas about the potential of AI computersQuestion 38-40Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.38. According to researchers, in the late 1980s there was a feeling thatA. a general theory of AI would never be developed.B. original expectations of AI may not have been justified.C. a wide range of applications was close to fruition.D. more powerful computers were the key to further progress.39. In Dr Leake's opinion, the reputation of AI suffered as a result ofA. changing perceptions.B. premature implementation.C. poorly planned projectsD. commercial pressures.40. The prospects for AI may benefit fromA. existing AI applications.B. new business models.C. orders from internet-only companies.D. new investment priorities.参考答案1 D2 B3 C4 E5 B6 D7 A8 B9 D10 C11 TRUE12 FALSE13 NOT GIVEN14 iv15 i16 v17 viii18 YES19 NOT GIVEN20 NO21 YES22 NOT GIVEN23 YES24 F25 A26 B27 E28 B29 A30 F31 B32 NOT GIVEN33 FALSE34 NOT GIVEN35 TRUE35 FALSE37 TRUE38 B39 A40 D。
剑桥雅思真题4-阅读test3(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题4-阅读test3（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances.Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S.K.I.) has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S.K.I. and our partners have learned.BackgroundTypically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse.Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal trading. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks.Street Business PartnershipsS.K.I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income.The S.K.I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which theywere required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India.Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y.W.C.A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans.The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y.W.C.A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit.Lessons learnedThe following lessons have emerged from the programs that S.K.I. and partner organisations have created.•Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation's programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been established.•The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them.•It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills.•There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exist. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual's situation.•Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S.K.I. programs have generally ranged from US$30-$100.•All S.K.I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).ConclusionThere is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.Questions 1-4Choose the correct letter, A, B C or D.Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 The quotations in the box at the beginning of the articleA exemplify the effects of S.K.I.B explain why S.K.I. was set up.C outline the problems of street children.D highlight the benefits to society of S.K.I.2 The main purpose of S.K.I. is toA draw the attention of governments to the problem of street children.B provide schools and social support for street children.C encourage the public to give money to street children.D give business training and loans to street children.3 Which of the following is mentioned by the writer as a reason why children end up living on the streets?A unemploymentB warC povertyD crime4 In order to become more independent, street children mayA reject paid employment.B leave their families.C set up their own businesses.D employ other children.Questions 5-8Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.Questions 9-12Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the wirterNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this9 Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough support.10 In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.11 Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.12 The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.Question 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answer in box 13 on your answer sheet.The writers conclude that money should only be lent to street childrenA as part of a wider program of aid.B for programs that are not too ambitious.C when programs are supported by local businesses.D if the projects planned are realistic and useful.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Volcanoes-earth-shattering newsWhen Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlinesA Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.But the classic eruption —cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava —is only a tiny part of a global story. Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floor has a basement of volcanic basalt.V olcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world’s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active volcanoes. Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust.What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world’s atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need.B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack — like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much hotter.Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly ‘flow’ like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding againsteach other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes.C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly.Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma —molten rock from the mantle —inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian’s Wall in northern England). Sometimes — as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa — the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption.Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards. The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force. Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater. It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus. By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past. Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous. Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like the Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption.The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates — the plates which make up the earth’s crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‘ring of fire’ where there have been the most violent explosions — Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen’s in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.D But volcanoes are not very predictable. That is because geological time is not like human time. During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible. In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years.Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top. It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at 7.49 a.m. on 8 May, 1902. Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived. In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North America. Thousands starved as the harvests failed, after snow in June and frosts in August. V olcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones.Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has four sections A-D.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 Section A15 Section B16 Section C17 Section DQuestions 18-21Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.18 What are the sections of the earth’s crust, often associated with volcanic activity, called?19 What is the name given to molten rock from the mantle?20 What is the earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called?21 For how many years did Mount Pinatubo remain inactive?Questions 22-26Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.V olcanic eruptions have shaped the earth’s land surface. They may also have produced the world’s atmosphere and 22…… . Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth’s mantle rise and expand. When they become liquid, they move quickly through cracks in the surface. There are different types of eruption. Sometimes the 23…… . moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth’s surface. When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal sheets. Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24…… . A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25…… violently. This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26…… are emitted.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Obtaining Linguistic DataA Many procedures are available for obtaining data about a language. