中考阅读理解主旨大意题

在处理文章标题的选择时，要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够(多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小);②过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围);③以事实或细节代替抽象具体的大意。

1.2012朝阳期末Why play games? Because they are fun, and we can learn even more while playing. Following the rules, planning your next move, acting as a team member —these are all “game” ideas that you will come across all through your life. They can help you in different ways.Think about some of the games you played as a young child, such as rope-jumping and hide-and-seek. Such games are very interesting. But perhaps more importantly, they translate part of life into exciting games that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow the rest of their lives, such as taking turns and cooperating (合作).Many children’s games have a practical side. Children around the world play games that prepare them for work they will do as grown-ups. For example, some Saudi Arabian children play a game called bones, which improves the hand-eye coordination (协调) needed in fishing.The most famous games of all, the Olympic Games, bring athletes from around the world together to take part in friendly competitions. People who watch the event (比赛项目) know that a gold medal is a win for the whole country, not just the athlete who got it. For countries experiencing natural disasters (灾害) or wars, an Olympic win can mean so much.Sports games are also an event that unites (团结) people. Football is the most popular sport in the world. People all over the world play it —some for fun and some for a living. Nicolette Iribarne, a Californian football player, has discovered a way to spread hope through football. He created a foundation (基金会) to provide poor children with not only soccer balls but also a bright future.Next time you play your favorite game or sport, think about why you enjoy it, what skills are needed, and whether these skills will help you in other parts of your life.55．What’s the main idea of the passage?A. Games can help people in different ways.B. People are advised to play games for fun.C. An Olympic win means a lot to every country.D. Sports can get people all over the world together.2.2012朝阳期末Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost mention recycling, which is the process (过程) of treating used things, such as paper or steel so that they can be used again. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more things than we need. We are now dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the possible greenest way, but it would be far better if we did not bring so many things home in the first place.Here is an example. In the UK, the total of packaging increased by 12% between 1999 and 2005. It now makes up a third of a household’s waste. In many supermarkets, foods are packaged twice with plastic and cardboard.Too much packaging causes serious environmental problems. The UK is running out of different kinds of ways for dealing with this unnecessary waste. If such packaging is burnt, it gives off greenhouse gases which go on to cause the greenhouse effect (效果). Recycling helps, but the process itself uses energy. The best way of avoiding this problem is to stop producing such unnecessary things in the first place. Food waste is another serious problem, too. Too many supermarkets encourage customers (消费者) to buy more than they need. They seldom encourage customers to reuse their plastic bags, for example. However, a few of them are coming round to the idea that this cannot continue.But this is not just about supermarkets. It is about all of us. We have learned to connect packaging with quality (质量). We have learned to think that something unpackaged is of poor quality. Is it true for all the products? I n fact, more and more companies realized the importance of protecting the environment. They try to package what really should be packaged, including products in good quality.As more of us recycle, we are beginning to realize how many unnecessary things are beingcollected. We need to face the waste of our daily life. Although many people have taken action to recycle, we have a high mountain to climb.57. What is the main purpose of the second paragraph?A. To show the facts of over-used packaging.B. To talk about the possible greenest ways.C. To teach people how to do recycling at home.D. To express worries about environmental problems.59. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. Supermarkets should recycle first.B. Packaging causes serious problems.C. Needless things are mostly recycled.D. Recycling should be done in the first place.3.2012西城期末The secret in re-remembering is to allow the full power of your memory to flow freely without “trying” to remember any one specific (特定的) thing.I recently sat down to a relaxed and enjoyable dinner with some friends. At the beginning of the meal, a friend told us that his car had just been broken into and his briefcase (公文包) had been stolen. He was frustrated (懊恼的) because his diary and a number of other items (物品) important to him were in the briefcase. He said he could remember only four items that were in his stolen briefcase, that he knew there were many more, that he had to give a full report to the police within two hours, and that the more he tried to remember the more blocked he became.Several of us at the table who were familiar with Memory Principles (规则) then took him through the following exercise: instead of continuing to allow him to think of what he could not remember, we asked him when he had last had his briefcase open. It turned out that it was at the office just before he left work, at which point he suddenly remembered that he had put two important magazine articles in the briefcase. We then asked him when he had last had the briefcase open before leaving home for work. It turned out to have been the night before, and he remembered having put in two more articles as well as a tape recorder, in preparation for the following morning. Finally we asked him to describe the inner (内部的) design of his briefcase, and as he went through a detailed description, he remembered pens, pencils, letters and a number of