Ratifying the Constitution 批准宪法

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宪法的地位英语文章怎么写

The Constitution is the fundamental law of the state that stipulates the fundamental system and tasks of the state, recognizes and safeguards the basic rights of citizens, and concentrates on demonstrating the comparative relationship between various political forces.The uniqueness of the Constitution compared to other general laws:1. In terms of content, the Constitution stipulates the most fundamental and important system and basic national policy of the country2. In terms of status, the Constitution is the highest law and holds the highest position in the entire legal system3. In terms of effectiveness, the Constitution has the highest effectiveness and serves as the legislative basis for other laws. Other general laws must not conflict with the Constitution4. In terms of norms, the Constitution is the fundamental code of conduct. In terms of revision procedures, the formulation and revision procedures of the Constitution are more stringent than those of other general laws.In short, the Constitution holds the highest position in the entire legal system. The formulation of general laws must be based on the Constitution. All laws and regulations shall not be unconstitutional. The constitution is the highest expression of the will of the ruling class.。

中国政法大学学报学术征引与注释规范7页

“天坛杯”论文大赛参赛论文学术征引与注释规范一、学术征引与注释规范，不仅是加强学术规范、学术伦理与学风建设的核心环节，而且是推进学术交流、学术评价与学术创新的重要手段，还是切实保障学术刊物编纂质量的基本要素。

