2011年10月 英语(二)
2011年十月联考英语模拟试题及答案2
2011年十月联考英语模拟试题及答案（二）考生注意事项1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。
2. 答题前，考生应将答题卡上的"考生姓名"、"报考单位"、"考生编号"等信息填写清楚，并与准考证上的一致。
3. 答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。
（1）综合填空、阅读理解的答案填涂在答题卡（一）上，英译汉的答案和作文的写在答题卡（二）上。
（2）填涂部分应该按照答题卡上的要求用2B铅笔完成。
如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。
书写部分（英译汉的答案和作文）必须用蓝（黑）色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题卡上作答。
4. 答题卡严禁折叠。
考试结束后，将答题卡（一）和答题卡（二）一起放入原试卷袋中，试卷交给监考人员。
否则，所产生的一切后果由考生本人负责。
2011年十月联考英语模拟试题及答案（二）Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on Answer Sheet 1 (10 points)History has served up important lessons that show what happens when a company or individual tries to avoid _1_ the existence of a crisis. Look _2_ to the Exxon Valdez oil tanker fiasco when Exxon chief Lawrence Bawl stonewalled journalists. _3_ that official silence did was fuel the distrust of the public and cause a backlash where customers cut their Exxon credit cards _4_ disgust. The _5_ side of the coin is the classic Johnson & Johnson (J & J) Tylenol tampering case. In that instance, where some kook poisoned bottles of Tylenol, J&J's CEO James Burke acknowledged the crisis _6_ its first night and ordered all Tylenol _7_ the supermarket shelves until the situation was _8_.Now which corporate executive do you think came out on top? By acknowledging the _9_, James Burke was able to get everyone moving together toward a solution. With Exxon's _10_ to acknowledge the Valdez oil spill, everyone was _11_ in pointing the blame versus working together toward a solution. Acknowledgement up front not only appeases your customers, but also _12_ the opportunity for your competitors to _13_ or capitalize on false rumors. You remove the competitor's trump card. By the time Exxon came around to acknowledging _14_ happened with that oil spill in Alaska, it had to _15_ with the public-relations nightmare of dispelling all of the untruths that developed lives of their own before the company could _16_ deal with the real problem situation._17_ yourself a favor and acknowledge a disastrous incident up front. Then get to work making things work better. Remember, by acknowledging a disaster, we aren't suggesting that you _18_ and accept blame. Acknowledging the situation is merely an act of admitting that it _19_ exist and creates an atmosphere _20_ to moving toward a solution.1. A. abandoning B. acknowledging C. accounting D. advancing2. A. about B. back C. around D. with3. A. All the B. The all C. All of D. All4. A. in B. on C. at D. by5. A. passive B. persuasive C. opposite D. occasional6. A. on B. at C. in D. by7. A. off B. of C. aside D. except8. A. dissolved B. resolved C. revolved D. involved9. A. critic B. criticize C. crisis D. critical10. A. diffuse B. diffusion C. refuse D. refusal11. A. dissolved B. resolved C. revolved D. involved12. A. estimate B. eliminate C. emigrate D. educate13. A. shrink B. strain C. spread D. stain14. A. this B. which C. that D. what15. A. deal B. dispose C. work D. handle16. A. effectively B. efficiently C. feasibly D. formally17. A. Work B. Do C. Take D. Make18. A. apologize B. appease C. applaud D. appeal19. A. do B. does C. did D. done20. A. conduce B. conductible C. conducive D. conductiveSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1 (40 points)Text 1When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates.Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the life-span of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent's normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyonewishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor's right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on the idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most 'new' ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the V olkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.21. The passage is mainly about _____________________.A. an approach to patentsB. the application for patentC. the use of patentsD. the access to patents22. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. When a patent becomes out of effect, it can be re-patented if necessaryB. It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention publicC. A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legal period is overD. One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent office23. Georges Valensi's patent lasted until 1971 because __________________.A. nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that timeB. his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long timeC. there were not enough TV stations to provide color programmesD. the color TV receiver was not available until that time24. The word "plagiarize (Line 5, Para. 5) most probably means "_______________"A. steal and useC. make publicB. give reward toD. taken and change25. From the passage we learn that __________________.A. an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practiceB. products are actually inventions which were made a long time agoC. it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new oneD. patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search though dead patents Text TwoAmitai Etzioni is not surprised by the latest headings about scheming corporate crooks (骗子). As a visiting professor at the Harvard Business School in 1989, he ended his work there disgusted with his students' overwhelming lust for money. "They're taught that profit is all that matters," he says. "Many schools don't even offer ethics (伦理学) courses at all."Etzioni expressed his frustration about the interests of his graduate students. "By and large, I clearly had not found a way to help classes full of MBAs see that there is more to life than money, power, fame and self-interest." He wrote at the time. Today he still takes the blame for not educating these "business-leaders-to-be." "I really feel like I failed them," he says. "If I was a better teacher, maybe I could have reached them."Etzioni was a respected ethics expert when he arrived at Harvard. He hoped his work at the university would give him insight into how questions of morality could be applied to places where self-interest flourished. What he found wasn't encouraging. Those would be executives had, says Etzioni, little interest in concepts of ethics and morality in the boardroom-and their professor was met with blank stares when he urged his students to see business in new and different ways.Etzioni sees the experience at Harvard as an eye-opening one and says there's much about business schools that he'd like to change. "A lot of the faculty teaching business are bad news themselves," Etzioni says. From offering classes that teach students how to legally manipulate contracts, to reinforcing the notion of profit over community interests, Etzioni has seen a lot that's left him shaking his head. And because of what he's seen taught in business schools, he's not surprised by the latest rash of corporate scandals. "In many ways things have got a lot worse at business schools, I suspect," says Etzioni.Etzioni is still teaching the sociology of right and wrong and still calling for ethical business leadership. "People with poor motives will always exist." He says. "Sometimes environments constrain those people and sometimes environments give those people opportunity." Etzioni says the booming economy of the last decade enabled those individuals with poor motives to get rich before getting in trouble. His hope now: that the cries for reform will provide more fertile soil for his long-standing messages about business ethics.26. What impressed Amitai Etzioni most about Harvard MBA students?A. Their keen interest in business courses.B. Their intense desire for money.C. Their tactics for making profits.D. Their potential to become business leaders.27. Why did Amitai Etzioni say "I really feel like I failed them" (Line 4, Para. 2)?A. He was unable to alert his students to corporate malpractice.B. He didn't teach his students to see business in new and different ways.C. He could not get his students to understand the importance of ethics in business.D. He didn't offer courses that would meet the expectations of the business-leaders-to-be.28. Most would-be executives at the Harvard Business School believed that ________.A. questions of morality were of utmost importance in business affairsB. self-interest should not be the top priority in business dealingsC. new and different principles should be taught at business schoolsD. there was no place for ethics and morality in business dealings29. In Etzioni's view, the latest rash of corporate scandals could be attributed to ________.A. the tendency in business schools to stress self-interest over business ethicsB. the executives' lack of knowledge in legally manipulating contractsC. the increasingly fierce competition in the modern business worldD. the moral corruption of business school graduates30. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.A. the calls for reform will help promote business ethicsB. businessmen with poor motives will gain the upper handC. business ethics courses should be taught in all business schoolsD. reform in business management contributes to economic growthText ThreeIn science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced.A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. A the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house."Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theory.31. Which of the following is the main subject of the passage?A. The importance of models in scientific theories.B. The place of theory and hypothesis in scientific investigation.C. The sorts of facts that scientists find most interesting.D. The ways that scientists perform different types of experiments.32. According to the second paragraph, a useful theory is one that helps scientists toA. find errors in past experimentsB. observe eventsC. make predictionsD. publicize new findings33. Bricks are mentioned in paragraph 3 to indicate howA. mathematicians approach scienceB. building a house is like performing experimentsC. science is more than a collection of factsD. scientific experiments have led to improved technology34. In the fourth paragraph, the author implies that imaginations are most important to scientists when theyA. evaluate previous work on a problemB. formulate possible solutions to a problemC. gather known factsC. close an investigation35. In the last paragraph, what does the author imply is a major function of hypotheses?A. Sifting through known factsB. Communicating a scientist's thoughts to othersC. Providing direction for scientific researchD. Linking together different theoriesText FourIf two scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory are correct, people will still be driving gasoline-powered cars 50 years from now, giving out heat-trapping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere-and yet that carbon dioxide will not contribute to global warming. The scientists, F. Jeffrey Martin and William L. Kubic Jr., are proposing a concept, which they have patriotically named Green Freedom, for removing carbon dioxide from the air and turning it back into gasoline.The idea is simple. Air would be blown over a liquid solution which would absorb the carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide would then be extracted and subjected to chemical reactions that would turn it into fuel. Although they have not yet built a fuel factory, or even a small prototype, the scientists say it is all bused on existing technology. "Everything in the concept has been built, is operating or has a close cousin that is operating." Dr. Martin said. The proposal does not violate any laws of physics,and other scientists have independently suggested similar ideas.In the efforts to reduce humanity's emissions of carbon dioxide, three solutions have been offered: hydrogen-powered cars, electric cars and biofuels. Biofuels are gasoline substitutes produced from plants like corn or sugar cane. Plants absorb carbon dioxide as they grow, but growing crops for fuel take up wide strips of land. Hydrogen-powered cars emit no carbon dioxide, but producing hydrogen requires energy, and if that energy comes from coal-fired power plants, then the problem has not been solved. The problem with electric cars is that they have typically been limited to a range of tens of miles as opposed to the hundreds of miles that can be driven on a tank of gas.Gasoline, it turns out, is an almost ideal fuel (except that it produces carbon dioxide). If it can be made out of carbon dioxide in the air, the Los Alamos concept may mean there is little reason to switch, after all."It's definitely worth pursuing." said Martin I. Hoffert, a professor of physics at New York University. "It has a couple of pieces to it that are interesting." Other scientists also said the proposal looked promising but could not evaluate it fully because the details had not been published.36. What is most remarkable about the proposal made by the two scientists?A. It is given a patriotic name.B. No law of physics is violated.C. It is base on existing technology.D. Carbon dioxide can be converted into fuel.37. What is the biggest problem with hydrogen-powered cars?A. There is no cheap source of hydrogen.B. There might be a safety problem in hydrogen production.C. They may still be a cause of global warming.D. They are not suitable for long-distance travel.38. If what is proposed by the two scientists becomes true______A. air pollution will become a thing of the pastB. there will be no need for gasoline substitutesC. people will be able to use much cheaper energyD. there will be no more biofuel-powered vehicles39. Which of the following can best describe the attitude of Martin I .Hoffert to the proposal?A. IndifferentB. PositiveC. SuspiciousD. Critical40. The passage is mainly written to________A. introduce a new conceptB. compare different energy sourcesC. stress the importance of gasolineD. discuss solutions to global warmingPart BDirections: Read the following text and then answer the questions by marking T if the statement is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1 (10 points) Prospects of EducationIn the information Age---an era defined by knowledge workers---nothing will be as important as education. Yet today's educational system is a creature of the Industrial Age, a factory system for mass-producing minds. That is simply not up to the task of preparing our children---and us---for the rigors（严酷）of the Digital Age. Ours is an era of nearly unfathomable expansion of knowledge. It's said that about 80 percent of all the scientists who ever lived are alive and working today. The sum total of the world's knowledge is roughly doubling every four years.Experts devoted to full-time study of their specialties can't keep up with all the cutting-edge developments in their fields. How can we expect that of teachers---let alone students?And this is just the beginning. We're only now computerizing our entire society and building an information infrastructure（基础设施）that will push everything into warp speed.Fortunately, the same digital technologies that are spurring on this knowledge glut can also help provide a way out. Individualized learning will turn teachers into mentors.Until now, a teacher facing a class of 30 kids had to decide whether to gear the lesson to the fast or slow kids and to choose the one style of learning in which the whole class would proceed.Multimedia personal computers, using text and sound and photos and video, hold the potential to tailor lessons to the peculiarities of each individual mind in the room. They'll proceed at that individual's pace and be driven by the individual's natural curiosity.These new technologies will provide tools to better address the complex learning needs of the modern student.However, that means the time-honored role of the teacher almost certainly will change dramatically. No longer will teachers be the fonts of knowledge with all the answers that children seek. They can't possibly fulfill that role in the coming era. Instead they'll be more like mentors (指导者) or coaches who inspire or motivate the students to find the answers themselves. They'll be problem-solvers who help keep the students moving down their own learning tracks.The purpose