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one’s mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home.B In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data —an informant. Informants are (ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language (e.g. translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generativeapproach to linguistics. But a linguist’s personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as informants. The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech.C Many factors must be considered when selecting informants —whether one is working with single speakers (a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale samples. Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used. The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting (e.g. the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants (e.g. their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about the best investigative techniques to use.D Today, researchers often tape-record informants. This enables the linguist’s claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate (‘difficult’ pieces of speech can be listened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never easy. People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be poor. A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the ‘observer’s paradox’ (how to observe the way people behave when they are not being observed). Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact — a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be anticipated. Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones. A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style (e.g. asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality).E An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist’s problems, however. Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general. A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an observer.F Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, in which they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or behaviours. With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques (‘How do you say table in your language?’). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and questionnaires. Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of words. There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame (e.g. I___ see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction (‘Is it possible to say I no can see?’).G A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a corpus. A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency ofusage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different researchers. Its range and size are variable. Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic feature. The size of the corpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of speech. Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of words. An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or experimentation.Questions 27-31Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs labeled A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27 the effect of recording on the way people talk28 the importance of taking notes on body language29 the fact that language is influenced by social situation30 how informants can be helped to be less self-conscious31 various methods that can be used to generate specific dataQuestions 32-36Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Complete the summary of paragraph G below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.A linguist can use a corpus to comment objectively on 37…… . Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a 38…… . The length of time the process takes will affect the 39…… of the corpus. No corpus can ever cover the whole language and so linguists often find themselves relying on the additional information that can be gained from the 40…… of those who speak the language concerned.参考答案1 A2 D3 C4 C5 Sudan India (IN EITHER ORDER, BOTH REQUIRED FOR ONE MARK)6 bicycles7 Shoe Shine / Shoe Shine Collective8 life skills9 NO10 NOT GIVEN11 NO12 YES13 A14 iii15 i16 iv17 vi18 plates/the plates/the tectonic plates19 magma20 ring of fire21 600 /600 years / for 600 years22 water / the water / oceans / the oceans23 lava /magma / molten rock24 India / western India25 explodes26 gases / the gases / trapped gases27 D28 E29 C30 D31 F32 (the) linguist (acts)/(the) linguists (act)33 foreign languages34 quality / the quality / the poor quality35 non-verbal behaviour / non-verbal behavior / facial expression / facial expressions36 camera / video camera / recording / video recording37 frequency of usage / usage frequency38 particular linguistic feature39 size40 intuitions。
阅读理解篇3
阅读理解篇（卷三）Name ScoreAWater is one of the most useful things on Earth. It gives us life. We drink it, bathe in it, clean with it and use it to cook food. We think water is something soft and gentle, but sometimes water is so powerful that it can even be destructive（破坏性的）. Here we are talking about floods.There are two main kinds of floods: flash floods(暴洪)and slow floods. Flash floods are sudden floods of great volumes of （大量的）water. They overflow （漫过，溢出）the banks of the rivers and wash away everything they touch into pieces. Flash floods are destructive. The other type is slow floods. They rise over a long period of time. Usually as more and more rain falls, the water in rivers rises and land floods. These slow floods happen in every country in the world.Floods are the world’s biggest natural killer. When floods happen, crops（庄稼，农作物）are damaged, houses are washed away, roads are destroyed, and people are killed. Every year in America water kills on average 138 people, most in flash floods. Floods also cause huge economic damage. It is reported that in recent years, floods have caused billions of dollars in damage each year.Floods are a serious problem. Worse still, they may become more powerful and frequent（经常性的，频繁的）as global warming becomes more and more serious. Around the world, sea levels will rise, and more lives wil l be taken by the flood waters of our planet.True or False (7’)( ) 1. Water is either gentle or powerful.( ) 2. Flash floods cause greater damage to people’s lives than slow floods.( ) 3. Floods cause more damage to people than any other natural disaster in the world.( ) 4. Floods usually don’t have any effect on a country’s economic development.( ) 5. Global warming will make floods happen more often and more destructive.( ) 6. In the last sentence, “taken” means “killed”.( ) 7. All living things on the Earth can’t live without water.B.The Red Cross is an international organization. It cares for the people who suffer （遭受苦难）because of war, hunger, illness, natural disasters, etc. It is always among the first to provide help to victims （受害者）when a flood happens or an earthquake occurs.The idea of the Red Cross came to Henri Dunant, a Swiss banker, in 1859. On a hot June day of that year, Henri Dunant was traveling on business in Northern Italy. There he learned that about 40,000 were left to die for lack of medical care. Immediately Henri Dunant organized the local people to gather the wounded and care for them in homes and churches. These people became the first volunteers of the Red Cross.When Dunant returned home, he wrote a book. In his book he called on all nations to set up organizations to help wounded soldiers. His idea was later accepted. In 1864, the Red Cross was founded. Because of this brilliant idea, Henri Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross，became the first person ever to win t he Nobel Peace Prize.Today the Red Cross’s work has become international, and it has offices in more than 60 countries. The great work of the Red Cross helps so much that it has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice: oncein1917 and again in 1944.Choose the best answer (7’)( ) 8. The Red Cross is a/an organization which provides help to people in any natural disaster.A. nationalB. naturalC. SwissD. international ( ) 9. The Red Cross has a history of years.A. about one hundredB. two hundredC. about 159D. less than 150 ( ) 10. When Henry Dunant saw thousands of the wounded Italian soldiers, he .A. gave medical care to the poor soldiers aloneB. felt very sorry for them but couldn’t do anything to helpC. asked more Italian local volunteers to come to bring the soldiers home and look after them.D. wanted to build hospitals to give medical care to the soldiers.( ) 11. Which of the following is UNTRUE ?A. Dunant won the Nobel Peace Prizes twice for his great work.B. Nobody else in the world has won the Nobel Peace Prize earlier than Dunant.C. Dunant won the Nobel Peace Prize once in his lifetime.D. Dunant came from Switzerland.