other items that he had completely “forgotten” before.Within 20 minutes, he remembered 18 additional items.The secret is to “forget about” whatever you are trying to remember and “relive” all experiences that connect in any way with the item you are trying to remember. This method works at once almost in all cases, and takes the form of a created Mind Map around the “missing” center.This memory method, like the others, improves your memory as well as your creativity, and in addition gives you confidence when you realize that, no matter what you have forgotten, there is still a chance to solve any memory mystery (谜团)!60. What can be the best title for the passage?A. Forgetting — You can never really forgetB. Drawing — The better way to remember thingsC. Re-remembering — Remember what you have forgottenD. Replacing — Forgetting something instead of remembering4.2012 东城期末James Naismith, a physical education teacher in Massachusetts, invented basketball in 1891. Naismith’s boss asked him to invent a game that students could play indoors during bad weather. He wanted to find a game that wasn’t as rough as soccer or football.Naismith tied apple baskets to a railing (铁棍) ten feet above the floor at either end of the gym. The players used a soccer ball.A person sat on a ladder next to each basket at either end of the gym, and threw out the balls that landed in the baskets. To keep t he game from getting too rough, Naismith decided each team would have only five players and that the players could not play the ball with their feet.Two years later, net bags were used instead of baskets. In 1894, Naismith added the backboard behind each net and changed to a larger ball. In 1913, people began using the bottomless nets that are used today.During a basketball game, two teams of five players each throw the ball into two baskets atopposite ends of a court. Players bounce, or dribble the ball to the basket or pass the ball to teammates. A team scores points by getting the ball into their team’s basket. The team with the highest score wins.By the 1900s, basketball was the most popular indoor sport. People in nearly 130 countries play the game. Basketball is especially popular in the United States, China, and Puerto Rico.56. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?A. The Invention of a Popular GameB. The Rules of the Old BasketballC. What Naismith Found IndoorsD. Why People Loved Sports5.2012 东城期末If you get a chance to check out some railroad tracks, notice the gaps or separations between the rails. (Don’t get run over by a train!) Thermal expansion and contraction is why those gaps are placed there that way, and why expansion joints are placed in long highway bridges. You’ve probably felt expansion joints on old concrete highways. Remember the “thump–thump” sound as you rode over them?60. What is the last paragraph mainly about?A. Why thermal expansion is on the tracks and highways.B. How to check railroad tracks and concrete highways.C. Why railroads and highways are built that way.D. How to remember the “thump–thump” sound.6.2012 房山期末There are about 80,000,000 mines(地雷) under the ground in more than 60 countries. It is difficult and dangerous to clear these mines. About 50 people including many children were killed or hurt each day. In 2003, APOPO, a Dutch research company that trains the animals, came up with the idea of using rats to search for the mines.The animal trainers found that a kind of rats from Africa were clever and had a sharp sense of smell. The rats were about 75 cm long and weighed about 1.35kg, light enough to run across a minefield without setting off the mines.In January 2004, the APOPO started this project. First, the trainers let the 4-week-old baby rats get familiar with humans. A few weeks later, the rats were no longer afraid of people and the things around them. Then they were trained to connect a click sound with food. After the rats had learned that, the trainers then taught them to tell the difference between the smell of mines and other smells. When the rats could do it, the click was sounded and they were given a bit of banana. The method was called clicker training. “The training isn’t easy,” said trainer Abdullah Mchomvu. “You have to be patient. Sometimes I get angry, but then again, I tell myself these are animals”.After nine months’ training, the rats were taken to a minefield. They ran across the minefield, stopped, sat and searched the ground to tell the domineers(排雷员) that they smelt out a mine. Then the mine was cleared. It had taken two domineers a day to clear a 200㎡minefield, but with the help of two rats they could finish it in two hours.The rats and the domineers saved thousands of lives, “The rats did this job much better than we expected. So far they have helped to make almost 2,000,000㎡of land safe. “T hey are heroes”. Said Bart Weetjens, the head of the APOPO.56. What does the passage mainly tell us about?A. Mines are all over the world and very dangerousB. Rats are very clever and useful.C. It is very difficult for people to find out the minesD. People can train the rats to help them clear mines7.2012密云期末The teacher stood before his class of 30 students and was going to hand out the final exam papers．“I know how hard you have all worked to get ready for this test．” he said．“And because I know you are all able to understand these questions．I am ready to offer a B to anyone who would prefer not to take the test．’’A number of students jumped up to thank the teacher and left the classroom．The teacher looked at the rest students and said．“Does anyone else want to get a B? This is your last chance．”Two more students decided to go．Seven students stayed．The teacher then handed out the papers．There were only three sentences on the paper：Congratulations! You have received an A in this class．Keep believing in yourself．I never had a teacher who gave a test like that，but I think that it is a test that any teacher could and should give．Students who do not have confidence in what they have learned are B students at most．The same is true for students in real life．The A students are those who believe in what they are doing because they have learned from both successes and failures．