of teaching will essentially remain the same---but the style will be much different. Schools will be smaller and more plentiful, like today's day care.Multimedia interactive learning will make possible a much more decentralized educational system and will do away with the need to physically gather students in large numbers at central sites.Future education may be lifelong independent learning. In the Digital Age, formal education will be more focused on learning how to learn rather than on mastering a specific body of knowledge that will quickly become obsolete (陈旧过时的).The emphasis will be on becoming adept at the learning tools, on mastering concepts quickly, on thinking critically, on expressing oneself effectively---preparing the student for lifelong independent learning.In a very real sense, our education will never end. That may mean that our formal education will technically end much earlier than it does now. (Do we all really need the standard 12 to 16 years of study before we're allowed to get on with our lives?)Or it may mean that we'll maintain lifelong relationships with institutions of higher education---ones that might not be the same colleges and universities that we look to today. Perhaps we'll never graduate.41. Though nothing is more important than education in the Information Age, the present educational system is inadequate to prepare children for the requirements of the new era.42. Teachers are devoted to full-time study of their specialties, and are therefore capable of keeping up with the latest developments in their own fields.43. The new technologies will help deal with the complex learning needs of the modern students.44. In the Digital Age, educational focus will be on learning how to learn rather than on masteringa specific body of knowledge.45. In the future, our education will end much earlier than it does now so we can graduate at an earlier age.Section IV TranslationDirections: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the following parts into Chinese and write your version on Answer Sheet 2 (15 points)46.Glance at share prices or short-term growth forecasts and you might feel comforted. Output has stopped shrinking in all the world's big economies. In its latest forecasts the IMF reckons global GDP will expand by 3.1% next year, 1.2 percentage points faster than it forecast in April. Global stockmarkets have rallied by 64% since their trough. Corporate finance, once frozen, is thawing fast. Bearish analysts are once again having to justify their pessimism.Yet closer inspection suggests caution. Despite a welcome return to growth, the world economy is far from returning to "normal" activity. Unemployment is still rising and much manufacturing capacity remains idle. Many of the sources of today's growth are temporary and precarious. The rebuilding of inventories will not boost firms' output for long. Across the globe spending is being driven by government largesse. Massive fiscal and monetary stimulus is cushioning the damage to households' and banks' balance-sheets, but the underlying problems remain. In America and other former bubble economies, household debts are worryingly high, and banks need to bolster their capital. That suggests consumer spending will be lower and the cost of capital higher. The world economy may see a few quarters of respectable growth, but it will not bounce back to where it would have been had the crisis never happened.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Imagine you are a US scholar just returning from Shanghai, China. A few days ago, you took a taxi to Pudong International Airport. You rushed into the Airport Lounge, leaving your luggage in the taxi. The taxi-driver found out later and drove back to the airport to return your luggage to you. Write a letter to the Municipal Transportation Council to show your gratitude to the driver and praise the high quality of taxi service of the city.You should write about 100 words on Answer Sheet 2 (10 points)Part B48. Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following picture. You should write at least 150 words on the Answer Sheet 2. (15 points)钓鱼执法，英语叫执法圈套（entrapment）"黑车"，illegally-operated cars参考答案：Section I: BBDAC AABCD DBCDA ABABCSection II: DCBAA BCDAA BCCBC DCBBA (TFTTF)Section III: 看一眼股价或短期增长的预测，你或许会感到安心。
2011年自考英语(二)最全复习资料
2011年自考英语（二）章节复习资料汇总重点单词扩充讲解：1. organizational: a 组织上的由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织；organization: n 组织；organizer: n 组织者请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空：1). Last week, our school ________ a spring outing.2). The task calls for the highest _________ skill.3). China has joined World Trade __________.4). He is the __________ of the speech contest.Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的3. predict: v 预言、预示；由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言；predictable: a 可预测的；predictor: n 预言家4. simplify: v 简化由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的；simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地；simplification: n 简化；simplified: a 被简化的。
Exercises for the above words:1). The machine is _____ in operation but complex in structure.2). Shakespeare‟s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while ____ edition is quite easy.3). There is no point in arguing about it, because it is _______ a question of procedure.4). The ______ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor.Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…，tend to do sthe.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter.Or old people tend to get fatter.6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的；由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营；management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者；manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。
全国2011年10月自学考试基础英语试题_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
全国2011年10月自学考试基础英语试题(总分100, 做题时间150分钟)课程代码：00088请将所有答案写在答题纸相应的位置上，否则不计分。
一、词汇应用和语法结构（本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分）（一）词汇应用（15分）选择最佳答案完成句子，错选、多选或未选均无分。
1.National currencies always have a(n) ______ over private currencies.SSS_SINGLE_SELA interestB advantageC outputD production该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B2.When a designer produces a new dress，he should always ______ in mind his customer’s needs.SSS_SINGLE_SELA carryB takeC putD bear该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D3.If the world population is increasing continuously，food supplies will not be ______ to feed them.SSS_SINGLE_SELA sufficientB efficientC equalD effective该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A4.They refused to sell their products at the low ______ offered.SSS_SINGLE_SELA priceB prizeC expenseD cost该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A5.“You should be ______，”he said to the judge. “It’s not their fault.”SSS_SINGLE_SELA fairB unforgivingC rudeD unkind该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A6.They all agreed that the first problem the new government would have to deal with was unemployment. In this sentence，“deal with” can be replaced by ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA doB graspC copeD tackle该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D7.Although I spoke to him many times，he never pays ______ to what I said.SSS_SINGLE_SELA noticeB remarkC warningD attention该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D8.We try to buy these goods at the lowest price ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA possibleB possiblyC possibilityD probably该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A9.**pany is ______ to that one in management.SSS_SINGLE_SELA betterB superiorC excellentD good该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B10.If banks ______ higher interest on loans to builders，how will that affect the cost of a new home?SSS_SINGLE_SELA askB chargeC demandD beg该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B11.The government gave several good ______ for increasing the tax on cars.SSS_SINGLE_SELA purposesB reasonsC questionsD problems该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B12.We’ll have to find a new ______ of income.SSS_SINGLE_SELA sourceB meansC wayD method该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A13.The workers’ claim for a 10-percent pay rise has been under ______ of the government.SSS_SINGLE_SELA ideaB agreementC considerationD opinions该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C14.**pany decided to ______ the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been met.SSS_SINGLE_SELA destroyB resistC denyD cancel该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D15.On the ______ of our sales forecasts we may begin to make a profit next year.SSS_SINGLE_SELA basisB baseC caseD reason该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A（二）语法结构（15分）选择最佳答案完成句子，错选、多选或未选均无分。
2011年研究生英语二考试大纲与2011、2010考研英语二真题及答案
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试（二）考试大纲考试性质英语（二）考试是为高等学校和科研机构招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公正、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准时高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。
考试形式和试卷结构(一)考试形式考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
试卷分试题册和答题卡。
答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2。
考生应将英语知识运用和阅读理解部分的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将英译汉和写作部分的答案写在答题卡2上。
(二)考试内容与试卷结构试题分四部分，共48题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解、英译汉和写作。
第一部分英语知识运用主要是考查考生对英语知识的综合运用能力。
共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇约350词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
第二部分阅读理解主要是考查考生获取信息、理解文章、猜测重要生词词义并进行推断等方面的能力。
该部分由A、B两节组成，共25小题，每小题2分，共50分。
A节(20小题)本部分为多项选择题，共四篇文章，总长度为1500词左右。
要求考生阅读文章并回答每篇文章后面的问题。
考生需在每小题所提供的选项（A、B、C、D）中选出唯一正确或是最合适的答案。
每篇文章设5题，共20小题。
每小题2分，共40分。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
B节(5小题)本部分有3种备选题型。
每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。
或者这3种形式中某几种的组合进行考查。
本节文章设5小题，每小题2分，共10分。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
备选题型有：1)多项对应。
2)小标题对应。
3)正误判断。
第三部分：英译汉考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力。
2011年10月自考英语(二)真题及解析
2011年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）试卷及答案（课程代码：00015）I. Vocabulary and. Structure (10 points, 1 point each)从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。
1 .Students should_____their own interests as well as do their schoolwork.A.persuadeB.pursueC. persistD.proceed答案：B解析：学生在追求兴趣的同时也要兼顾学业。
2. I'd like to remind you that there is no_____on the part of suspects to answer questions.A. obligationB.evidenceC.transactionD.motivation答案：A解析：犯罪嫌疑人一方没有回答问题的义务。
3. He blamed his poor performance_____jet lag.A.to B .for C.on D.at答案：C解析：blame on归责于4.We_____knowledge from our families,schools,jobs,and the mass media.A.requestB.requireC.inquireD.acquire答案：D解析：D项意为“获取”5. Not until recently_____that Thompson had been telling the truth all along.A.I realizedB.did I realizeC.I did realizeD.realized I答案：B解析：Not until引起的倒装句。
6. I don’t need any help at the moment,but I_____your offer.A.appreciateB.admireC.enjoyD.like答案：A解析：我目前不需要帮忙，但感谢你提出来。
2011年自考英语二复习资料(2)
2011年自考英语二复习资料（2）1. astronomer: n 天文学家；astronomy: n 天文学2.explode: v 爆炸,由此联想：explosive: a 爆炸性的/n 炸药；explosion: n 爆炸1). When the bomb______, many people were seriously wounded.2). The unexpected ________ frightened the little girl.3). It might be possible to convert _____ energy into heat.Answers: exploded, explosion, explosive3. density: n 密度；联想产生：dense: a 密度大的，反义词：sparse;densely: ad高密度地；densely-populated人口稠密的；sparsely-populated人口稀疏的1). The ____ fog kept the travelers from finding the correct direction.2). The business area of the city is _____ populated.3). This liquid has a much greater ____ than water.Answers: dense, densely, density4. shrink: v 收缩、退缩、缩水1). As a result of careless washing, the jacket has shrunk to a child's size.2).The girl shrinks at the sight of blood.5. measurement: n 衡量、测量；由此联想：measure: n措施/v 衡量、测量；measurable: a 可衡量的，可测量的1). We must take _____ to protect our environment.2). We have come within ______ distance of success.3). Clocks give us a ______ of time.4). There the rainfall is ______ not in inches but in feet.Answers: measures, measurable, measurement, measured6.implication: n 含义、暗示；imply: v 暗示7. basis: n 基础、根据，由此可以联想得到：base: n 底部；v 以…为底，为根据；basic: a 基础的，根本的；basically: ad 根本上来说,1). If you want to improve your English, you must have a solid ______.2). The furniture of out dorm is really _____: two beds, two chairs and tables.3). The charges are false for they are not ______ on proven facts.4). Since no better plan can be worked out, we have to adopt the ____ workable one.Answers: basis, basic, based, basically8. observatory: n 天文台；由此可以联想得到：observe: v 观察；observation: n 观察；observer: n 观察家9. convincing: a 有说服力的，使人信服的；convince: v 使人信服；convinced: a 感到有说服力的，常见搭配：convince sb of sth; convince sb that1). He gave us a convincing speech.2). He convinced me f his sincerity.10. operate: v 运转、操作、动手术；operation : n 手术，操作；operator: 操作者11. research into对…进行研究She is researching into possible cures for AIDS.12. swallow up: 吞没、耗尽Many small businesses have been swallowed up by large companies.13. apply to sb/sth：适用于某人/某事，请对比：apply to sb for sth向某人申请某事；apply A to B将A 应用于B1). Y ou should apply what you have learned to your work.2). I applied to him for a new job.3). The study method doesn't apply to everyoneAnalyze the important sentences among the text1. Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.(p1)译：哦，这个问题很难回答，因为我们通常用来描述一种科学现象的现有术语在这里不够用。
2011年考研英语(二)真题完整版
2011年考研英语(二)真题完整版2011年考研英语(二)真题完整版2011-1-16 14:46教育在线Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）The Internet affords anonymity to its users，a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation‘s cyber-czar，offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that wouldbe the high-tech 5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver‘s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“singlesign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace，with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the tr ansaction runs”。
2010—2011年考研英语二真题及答案精校版