( ) 12. The underlined word “occurs” is closest in meaning to .A. happensB. appearsC. disappearsD. takes place( ) 13. What do you think of the Red Cross of China?A. HelplessB. UsefulC. CarefulD. Helpful( ) 14. The best title for this passage should be .A. Henri Dunant, the Founder of the Red CrossB. The Founding of the Red CrossC. The Work of the Red CrossD. How the Red Cross Helps People in TroubleC.In social studies and science class（社会科学课）, the students of Mrs Green’s class learned about natural disasters, 15 hurricanes（飓风）, floods and earthquakes. They learned that the Red Cross helps people after disasters occur. Therefore, they decided to earn money to donate to the Red Cross.At the beginning of the term, the students held a meeting. They suggested many ideas for making money in order 16 others. Some wanted to wash cars. Others wanted to make and sell food.Still others wanted to baby-sit（替人带孩子）. They found that many parents need help with their children after school; so the class decided to start a Help Kids Group. They would 17 and tutor children after school.Later they held18 meeting and discussed the following questions: How will they start the service? What prices should be charged for the service? How much time should each person spend on it? They decided that each student would give two hours a week to the service. They would advertise their service and tell people what the money would19 for. They would also send notes to parents telling them about the service and its purpose.A month 20 , the students reported on their work and exchanged baby-sitting experience.Besides, a kindergarten teacher talked to them about how to baby-sit well, and their social science teacher taught them how to manage their money （理财）.The class learned 21 look after kids and manage money. They donated the money to the Red Cross. After five months’ work, Mrs Green’s class donated to the Red Cross $ 400.Choose the best answer ( 7’ )( ) 15. A. example B. such C. as D. such as( ) 16. A. to help B. help C. helping D. buy( ) 17. A. look for B. care for C. take care D. look up( ) 18. A. another B. the other C. other D. the others( ) 19. A. use B. is used C. be used D. used( ) 20. A. later B. ago C. before D. late( ) 21. A. what to B. how C. why to D. how toD.Complete the passage the a right word beginning with the letter given (14’)Have you ever thought about what life was like w 22 cars? Before the invention of cars, people had to travel on foot, by horse and carriage, or by boat. As taking boats, riding horses, and walking took much more time than traveling by car, many people never traveled more than a few miles from their hometowns. T 23 to Henry Ford, we have a much faster means of transport and we are able to travel farther to get to work or to go on holiday.The world’s first car was built in Germany in 1885. But since the first automobiles （汽车）cost a lot of money, few people could a 24 them. This situation（情况，情形）did not change until 1913 when the world’s first assembly line(生产线) was invented. With the assembly line, the production of Henry Ford’s cars was sped up. As a result, Ford’s assembly-line cars could be sold at low p 25 . This made it possible for many more Americans, even farmers and factory workers, to buy them. Henry Ford became a hero. He put the nation on wheels, and his invention not only changed America b 26 the whole world as well.Today nearly everything is made w27the help of assembly lines: cars, toys, appliances, etc. Assembly lines may be boring to work on, but they help make things at a much faster pace （速度，节奏）and far lower cost. We believe that assembly lines will be improved and more will be designed with thed 28 of modern science and technology.E．The school newspaper of No.1 High School is organizing a debate. Its topic is “Should students be allowed to choose their own clothes”The following are the opinions of Sue, Dick and Bob.Sue:In my opinion, the uniform rule must be obeyed. For busy students like us, wearing school uniforms just makes our lives easier. We don’t have to spend money on name-brand（品牌）clothes. We don’t need to worry about competing with others based on （依据，基于）how we look, either. We can concentrate on our studies. In addition, we will be careful about how we behave when we wear uniforms because people can easily identify （确认身份）us. In brief, uniforms should be required in schools.DickI think the uniform rule should be cancelled （取消）. We cannot wear our favorite clothes at school ifwe are required to wear uniforms. I feel uneasy when I wear a uniform. How can I show I am cool when I have to wear an old-fashioned uniform? Some students get tired of wearing the same clothes every day. BobI agree with Sue, and I’d like to add a few points. When we do morning exercises, we look orderly in our uniforms. In addition, uniforms can prevent some students from showing off their wealth. What’s more, if we are not satisfied with the style of uniforms, we can design them ourselves. Finally, I’d like to point out that students should be judged by their behavior and studies rather than （而不是）by their clothes.Answer the questions (14’).29. What is the debate about?It’s about .30. The students don’t have the same opinion about the topic, do they?, .31.What does Sue think of wearing the school uniforms？In her opinion, .32. Is Dick for wearing school uniforms or against it?33. From the passage, find out the phrase which means “pay all attention to st h”.34. By what should we judge students based on Bob?35. Are you in for or against wearing our school uniform? Why? (Give one reason for your opinion.)Answer SheetA. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.B. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.C. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.D. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.E．29. .30. .31. .32. .33. .34. .35. .。
托福TPO10阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO10阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO10阅读Passage3原文文本： Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth In the late sixteenth century and into the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of the relatively less prosperous medieval period (from the mid 400s to the late 1400s). Among the key factors behind this growth were increased agricultural productivity and an expansion of trade. Populations cannot grow unless the rural economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people. During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at the expense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands). Dutch land reclamation in the Netherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provides the most spectacular example of the expansion of farmland: the Dutch reclaimed more than 36.000 acres from 1590 to 1615 alone. Much of the potential for European economic development lay in what at first glance would seem to have been only sleepy villages. Such villages, however, generally lay in regions of relatively advanced agricultural production, permitting not only the survival of peasants but also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus for investment. They had access to urban merchants, markets, and trade routes. Increased agricultural production in turn facilitated rural industry, an intrinsic part of the expansion of industry. Woolens and textile manufacturers, in particular, utilized rural cottage (in-home) production, which took advantage of cheap and plentiful rural labor. In the German states, the ravages of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) further moved textile production into the countryside. Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income. More extended trading networks also helped develop Europe's economy in this period. English and Dutch ships carrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain and Portugal. Population growth generated an expansion of small-scale manufacturing, particularly of handicrafts, textiles, and metal production in England, Flanders, parts of northern Italy, the southwestern German states, and parts of Spain. Only iron smelting and mining required marshaling a significant amount of capital (wealth invested to create more wealth). The development of banking and other financial services contributed to the expansion of trade. By the middle of the sixteenth century, financiers and traders commonly accepted bills of exchange in place of gold or silver for other goods. Billsof exchange, which had their origins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises to pay a specified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to third parties. In this way, they provided credit. At mid-century, an Antwerp financier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, “0ne can no more trade without bills of exchange than sail without water." Merchants no longer had to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys. An Amsterdam merchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchanger and pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. The exchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille, authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's own currency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place. Bills of exchange contributed to the development of banks, as exchangers began to provide loans. Not until the eighteenth century, however, did such banks as the Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England begin to provide capital for business investment. Their principal function was to provide funds for the state. The rapid expansion in international trade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. This capital financed the production of goods, storage, trade, and even credit across Europe and overseas. Moreover an increased credit supply was generated by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships—an English innovation (the first major company began in 1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company. ▉托福TPO10阅读Passage3题目： Question 1 of 14 According to paragraph 1, what was true of Europe during the medieval period? A. Agricultural productivity declined. B. There was relatively little economic growth. C. The general level of prosperity declined. D. Foreign trade began to play an important role in the economy. Question 2 of 14 The word "key " in the passage is closest in meaning to。
托福阅读TPO3（试题+答案+译...
托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:TheLong-TermStabilityofEcosystems为了帮助大家备考托福。
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托福阅读原文Plant communities assemble themselvesflexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of thearea. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happenin plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in asuccession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at theend of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plantcommunities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. Thesechanges—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climaxcommunities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500years.An ecologist who studies a pond today maywell find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may bereplaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to thenext. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than theindividual organisms that compose the ecosystem.At one time, ecologists believed that speciesdiversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversitythe more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observationthat long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs andmore species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that theapparent stability ofclimax ecosystems depended on their complexity. T o takean extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable thatone year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entirecrop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, willtolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.The question of ecosystem stability iscomplicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agreewhat “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. Inthat case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, bydefinition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can bedefined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular formfollowing a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is alsocalled resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragileand the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to theclimax state.Even the kind of stability defined assimple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At leastin temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successionalstages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, forexample, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on theforest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensurestability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversitydoes not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A morecomplicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to breakdown. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than achild’s tricycle.Ecologists are especially interested toknow what factorscontribute to the resilience of communities because climaxcommunities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by humanactivities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St.Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison tothe destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a communityare most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as itsrecovery.Many ecologists now think that the relativelong-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the“patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to placesupports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A localpopulation that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacentcommunity. Even if the new population is of a different species, it canapproximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep thefood web intact.托福阅读试题1. The word “particular” in the passage(paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.naturalB.finalC.specificplex2. According to paragraph 1, which of thefollowing is NOT true of climax communities?A.They occur at the end of a succession.B.They last longer than any other type ofcommunity.C.The numbers of plants in them and the mixof species do not change.D.They remain stable for at least 500 yearsat a time.3. According to paragraph 2, which of thefollowing principles of ecosystems can be learned bystudying a pond?A.Ecosystem properties change more slowlythan individuals in the system.B.The stability of an ecosystem tends tochange as individuals are replaced.C.Individual organisms are stable from oneyear to the next.D.A change in the members of an organismdoes not affect an ecosystem’s properties.4. According to paragraph 3, ecologistsonce believed that which of the following illustratedthe most stableecosystems?A.Pioneer communitiesB.Climax communitiesC.Single-crop farmlandsD.Successional plant communities5. According to paragraph 4, why is thequestion of ecosystem stability complicated?A.The reasons for ecosystem change are notalways clear.B.Ecologists often confuse the word“stability” with the word “resilience.”C.The exact meaning of the word “stability”is debated by ecologists.D.There are many different answers toecological questions.6. According to paragraph 4, which of thefollowing is true of climax communities?A.They are more resilient than pioneercommunities.B.They can be considered both the most andthe least stable communities.C.They are stable because they recoverquickly after majordisturbances.D.They are the most resilient communitiesbecause they change the least over time.7. Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 5 about redwood forests?A.They become less stable as they mature.B.They support many species when they reachclimax.C.They are found in temperate zones.D.They have reduced diversity duringmid-successional stages.8. The word “guarantee” in the passage(paragraph 5) is closest in meaning toA.increaseB.ensureC.favorplicate9. In paragraph 5, why does the authorprovide the information that “A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely tobreak down than a child’s tricycle”?A.To illustrate a general principle aboutthe stability of systems by using an everyday exampleB.To demonstrate that an understanding ofstability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in othersituationsC.To make a comparison that supports theclaim that, in general, stability increases with diversityD.To provide an example that contradictsmathematical models of ecosystems10. The word “pales” in the passage(paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.increases proportionallyB.differsC.loses significanceD.is common11. Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 7)? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.A.Ecologists now think that the stabilityof an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.B.Patchy environments that vary from placeto place do not often have high species diversity.C.Uniform environments cannot be climaxcommunities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchyenvironments.D.A patchy environment is thought toincrease stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.12. The word “adjacent” in the passage(paragraph 7) is closest in meaning toA.foreignB.stableC.fluidD.neighboring13. Look at the four squares [█] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. In fact,damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage bynatural events and processes.