凡参加中国政法大学法学院“天坛杯”论文大赛之征文稿，均请严格遵守本《学术征引与注释规范》（以下简称《规范》）。

二、学术征引是指学术写作中为加强论证而对于他人论著或档案文献中的资料、数据、观点等必要的引用。

引用须尊重作者知识产权、尽量可能保持原貌、伴以明显标识，不可断章取义、过度引用。

无论是直接引用还是间接引用，均须以注释形式标注真实出处，并提供与之相关的作者、版本等准确信息。

若系直接引用，引文需使用双引号。

若直接引文超过一定数量，应改用仿宋体、单起一段、后退一格的方式标识。

倘系间接引用，应在正文或注释中向读者明示。

引用观点时，应尽可能追溯到相关论说的原创者。

若引用多人观点，应明确区分不同作者的异同。

对已有成果的介绍、评论、引用和注释，应实事求是。

学术引用时的作伪，如将转引标注为直引、将引自译著引文标注为原著，均系伪注。

三、学术规范是学术自由、学术创新的保障，为此须尊重前人或已有学术研究成果，以裨益于学术交流、学术积累，推动学术进步。

凡参加大赛的原创性专题研究论文，均应以正文或注释的形式，就其主要研究内容概要说明该课题已有的代表性学术成果或学术史脉络。

完全无此内容者，评委会一般不予受理。

四、凡引用他人观点、方案、资料、数据等，无论曾否发表，无论是纸质或电子版，均应详加注释。

凡转引者，应如实标示。

抄袭剽窃，伪注，伪造、篡改文献和数据等，均属学术不端行为。

倘征文有不端行为者，概不受理。

若一旦获奖的作品事后被证实系抄袭剽窃之作，评奖委员会除书面声明、公开撤销奖项外，还将采取其他相应的必要举措。

五、本刊注释规范如下：（一）采用页末注（随页注）注释序号，按自然顺序，连续排列。

内文及文末注之注码符号，均以六角型括号标明。

宪法的英语作文

宪法的英语作文The Constitution is the fundamental law of a country that establishes the framework of its government, delineates its powers, and safeguards the rights of its citizens. It is a document that serves as the bedrock of a nation's legal and political system, providing stability, order, and a clear allocation of authority. The Constitution is not merely a piece of paper but a living, breathing document that shapes the very essence of a country and its people.At its core, the Constitution is a social contract between the government and the governed. It outlines the principles, structures, and processes that will govern the relationship between the state and its citizens. The Constitution serves as a bulwark against the arbitrary exercise of power, ensuring that the government operates within the confines of the law and respects the fundamental rights and liberties of the people.One of the primary functions of the Constitution is to establish the separation of powers among the three branches of government – the legislative, executive, and judicial. This separation of powers isdesigned to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of a single entity, promoting a system of checks and balances that ensures no one branch becomes too dominant. The legislative branch is responsible for creating laws, the executive branch is tasked with enforcing those laws, and the judicial branch is charged with interpreting the laws and ensuring their constitutionality.The Constitution also enshrines the rights and freedoms of the citizens, protecting them from government overreach and tyranny. These fundamental rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to a fair trial, and the right to vote, are the cornerstones of a democratic society. The Constitution serves as a bulwark against the tyranny of the majority, ensuring that the rights of minority groups and individuals are safeguarded.Moreover, the Constitution establishes the structure and powers of the government, defining the roles and responsibilities of each branch. It determines the process for electing or appointing government officials, the procedures for passing laws, and the mechanisms for amending the Constitution itself. This clarity and predictability in the functioning of the government is essential for maintaining social stability and ensuring the smooth operation of the state.The Constitution also plays a crucial role in shaping the nationalidentity and values of a country. It reflects the aspirations, beliefs, and historical experiences of the people, serving as a unifying force that binds the nation together. The preamble to the Constitution, for instance, often expresses the fundamental principles and goals that the country seeks to uphold, such as the pursuit of justice, the establishment of domestic tranquility, and the promotion of the general welfare.One of the remarkable features of the Constitution is its ability to adapt to changing circumstances and evolving social, political, and economic realities. Through the process of constitutional amendment, the document can be updated and revised to address new challenges and ensure its continued relevance. This flexibility allows the Constitution to remain a living, dynamic document that can respond to the evolving needs of a society.The role of the judiciary in interpreting and upholding the Constitution is also crucial. The courts are tasked with ensuring that the actions of the government and the legislation passed by the legislative branch are in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. This process of judicial review serves as a check on the power of the other branches, preventing them from overstepping their authority and safeguarding the rights of the citizens.In conclusion, the Constitution is a fundamental and indispensableaspect of a country's governance and national identity. It establishes the framework for the exercise of power, safeguards the rights and freedoms of the people, and serves as a unifying force that binds the nation together. The Constitution is not merely a static document but a living, evolving entity that must adapt to the changing needs of a society. By upholding the principles and values enshrined in the Constitution, a country can ensure the stability, prosperity, and continued progress of its people.。

《新编法律英语》(姚骏华)课文翻译校对版(课文3)

第3课 Constitution宪法美国宪法确定基本原则，指导国家的政府及法律。

这些基本原则最初制定于1787年，当初只是一个用于确定国家如何来确认它的政府形式。

例如，宪法写明美国有一名总统和一名副总统。

宪法同时也写明人们选出他人来代表他们，这些被选出来的人组成国会。

宪法还保障美国人民的权利和自由，比如言论自由和宗教自由。

现今，宪法仍然是对政府各个部门最重要的指导。

这通常被称为“国家的最高法律”。

那就是意味着没有一个州，没有一个政府部门，没有一个个人，没有一个选出来的官员，连总统或国会都不能制定一部法律或强制实现一个环境违反宪法。

宪法持续保护美国公民的权利和自由。

宪法的广泛议题包括美国宪法的解释与执行。

宪法是美国的基础，宪法处理社会中最基础的关系。

这包括州与州之间的关系，州与联邦政府的关系，联邦政府三个部门（行政部门、司法部门和立法部门）之间的关系以及个人在与州政府和联邦政府的关联中的权利。

最高法院在宪法解释中扮演了重要的角色，因此，宪法的研究主要侧重于最高法院的裁定。

原则和权力美国宪法以几项重要原则，即主要观点为基础。

第一条原则就是政府权力来自人民。

这个观点，也就是人民主权，在《独立宣言》中也得到了确认。

第二条原则就是联邦制度。

宪法划分权力，把一些权力给了中央政府，一些给了州政府。

宪法列举了中央即联邦政府有权做的事，这些就是职权。

宪法同样列举了联邦政府和州政府不能做的事。

一些权力，比如征税权，是联邦政府和州政府能够共同行使的。

下表给出了一些例子。

中央政府权力共同权力州政府权力宣战征税建立学校处理外交事务创设法庭制定婚姻法印刷钞票惩罚罪犯设立县市政府宪法从来不真正列举州的权力，第一条：州政府禁止做的事情，比如印制钞票、对其他国家宣战，与其他国家签订条约。