They have learned life’s lessons．whether from school education or from events in their lives，and have become better people．Scientists say that by the age of eight，80% of what we believe about ourselves has already been formed．You are a big kid now and you realize that you have some limits(局限)．However，there is nothing you can’t do or learn to be．Sir Edmund Hillary, the first person to reach the top of Mount Qomolangma (珠穆朗玛峰)said，“We do not conquer the mountain,but ourselves.”57．What does the writer want to tell us in the passage?A．To know what our limits are． B. To learn to believe in ourselves．C．To receive school education．D．To1earn from B students．8.2012密云期末For hundreds Of years, scientists have been trying to answer what things have an effect on people’s emotions (情感). How you feel is controlled by many things. Your emotions can be affected by your personality, by the actions of others and by events arou nd you. Perhaps you don’t know your emotions can be influenced by the weather as well.People often say they feel good when the sun is shining and sad when it is cloudy. In fact, sunlight makes us feel good. When sunlight hits our skins, our bodies produce a vitamin. Vitamins are natural chemicals (化学物质) which we all need to stay healthy. Sunlight helps our bodies produce vitamin D. Vitamin D helps our bodies make a special chemical. This special chemical affects our brains (大脑) and makes us feel happy. For example, there are long, dark winters of little sunlight in Sweden and Norway, so many people in these countries often feel sad. Without much sunlight, their bodies produce less vitamin D. Without enough vitamin D, their bodies make less of this special chemical which makes them feel good. To help the people in these countries feel better, special “sunrooms” with artificial (人造的) lights have been built. People can go there and get “sunlight” for an hour or two!The weather can also affect people’s emotions in other ways. Hot weather can make people angry because people feel uncomfortable when they are hot. In the same way, rain can make people angry because being wet can be unpleasant. As you can see, the weather can have an effect on the chemicals which control our brains. Through these ways, the weather can influence our emotions. Sadly, while the weather can change us, we can hardly change the weather.60. What may be the best title for this passage?A. Why Do We Feel SadB. The Weather Influences People’s EmotionsC. People Need More Vitamin DD. We Can Hardly Change the Weather9.2011海淀一摸"You don't have to be great to get started, but you have to get started to be great.” I believe it is thought normal in today's society to just let life happen to us. I also believe that we sometimes damage our well-planned thoughts about success because it is easier to just carry on as usual rather than “try” with the possibility of failure in mind.The main reason why most people never get moving is because they have no real idea about what they want. Without a certain result already set in your mind, it is really difficult to get going, and even if you do, your motivation (动力) may soon disappear and you give up before too long.Why not consider what is really important in your life? Write down what excites you, what would truly make you happy and what problems you have. At the end of the week, take a careful look at the notes you have taken. You will soon begin to see a clearer picture of what direction you should be heading.Knowledge is useless without action. You can read every book on any subject but your life will stay the same if you do not use that knowledge. This may seem clear but the reason why the self-help industry is thriving (繁荣的) is because people read and read and read but never use the information provided.Knowledge is fantastic but it is not life changing until used. I love to read personal development material to keep a positive attitude towards my life, but l also realize that if I don't set goals to achieve, then l will always be a talk the talk person who is great at giving advice but useless at realizing it. If you have no plans of practicing what you say, then it may he best to keep your mouth closed.Do yon want to know who you are? Don't ask. Act! Action will explain you. Whatever excuses we have for not living up to our talent, the fact is that time will always move forward. Be whatever yon want to be and whatever you can be. Always remember the only limits we have are the ones we create for ourselves. Life is not what we think, it is what we experience when we act upon the thoughts we entertain.60. What is the best title for the passage?A. See a Clear Picture of Life,B. Get Started to Be Great.C. Set Goals to AchieveD. Act upon Thoughts10.2011东城一模It was a Sunday and the heavy storm had lasted all night. The morning after the storm, though, was beautiful: blue skies, warm air and a calm, inviting sea.My father realized it was a good day for fishing and invited my sister and me to go with him.I was only 14 and fishing had never been my thing, but I decided to go all the same. I’m so glad I did.Being on the boat, we found there was something meters away. When moving nearer, we saw it was a mother whale with her baby. We couldn’t believe it —there aren’t any whales along the coast. The storm must have driven them there, where the sea water was so dirty that nothing could live in it.The little baby whale—actually as big as our boat—was stuck and could not move. The mother went down into the water and came up suddenly, making big waves. “She’s trying to help her baby, but on the wrong side,” my father said. At this point, my father moved our boat to the other side and, heading the boat towards the baby whale, pushed it gently. With our several gentle pushes the baby whale turned over and disappeared under water. Then it swam up right beside its mum. They made great efforts to swim towards the deep sea but failed and started heading in the wrong direction. We hurried up to the whales and tried to lead them to the sea. Slowly, they let us lead them, sometimes rising from the water right beside us to breathe —and to give us a trusting look with those huge eyes. Once