█【A】Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contributeto the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the worldare being severelydamaged or destroyed by human activities. █【B】The destructioncaused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwesternUnited States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused byhumans. █【C】We need toknow what aspects of a community are most important to the community’sresistance to destruction, as well as its rec overy. █【D】Where would the sentence best fit? Click ona square to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: Anintroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express themost important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The process of succession and the stabilityof a climax community can change over time.A.The changes that occur in an ecosystemfrom the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.B.A high degree of species diversity doesnot always result in a stable ecosystem.C.The level of resilience in a plantcommunity contributes to its long-term stability.D.Ecologists agree that climax communitiesare the most stable types of ecosystems.E.Disagreements over the meaning of theterm “stability” make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.F.The resilience of climax communitiesmakes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.托福阅读答案1. particular特别的，特定的，答案specific。
13年考研英语二阅读3
13年考研英语二阅读3
在过去的13年中，考研英语二的阅读部分一直是考生们关注的重点。
这部分不仅考察了学生的词汇量和语法知识，还考验了他们的阅读理解能力和逻辑思维。
随着时间的推移，考研英语二的阅读题型也经历了一些变化，但总体上，它依然要求考生具备较高的语言运用能力。
考研英语二的阅读材料通常来源于外文期刊、报纸或学术文章，内容覆盖了社会、文化、科技等多个领域。
这些材料不仅要求考生能够理解文章的主旨大意，还要求他们能够捕捉细节信息，理解作者的观点和态度，以及识别文章中的逻辑关系。
在备考过程中，考生需要广泛阅读各类英文材料，提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力。
同时，通过练习历年真题，考生可以熟悉考试的题型和难度，掌握解题技巧。
例如，对于细节理解题，考生需要仔细阅读文章，找出与问题相关的信息；而对于推理判断题，则需要考生根据文章内容进行逻辑推理，得出正确答案。
此外，考生还需要注意提高自己的词汇量。
考研英语二的阅读材料中常常包含一些专业术语和生僻词汇，这就要求考生在备考时不断扩充词汇量，以便在考试中能够迅速识别和理解这些词汇。
在实际考试中，考生需要合理分配时间，确保每篇文章都有足够的时间阅读和思考。
通常，考生可以先快速浏览文章，抓住主旨大意，然后再仔细阅读，寻找问题的答案。
在解答问题时，考生应该尽量从文章中找到依据，避免凭空猜测。
总之，考研英语二的阅读部分对考生的语言能力提出了较高的要求。
通过系统的学习和大量的练习，考生可以提高自己的阅读能力，从而在考试中取得好成绩。
剑桥雅思真题9-阅读Test 3(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题9-阅读Test 3（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Attitudes to languageIt is not easy to be systematic and objective about language study. Popular linguistic debate regularly deteriorates into invective and polemic. Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a right to hold an opinion about it. And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education.Language, moreover, is a very public behaviour, so it is easy for different usages to be noted and criticised. No part of society or social behaviour is exempt: linguistic factors influence how we judge personality, intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social survival. As a result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when language use is unfeelingly attacked.In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community. The view is propounded especially in relation to grammar and vocabulary, and frequently with reference to pronunciation. The variety which is favoured, in this account, is usually a version of the Standard* written language, especially as encountered in literature, or in the formal spoken language which most closely reflects this style. Adherents to this variety are said to speak or write ’correctly; deviations from it are said to be 'incorrect!All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18th century approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries. The aims of these early grammarians were threefold: (a) they wanted to codify the principles of their languages, to show that there was a system beneath the apparent chaos of usage, (b) they wanted a means of settling disputes over usage, and (c) they wanted to point out what they felt to be common errors, in order to ‘improve’ the language. The authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterised by its reliance on 'rules' of grammar. Some usages are ‘prescribed’, to be learnt and followed accurately; others are 'proscribed’, to be avoided. In this early period, there were no half-measures: usage was either right or wrong, and it was the task of the grammarian not simply to record alternatives, but to pronounce judgement upon them.These attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a widespread concern that linguistic standards should be maintained. Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is concerned less with standards than with the facts of linguistic usage. This approach is summarised in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe -to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change. In the second half of the 18th century, we already find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley, whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that ‘the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language’. Linguistic issues, it is argued, cannot be solved by logic and legislation. And this view has become the tenet of the modem linguistic approach to grammatical analysis.In our own time, the opposition between 'descriptivists’ and 'prescriptivists’ has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other. Descriptive grammarians have been presented as people who do not care about standards, because of the way they see all forms of usage as equally valid. Prescriptive grammarians have been presented as blind adherents to a historical tradition. The opposition has even been presented in quasi-political terms -of radical liberalism vs elitist conservatism.Question 1-8Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this1. There are understandable reasons why arguments occur about language.2. People feel more strongly about language education than about small differences in language usage.3. Our assessment of a person's intelligence is affected by the way he or she uses language.4. Prescriptive grammar books cost a lot of money to buy in the 18th century.5. Prescriptivism still exists today.6. According to descriptivists it is pointless to try to stop language change.7. Descriptivism only appeared after the 18th century.8. Both descriptivists and prescriptivists have been misrepresented.Question 9-12Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Drag the correct letter, A-I, into boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet.According to 9………..., there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take this approach to language place great importance on grammatical 10 ………… .Conversely, the view of 11…………., such as Joseph Priestley, is that grammar should be based on 12 ………… .Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.13. What is the writers purpose in Reading Passage 1?A. to argue in favour of a particular approach to writing dictionaries and grammar booksB. to present a historical account of differing views of languageC. to describe the differences between spoken and written languageD. to show how a certain view of language has been discreditedReading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-27 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Tidal PowerUndersea turbines which produce electricity from the tides are set to become an important source of renewable energy for Britain. It is still too early to predict the extent of the impact they may have, but all the signs are that they will play a significant role in the futureA Operating on the same principle as wind turbines, the power in sea turbines comes from tidal currents which turn blades similar to ships' propellers, but, unlike wind, the tides are predictable and the power input is constant. The technology raises the prospect of Britain becoming self-sufficient in renewable energy and drastically reducing its carbon dioxide emissions. If tide, wind and wave power are all developed. Britain would be able to close gas, coal and nuclear power plants and export renewable power to other parts of Europe. Unlike wind power, which Britain originally developed and then abandoned for 20 years allowing the Dutch to make it a major industry, undersea turbines could become a big export earner to island nations such as Japan and New Zealand.B Tidal sites have already been identified that will produce one sixth or more of the UK's power - and at prices competitive