宪法第十条修正案确认没有授予中央政府，同时又不禁止州政府的权力都保留给州政府。

宪法的另一项原则就是三权分立原则。

前三条把政府分为三个部分：立法机构、行政机构、司法机构。

法律英语课件 (13)精品教育文档

Impeachment
House of Representatives vote a bill of impeachment. 众议院投票通过弹劾议案
Senate , with the Chief Justice of the United States presiding at the trail. 在参议院，由首席大法官主持审判
委任的官员应该让任命他们的人或机构满意。如果他们的政绩令人不满意，他们就会被撤职。
Exception
Justices of the Supreme Court and other federal judges
2019/11/10
Lifetime appointment
法律英语
15
Ballot box
2019/11/10
法律英语
13
Elected officials must stand for reelection at periodic intervals, when their records are subject to intensive public scrutiny.
选举产生的官员要接受定期重新选举，其政绩要受到公众全面监督。
2019/11/10
法律英语
10
Final authority is vested in the American people. 最终权力属于美国人民 …change the fundamental law
amending the Constitution 修改宪法
drafting a new one 起草新宪法
8
Part One: The constitution as supreme law

Constitution宪法

Constitution宪法Part One：The Constitution as Supreme Law第一部分：宪法—最高的法The U.S. Constitution, a relatively simple document, is the self-designated "supreme law of the land". This clause is taken to mean that when state constitutions, or laws passed by state legislatures or the national Congress, are found to conflict with the federal Constitution, they have no force. Decisions handed down by the Supreme Court over the course of two centuries have confirmed and strengthened this doctrine of constitutional supremacy.美国宪法，一份相对简单的文件，却自我确认为是“这个国家最高的法律”。

这一条款的意思被认为是，当州宪法或由州立法机构或美国国会通过的法律被发现与联邦宪法相抵触时，它们便无效。

两百年来美国联邦最高法院所审理的判例已确认且强调了这个宪法至上原则。

Final authority is vested in the American people, who can change the fundamental law if they wish, by amending the Constitution, or--in theory, at least--drafting a new one. The people’s authority is not exercised directly, however. The day-to-day business of government is delegated by the people to public officials, both elected and appointed.最高的权利是属于美国人民的，如果愿意他们可以改变根本法，即通过修改宪法，或者—至少在理论上—可制定一个新宪法。

宪法英文作文模板带翻译

宪法英文作文模板带翻译Title: The Importance of the Constitution 宪法的重要性。

The constitution is the fundamental law of a country, outlining the framework of government and the rights of its citizens. It serves as a guiding document that sets the rules and principles for the functioning of the state. The importance of the constitution cannot be overstated, as it provides the foundation for a stable and just society.宪法是一个国家的基本法律，概述了政府的框架和公民的权利。

它是一份指导文件，为国家的运作规定了规则和原则。

宪法的重要性不言而喻，因为它为一个稳定和公正的社会奠定了基础。

First and foremost, the constitution establishes the framework of government, including the separation of powers and the checks and balances among the branches of government. This ensures that no single branch of government becomes too powerful and that each branch has its own distinct responsibilities. By delineating the powers of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, the constitution prevents the abuse of power and promotes accountability within the government.首先，宪法建立了政府的框架，包括权力分立和各政府部门之间的制衡。

美国司法制度概论整理一AN INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSSTEM

书名：美国司法制度概论（AN INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSSTEM）著：Diane S. Kaplan 康大安整理人：翁晓庭（仅供参考，禁止外扬，违反者请主动前往H628宿舍自首，本大小姐可以对你们进行从宽处置，限于本人较懒难免有些错别字大小写之类的低级错误还没有来得及改正希望各位见谅，但是相信还不至于影响到各位的欣赏阅读）内容简介：1、各章目录翻译（方便各位考试时查找章节）2、课堂上老师要求划下的重点（鄙人秉着一颗虔诚的心预测这就是考试重点了）3、案例的中文简介（无数个日日夜夜呕心沥血边发微博咒骂美司边总结出来的基本正确的翻译。