2010 年考研英语（二）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic 1 by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert 2 an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising 3 in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is “ 4 ”in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, 5 the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the 6 of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global 7 in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths 8 healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to 9 in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade 10 warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was 11 flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the 12 tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has 13 more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials 14 Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began 15 orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is 16 ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those 17 doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not 18 for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease orseveral other 19 . But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups: health care workers, people 20 infants and healthy young people.1. [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated2. [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted3. [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums4. [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme5. [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6. [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor7. [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice8. [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to9. [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up10. [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until11. [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D]magnificent12. [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples13. [A] imparted [B] immersed [C] injected [D] infected14. [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained15. [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving16. [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable17. [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial18. [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced19. [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings20. [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding offSection Ⅱ Reading comprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, atSotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edwar d Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return. 21.In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory”because________.[A] the art market had witnessed a succession of victories[B] the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids[C] Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces[D] it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22. By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable” (Line 1-2,Para.3),the author suggests that__________.[A] collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions[B] people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries[C] art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent[D] works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?[A] Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.[B] The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.[C] The art market generally went downward in various ways.[D] Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are________.[A] auction houses’ favorites[B] contemporary trends[C] factors promoting artwork circulation[D] styles representing impressionists25. The most appropriate title for this text could be_________.[A] Fluctuation of Art Prices [B] Up-to-date Art Auctions[C] Art Market in Decline [D]Shifted Interest in ArtsText 2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women’s group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don’t talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, “She’s the talker in our family.” The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. “It’s true,”he explained. “When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn’t keep the conversation going, we’d spend the whole evening in silence.”This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern iswreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent，that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, and social arrangements. Instead, they focused on communication: “He doesn’t listen to me.”“He doesn’t talk to me.” I found as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?[A] Talking to them. [B] Trusting them.[C] Supporting their careers. [D] Sharing housework.27. Judging from the context, the phrase“wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probablymeans____.[A] generating motivation [B] exerting influence[C] causing damage [D] creating pressure28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______.[A] men tend to talk more in public than women[B] nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation[C] women attach much importance to communication between couples[D] a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?[A] The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.[B] Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.[C] Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.[D] Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focuson ______.[A] a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk[B] a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon[C] other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.[D] a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerText 3Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors —habits—among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day —chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins— are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal.Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener andteeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap________.[A] should be further cultivated [B] should be changed gradually[C] are deeply rooted in history [D] are basically private concerns32. Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 soas to______.[A] reveal their impact on people’s habits[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities[C] indicate their effect on people’s buying power[D] manifest the significant role of good habits33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’shabits?[A] Tide [B] Crest [C] Colgate [D] Unilever34. From the text we know that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to______.[A] perfected art of products [B] automatic behavior creation[C] commercial promotions [D] scientific experiments35. The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is___.[A] indifferent [B] negative [C] positive [D] biasedText 4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimalqualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that____________.[A] both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B] defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C] no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D] judgment should consider the opinion of the public37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed___________.[A] the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws[B] the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C] the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures[D] the arrogance common among the Supreme Court justices38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because____.[A] they were automatically banned by state laws[B] they fell far short of the required qualifications[C] they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D] they tended to evade public engagement39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed, _____________.[A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on___________.[A] its nature and problems [B] its characteristics and tradition[C] its problems and their solutions [D] its tradition and developmentPart BDirections:Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false. Choose T if the statement is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Copying Birds May Save Aircraft FuelBoth Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape—expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr Kroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a concomitant reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.There are, of course, knots to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in companion? Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the intimate groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation. Organization has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights.As it happens, America’s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year the country’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced pl ans to pay Boeingto investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War, but Dr. Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. “My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,” he adds. So he should know.41.Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of newBoeing and Airbus aircraft.42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.43. Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the otherplanes.44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.45. It has been docume nted that during World War II, America’s armed forces once triedformation flight to save fuel.Section III Translation46. Directions:In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (15points)“Sustainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didn’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable. I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no m oney and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll turn the corner, give it some time.’”Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to1) express your thanks for his/her warm reception;2) welcome him/her to visit China in due course.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是取材于新闻报道，叙述了猪流感的爆发，产生的严重影响以及政府采取的针对性措施。
2011考研英语二真题答案解析超详解析
2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read t he following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices markedA, B, C a nd D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWERSHEETl.(10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a globalepidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the WorldHealth Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert _____2_____an emergency meeting with flu experts in Genevathat convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____inBritain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is "_____4_____" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority of patientsexperiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _____6_____ ofany medical treatment.The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authoritiesnoticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthyadults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to_____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed t o fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived.But in late September 2009, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activityin almost every state and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swineflu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has_____13_____morethan one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000hospitalizations.Federal health officials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the nationalstockpile and began_____15_____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine.The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ aheadof expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in earlyOctober 2009, though most of those _____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spraytype, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 or those withbreathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____. But it wasstill possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers,people _____20_____infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated2 [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums4 [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6 [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice8. [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up10 [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant[D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving16 [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D]applicable17 [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings20 [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding offSection ⅡReading comprehensionPart AText 1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramaticnote with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever ”，at Sotheby ’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetchingmore than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. Asthe auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckonsClare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm —double the figure fiveyears earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the marketgenerates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst ’s sale, spending of any sortbecame deeply unfashionable, especially in NewYork, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of manyart-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away fromgalleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in themost overheated sector —for Chinese contemporary art —they were down by nearly 90%in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world ’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie ’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clientswho had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stoppedbuying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most seriouscontraction in the market since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far morefluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie ’s chief executive, says: “I ’m pretty confident we ’re at the bottom. ”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high,there was no demand e ven though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie ’s revenuesin the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almosteveryone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problemat the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The threeDs—death, debt and divorce —still deliver works of art to the market. But anyonewho does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as“a last victory ”because ____.A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victoriesB. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable ”(Line 1-2,Para.3) ，the author suggests that_____.A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C. The market generally went downward in various ways.D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____A. auction houses ' favoritesB. contemporary trendsC. factors promoting artwork circulationD. styles representing impressionists25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___A. Fluctuation of Art PricesB. Up-to-date Art AuctionsC. Art Market in DeclineD. Shifted Interest in ArtsText 2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had beenparticularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that womenfrequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man l ooked puzzled and hurt. "It's true,"he explained. "When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American mentend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern iswreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" thatmost of the women she interviewed —but only a few of the men—gave lack ofcommunication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate ofnearly 50 percent ，that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my o wn research complaints from womenabout their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career toaccompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me." "He doesn't talk to me." I found asHacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first andforemost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of theirwives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up infront of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A. Talking to them.B. Trusting them.C. Supporting their careers.D. Sharing housework.27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc ”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ .A. generating motivation.B. exerting influenceC. causing damageD. creating pressure28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A. men tend to talk more in public than womenB. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC. women attach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will mostprobably focus on ______A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerText 3Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors —habits —among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when c ustomers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of asoap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people ’s habits, ”Dr. Curtis said. “Wewanted to learn from private industry how to create new beh aviors that happen automatically. ”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to —Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever —had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers ’lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you ’ll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, waterpurifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins —are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one ofthe other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn ’t drink water outside of a meal . Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and nowoffice workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as partof morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become p art of daily or weekly patterns, ”said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year.