with modem gas turbines and undercutting those of the already ailing nuclear industry. One site alone, the Pentland Firth, between Orkney and mainland Scotland, could produce 10% of the country's electricity with banks of turbines under the sea, and another at Alderney in the Channel Islands three times the 1,200 megawatts of Britain's largest and newest nuclear plant, Sizewell B, in Suffolk. Othep sites identified include the Bristol Channel and the west coast of Scotland, particularly the channel between Campbeltown and Northern Ireland.C Work on designs for the new turbine blades and sites are well advanced at the University of Southampton's sustainable energy research group. The first station is expected to be installed off Lynmouth in Devon shortly to test the technology in a venture jointly funded by the department of Trade and Industry and the European Union. AbuBakr Bahaj, in charge of the Southampton research, said: The prospects for energy from tidal currents are far better than from wind because the flows of water are predictable and constant. The technology for dealing with the hostile saline environment under the sea has been developed in the North Sea oil industry and much is already known about turbine blade design, because of wind power and ship propellers. There are a few technical difficulties, but I believe in the next five to ten years we will be installing commercial marine turbine farms. Southampton has been awarded £215,000 over three years to develop the turbines and is working with Marine Current Turbines, a subsidiary of IT power, on the Lynmouth project. EU research has now identified 106 potential sites for tidal power, 80% round the coasts of Britain. The best sites are between islands or around heavily indented coasts where there are strong tidal currents.D A marine turbine blade needs to be only one third of the size of a wind generator to produce three times as much power. The blades will be about 20 metres in diameter, so around 30 metres of water is required. Unlike wind power, there are unlikely be environmental objections. Fish and other creatures are thought unlikely to be at risk from the relatively slow-turning blades. Each turbine will be mounted on a tower which will connect to the national power supply grid viaunderwater cables. The towers will stick out of the water and be lit, to warn shipping, and also be designed to be lifted out of the water for maintenance and to clean seaweed from the blades.E Dr Bahaj has done most work on the Alderney site, where there are powerful currents. The single undersea turbine farm would produce far more power than needed for the Channel Islands and most would be fed into the French Grid and be re-imported into Britain via the cable under the Channel.F One technical difficulty is cavitation, where low pressure behind a turning blade causes air bubbles. These can cause vibration and damage the blades of the turbines. Dr Bahaj said: ‘We have to test a number of blade types to avoid this happening or at least make sure it does not damage the turbines or reduce performance. Another slight concern is submerged debris floating into the blades. So far we do not know how much of a problem it might be. We will have to make the turbines robust because the sea is a hostile environment, but all the signs that we can do it are good.'Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14. the location of the first test site15. a way of bringing the power produced on one site back into Britain16. a reference to a previous attempt by Britain to find an alternative source of energy17. mention of the possibility of applying technology from another industryQuestions 18-22Choose FIVE letters, A-J.Write the correct letters in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.Which FIVE of the following claims about tidal power are made by the writer?Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.An Undersea TurbineReading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Information theory-the big ideaInformation theory lies at the heart of everything —from DVD players and the genetic code of DNA to the physics of the universe at its most fundamental. It has been central to the development of the science of communication, which enables data to be sent electronically and has therefore had a major impact on our livesA In April 2002 an event took place which demonstrated one of the many applications of information theory. The space probe, V oyager I, launched in 1977, had sent back spectacular images of Jupiter and Saturn and then soared out of the Solar System on a one-way mission to the stars. After 25 years of exposure to the freezing temperatures of deep space, the probe was beginning to show its age. Sensors and circuits were on the brink of failing and NASA experts realised that they had to do something or lose contact with their probe forever. The solution was to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to use spares to change the failing parts. With the probe 12 billion kilometres from Earth, this was not an easy task. By means of a radio dish belonging to NASA's Deep Space Network, the message was sent out into the depths of space. Even travelling at the speed of light, it took over 11 hours to reach its target, far beyond the orbit of Pluto. Yet, incredibly, the little probe managed to hear the faint call from its home planet, and successfully made the switchover.B It was the longest-distance repair job in history, and a triumph for the NASA engineers. But it also highlighted the astonishing power of the techniques developed by American communications engineer Claude Shannon, who had died just a year earlier. Born in 1916 in Petoskey, Michigan, Shannon showed an early talent for maths and for building gadgets, and made breakthroughs in the foundations of computer technology when still a student. While at BellLaboratories, Shannon developed information theory, but shunned the resulting acclaim. In the 1940s, he single-handedly created an entire science of communication which has since inveigled its way into a host of applications, from DVDs to satellite communications to bar codes - any area, in short, where data has to be conveyed rapidly yet accurately.C This all seems light years away from the down-to-earth uses Shannon originally had for his work, which began when he was a 22-year-old graduate engineering student at the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1939. He set out with an apparently simple aim: to pin down the precise meaning of the concept of 'information’. The most basic form of information, Shannon argued, is whether something is true or false - which can be captured in the binary unit, or 'bit', of the form 1 or 0. Having identified this fundamental unit, Shannon set about defining otherwise vague ideas about information and how to transmit it from place to place.In the process he discovered something surprising: it is always possible to guarantee information will get through random interference – ‘noise’, - intact.D Noise usually means unwanted sounds which interfere with genuine information. Information theory generalises this idea via theorems that capture the effects of noise with mathematical precision. In particular, Shannon showed that noise sets a limit on the rate at which information can pass along communication channels while remaining error-free. This rate depends on the relative strengths of the signal and noise travelling down the communication channel, and on its capacity (its ‘bandwidth’). The resulting limit, given in units of bits per second, is the absolute maximum rate of error-free communication given signal strength and noise level. The trick, Shannon showed, is to find ways of packaging up – ‘coding’, - information to cope with the ravages of noise, while staying within the information-carrying capacity -'bandwidth* -of the communication system being used.E Over the years scientists have devised many such coding methods, and they have proved crucial in many technological feats. The Voyager spacecraft transmitted data using codes which added one extra bit for every single bit of information; the result was an error rate of just one bit in 10,000 - and stunningly clear pictures of the planets. Other codes have become part of everyday life - such as the Universal Product Code, or bar code, which uses a simple error-detecting system that ensures supermarket check-out lasers can read the price even on, say, a crumpled bag of crisps. As recently as 1993, engineers made a major breakthrough by discovering so-called turbo codes -which come very close to Shannon's ultimate limit for the maximum rate that data can be transmitted reliably, and now play a key role in the mobile videophone revolution.F Shannon also laid the foundations of more efficient ways of storing information, by stripping out superfluous (‘redundant’) bits from data which contributed little real information. As mobile phone text messages like ‘I CN C U’ show, it is often possible to leave out a lot of data without losing much meaning. As with error correction, however, there’s a limit beyond which messages become too ambiguous. Shannon showed how to calculate this limit, opening the way to the design of compression methods that cram maximum information into the minimum space. Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.27. an explanation of the factors affecting the transmission of information28. an example of how unnecessary information can be omitted29. a reference to Shannon's attitude to fame30. details of a machine capable of interpreting incomplete information31. a detailed account of an incident involving information theory32. a reference to what Shannon initially intended to achieve in his researchQuestions 33-37Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS form the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.•The probe transmitted pictures of both 33______ and ______, then left the 34 ______.•The freezing temperatures were found to have a negative effect on parts of the space probe.•Scientists feared that both the 35 ______ and ______ were about to stop working.•The only hope was to tell the probe to replace them with 36 ______ —but distance made communication with the probe difficult.•A 37 ______ was used to transmit the message at the speed of light.•The message was picked up by the probe and the switchover took place.Questions 38-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this38 The concept of describing something as true or false was the starting point for Shannon in his attempts to send messages over distances.39 The amount of information that can be sent in a given time period is determined with reference to the signal strength and noise level.40 Products have now been developed which can convey more information than Shannon had anticipated as possible.参考答案1 YES2 NO3 YES4 NOT GIVEN5 YES6 YES7 NO8 YES9 H10 F11 A12 C13B14C15E16A17C18-22 (IN ANY ORDER) ADEFJ23 maintenance24 slow (turning)25 low pressure26 cavitation27D28F29B30E31A32C33 (IN EITHER ORDER; BOTH REQUIRED FOR ONE MARK) Jupiter; Saturn34 Solar System35 (IN EITHER ORDER; BOTH REQUIRED FOR ONE MARK) sensors; circuits36 spares37 radio dish38 TRUE39 TRUE40 FALSE。
TPO53托福阅读Passage3题目及答案解析
TPO53托福阅读Passage3题目及答案解析TPO对于我们的托福备考非常有用，大家还在苦于找不到资料吗？下面小编给大家带来TPO53托福阅读Passage3题目及答案解析，希望可以帮助到你们。
TPO53托福阅读Passage3文本+题目+答案解析Paleolithic Cave PaintingsIn any investigation of the origins of art, attention focuses on the cave paintings created in Europe during the Paleolithic era (c. 40,000-10,000 years ago) such as those depicting bulls and other animals in the Lascaux cave in France. Accepting that they are the best preserved and most visible signs of what was a global creative explosion, how do we start to explain their appearance? Instinctively, we may want to update the earliest human artists by assuming that they painted for the sheer joy of painting. The philosophers of Classical Greece recognized it as a defining trait of humans to "delight in works of imitation"—to enjoy the very act and triumph of representation. If we were close to a real lion or snake, we might feel frightened. But a well- executed picture of a lion or snake will give us pleasure. Why suppose that our Paleolithic ancestors were any different?This simple acceptance of art for art's sake has a certain appeal. To think of Lascaux as a gallery allows it to be a sort of special viewing place where the handiwork of accomplished artists might be displayed. Plausibly, daily existence in parts of Paleolithic Europe may not have been so hard, with an abundance of ready food and therefore the leisure time for art. The problems with this explanation, however, are various. In the first place, the proliferation of archaeological discoveries—and this includes some of the world's innumerablerock art sites thatcannot be dated—has served to emphasize a remarkablylimited repertoire of subjects. The images that recur are those of animals.Human figures are unusual, and when they do make an appearance, they are rarely done with the same attention to form accorded to the animals. If Paleolithic artists were simply seeking to represent the beauty of the world around them, would they not have left a far greater range of pictures—of trees, flowers, of the Sun and the stars?A further question to the theory of art for art's sake is posed by the high incidence of Paleolithic images that appear not to be imitative of any reality whatsoever. These are geometrical shapes or patterns consisting of dots or lines. Such marks may be found isolated or repeated over a particular surface but also scattered across more recognizable forms. A good example of this may be seen in the geologically spectacular grotto of Pêche Merle, in the Lot region of France. Here we encounter some favorite animals from the Paleolithicrepertoire—a pair of stout-bellied horses. But over and around the horses' outlines are multiple dark spots, daubed in disregard for the otherwise naturalistic representation of animals. What does such patterning imitate?There is also the factor of location. The caves of Lascaux might conceivably qualify as underground galleries, but many other paintings have been found in recesses totally unsuitable for any kind of viewing—tight nooks and crannies that must have been awkward even for the artists to penetrate, let alone for anyone else wanting to see the art.Finally, we may doubt the notion that the Upper Paleolithic period was a paradise in which food came readily, leaving humans ample time to amuse themselves with art. 【_For Europe it was still the Ice Age. 【_An estimate of the basic level ofsustenance then necessary for human survival has been judged at 2200 calories per day. 【_This consideration, combined with the stark emphasis upon animals in the cave art, has persuaded some archaeologists that the primary motive behind Paleolithic images must lie with the primary activity of Paleolithic people: hunting. 【_Hunting is a skill. Tracking, stalking, chasing, and killing the prey are difficult, sometimes dangerous activities. What if the process could be made easier—by art? In the early decades of the twentieth century, AbbéHenri Breuil argued that the cave paintings were all about “sympathetic magic. ”The artists strived diligently to make their animal images evocative and realistic because they were attempting to capture the spirit of their prey. What could have prompted their studious attention to making such naturalistic, recognizable images?According to Breuil, the artists may have believed that if a hunter were able to make a true likeness of some animal, then that animal was virtually trapped.Images, therefore, may have had the magical capacity to confer success or luck in the hunt.TPO53托福阅读Passage2题目Question 1 of 14According to paragraph 1, what is significant about the paintings in the Lascaux caves?A. They provide accurate depictions of the bulls and other animals living in Paleolithic France.B. They are the best available source of information about daily life during the Paleolithic era.C. They are some of the best surviving examples of what was possibly one of the world's earliest artistic movements.D. They are the only evidence of creative expression amongPaleolithic human beings.Question 2 of 14In paragraph 1, why does the author mention the views of the philosophers of Classical Greece?A. To show how explanations about the appearance of cave painting during the Paleolithic have changed over timeB. To present a theory about humans and art that may be applicable to the Paleolithic eraC. To argue that Paleolithic paintings were created for the joy of painting, while Classical art was created to accurately represent the natural worldD. To demonstrate that the Greek philosophers were the first to accurately understand Paleolithic artQuestion 3 of 14Paragraph 2 suggests that the Lascaux cave paintings could have been created as art for art's sake only if which of the following were true?A. Caves were often used as viewing places for handiwork of all kinds.B. Artists during the Paleolithic era were especially accomplished.C. Paleolithic people were able to satisfy their basic needs fairly easily.D. People in Paleolithic Europe learned about art from people living in other areas.Question 4 of 14The word “Plausibly ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. SimilarlyB. ObviouslyC. IdeallyD. PossiblyQuestion 5 of 14Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The limited variety