they hit their first part of clean water from the sea, the mum gave us a wave with her tail and off they swam into the deep sea.In the excitement it had felt like only a few minutes, but we had been with those wonderful animals for almost an hour and a half. That was the simple and lasting beauty of the day. Today, I still look back to that golden day at sea.57. By telling the story, the writer wants to tell us that .A. saving lives makes people happyB. it’s a good experience to go fishingC. we should live with animals happilyD. keeping sea water clean is important11.2011海淀二模Many people think sports are just for winning and honor, but there is a lot more you can gain from (get out of) them. I have learned over the past years that sometimes when I lose, I get a lot more out of it than winning. Also, I find a lot of times in sports, people are getting too caught up in the game instead of just having fun. The real purpose of sports is to have fun and learn life lessons along the way.I greatly encourage you to be a part of the school sports. Even if you are not the best, you can still have fun. Sports give people a great and healthy way of spending an afternoon, instead of lying around playing video games or even getting into bad things. Sports also give us a sense of achievement. There isn't a better feeling than to have done something fun and productive for my day.I think that we all need sports to give us courage. If we try hard in sports, we usually do well. If we did the same in study, we would all be champions. Another reason why I encourage you to play sperms is that it's just fun. Without sports, our lives would just be boring. So as you may be able to tell, sports are amazing!Our coaches not only teach us to play sports, but show class and good sportsmanship while playing them. It's never fun when you lose to have the competitor rub it in your face. That's why our coaches teach us to show class when we lose; also, when coaches get onto you, don't get down.They only want to see you improve and learn from what they say. When you do badly and they don't shout loudly is when you should start worrying because they are giving up on you.Overall, sports are great! They bring out the best and worst of a lot of us. However, we can't let sports get too serious to where it brings down all the fun. So to have the most fun in sports, you just need try your best and not worry so much about the winning or losing.B60. What is the best title of this passage?A. AM we too caught up?B. To win or to gain?C. Are sports really great?D. For honor or for health?12.2011东城二模As many as one in five US teenagers have some degree of hearing loss(丧失), according to researchers. They say the problem is growing.“Teenagers really don’t pay attention to how much noise they are exposed to(接触),” Josef Shargorodsky of Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston told Reuters. “Often people won’t notice it, but even very little hearing loss may influence language development,” said Shargorodsky, one of the researchers.The study compared surveys from the early 1990s and the mid-2000s. Each included a few thousand teenagers. In the first survey, about 15 percent of teenagers had some degree of hearing loss. Some 15 years later, that number had risen by a third, to nearly 20 percent.“This certainly is big news,” said Alison Grimes, an ear doctor. “Hearing loss is very common in old people,” Grimes said, but she added that it was worrying to see it happen in the younger age group.In babies and young children, hearing problems are known to slow language development. The science is less clear for teenagers, but it is easy to imagine how being hard of hearing could influence learning, said Grimes. [来源:]The reasons for the rise are still unclear. When researchers asked teenagers about noise exposure – on the job, at school or from activities, for e xample –the teenagers didn’t report any change. But Shargorod sky said that might not be true. “We kn ow from before that it is difficult to ask this age group about noise exposure – they underestimate it.” Few people would call it noise when they listen to music on their MP3 player, for example. “There is a differenc e between what we think is loud and what is harmful to the ear,” said Grimes.Although it’s not clear that the MP3 players cause teenagers’ hearing loss, Grimes said it was still a good idea to turn down the sound and take short breaks from listening.60．What is the best title for the passage?A. A word short and simpleB. A report by teenagersC. A message loud and clearD. A letter from MP3 users13.2011大兴二模If the rose can be said to be a special flower, then the apple can be said to be a special fruit. It is very important in American culture. American stories speak of Johnny Appleseed, who went throughout America collecting apple seeds and planting apple trees. He had a great love for nature and went through fields and farms adding richness and beauty to the country.One of the first sayings taught to school children is, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away." This short saying encourages children to eat fresh fruit to keep healthy. If someone always says good words to a person, people will call him an "apple polisher". This, however, is not a good name. If someone is very dear to us, we say that he or she is the "apple of our eye".Most people believe that the fruit which Eve gave to Adam was an apple, even though the Bible(圣经) never says so. The apple, therefore, is a deep part of the language and stories of America.An apple is also delicious. Apples can be cooked in many ways, used as a dessert (甜点) , and made into sweet juice.In many parts of the country during the harvest season, a popular activity is to go into an apple garden to pick apples. Washington, D. C. and New York are both famous for their apples.Finally, when it’s time to take a vacation to American cities, one can always visit New York, which is "the biggest apple" of all the American cities.60. The passage is mainly about______.A. stories about the appleB. apples in American cultureC. some famous sayings of the appleD. big cities that is famous for apples1-5AADCA C 6-10DBBDA 11-13BCB。