“Creating pos itive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers ’lives, andit ’s essential to making new products commercially viable. ”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning havelearned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues throughrelentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams orunhealthy foods.31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap________.[A] should be further cultivated[B] should be changed gradually[C] are deeply rooted in history[D] are basically private concerns32. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph5 so as to____[A] reveal their impact on people ’s habits[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities[C] indicate their effect on people ’s buying power[D] manifest the significant role of good habits33. Which of the following does NOTbelong to products that help create people ’s habits?[A]Tide[B] Crest[C] Colgate[D] Unilever34. From the text we know that some of consumer ’s habits are developed due to_____[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35. The author ’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people ’s habits is____[A] indifferent[B] negative[C] positive[D] biasedText 4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucialdemocratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimalqualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; thatjurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of thecommunity; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on accountof race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trialby their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best survivingexample of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy,citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives togovern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with thesedemocratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to personsof supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although theSupreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discriminationin jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practiceof selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include womenon juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was notuntil the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Eventhen several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice wasjustified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolishedspecial educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selectedat random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries berepresentative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional andordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ______[A]both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court justices38. Even in the 1960s, womenwere seldom on the jury list in some states because_____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___[A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to beabolished[B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federaljurors[C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and developmentPart BBOTHBoeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight compositescertainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approachto cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, and a seminal paper bya German researcher called Carl Wieselsberger, scientists have known that birdsflying in formation —a V-shape, echelon or otherwise —expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird ’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerlyat Caltech and the University of SouthernWhen applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. DrKroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing fromLos Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to rendezvous over Utah, assume aninverted V-formation, occasionally swap places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumedas much as 15% less fuel (with a concomitant reduction in carbon-dioxide output).Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by arounda quarter.There are, of course, kinks to be worked out. One consideration is safety, orat least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in convoy? Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles,and would not be in the unnervingly cosy groupings favoured by display teams likethe Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the otherplanes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation. Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that makeformation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes ’wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one ofthe areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines toco-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights.As it happens, America ’s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier thisyear the country ’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans topay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were lowon fuel during the second world war, but Dr Lissaman says they are apocryphal. “My father was an RAFpilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin, ”he adds. So he should know.41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales ofnew Boeing and Airbus aircraft.42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducingresistance.43.Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other planes.44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearlydefined.45. It has been documented that during World War II, America ’s armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Writeyour translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability ”has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the conceptwill always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-orientedvalues must be expressed though everyday action and choice 。
2011年英语二
2011年英语二The College English Test (CET) is a national English as a foreign language examination in China. It is one of the largest scale standardized English tests in the world. The CET is administered by the National College English Testing Committee under the authority of the Ministry of Education of China. There are two levels of the CET Band 4 and Band 6 which are designed to test the English proficiency of undergraduate students in China.The CET Band 2 is a test designed for students who have completed their first two years of college English study. It is a comprehensive test that assesses the students' abilities in listening comprehension reading comprehension vocabulary and grammar writing and translation. The test is administered twice a year in June and December. The CET Band 2 is an important milestone for many college students in China as it is often used as a graduation requirement and a criterion for postgraduate program admissions.The listening comprehension section of the CET Band 2 consists of three parts. Part I is short conversations where students need toanswer multiple-choice questions based on the dialogues. Part II is longer passages where students need to answer questions about the main idea details and the speakers attitudes. Part III is compound dictation where students need to fill in the blanks based on the recordings. The total time for the listening section is about 30 minutes.The reading comprehension section has three parts as well. Part I is reading for detail where students need to answer multiple-choice questions based on short passages. Part II is reading for main idea where students need to identify the main idea of longer passages. Part III is reading for inference where students need to answer questions that require logical reasoning and inferences. The total time for the reading section is 40 minutes.The vocabulary and grammar section tests students' knowledge of English vocabulary and grammar. It includes fill-in-the-blank questions and error correction questions. Students need to demonstrate their understanding of word usage collocations and grammatical structures. The total time for this section is 20 minutes.The writing section requires students to write a short essay of about 120-150 words based on a given prompt. The prompt is usually a real-world scenario or a statement that students need to respond to. Students are assessed on their ability to organize their thoughtscoherently use appropriate vocabulary and grammar and effectively convey their ideas. The total time for the writing section is 30 minutes.The translation section tests students' ability to translate a short Chinese passage into English. The passage is about 100 characters long and covers topics related to social cultural or educational issues. Students need to produce an English translation that is accurate clear and natural. The total time for the translation section is 20 minutes.The CET Band 2 is a comprehensive test that assesses a wide range of English language skills. It is designed to evaluate whether students have achieved the learning objectives set by the national curriculum for college English education. The test results are used by universities and employers as an indicator of the students' English proficiency.Preparing for the CET Band 2 requires a systematic and sustained effort from students. They need to develop a solid foundation in English vocabulary and grammar through consistent practice and review. They also need to hone their listening reading and writing skills through exposure to a variety of authentic materials and tasks.Many universities in China offer CET preparation courses and resources to help students get ready for the test. These include practice tests sample essays and feedback on writing assignments.Students can also take advantage of online learning platforms and mobile apps that provide personalized learning experiences and adaptive practice.Beyond just preparing for the test itself students should also cultivate a genuine interest in the English language and the cultures associated with it. This can be achieved through reading English literature watching English movies and TV shows and engaging in English discussions and debates. By developing a love for the language students will be more motivated to continue improving their English skills even after the CET.The CET Band 2 is not just a test it is also a valuable learning experience for college students in China. It pushes them to improve their English proficiency to a higher level and equips them with the language skills needed for academic and professional success. As China continues to play an increasingly important role on the global stage the ability to communicate effectively in English becomes ever more crucial.For many students the CET Band 2 is a stepping stone towards achieving their academic and career aspirations. A strong performance on the test can open doors to better educational and employment opportunities. It can also boost the students' confidence and self-esteem as they see the fruits of their hard work.In conclusion the CET Band 2 is a significant milestone in the educational journey of college students in China. It is a comprehensive test that assesses a wide range of English language skills. Preparing for and succeeding in the CET Band 2 requires dedication discipline and a genuine passion for the English language. By rising to the challenge students can not only improve their English proficiency but also cultivate valuable qualities such as perseverance resilience and a global mindset. The CET Band 2 is not just a test it is a transformative experience that can shape the future of many young people in China.。
英语二2011年真题及答案
2010年完形填空The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the exploration of cyber-crime that has __1__ across the Web.1. [A] swept [B] skipped [C] walked [D] riddenCan privacy be preserved __2__ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly __3__ ?2. [A] for [B] within [C] while [D] though3. [A] careless [B] lawless [C] pointless [D] helplessLast month, Howard Schmidt, the nation's cyber-czar, offered the federal government a __4__ to make the web a safer place-a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech __5__ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled __6__ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential __7__ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.4. [A] reason [B] reminder [C] compromise [D] proposal5. [A] information [B] interference [C] entertainment [D] equivalent6. [A] by [B] into [C] from [D] over7. [A] linked [B] directed [C] chained [D] comparedThe idea is to __8__ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could __9__ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license __10__ by the government.8. [A] dismiss [B] discover [C] create [D] improve9. [A] recall [B] suggest [C] select [D] realize10. [A] released [B] issued [C] distributed [D] deliveredGoogle and Microsoft are among companies that already have these "single sign-an" systems that make it possible for users to __11__ just once but use many different services.11. [A] carry on [B] linger on [C] set in [D] log in__12__ , the approach would create a "walled garden" in cyberspace, with safe "neighborhoods" and bright " streetlights" to establish a sense of a __13__ community.12. [A] In vain [B] In effect [C] In return [D] In contrast13. [A] trusted [B] modernized [C] thriving [D] competingMr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with __14__ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure ___15___ which the transaction runs. "14. [A] caution [B] delight [C] confidence [D] patience15. [A] on [B] after [C] beyond [D] acrossStill, the administration's plan has ___16___ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would ___17___ be a compulsory Internet "driver's license" mentality.16. [A] divided [B] disappointed [C] protected [D] united17. [A] frequently [B] incidentally [C] occasionally [D] eventuallyThe plan has also been greeted with ___18__ by some computer security experts, who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet __19__ They argue that all Internet users should be __20__ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.18. [A] skepticism [B] tolerance [C] indifference [D] enthusiasm19. [A] manageable [B] defendable [C] vulnerable [D] invisible20. [A] invited [B] appointed [C] allowed [D] forced阅读理解Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs' board as an outside director in January 2000;a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009 Mrs. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Mrs. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up," leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researches believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news break, even if a review of history shows that they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for __________________.[A] gaining excessive profits[B] failing to fulfill her duty[C] refusing to make compromises[D] leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be __________________.[A] generous investors[B] unbiased executives[C] share price forecasters[D] independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director' s surprisedeparture, the firm is likely to __________________.[A] become more stable[B] report increased earnings[C] do less well in the stock market[D] perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors __________________.[A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B] have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C] are accustomed to stress -free work in the firm[D] will decline incentives from the firm25. The author' s attitude toward the role of outside directors is __________________.[A] permissive [B] positive[C] scornful [D] criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled comer of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying "Newspapers like…their own doom"(Line 3, Para. 1),the author indicates that newspapers ________________.[A] neglected the sign of crisis [B] failed to get state subsidies[C] were not charitable corporations [D] were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because ________________.