）目录部分：Chapter 1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STA TES(美国联邦宪法的简史)Constitutional History(宪政历史)The declaration of independence（独立宣言）The revolutionary war（独立战争/南北战争）The articles of confederation（美国第一部宪法/十三州联邦宪法）The constitutional convention（制宪会议））Ratifying the consititution （宪法的通过）The bill of rights（权利法案/宪法修订案）The constitutional plan of government（政府的宪政计划）The preamble if the constitution （宪法的序言）▲本章课堂上老师让划的重点句子1、P15 the “separation of powers doctrine”（三权分立学说）2、P15 the purpose of distributing government powers among three separate branches is to prevent any one branch ,or any one person,from becoming too powerful.（把政府权力分散到三个部门的目的是为了防止任何一个部门或任何一人的权力过大）3 、P15 the constitution also divides power between the federal government and the individual states. The division of powers between a central government and numerous regional government is called federalism.（宪法还在联邦政府和各州之间进行了权力分配。

Constitution为什么既指“宪法”，也指“饭后百步走”

Constitution为什么既指“宪法”，也指“饭后百步走”从2014年起，每年的12月4日是中国的“国家宪法日”。

除了中国，世界上很多其它国家，也都有自己的“宪法日”，英文称为Constitution Day。

英语中Constitution这个词语，产生的时间，要远远早于“宪法”的出现。

从词义来说，Constitution也要比“宪法”宽泛得多。

翻开词典就会看到，Constitution除了指宪法，还可以指身体的体质，而且，Constitution的形容词形式Constitutional，同时还能作为名词使用，含义是“有助于健康的散步”，接近中文所说的“饭后百步走”。

这些多样的含义，都是派生于Constitution的根本含义，也就是：“构成、由多个部分组成新的事物”。

来源和英语中的大多数抽象概念一样，Constitution也是源于古罗马的拉丁语。

前半部分的Con-，含义是Together、共同一起，后面的-stitute，源于拉丁语的statuere，意思相当于英语中的Set up，立起来、树立、成立。

两部分合并起来，意思就是，由多个个体部分合并起来构成一个整体。

大多数英语词典，在排列某个词语的各种含义时，都是以常见、常用的程度为标准，把最常见、最常用的含义排在前面。

例如，Constitution的第一项释义，就是“宪法”，之后是“体质”，再之后才是“构成、结构”。

但事实上，“构成、结构”才是Constitution最基础的含义，“宪法”和“体质”都是由此派生而来的。

含义Constitution用来指构成方式或组织形式时，既可以用于具体事物，也适用于抽象事物，例如：The genetic constitution of cells机体中细胞的构成形式和结构The constitution of society人类社会的构成组织方式除了构成方式，Constitution还可以用来表示，构成或成立某个组织或机构的行为，例如：He recommended the constitution of a review committee.他提议就此事成立一个审查复核委员会。

美国宪法中英文对照版

Constitution of the United States美国宪法中英文对照版PreambleWe, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.序言我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。

Article ISection 1 - Legislative powers; in whom vestedAll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.第一条第一款本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。

Section 2 - House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned. Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。

法律英语课件-CONSTITUTIONAL LAW(宪法)

Popular sovereignty
The government gets its power from the people. The idea was also stated in the Declaration of
Independence.
Federalism
It is the basis for the structure of government in the United States, federal form of government is one in which the states form a union and the sovereign power is divided between a central governing authority and the member states.
The doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则
The U.S Constitution is the self-designated supreme law of the land. It stands above all other law, executive acts and regulation .
The Congress appropriates funds for the executive branch and the judicial branch and may impeach and try members of the executive branch or the judicial branch;
Introduction to Constitution
The Constitution is the soul of law in United States. The Constitution states the framework for all American law. The constitutional law deals with the interpretation and implementation of the United States Constitution. As the Constitution is the foundation of the United States, constitutional law deals with some of the fundamental relationships within our society.

Constitution_of_the_United_States_美国宪法中英文对照版讲解

Constitution of the United States美国宪法中英文对照版收集整理：何勇刚QQ=13100882005.11.30PreambleWe, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.序言我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。

美国宪法及修正案中英

美国宪法THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA序言Preamble我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们後代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。

We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.第一条Article I第一款本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.第二款众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。

凡年龄未满二十五岁，或取得合众国公民资格未满七年，或於某州当选而并非该州居民者，均不得任众议员。

众议员人数及直接税税额，应按联邦所辖各州的人口数目比例分配，此项人口数目的计算法，应在全体自由人民－－包括订有契约的短期仆役，但不包括末被课税的印第安人－－数目之外，再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。

美国宪法中英文对照..