in the subjects of rock art paintings has become increasingly evident in the many sites discovered.B. The limited repertoire of subjects found in rock art has made it difficult for archaeologists to determine when each painting was created.C. In the first place, there is little new archaeological information on the subject of rock art because of the limited number of recent discoveries.D. Because many rock art sites cannot be dated, archaeologists have limited information about how rock art varied from period to period.Question 6 of 14According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about human figures as subjects of rock art?A. Human figures almost always appear alone and never appear with animals.B. Images of humans are both rarer and less accurately drawn than those of animals.C. Some of the most beautiful images in Paleolithic rock art are of human figures.D. There is more variety in how humans are depicted in cave art than in how animals are.Question 7 of 14The word “spectacular ”in the passage is closest in meaning toA. uniqueB. impressiveC. isolatedD. shelteredQuestion 8 of 14In paragraph 3, why does the author include a description of a painting of horses from the grotto of Pêche Merle?A. To emphasize that stout-bellied horses were the most commonly found animals in that region at the time the painting was madeB. To provide evidence that Paleolithic artists created realistic images more often than they created paintings of dots or linesC. To give an example of a cave painting that contains elements that do not imitate realityD. To demonstrate that Paleolithic artists captured many details of the animals they painted, such as the spots on the horses' coatsQuestion 12 of 14The word “prompted ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. brought aboutB. interfered withC. increasedD. transformedQuestion 9 of 14According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of the paintings located in the Lascaux caves?A. They are all found in recesses that are difficult for viewersto reachB. They fill every nook and cranny of a large underground galleryC. Their location was probably more convenient for viewers than for the artistsD. They are easier to view than cave paintings at other locations.Question 10 of 14The word “diligently ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. with no successB. with talent and skillC. with mixed resultsD. with persistence and hard workQuestion 11 of 14According to paragraph 5, Breuil proposed which of the following theories about the purpose of cave paintings?A. They were used to teach young hunters the skills they needed to hunt.B. They were images created to help people forget about the dangers and difficulties of their daily lives.C. They were used in magic rituals to increase people's understanding of the natural world.D. They were meant to capture the spirits of animals and thus bring success in the hunt.Question 13 of 14Look at the four squares[_ to add the sentence to the passage.Obtaining this level of nourishment from such a harsh environment must have consumed most of Paleolithic people’s time and attention..Question 14 of 14Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.There are a number of arguments against the idea that Paleolithic cave paintings were created for the sheer joy of paintingA.It is generally agreed that art as imitation arose during the age of Classical GreeceB.Paleolithic artists often chose to paint pictures that were intended to frighten peopleC.People in the Paleolithic era may not have had time for art, and the placement of the paintings does not indicate that they were meant to be looked atD.Paleolithic artists chose to represent only a small segment of the natural world, and their paintings were not always strict imitations of natureE.Hunting was central to Paleolithic life, and animals are central to cave art, leading some to believe that the paintings were created to bring luck to hunters.F.Humans were rarely the subjects of cave paintings because it was thought that capturing the image of a hunter would cause the hunter to be virtually trapped.TPO53托福阅读Passage3答案解析正确答案：C题目解析：本题定位到原文：Accepting that they are the best preserved and most visible signs of what was a global creative explosion这半句话。
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经典阅读32(一)西风胡杨①胡杨生于西域。
在西域，那曾经三十六国的繁华，那曾经狂嘶的烈马，腾燃的狼烟，飞旋的胡舞，激奋的羯鼓，肃穆的佛子，缓行的商队，以及那连绵万里直达长安的座座烽台……都已被那浩茫茫的大漠洗礼得苍凉斑驳。
仅仅千年，只剩下残破的驿道，荒凉的古城，七八匹孤零零的骆驼，三五杯血红的酒，两三曲英雄逐霸的故事，一支飘忽在天边如泣如诉的羌笛。
当然，还剩下胡杨，还剩下胡杨簇簇金黄的叶，倚在白沙与蓝天间，一幅醉人心魄的画，令人震撼无声。
②胡杨，是我平生所见最坚韧的树。
能在零上40度的烈日中娇艳，能在零下40度的严寒中挺拔。
不怕侵入骨髓的斑斑盐碱，不怕铺天盖脑的层层风沙，它是神树，是生命的树，是不死的树。
那种遇强则强、逆境奋起、一息尚存绝不放弃的精神，使所有真正的男儿血脉贲张。
霜风击倒，挣扎爬起；沙尘掩盖，奋力撑出。
它们为精神而从容赴义，它们为理念而慷慨就死。
虽断臂折腰，仍死挺着那一副铁铮铮的风骨；虽痕伤累累，仍显现着那一腔硬朗朗的本色。
③胡杨，是我平生所见最无私的树。
胡杨是挡在沙漠前的屏障，身后是城市，是村庄，是青山绿水，是喧闹的红尘世界，是并不了解它们的芸芸众生。
身后的芸芸众生，是它们生下来、活下去、斗到底的唯一意义。
它们不在乎，它们并不期望人们知道它们，它们将一切浮华虚名让给了牡丹，让给了桃花，让给了所有稍纵即逝的奇花异草，而将这摧肝裂胆的风沙留给了自己。
④胡杨，是我平生所见最悲壮的树。
胡杨生下来一千年不死，死了后一千年不倒，倒下去一千年不朽。
这不是神话。
无论是在塔里木，还是在内蒙额济纳旗，我都看见了大片壮阔无边的枯杨。
它们生前为所挚爱的热土战斗到最后一刻，死后仍奇形怪状地挺立在战友与敌人之间。
它们让战友落泪，它们让敌人尊敬。
那亿万棵宁死不屈、双拳紧握的枯杨，似一幅悲天悯人的冬天童话。
⑤然而，它们身后的人们却将这些真正神圣的勇士砍下来烧柴。
短短几十年，因滥砍滥伐，中国4．2万公顷的胡杨林已变成1．4万公顷。
⑥胡杨不能倒。
因为人类不能倒，因为人类文明不能倒。
胡杨林外，滚滚的黄沙埋下了无数辉煌的古国，埋下了无数铁马冰河的好汉，埋下了无数富丽奢华的商旅，埋下了无知与浅薄，埋下了骄傲与自尊，埋下了伴它们一起倒下的枯杨。
让胡杨不倒，其实并不需要人类付出什么。
胡杨的生命本来就比人类早很多年。
这凄然无语的树，只想求人类将上苍赐给它们的那一点点水仍然留给它们。
上苍每一滴怜悯的泪，只要洒在胡杨林入地即干的沙土上，就能化出漫天的甘露，就能化出沸腾的热血，就能化出清白的正气，就能让这批战士前仆后继地奔向前方。
⑦我站在这孑然凄立的胡杨林中，我祈求上苍的泪，哪怕仅仅一滴；我祈求胡杨请它们再坚持一会儿，哪怕几十年；我祈求所有饱食终日的人们背着行囊在大漠中静静地走走，哪怕就三天。
我想哭，想为那些仍继续拼搏的战士而哭，我想为倒下去的伤者而哭，我想为那死而不朽的精神而哭。
我想让更多的人在这片胡杨林中都好好地哭上一哭，也许这些苦涩的泪水能化成濛濛细雨，再救活几株胡杨。
然而我不会哭。
因为这不是英雄末路的悲怆，更不是传教士的无奈，因为胡杨还在，胡杨的精神还在，生命还在，苍天还在，苍天的眼睛还在。
那些伤者将被疗治，那些死者将被祭奠，那些来者将被鼓励。
⑧直到某日，被感动的上苍猛然看到这一大片美丽忠直、遍体鳞伤的树种问：你们是谁?烈烈西风中有无数声音回答：我是胡杨。
(选自电视散文，有删改)14．文章以“西风胡杨”为题，联系全文，说说“西风”的具体含义。
（2分）答：15．文章第①段运用排比手法，将西域昔日的繁华与今天的滚滚黄沙进行对比，请简要说说，这样写的作用是什么。
（2分）答：16．第⑦段中画线句子“我祈求上苍的泪，哪怕仅仅一滴”、“也许这苦涩的泪水能化成濛濛细雨，再救活几株胡杨”表达了作者怎样的情感？（2分）答：17．胡杨这一形象引起了你怎样的感慨和思考？请结合文中的具体描写和自己的体验，谈谈你的感慨或思考。
（3分）答：(二)掌心化雪①这是一个真实故事。
②她丑得名副其实，肤黑牙突，大嘴暴睛，神情怪异，好像还没发育好的类人猿，又像《西游记》里被孙悟空打死的那个鲇鱼怪。
爸爸妈妈都不喜欢她，有了好吃的好玩的，也只给她漂亮的妹妹。
她从来都生活在被忽略的角落。
③在学校，丑女孩更是倍受歧视，坐在最后面，守着孤独的世界。
有一回，班里最靓的女生和她在狭窄的走廊遇上，一脸鄙夷，小心翼翼地挨着墙走，生怕被她碰着，哪怕是衣角。
丑女孩满怀愤懑，又无处诉说，回家躺在黑暗里咬牙切齿，酝酿复仇——她要买瓶硫酸，送给同班的靓女；甚至妹妹也要“变丑”，逼着父母学会一视同仁。
④不是没有犹豫。
她一直善良，碰见走失的猫狗都会照顾。
于是，她蒙着纱巾，遮盖住丑陋的面孔，去见中科院心理研究所的老师。
哪怕对方有丁点厌恶，都足以把她推下悬崖。
⑤老师眼神明净，声音柔和，鼓励她解下纱巾。
她踌躇地照做了。
老师微笑着起身，走过来，轻轻拥抱住她。
那一刻，陌生温暖的怀抱，化解了她身上的戾气，让她莫名落泪。
从此，丑女孩一改阴郁仇视的眼神，微笑的她最终被父母、同学接受。
⑥只需一个拥抱，就能改变一个人的一个小时，一天、一个月，乃至一生。
⑦平凡如我们，都需要这样的爱，相互鼓舞慰藉。
⑧记得有一次，我去医院看眼睛，被点了药水之后，刚才熟悉的世界陡然陷入黑暗。
身外一片人声扰攘，脚步杂乱，我却战战兢兢不敢举步，恍惚只觉面前横亘万丈深渊。
幸好有只手伸过来，轻轻把我送到长椅上坐定。
这只陌生的手让我渐渐安心，心情坦然。
⑨我的先生只是市井小人物，但是“无缘大慈，同体大悲”的精神深入骨髓。
他每月工资少得可怜，从不肯乱花一分钱，但是身上总是带着硬币，施与沿途乞讨的老人。
有一天，我们结伴回家，他看到一位老人在秋风中双手抱膝，脑袋低垂到胸前，瑟瑟颤抖，马上掏出零钱，又拉着我走到附近一家小吃店，买了几个热包子，放到老人面前。
他做这一切都很自然，从不骄矜自喜，反而觉得羞愧，羞愧自己能力不够，无法盖得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜。
⑩这个世界流行的是强者和超人，渺小如蝼蚁、脆弱似玻璃的小人物，更需要洞察幽微的眼睛，需要有力的手，带他们走出窘境。
假如你碰到黑暗里挣扎的人，请不要背过身去，伸出一只手，就能给对方一个春天，让一颗心慢慢复苏。
即使对方并不知道你是谁，也会一直记得你掌心的温度。
⑪不以善小而不为——一个温暖的眼神，一句轻轻的鼓励，都足以变成一个人心中的蜂飞蝶舞，水绿山蓝。
因为现实如此冰冷坚硬，人心更要柔软，好比掌心化雪，滴滴晶莹。
14.用简洁的语言补充文中另外两个故事的内容。
（2分）答：（1）（2）（3）“我”先生给乞讨老人的施与使其得以充饥15.分析第⑨段划线句“伸出一只手，就能给对方一个春天，让一颗心慢慢复苏。
”有什么表达效果。
（2分）答：16.作者对“一个拥抱”“一只陌生的手”“几个热包子”的感受引发了你怎样的思考？（150字以内）（5分）80120（三）《不朽的失眠》他落榜了！一千二百年前。
榜纸那么大那么长，然而，就是没有他的名字。
啊！竟单单容不下他的名字“张继”那两个字。
考中的人，姓名一笔一划写在榜单上，天下皆知。
奇怪的是，在他的感觉里，考不上，才更是天下皆知，这件事，令他羞惭沮丧。
离开京城吧！议好了价，他踏上小舟。
本来预期的情节不是这样的，本来也许有插花游街、马蹄轻疾的风流，有衣锦还乡袍笏加身的荣耀。
然而，寒窗十年，虽有他的悬梁剌股，琼林宴上，却并没有他的一角席次。
船行似风。
江枫如火，在岸上举着冷冷的爝焰，这天黄昏，船，来到了苏州。
但，这美丽的古城，对张继而言，也无非是另一个触动愁情的地方。
如果说白天有什么该做的事，对一个读书人而言，就是读书吧！夜晚呢？夜晚该睡觉以便养足精神第二天再读。
然而，今夜是一个忧伤的夜晚。
今夜，在异乡，在江畔，在秋冷雁高的季节，容许一个落魄的士子放肆他的忧伤。
江水，可以无限度地收纳古往今来一切不顺遂之人的泪水。
这样的夜晚，残酷地坐着，亲自听自已的心正被什么东西啮食而一分一分消失的声音。
并且眼睁睁地看自已的生命如劲风中的残灯，所有的力气都花在抗拒，油快尽了，微火每一刹那都可能熄灭。
然而，可恨的是，终其一生，它都不曾华美灿烂过啊！江水睡了，船睡了，船家睡了，岸上的人也睡了。
惟有他，张继，睡不着，夜愈深，愈清醒，清醒如败叶落地的枯树，似梁燕飞去的空巢。
起先，是睡眠排拒的他。
（也罢，这半生，不是处处都遭排拒吗？）而后，是他在赌气，好，无眠就无眠，长夜独醒，就干脆彻底来为自己验伤，有何不可？月亮西斜了，一副意兴阑珊的样子。
有鸟啼，粗嗄嘶哑，是乌鸦。
那月亮被它一声声叫得更黯淡了。
江岸上，想已霜结千草。
夜空里，星子亦如清霜，一粒粒零落凄绝。
在须角在眉梢，他感觉，似乎也森然生凉，那阴阴不怀好意的凉气啊，正等待凝成早秋的霜花，来贴缀他惨淡少年的容颜。
江上渔火二三，他们在干什么？在捕鱼吧？或者，虾？他们也会有撒空网的时候吗？世路艰辛啊！即使潇洒的捕鱼的，也不免投身在风波里吧？然而，能辛苦工作。
只有我张继，是天不管地不收的一个，是既没有权利去工作，也没福气去睡眠的一个。
钟声响了，这奇怪的深夜的寒山寺钟声。
一般寺庙，都是暮鼓晨钟，寒山寺庙敲“夜半钟”，用以惊世。
钟声贴着水面传来，在别人，那声音只是睡梦中模糊的衬底音乐。
在他，却一记一记都撞击在心坎上，正中要害。
钟声那么美丽，但钟声自已到底是痛还是不痛呢？既然失眠，他推枕而起，摸黑写下“枫桥夜泊”四字。
然后，就把其余二十八个字“照抄”下来：月落乌啼霜满天江枫渔火对愁眠姑苏城外寒山寺夜半钟声到客船感谢上苍，如果没有落第的张继，诗的历史上便少了一首好诗，我们的某一种心情，就没有人来为我们一语道破。
一千二百年过去了，那张长长的榜单上（就是张继挤不进去的那纸金榜）曾经出现过的状元是谁？哈！谁管他是谁？真正被记得的名字是“落第者张继”。
有人会记得那一届状元披红游街的盛景吗？不！我们只记得秋夜的客船上那个失意的人，以及他那场不朽的失眠。
（张继:字懿孙，襄州人，生卒年不详。
天宝十二载中进士，据说此后再无佳作流世。
）14．（４分）本文以第三人称叙事，故事定位在张继落榜之后，以时间为序，按“落榜→→→→”的过程展开故事情节。
15．（4分）京城至姑苏沿途风光无限，而本文第四段只用了四个字“船行似风”。
为什么？试从结构和人物两方面回答。
①从结构上看②从人物的角度看16．（２分）作者认为张继的失眠是“不朽的失眠“，其理由是什么？答：17.本文内容能引发我们多方面的思考，请从不同角度谈谈你的认识。
（3分）认识一:认识二:。