[A] readers threatened to pay less[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C] journalists reported little about these areas[D] subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they ________________.[A] have more sources of revenue [B] have more balanced newsrooms[C] are less dependent on advertising [D] are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B] Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C] Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D] Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be ________________.[A] American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B] American Newspapers: Gone with the wind[C] American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D] American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War 11 as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase "less is more" was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Ⅱand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mie's signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood -- materials that we take for granted today but that in the1940s symbolized the future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller -- two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet -- than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings' detailsand proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses -- usually around 1,200 square feet -- than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The "Case Study Houses" commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life -- few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers -- but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans' ________________.[A] prosperity and growth [B] efficiency and practicality[C] restraint and confidence [D] pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?[A] It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B] Its designing concept was affected by World War I1.[C] Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D] It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design ________________.[A] was related to large space[B] was identified with emptiness[C] was not reliant on abundant decoration[D] was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive?[A] They ignored details and proportions.[B] They were built with materials popular at that time.[C] They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D] They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the "Case Study Houses" ?[A] Mechanical devices were widely used.[B] Natural scenes were taken into account.[C] Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D] Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle" of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country's voting fights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free - market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A "southern" camp headed by France wants something different: "European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the French governmenthave murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e. g. , curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that ________________.[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominant powers ________________.[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that ________________.[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting fights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that ________________.[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds[B] strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C] loans will be readily available to rich countries[D] rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel[A] pessimistic [B] desperate [C] conceited [D] hopeful。
2011年自考英语(二)最全复习资料
2011年自考英语（二）章节复习资料汇总重点单词扩充讲解：1. organizational: a 组织上的由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织；organization: n 组织；organizer: n 组织者请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空：1). Last week, our school ________ a spring outing.2). The task calls for the highest _________ skill.3). China has joined World Trade __________.4). He is the __________ of the speech contest.Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的3. predict: v 预言、预示；由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言；predictable: a 可预测的；predictor: n 预言家4. simplify: v 简化由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的；simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地；simplification: n 简化；simplified: a 被简化的。
Exercises for the above words:1). The machine is _____ in operation but complex in structure.2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while ____ edition is quite easy.3). There is no point in arguing about it, because it is _______ a question of procedure.4). The ______ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor.Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…，tend to do sthe.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter.Or old people tend to get fatter.6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的；由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营；management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者；manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。
全国2011年10月自学考试综合英语(二)试题_真题无答案
全国2011年10月自学考试综合英语(二)试题(总分100, 做题时间150分钟)I. GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARYComplete each of the following 15 sentences with the most likely answer. Write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 15 points in all)1.The English verb system has a ______ complicated tense system than some other languages.SSS_SINGLE_SELA veryB moreC ratherD most2.At their next wedding anniversary, Tom and Sally ______ for twenty-five years.SSS_SINGLE_SELA will get marriedB will have marriedC will be getting marriedD will have been married3.The student band gave an excellent performance at the celebration, but there were only two teachers present. I wish more teachers ______ the play.SSS_SINGLE_SELA have seenB were about to seeC would seeD could have seen4.Under ______ circumstances will **ers be admitted to the conference.SSS_SINGLE_SELA noB anyC allD some5.I know this is the fight train. The ticket agent said it would be on ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA Track TwoB the Two TrackC Second TrackD the Track Second6.John is an excellent boss ______ he is looked up to by all of his employees.SSS_SINGLE_SELA butB andC whileD or7.We don’t really know who broke ______ Tommy’s house last night.SSS_SINGLE_SELA outB downC intoD through8.The course normally attracts 50 students per year, ______ up to half are from overseas.SSS_SINGLE_SELA of themB of whomC of thoseD of which9.John strongly disagreed with the arbitrary ______ made by the board of directors, so he resigned from the board.SSS_SINGLE_SELA permissionB conclusionC discussionD decision10.As soon as the conference was over, all the participants went back to their ______ workplaces.SSS_SINGLE_SELA relativeB selectiveC perspectiveD respective11.You can’t leave your daughter home ______ because she is only six years old.SSS_SINGLE_SELA aloneB singleC lonelyD separate12.It is my own ______ if I am cheated by the same man twice.SSS_SINGLE_SELA guiltB errorC faultD defect13.The outdoor celebration has been ______ till next week due to the awful weather.SSS_SINGLE_SELA put offB pulled offC shut offD turned off14.Neither Cathy nor Susan replied. Linda was angry and ______ at them both for not answering her question.SSS_SINGLE_SELA glancedB gazedC glimpsedD glared15.In a job interview, it is ______ necessary for an applicant to prepare for some questions relevant to his or her career plan.SSS_SINGLE_SELA openlyB noticeablyC visiblyD obviouslyII. CLOZEFill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 15 points in all)Babies love a beat, according to a new study that found **es naturally to infants. The research showed babies respond to the rhythm of 16 , and find it more interesting than speech. The findings, based 17 a study of 120 infants between five months and two years old, suggest that humans may be born with a 18 to move rhythmically in response to music. Researchers find that it is the beat 19 other features of the music, such as the melody, 20 produces the response in infants. They 21 found that the better the children’s movements were able to coincide with the music, the more they smiled.To test babies’ reaction to music, the researchers 22 recordings of classical music, rhythmic beats and speech to infants, and videotaped the 23 In addition, they recruited professional ballet dancers to analyze how well the babies 24 their movements to the music. During the experiments, each baby was sitting on a parent’s lap. The adults had 25 on to make sure they couldn’t hear the music, and they were 26 not to move. The researchers found the babies moved their arms, hands, legs, feet and heads in response to the music, 27 than to speech.It 28 to be understood why humans have developed this 29 reaction. One possibility is that it was a target of natural selection for music or that it has evolved for 30 function that just happens to be relevant to music processing. Though the ability appears to be innate in humans, the researchers aren’t sure why it evolved.SSS_SINGLE_SEL16.A voiceC musicD danceSSS_SINGLE_SEL 17.A inB onC atD toSSS_SINGLE_SEL 18.A customB characterC tendencyD behaviourSSS_SINGLE_SEL 19.A rather thanB other thanC more thanD less thanSSS_SINGLE_SEL 20.A whatB whichC itD thatSSS_SINGLE_SEL 21.A stillB alsoC justD onlySSS_SINGLE_SEL 22.A composedC playedD setSSS_SINGLE_SEL 23.A consequencesB resultsC informationD dataSSS_SINGLE_SEL 24.A suitedB directedC balancedD matchedSSS_SINGLE_SEL 25.A headphonesB masksC microphonesD glassesSSS_SINGLE_SEL 26.A controlledB instructedC limitedD confinedSSS_SINGLE_SEL 27.A much moreB much fewerC no moreD no lessSSS_SINGLE_SEL 28.A keepsB leavesC staysD remainsSSS_SINGLE_SEL29.A certainB particularC unusualD characteristicSSS_SINGLE_SEL30.A some otherB the otherC one anotherD each otherIII. PARAPHRASINGChoose the closest paraphrased version after each of the following sentences or the italicized part. Write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 10 points in all) 31.We want every minute to count.SSS_SINGLE_SELA The minute is the basic unit of our lifetime.B Every minute should be precisely measured.C We want to make use of every minute effectively.D Everyone should be aware of the limit of his lifetime.32.Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.SSS_SINGLE_SELA that may lead people to misunderstand the unfamiliar behaviour.B that may make people feel lost in a completely new environment.C people have when they are not used to the new ways of communication.D people have when they do not know the rules and laws in a new place.33.This washwoman, small and thin as she was, possessed a strength that came from generations of peasant ancestors.SSS_SINGLE_SELA Unlike her peasant ancestors, this small thin washwoman was born strong.B This washwoman, like her peasant ancestors, was small and thin but strong.C With the strength from her peasant ancestors, the washwoman was still small and thin.D The washwoman was small and thin, but she inherited the strength of her peasant ancestors.34.Kaz Tanaka had wakened in a frightening new world—a world whose dominant sound was a silence broken only by the cries of the dying.SSS_SINGLE_SELA …a silent worl d where one could do nothing but make dying cries.B …a soundless world in which no one dared to break the dead silence.C …a silent world where one could only hear the moans from the dying.D …a soundless world in which the threat of death controlled everything35.I suspect that we are always faintly conscious of the fact that this is a smallish island, with the sea always round **er.SSS_SINGLE_SELA I wonder if we have realized the smallness of this **pared to the sea.B I think we may not be fully aware it is easy to get to the sea on this small island.C I believe we have ignored the size of the small island and its location in the sea.D I guess we are insensitive to the fact that this small island is at **er of the sea.36.Between French friends, ...lively disagreement and sharpness of argument are the breath of life.SSS_SINGLE_SELA To the French, the important part of a friendship is to argue heatedly.B French friends often disagree with each other and argue out of breath.C To the French, arguing heatedly is a very important activity in daily life.D French people won’t become lifelong friends until they argue vigorously.37.It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education.SSS_SINGLE_SELA …mistakes are great concerns of teachers.B …mistakes are the most valuable teachers.C …learning from one’s mistakes is important in education.D …avoiding making mistakes is not the purpose of education.38.If disappointed, though, she wasted no energy on self-pity.SSS_SINGLE_SELA …she made no effort to hide her pity.B …she let her sorrow disa ppear naturally.C …she didn’t like other people to feel sorry for her.D …she didn’t spend time feeling sorry for herself.39.It left me open-minded about prayer.SSS_SINGLE_SELA Prayer was no longer secret to me.B It made me prejudiced against prayers.C Prayer helped me become more understanding.D It caused me to believe prayers might be answered.40.“If you think I’m going to raise a good-for-nothing, you ‘ve got another **ing.”SSS_SINGLE_SELA …you need to think it over carefully.B …you need someone else t o help you.C …you’d better stop thinking that way.D …you have the right to think differently.IV. READING COMPREHENSIONRead the two passages and choose the most likely answer to each of the questions. Write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet. (2 points each, 20 points in all)Passage 1By good fortune, I was able to raft (漂流) down the Motu River in New Zealand twice last year. The magnificent four-day journey traverses (穿过) one of the last wilderness areas in the North Island.The first expedition was led by “Buzz”, an American guide with a great deal of rafting experience and many stories to tell of mighty rivers such as the Colorado. With a leader like Buzz, there was no reason to fear any of the great rapids on the Motu.The first half day, in the gentle upper reaches, was spent developing teamwork and coordination. Strokes had to be mastered, and the discipline of **mands without question was strict. In the boiling fury of a rapid, there would be no room for any mistake. When Buzz bellowed (吼叫) above the roar of the water, an instant reaction was essential.We mastered the Motu. In every rapid we fought against the river and we overcame it. The **mands of Buzz were matched only by the fury of our paddles, as we took the raft exactly where Buzz wanted it to go.At the end of the journey, there was a great feeling of triumph. We proved that we were so superior and powerful that we had **e the mystery and majesty of the Motu.The second time I went down the Motu, the experience I had gained should have been invaluable, but the guide on this journey was a Kiwi with a very soft voice. It seemed that it would not even be possible to hear his voice above the noise of the rapids.As we approached the first rapid, he never even raised his voice. He did not attempt to **mand of us or the river. Gently and quietly he felt the mood of the river and watched every little whirlpool. There was no drama and no shouting. There was no contest to be won. We sped through each rapid with grace and beauty and, after a day, the river had become our friend, not our enemy. The quiet Kiwi was not our leader, but only the person whose sensitivity was more developed than our own. Laughter replaced the tension of achievement. Soon the quiet Kiwi was able to lean back and let all of us take turns as leader. A quiet nod was enough to draw attention to the things our lack of experience prevented us from seeing. If we made a mistak e, then we laughed and it was the next person’s turn.We began to penetrate the mystery of the Motu, and like the quiet Kiwi, we listened to the river and we looked carefully for all those things we had not even noticed the first time.At the end of the journey, we had **e nothing except ourselves. We did not want to leave behind our friend, the river. There was no