Constitution of the United States美国宪法中英文版导言We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.序言我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。

Section 1 - Legislative powers; in whom vestedAll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.第一条第一款本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。

Section 2- House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned. Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。

American constitution美国宪法

其中译文如下：
我们合众国人民，为建立更完善的和后代得享自由的幸福，特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。
Text
• The first three Articles of the Constitution establish the rules and separate powers of the three branches(三权分立） of the federal government: • ———— a legislature, the bicameral Congress（国会两院制）; an executive branch led by the President; and a federal judiciary headed by the Supreme Court （最高法院）。
Basic principles
• The separation of powers principle (三权分立原则）。 • Every is equal before laws。（人人平等） • Doctrine of constitution superemacy.(宪法至上原则） • 联邦制原则
Preamble to the Constitution（序言）
• We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

公共行政与公共事务1

Part 1The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union-which, from 1781 to 1789, provided the first framework for the new nation-were as emblematic of the early Americans' fondness for managerial mishmash as they were evidentiary of Americans' insistence on administrative constraint. The relatively scant attention the Articles pay to such notions as matching accountability with authority and specialized divisions of public labor(notably in their disinclination to distinguish legislative responsibilities from executive responsibilities in the government's structure) no doubt was the product not only of a grassroots revulsion with princely prerogatives, but equally of the nation's early political thinkers wrestling with the dilemma of how to organize something truly new: big democracy. Because the nation's first charter had to account for a vast territory and a large population, it somehow needed to be devised so that it could transcend the only governmental from that democracy had ever used before, the town meeting. Unfortunately, the Articles of Confederation did not meet this historic challenge.1781至1789年的联邦条款为新的国家提供了最初的框架。

American Legal System-法律英语

In this first form of American government, there were neither federal courts nor a president and the single chamber of Congress had no way to enforce its laws. The individual states could and did ignore federal laws with impunity. It quickly became clear that the US would not remain united long unless the role of the federal government was strengthened.
Key words for your reference

formation of a strong union stronger central government broader federal powers over individual states limited powers right to impose certain federal taxes wage war regulate interstate and foreign commerce make treaties with foreign governments or nations a federal system of courts executive branch headed by the president bicameral legislative branch
The early constitution

AP美国历史学习大纲和以往考过的题目总结 (北京王府学校傅莹)

AP美国历史学习大纲和以往考过的题目总结（北京王府学校傅莹）2015年AP美国历史新大纲特别重视DBQ和Long essay的题目，DBQ和Long essay的题目的分数对于AP美国历史的总成绩至关重要。

下面列出了美国历史新大纲5分和4分要求达到的标准以及新大纲对于DBQ和Long essay的题目分数要求。

美国历史新大纲5分和4分要求达到的标准：单选题共55道题目，其中有5道题目不计分，用于测试难度和平衡不同试卷难度，但考生不知道是那5道题目，因此单选题计分题目为50题，每题1分。