contest, and so nothing had been won. Rather we had become one with the river.It is difficult to believe that the external circumstances of the two journeys were similar. The difference was in an attitude and a flame of mind. At the end of the first journey, it seemed that there could be no other way. Given the opportunity to choose a leader, everyone would have chosen someone like Buzz. At the end of the second journey, we had glimpsed a very different vision and we felt humble—and intensely happy.SSS_SINGLE_SEL41.In the first journey, the author ______.A felt puzzled at the mystery of the MotuB felt safe about the journey with the guide, BuzzC was quite reluctant to be under Buzz’s leadershipD was quite depressed by Buzz’s dominant personalitySSS_SINGLE_SEL42.It can be inferred from the first journey that ______.A powerful people can **e all difficultiesB human beings are superior to everything in natureC the Motu had been taken as an enemy to fight againstD the Motu had never been conquered by human beingsSSS_SINGLE_SEL43.Which of the following can best replace the word “penetrate” in Paragraph 10?A admireB understandC realizeD appreciateSSS_SINGLE_SEL44.At the end of the second journey, the author ______.A felt a little bit disappointedB decided to come again in the futureC could hardly tear himself away from the riverD had established a close relationship with the guideSSS_SINGLE_SEL45.The author tales to impress his readers with the emphasis on ______.A the unique features of the MotuB the risk-taking spirit of travellersC the importance of a qualified guideD the harmonious relationship with naturePassage 2Any dog owner will tell you that dogs **passionate and can sense human emotions. But a new study suggests that dogs’ emotions are closer to ours than once thought. According to the study, along with the most basic emotions—anger, fear—dogs also feel a simple form of envy. The study is the first to demonstrate that animals other than humans experience envy, which has long been considered an emotionthat requires self-consciousness. Maybe that behavior is not uniquely human.To reveal this behaviour, scientists at the University of Vienna put together pairs of domestic dogs, each accompanied by an experimenter. Both dogs in each pair were **mands to place their paws in the experimenter’s hands, and when they obeyed, they were given a reward—a piece of bread or sausage. But when one dog wasn’t given a reward for obeying, and the other dog in the room was, the unrewarded dog would refuse to respond to the **mands. The scientists measured the dogs’ responses by how many times they had to prompt the unrewarded dog before it obeyed.The dogs’ reaction to the unfair distribution of rewards is called “inequity aversion”—-when an animal acts to stop perceived inequalities within its social group—and it is a defining characteristic of social, or cooperative, species. “They wanted the same reward for the same work,” says Paul Morris, a scientist in psychology. Morris is quick to explain that the study’s results aren’t anthropomorphic: “I’m not saying that dog jealousy is precisely like human jealousy.” Instead, he says, the dogs likely experienced a primitive form of envy.Emotions are a result of evolution: they cause organisms to actin ways that enable their survival. Jealousy, for instance, improves an animal’s chance of survival by promoting it to prote ct its mates and secure alliances for safety. Historically, science has separated emotions into two categories: primary and secondary. Primary emotionssuch as fear and anger are considered universal, while it is thought that secondary emotions such as envy, jealousy and guilt require**plex cognitive processes. That is, envy is not a very simple emotion.Most dog lovers don’t need a study to tell them that their pets are capable of feeling **plex emotions. They are probably thinking, “Of course,” because they’ve already found that their dogs clearly have a sense of fair play and justice. Their dogs also demonstrate guilt when they found empty food wrappers on the kitchen counter and asked who did it. Immediately the dogs’ tails went between their legs, and they had this really sheepish expression on their faces. They knew they weren’t supposed to do that. They also behave jealously when their owners pay attention to other dogs.But while the study may be stating the obvious to dog owners, researchers say this particular breakthrough helps the research on animal cognition. “The argument has always been that the reason why chimps can do really sophisticated stuff is because they’re almost like people,” Morris says. But “when you have other organisms doi ng these sophisticated things, it challenges our models.”The study also lends weight to the concerns of animal rights and welfare activists. “The more we understand about what animals actually experience, or what they feel, the better we can judge what we do to them,” Morals says. So it’s good news for animal lovers that Man’s Best Friend is the jealous type.SSS_SINGLE_SEL46.It has long been believed that animals like dogs ______.A do not have the sense of guiltB have a simple form of jealousyC do not have self-consciousnessD have the feeling of compassionSSS_SINGLE_SEL47.The purpose of the experiment at the University of Vienna was to______.A show dogs’ response to rewardsB test dogs’ sense of cooperationC demonstrate dogs’ emotion of envyD measure dogs’ refusal of commandsSSS_SINGLE_SEL48.The word “anthropomorphic” in Paragraph 3 most probably means______.A like humanB like animalC intricateD indefiniteSSS_SINGLE_SEL49.According to the general understanding, secondary emotions ______.A lead to less difficult evolution processB result from more sophisticated social behaviourC are more necessary for survival than primary emotionsD are **mon among animals other than human beingsSSS_SINGLE_SEL50.“Man’s Best Friend is the jealous type” is good news because______.A it makes human beings feel less guiltyB it indicates that animals also have fightsC it helps improve people’s treatment of animalsD it proves that dogs are superior to other animalsV. WORD DERIVATIONComplete each of the following sentences with a (compound) word derived from the one(s) given in brackets. Write your word on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 10 points in all)51.My brother’s plans are very ______; he wants t o master English, French and Spanish before he is twenty. (ambition)SSS_FILL52.Newspapers are more than a source of ______ for their readers. For many people, newspapers provide a wealth of information. (amuse)SSS_FILL53.Their new house is beautiful, but more trees will make the yard more ______. (attract)54.He seems to be ______ enough to climb to the mountaintop in an hour. (energy)SSS_FILL55.To ______ the students’ life on campus, the university has set up many recreational facilities. (rich)SSS_FILL56.Almost with no ______, all fresh vegetables contain some vitamin C. (except)SSS_FILL57.Caroline was overjoyed when she learned that she had won a ______ from Cambridge. (scholar)SSS_FILL58.The DNA of chimpanzees shows a remarkable ______ to that of humans. (similar)SSS_FILL59.You can find the departure and arrival time of every specific train from the ______ on the wall of the railway station. (table, time) SSS_FILL60.More often than not, ______ attendance at school may lead to failure in the exam. (regular)VI. SENTENCE TRANSLATIONTranslate the following sentences into English and write your sentences on the answer sheet. (3 points each, 15 points in all)61.当老师问汤姆时，他不承认考试作弊了，但他的紧张露出了破绽。
全国2011年10月自学考试英语阅读(二)真题
全国2011年10月高等教育自学考试英语阅读（二）试题课程代码：00596全部题目用英文作答（翻译题除外），请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上I. Reading Comprehension (50 points, 2 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five passages. Following each passage, there are five questions with four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and then write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneToward twelve o’ clock, when we were crossing a high land, we heard the cry of a young animal, which we all recognized to be a baby ape. We crawled through the bush as silently as possible, still hearing the baby-like cry. Then a frightened little ape came into our sight. I could not tell my surprise when I saw that the baby ape’ s face was pure white - very white indeed - pallid. The little one was about a foot in height. One of the men threw cloth over its head and we secured it with a rope.I called him Tommy, to which name he soon began to answer. He had a great affection for me, and used constantly to follow me about. When I sat down, he was not content till he had climbed upon me and hid his head in my breast. He was extremely fond of being petted and fondled and would sit for hours while any one stroked his head or back.He soon began to be a great thief. When the people left their huts he would steal in and make off with their plantains or fish. He watched very carefully till all had left the house, and it was difficult to catch him in the act.From me he stole constantly. He soon found out that my hut was better furnished with ripe bananas and other fruit than any other; and also he discovered that the best time to steal from me was when I was asleep in the morning. At that time he used to crawl in on his tiptoes, move slyly toward my bed, look at my closed eyes, and, if he saw no movement, with an air of great relief go up and pluck several plantains. If I stirred in the least he was off like a flash, and would presently reenter for another inspection. If my eyes were open when he came in on such a predatory trip, he at once came up to me with an honest face, and climbed on and caressed me. But I could easily detect an occasional wishful glance toward the bunch of plantains.浙00596# 英语阅读（二）试卷第1页共15页He kept the run of mealtimes, and was present at as many meals as possible; that is, he would go from my breakfast to half a dozen others, and beg something at each. He was very fond of boiled meat - particularly boiled fish - and was constantly picking bones. He wanted always to taste my coffee, and would beg of me, in the most serious manner, for some.Tommy had a great deal of intelligence; and if I had had leisure I think I might have trained him to some kind of good behavior, though I despaired of his thieving disposition. He lived so long, and was growing so accustomed to civilized life, that I began to have great hopes of being able to carry him to America. But, one morning he refused his food, seemed downcast, and was very anxious to be petted and held in the arms. I got all kinds of forest berries for him, but he refused all. He did not seem to suffer, but ate nothing; and the next day, without a struggle, died. I was very sorry, for he had grown to be quite a pet companion for me.Questions1-5 are based on Passage One.1. How did the author find the little ape?A. He saw it in remote distance.B. It jumped right in front of him.C. He heard its frightened cry.D. He was told that it was there.2. Which of the following is true of Tommy?A. He liked to climb upon the author and scream in his breast.B. He liked to be petted and fondled by the author.C. He liked to chase the author about when he was very excited.D. He liked to play balls with the author in front of the house.3. When would Tommy steal food from the author?A. He would do it when the author lay still with his eyes closed.B. He would do it only when the food looked inviting.C. He would do it when he was not allowed to get the food.D. He would do it only when he was hungry.4. What kind of food did Tommy like?A. Milk and juice.B. Ripe bananas.C. Bread and butter.D. Boiled fish.5. Tommy __________ when he was dying.A. was restless and excited浙00596# 英语阅读（二）试卷第2页共15页B. had a good appetite for wild berriesC. was anxious to be cared forD. ate few berries and plantainsPassage TwoFor some time past it has been widely accepted that babies - and other creatures - learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.Pap began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four mont hs would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights - and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.Pap’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the displ ay came on. Pap concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.Questions 6-10 are based on Passage Two.6. According to the author, babies learn to do things which __________.A. are directly related to pleasureB. will meet their physical needs浙00596# 英语阅读（二）试卷第3页共15页C. will bring them a feeling of successD. are good for their psychological development7. Pap noticed in his studies that a baby __________.A. would continue the simple movements even without milkB. would begin to make learned responses even without milkC. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drinkD. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink8. In Pap’ s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to __________.A. be praisedB. please the researcherC. be rewarded with milkD. have the lights turned on9. The babies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because __________.A. the sight of the lights was amusingB. they succeeded in “switching on” the lightsC. they didn’ t need to turn back to watch the lightsD. the lights went on and off quickly10. According to Pap, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of __________.A. a basic human desire to understand and control the worldB. the satisfaction of certain physiological needsC. their strong desire to solve complex problemsD. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skillsPassage ThreeWhen trying to understand why some people have trouble living within their means, we tend to blame factors such as high interest rates and irresponsible spending. Now researchers have found another possible factor to add to the list: a gene linked to credit-card debt.Earlier work has shown that genetics plays a role in how we handle money. But a recent study was the first to show that a particular gene affects financial behavior outside the lab. Researchers at the University of California, San Diego, and the London School of Economics looked at genetic data and questionnaires already collected from more than 2,000 young adults aged 18 to 26 as part of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. In particular, they浙00596# 英语阅读（二）试卷第4页共15页looked at whether these young adults said they had any credit-card debt and what version of the MAOA gene they had.Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) (甲型单胺氧化酶) is an enzyme that breaks down the signaling chemicals called neuro-transmitters in the brain. Previous studies have linked the low-efficiency versions of the MAOA gene - the variants that cause less MAOA to be produced by brain cells - to impulsiveness.In the new study, people with one “low” MAOA gene and one “high” MAOA gene reported having credit-card debt 7.8 percent more often than did people with two “high” versions, the researchers found, even when they controlled for factors such as education and socioeconomic status. For people with two “low” versions of the gene, that number jumped to 15.9 percent.The researchers were surprised by the magnitude of the difference. “The effect is almost as big as financial litera cy,” meaning people’ s ability to digest complicated financial information, says Jan-Emmanuel de Neve, an author of the study.But, de Neve cautions, an individual’ s version of the MAOA gene does not predict whether he or she is carrying debt. The gene affects credit-card debt the way other genes have been found to play a role in breast cancer: a particular version of the gene increases risk, but many other genetic and environmental factors are important, too.Questions 11-15 are based on Passage Three.11. The recent study has found that __________.A. credit-card debt is mainly attributed to high interest ratesB. reckless spending is a major cause of a person’ s debtC. young adults tend to spend more money than they earnD. whether we overspend or not is probably determined by a particular gene12. What have earlier studies proved?A. The way we deal with money is related to our genetic features.B. A particular gene affects financial behavior outside the lab.C. Adolescents’genetic grouping affects their health.D. Too much MAOA may cause someone to behave impulsively.13. What does MAOA refer to?A. A neuro-transmitter.B. A gene.浙00596# 英语阅读（二）试卷第5页共15页C. An enzyme.D. A brain cell.14. What can we learn from Paragraph 4?A. People with two different MAOA genes run a greater risk of carrying debt than those with two low MAOA genes.B. How much MAOA can be produced by brain cells depends on what versions of MAOA genes a person has.C. People with two high MAOA genes are less likely to make ends meet than those with two different MAOA genes.D. How much MAOA can be produced by brain cells is related to how many MAOA genes a person has.15. According to the last paragraph, what does de Neve want to clarify about their research findings?A. Different genes play different roles: one type of gene can’ t take the place of other genes.B. The same gene that affects credit-card debt may also increase the risk of breast cancer.C. The low version of MAOA gene is bound to leave people heavily in debt.D. The low version of MAOA gene alone may not necessarily result in overspending.Passage FourPublic health experts have long been skeptical about the beneficial effect of pets on the health of their owners. After all, dogs bite and pass on parasites, and pigeons and parrots cause lung disease. However, in 1991, researchers at the University of Cambridge in Britain discovered that a short time after acquiring a cat or a dog, some people suffer less from health problems such as headache, backache and flu. It was also announced recently that Australians who keep pets tend to have less cholesterol in their blood than non-pet owners with comparable lifestyles, making them less likely to develop heart disease.For the time being, the findings are little more than puzzling correlations. Why should owning a pet make you less likely to suffer from backache? Why should it reduce your cholesterol level? Many researchers suspect that answers will be found in the subtle links between mental and physical well-being. If the newly discovered correlations between human health and pet ownership can be confirmed, they are likely to trigger fresh research on the psychological and physiological effects of keeping pets.浙00596# 英语阅读（二）试卷第6页共15页The hint that pets could help some people to live longer came from a discovery made over a decade ago. Erica Friedmann, working at the University of Maryland in the United States, investigated whether a person’s social life and degree of social isolation might influence their ability to survive a heart attack. Friedmann interviewed 92 recovering male patients and quizzed them in detail about their lifestyle, a few questions touching upon pets. A year later fourteen of the 92 men had died. Friedmann went back to her data to look for differences between those who had and those who had not survived. She found that socially isolated people were more likely to fall victim, and that those who had pets were more likely to recover.Or the explanation is that pets can provide owners with a special kind of emotional support which is lacking or at least uncommon in relationships between people. An animal’ s muteness is a benefit, not a burden. The problem with language is that although we use it to communicate the deepest thoughts and emotions, we also use it to deceive, misinform, criticize and insult others. The fact that pets listen and seem to understand, but do not question or evaluate, may be one of their most endearing assets as companions. It resembles the relationships some psychotherapists try to build.Questions 16-20 are based on Passage Four.16. For a long time doctors have been doubtful if __________ .A. animals make good petsB. pets help spread diseasesC. pets have good effects on their owners’healthD. happy pets rarely suffer from heart disease17. Researchers in Britain have now found that pet owners __________ .A. rarely experience headache, backache and fluB. suffer only from minor health problemsC. have little cholesterol in their bloodD. are usually free from heart disease18. One well-established belief among researchers is that __________ .A. one’ s mental state has nothing to do with his physical well-beingB. people who keep pets have no chance of getting heart diseaseC. pets bring about health hazards to their owners浙00596# 英语阅读（二）试卷第7页共15页D. one’ s mental state has much to do with his physical health19. Friedmann’ s investigation suggests that __________ .A. pets help the owners survive their diseasesB. isolated people outnumber pet owners in developing a heart diseaseC. owning a pet actually cures the owner’ s diseasesD. pets make little difference for patients’recovery20. What makes pets good companions?A. They are able to express the deepest feelings.B. They just listen quietly without any comments.C. They do not show signs of stress themselves.D. They can resemble human emotions.Passage FiveConcern about individual privacy on the Internet has been rising. E-commerce continues to grow, but many online shoppers are concerned about how their personal information is being or might be used. According to a Harris poll, many people do not shop online because of this concern, and of those who do shop online, 41% say they are very concerned about how a company uses their personal information. Now a clear majority of Americans - 57% - favor some sort of laws regulating how personal information is collected and used. Just as people are angry at intrusions into their physical space, they now want to protect the privacy of their virtual space.For most companies, the Web can be a vast source of information about customers. Each buying that a user conducts on a Web site, from a single click to an actual online purchase, can be stored and analyzed. A company can learn about visitors to its Web site through “cookies”, which are small data files that the site creates on the first visit and stores in the user’s computer. A cookie contains a unique tracking number, which enables sites to “remember” users on all subsequent visits. When you visit a site, it places electronic bits of data in your computer that tell the site a lot about you: what your e-mail address is, which portions of a Web site you looked at, what purchases you made, and so on. Many people do not even know that these “cookies” are being placed into their computers. Privacy advocates point out that if Web profiles ever became available for sale on the open market, such information could be used against people. For example, someone might not be hired for a future job if it became known that he or she had sought certain浙00596# 英语阅读（二）试卷第8页共15页health advice on the Web. Or let’ s say a customer has purchased a lot of ice cream and wine on the Web. An insurance company could use that information against the person, assuming he or she would be a candidate for high cholesterol or alcoholism, and refuse to provide insurance. Questions 21-25 are based on Passage Five.21. Many people refuse to do on-line shopping because they are afraid that __________.A. the quality of the product they buy cannot be guaranteedB. their personal information might be illegally usedC. the goods they buy cannot be delivered in timeD. the goods they buy will be lost during delivery22. What’s the meaning of “virtual” at the end of paragraph one?A. Of particles with extremely short lifetimes.B. Nearly as described but not completely.C. Not physically existing but produced by a computer.D. Of points where rays meet if produced backward.23. A company can collect the personal information of shoppers visiting its Web site__________ .A. through small data files established in the user’ s computerB. the first time an online shopper uses a unique tracking numberC. when the shopper conducts a transaction onlineD. from Web profiles bought on the market24. What is the major function of “cookies”?A. To store visitors’information on the web site.B. To record a tracking number of each visitor.C. To inform users on all their visits.D. To tell the site a lot about the visitors.25. The fact that an online shopper buys a lot of ice cream __________ .A. may indicate his economic statusB. may make it harder for him to get insuranceC. may suggest his brand preferenceD. may reveal the web sites he often visits浙00596# 英语阅读（二）试卷第9页共15页II. Vocabulary (10 points, 1 point for each)Directions: Scan the following passage and find the words which have roughly the same meanings as those given below. The number in the brackets after each word definition refers to the number of paragraph in which the target word is. Write the word you choose on the Answer Sheet.By far, the most vulnerable older persons are women, who are more likely than men to lack basic literacy and numerical skills, less likely to have paid work, and less likely to be eligible for pensions - where they are available. When women are eligible for pension, because of their lower pay and interrupted work histories, they are likely to receive lower pensions. Older women who have lost their partners greatly outnumber their male counterparts. In some countries, widows are often denied access to or control over resources. Also, women’s inheritance rights are poorly established in many societies. For these and other reasons, women, especially in developing countries, are much more likely to sink into poverty in their older years. Security schemes to alleviate poverty must take into account that most of the older poor are women, of whom many have limited experience in the labor force.The demand for new skills and knowledge places older workers at a disadvantage, as their training and skills developed earlier in life become obsolete. But age discrimination compounds many of the difficulties older workers face in the labor market. Biased attitudes hamper the efforts of older workers to find new employment and discourage employers from providing them with training. However, there is evidence that prejudices against the abilities of older workers are unfounded, and that the average difference in work performance between age groups is significantly less than the differences between workers within each age group.Training and education are particularly important in helping older workers to adapt to changing demand and opportunities. Lifelong learning, which is increasingly recommended by social policy experts, is an important cultural and economic asset. Implicit in the concept of lifelong learning is the rejection of a society structured on the basis of age, in which education and training are one-time undertakings experienced only early in life.26. open to emotional or physical danger or harm (Para. 1)浙00596# 英语阅读（二）试卷第10页共15页27. the ability to read and write (Para. 1)28. qualified, suitable (Para. 1)29. make something more bearable or less severe (Para. 1)30. out-of-date, not used any more (Para. 2)31. makes a problem or difficult situation worse; worsens (Para. 2)32. prevent the free movement, action, or progress of (Para. 2)33. biased and unreasonable opinions or feelings (Para. 2)34. suggested but not communicated directly (Para. 3)35. tasks or projects (Para. 3)III. Summarization (20 points, 2 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are ten paragraphs. Each of the paragraphs is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which, summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Spell out the missing letters of the word on your Answer Sheet.Paragraph OneCaring for people is one area where the states of Eastern Europe are far in advance of other parts of the world. Most medical and social services are provided free, and in some countries workers do not even have to make contributions to the health and insurance funds, since these contributions are made by the employer.36.In Eastern Europe, people can usually enjoy very good medical and social s_____________ . Paragraph TwoSome pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.37. Possible p___________ of automobiles.Paragraph ThreeIn the past, making structures quake-resistant meant firm yet flexible materials, such as steel and wood that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground 浙00596# 英语阅读（二）试卷第11页共15页vibrations. The most recent designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports. These are called smart buildings.38. Different ways to i__________ quake-resistance of a building.Paragraph FourCommon interests appear to be a significant factor in selecting friends. Very close and trusted friends share faith in each other. They feel secure that they will not be ridiculed, and their faith will be respected. Betraying a trust is a very quick and painful way to terminate a friendship. 39. Common faith helps k_________ friendship.Paragraph FiveThere are a large number of dieting programs to be found online, each promising you significant weight loss. Experts warn people against going for any and every diet program. If your diet is too strict you might harm your health. Your motive should be to lose weight in a healthy way.40. Strict dieting is an u__________ way of losing weight.Paragraph SixLove and knowledge led me upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Children in famine, helpless old people and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to destroy the evil, but I can’ t and I too suffer.41. S___________ is one of the essential qualities of the speaker.Paragraph SevenIt is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not react in the same way. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection.42. There is some r_____________ between age and children’ s characteristic reaction to divorce. Paragraph EightKnowing our genetic makeup can help us gauge whether or not we may be stricken by a particular illness, such as cancer. Even before birth, we are able to do genetic screenings to 浙00596# 英语阅读（二）试卷第12页共15页determine what a child’s genetic disorders will be. In addition to predicting genetic predispositions toward diseases, gene therapies may provide new treatments or cures for serious diseases.43. Great progress in g___________ engineering.Paragraph NineThe US Federal Reserve raised American interest rates last night for a thirteenth time in a row and signaled that, while it remains set to push them still higher, its 18-month campaign of increases will start to wind down next year.44. This year’ s repeatedly rising interest rates will probably f____________ next year. Paragraph TenProbably the most primitive reason for teenage rebelliousness is physical in nature. At about the beginning of adolescence, children are undergoing profound hormonal changes as their bodies go through puberty. Their bodies are telling them that they are no longer children, and yet their parents are still treating them as children.45. Reasons why teenagers r_____________ their parents.IV. Translation. (20 points, 4 points for each)Directions: In the following passage, there are five groups of underlined sentences. Read the passage carefully and translate these sentences into Chinese. Write the Chinese version on your Answer Sheet.Our society is consumer oriented - dangerously so. To keep the wheels of industry turning, we manufacture consumer goods in endless quantities, and, in process, are rapidly exhausting our natural resources. But this is only half the problem. What do we do with manufactured products when they are worn out? They must be disposed of. Unsightly junkyards full of rusting automobiles already surround every city in the nation. Americans throw away 80 billion bottles and cans each year, enough to build more than ten stacks to the moon.It wasn’ t always like this. 46. Only 100 years ago man lived in harmony with nature. There weren’ t so many people then and their wants were fewer. Whatever waste were produced could be absorbed by nature and were soon covered over. Today this harmonious relationship is threatened by man’ s lack of foresight and planning, and by his carelessness and greed. For man is 浙00596# 英语阅读（二）试卷第13页共15页slowly poisoning his environment.Pollution is a “dirty” word. To pollute means to contaminate - to spoil something by introducing impurities which make it unfit or unclean to use. Pollution comes rn many forms. We see it, smell it, taste it, drink it, and stumble through it. 47. We literally live in and breathe pollution, and, not surprisingly, it is beginning to threaten our health, our happiness and our very civilization .Once we thought of pollution as meaning simply smog - the choking, stinging, dirty air that hovers over cities. But air pollution, while it is still the most dangerous, is only one type of contamination among several which attack the most basic life function.Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has polluted the land, killing the wildlife. By dumping sewage and chemicals into rivers and lakes, we have contaminated our drinking water. 48. We are polluting the ocean, too, killing the fish and thereby depriving ourselves of an invaluable food supply.Part of the problem is our exploding population. More and more people produce more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our “throw-away” technology. Each year Americans dispose of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste paper, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers, newspapers, and paper plates. It is easier and cheaper to buy a new one and discard the old, even though 95 percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby’ s diapers, which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throwaways. 49. Soon we will wear clothing made of paper: “Wear it once and throw it away,” will be the slogan of the fashion conscious.Where is this all to end? Are we turning the world into a gigantic dump, or is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? Fortunately, solutions are in sight. A few of them are positively ingenious.Take the problem of discarded automobiles, for instance. Each year over 40,000 of them are abandoned in New York City alone. Eventually the discards end up in a junkyard. But cars are too bulky to ship as scrap to a steel mill. They must first be flattened. 50. This is done in a giant compressor which can reduce a Cadillac to the size of a television set in a matter of minutes. Any leftover scrap metal is mixed with concrete and made into exceptionally strong bricks that are浙00596# 英语阅读（二）试卷第14页共15页。
全国2011年10月自学考试基础英语试题_真题-无答案
全国2011年10月自学考试基础英语试题(总分100,考试时间150分钟)课程代码：00088请将所有答案写在答题纸相应的位置上，否则不计分。
一、词汇应用和语法结构（本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分）（一）词汇应用（15分）选择最佳答案完成句子，错选、多选或未选均无分。
1. National currencies always have a(n) ______ over private currencies.A. interestB. advantageC. outputD. production2. When a designer produces a new dress，he should always ______ in mind his customer’s needs.A. carryB. takeC. putD. bear3. If the world population is increasing continuously，food supplies will not be ______ to feed them.A. sufficientB. efficientC. equalD. effective4. They refused to sell their products at the low ______ offered.A. priceB. prizeC. expenseD. cost5. “You should be ______，”he said to the judge. “It’s not their fault.”A. fairB. unforgivingC. rudeD. unkind6. They all agreed that the first problem the new government would have to deal with was unemployment. In this sentence，“deal with” can be replaced by ______.A. doB. graspC. copeD. tackle7. Although I spoke to him many times，he never pays ______ to what I said.A. noticeB. remarkC. warningD. attention8. We try to buy these goods at the lowest price ______.A. possibleB. possiblyC. possibilityD. probably9. **pany is ______ to that one in management.A. betterB. superiorC. excellentD. good10. If banks ______ higher interest on loans to builders，how will that affect the cost of a newhome?A. askB. chargeC. demandD. beg11. The government gave several good ______ for increasing the tax on cars.A. purposesB. reasonsC. questionsD. problems12. We’ll have to find a new ______ of income.A. sourceB. meansC. wayD. method13. The workers’ claim for a 10-percent pay rise has been under ______ of the government.A. ideaB. agreementC. considerationD. opinions14. **pany decided to ______ the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been met.A. destroyB. resistC. denyD. cancel15. On the ______ of our sales forecasts we may begin to make a profit next year.A. basisB. baseC. caseD. reason（二）语法结构（15分）选择最佳答案完成句子，错选、多选或未选均无分。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案完整word版
2011年考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）The Internet affords anonymity to its users， a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3 ？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the na tion‘s cyber-czar，offered the federal government a4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver‘s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” sys tems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace，with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmid t described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”。
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2011年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语(--) 试卷(课程代码00015)1．Vocabulary and Structure(10 points，1 point each)从下列各旬四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题纸上将相应的字母涂黑。
1．Elderly people do not like having their daily ____upset.A．habit B．practice C．routine D. custom2．It is better to drive your car at a steady ___than to stop and start a lot.A．path B. rate C. race D. wheel3．Unexpectedly, she was even ___the right to attend the meeting.A．dismissed B．disrupted C．declined D．denied4．A good manager identifies the interests of his employees ___his own.A. toB. withC. forD. between5．Everything___ to the fact that there will be all early summer．A．sees B. points C．sticks D．turns6．Besides the lack of rain，there are___ reasons why the deserts are spreading.A．additional B．major C．obvious D. identical7．The biologist turned down a position in the government___ a university appointment．A．in favor of B．in front of C．in honor of D．in place of 8．Scientists will have to come up___ new methods of increasing the world's energy supply.9．____,Jane is by no means a happy woman．A．as he is rich B．As is she rich C．much as she is D．Rich as is she 10．____ I admire David as a poet，I do not like him as a man．A．If only B．Only if C. Much as D．As muchII cloze Test(1 0 points，l point each)下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。
根据上下文要求选出最佳答案，并在答题纸上将相应的字母涂黑。
Courage is an essential attribute in learning a foreign language．It takes a lot of courage to speak a foreign language，____in front of your friends or to native speakers．And don't be afraid of making mistakes because that is the ___we learn．When I learned French at school，the teacher ___that we speak in complete，grammatical sentences with perfect pronunciation；and ___，when I visited France，I didn't dare say a single word ___fear that I made a mistake．Nowadays，there are many __of English，each with its own construction and accent，and，SO long as you can make yourself ____and Can understand what issaid to you，you have succeeded in communicating，which is the __of any language．I am not suggesting that you should not learn grammar, or that you should ___ the rules of pronunciation．What I am saying is that you cannotexpect to speak fluently or write well ___you are prepared to make mistakesand to learn from them．11．A．either B．neither C．but D．nor 12．A．end B．way C．means D. route 13．A．agreed B．allowed C. insisted D. intended 14. A. on any account B．in the meantime C．by the way D．as a result 15．A．for B. in C. despite D. without 16．A．standards B．varieties C．programmers D．systems 17．A．understand B．understanding C．understood D．to understand 18．Purpose B．process C．method D．motivation 19．A．grasp B．Observe C．change D．ignore 20．A．until B．unless C．while D．since IIl．Reading Comprehension 00 points，2 points each)从下列每篇短文的问题后所给的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题纸上将相应的字母涂黑。
Passage OneQuestions 2 1 t0 25 are based on the following passage．Karen Was 14, depressed and not doing well at schoo1．She had a twin sister who Was bright and popular．Karen stood in my waiting room，stooped like a question mark，looking unsure of herself .She had lovely red hair, and when she relaxed she had the most beautiful smile．I noticed her long, artistic fingers．She told me she hated sch001．The only subject she liked was art．At the sch001．her art teacher showed me Karen'S work．It was original and colorful．I asked the teacher to give Karen．Jobs to do and to praise her often．‘we have to build up her self-esteem，I said．I suggested that Karen's parents buy her watercolors．“She’S very talented，"I told them.The job of an educational psychologist is often to make adults see the child in a fresh light．Her parents began to appreciate her more and her teachers began to believe in her．And Karen started to believe in herselfIt call be difficult to have a gifted child．It requires time，dedication and constant support to ensure that the child's talents flourish．I know this from experience．At seven，my daughter Sally was an outstanding gymnast．As a teenager, she became a member of the British gymnastics team and was trained in Moscow．Her talent meant she had to train six days a week and compete all over the country．We had to make sure her success didn't put our other two children in the shade，while giving her constant practical and emotional support． While training in Russia, Sally was told that her fingers were wrong．It took US weeks to reassure her that her fingers were perfect．At a party, I talked to the mother of a champion swimmer．Her daughter had to get up very early to train at the local pool．‘Would you do it all again? "I asked the woman．“I wouldn't，”she said．‘'My daughter would．That’s what counts．" Talented children can be a challenge．They can also fill us with a sense of wonder, widen Our boundaries，shake up our world．They give us a taste of genius．They deserve only Our best concern．21．What Karen lacked was____．A．confidence B．intelligence C．motivation D．originality22．Karen hated school because she____.A．didn't like to study B．always failed in her studyC．couldn't see her own talent D．only wanted to be a painter23．The author of the passage is most probably____.A．a schoolmaster B．a school teacherC．a social worker D．an educational psychologist24．The author finds it difficult to____.A. help Sally widen her boundariesB．communicate with Sally'S Russian instructorC．take care of three gifted children at the same timeD．support Sally without neglecting her other children25．It Call be inferred from the passage that，guided properly,A．love her twin sister B．develop into an artistC．become an outstanding gymnast D．catch up with 0ther studentsPassage TwoQuestions 26 t0 30 are based on the following passage．The amount of time Kids spend online is a source of frustration for many parents．Initially, parents welcomed the Interact into their homes，believing they were opening up an exciting new world of educational opportunities for their children．However, many parents soon realized that，instead of using the Internet for homework or research，their kids were spending hours exchanging messages with friends，playing online games or talking to strangers in chat rooms．Maintaining a healthy balance between entertainment media and other activities in their children's lives has always been a challenge for parents．The Internet has made this challenge even more difficult．The engaging nature of Internet communications and interactive games means many children and teens have trouble keeping track of time when they’re online．Unfortunately, parents and teachers are usually not aware that there is a problem until it becomes serious．This is because it iS easy to hide what you are doing online and because Internet addiction is not widely recognized by the medical community．And mental health practitioners continue to debate whether this behavior is an ‘addiction’ with some identifying it as“compulsive behavior．” Children and young people call easily become hooked on online activities such as multi-user games，instant messaging and chat rooms．The most vulnerable children，according to the Computer-Addiction Services at Harvard Medical School，are those who al e“lonely and bored or from families where nobody is at home to relate to alter schoo1.”Children who are unpopular or shy with peers are often attracted to the opportunities for creating new identifies in online communities．Boys，in particular, are frequent users of online role-playing games，where they assume new identifies and interact with her players．Although playing these games with other users may appear to be a social activity, for the introverted(内向的)child or teen，excessive playing Can further isolate them from friends and peers．26.Parents feel frustrated at ___online.A．the research children do online．B．the games children playC．the time children consumeD．the new world kids experience27．It has always been a challenge for parents to____.A. haveⅡ1eir children properly use the InteractB．stop their from talking to strangers onlineC．provide educational opportunities for their kidsD．communicate with their children on the Internet28．The word‘'addiction'’in Paragraph 3 most probably means____.A．a great challenge for parents B．an exciting role-playing gameC．a healthy balance of one's mind D．a strong desire to do something 29．According to Paragraph 5，when some children play too much onlinerole-playing games，they may become___.A．emotional B．isolated C．fragile D．sociable30．The author's attitude towards the Interact Can be best described as____. A．positive B．negative C．neutral D．unclearPassage ThreeQuestions 3 1 t0 35 are based Oil the following passage．American scientists have found that some birds are more intelligent than believed．They say birds have abilities that involve communication and different kinds of memory．In some unusual cases，their abilities seem better than those of humans．The findings were presented annual conference of the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAs)．The scientists met for six days last month in Boston，Massachusetts．Irene Pepperberg presented her research about a grey parrot named Griffin. He lives in her laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge．Pepperberg says Griffin can arrange objects in order of size．1he talking bird also call combine words in the right order．For example，he will combine words when asking for food．1 he researcher says that only humans and other mammals with large brains used to be considered to have the ability to combine objects and words．She believes that birds are able to understand that complex tasks must be done in the correct order．Some birds have other memory skills．For example，they collect and store thousands of seeds in autumn，and find them later in winter．Alan Kamil and Alan Bond of the University of Nebraska are studying the memories of birds called jays and nutcrackers．Their experiments suggest that these birds use natural objects to find the seeds they have stored．1 hey round these birds use at least three objects，such as rocks or trees，to find the stored seeds．Kamil also trained a jay to choose one object instead of another. The bird used this skill to receive a prize，such as food．Scientists say some birds can learn asmany as two thousand different songs．They say songs may have developed as a way for birds to communicate with other birds．Vetoer Bingman of Bowling Green State University in Ohio also presentedhis research at the science conference in Boston．Bingman believes that birds must have a special guidance system in main brain．He says that understanding how a bird’s brain operates may help US better understand the way a human brainprocesses information．31．The word‘he’in Paragraph 3 refers to___.A．Griffin，the grey parrotB．Irene Pepperber9，the scientistC. someone who lives in the laboratoryD．the Massachusetts Institute of Technology32．The evidence Irene Pepperberg gave shows thatA．birds have a very good memoryB．birds can communicate with each otherC．birds may have the ability to understandD．birds call learn to store food for winter use33．The experiments at the University of Nebraska proved that birdsA．have some memory skillsB．can be trained can tram to win prizesC．1earn songs to communicate with othersD．have the ability to understand complex tasks34．In Bingaman's opinion，the study of birds brain helps people toA．interpret human behavior B．observe birds behaviorC．improve human memory skills D．understand human brains35．The scientific findings presented at the AAA S conference are related to Birds abilities to ___．A．sing songs，use tools and find directionsB．understand，remember ,and find directionsC．remember, choose food and find directionsD．remember, communicate and process informationⅣWord Spelling Oo points，1 point for two words)将下列汉语单词译成英语。