简答题4道题中有1道题不计分，用于测试难度和平衡不同试卷难度，但考生不知道是那1道题目，因此简答题计分题目为3道。

每题3分，简答题总分为9分。

DBQ 1道题目，满分为7分。

论述题（long-essay）1道题目，满分为6分。

AP美国历史5分标准单选题在计分的50道题目中答对40题，简答题每题3分，共计9分，得到7分或以上，DBQ和long-essay都得到5分或5分以上。

AP美国历史4分标准单选题在计分的50道题目中答对34题，简答题每题3分，共计9分，得到5分或以上，DBQ和long-essay都得到4分或4分以上。

以上是一个供参考的评分标准，比如如果学生的简答题目答对超过40道，DBQ和long-essay可能稍微低于5分一点，也是有可能得到5分。

由于新大纲刚刚公布，可以用的DBQ和long-essay都很少，我们可以使用以往考过的DBQ和long-essay作为参考。

下面整理了学习AP美国历史的书籍、细分各个历史时期的要点和可以参考的DBQ和long-essay题目。

The primary textbook for this course are:(1)American Pageant 16 th version Cengage(2)A people and A nation (9th Edition) by Norton, Sheriff, Blight,chudacoff, logevall and bailey. Wadsworth Cengage Learning(3)The American People (Creating Nation and A Society) (6TH edition) byNash, Jeffrey, Howe, Frederick, Davis, Winkler, Mires, Pestana Pearson and Peking University PressSince these two books are available in China with soft copy of lower price, students can save money on the imported edition of textbooks.The reference textbook for this course is1.Out of Many - a history of The American People(5th edition) by JohnMack Faragher, Mari Jo Buhle, Daniel Czitrom, Susan H. ArMitage, Pearson Press2.The other reference book for this course is AP U.S. History by Kaplan(any edition of this book is O.K. because since 2009 the contents have never changed.3.The Routledge atlas of American History (Routledge, Taylor & FrancisGroup) Martin Gilbert simplified Chinese Translation Copyright 2009 by China Youth PressUnit 1: Introduction to U.S. history ( 0.5 weeks)Topic:(1)the format and scoring guide of AP U.S.History test(2)Persia Chart (Political ,Economic, Religious, Social, Intellectualand Arts)(3)SOAPS method for explaining primary source document (Subject,Occasion, Audience, Purpose and Subject )(4)Study plan(5)General clues about stages of U.S.History (the new world discovery,American revolution, the building of new nation and sprits among the early presidents and leaders, Civil War, reconstruction and development of industry, the first world war, the great depression, the second world war, the cold war, changes in post-cold war America) Reading:(1) Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 1-2 P4-P7, P11-13, P16-21(2) Nash, Brief Contents and PrefaceExercise and Assessment: Writing your study plan for this courseUnit 2: Discovering the New World ( 1 weeks)Topic:(1)The culture of Native American(2)The culture of African(3)The early exploration of Spanish, English and French(4)The slave trade(5)The religious reform in Europe and its influenceReading:(1)Norton Chap 1 “ Three Old Worlds Create A New, 1492-1600(2)Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 3 P47-51Exercise and Assessment:(1)Out of Many P26-29 AP DBQ and FRQ(2) AP 2008 FRQ (2) the American Indians and European colonies shaped relationships in New England, Chesapeake, Spanish Southwest, New York and New FranceUnit 3: Early Colonization( 1 weeks)Topic:(1)The colonizing efforts of Spanish, French and Dutch(2)The English setters in New English, Middle Colonies, Chespeake andthe Southern Colonies(3)The resistance to Colonial AuthorityReading:Norton Chap 2 “Europeans Colonize North American, 1600-1650Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 4 P53-60Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P53-55 AP DBQ and FRQComparing the ways that the early settlers of Spain, France and NetherlandAP 2010 DBQ 2011 FRQ Form B(2) goals of colonizing efforts of Spanish, French and Dutch.AP 2005 FRQ Form B（2）Geography was the factor of shaping British ColoniesUnit 4: Life in the colonies( 2 weeks)Topic:(1)The characteristics of English colonies and other colonies(2)The slave trade(3)The English civil War and its effect on American Colonies(4)The conflict between European colonies and Native American(5)Religious and Great awakeningReading:(1)Norton Chap 3 “ North American in the Atlantic World, 1650-1720Norton Chap 4” American Society Transformed, 1720-1770(2)Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 5 P63-66Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P122-124 AP DBQ and FRQComparing the major economic development in different part of Colonies To what extent did the tolerance increase in the colonies from 1630 to 1770?2010 FRQ Form B (2) 2011 FRQ (2)2005 FRQ (2) economic development from 1607 to 17502006 FRQ (2) politics, religion and economic development difference between Spanish settlements and the English colonies2008 FRQ Form B (3) African Americans created a distinctive culture in slavery2009 FRQ (2) British imperial policies intensified colonials’resistance to British rule2000 FRQ (2) Cultural and economic responses of British, French and Spanish to Indians of North AmericaUnit 5 The American Revolution (2 weeks)Topic:(1)The French and Indian War and its effect on colonies(2)The new laws issued by British government and the responses fromcolonies(3)The impact of Enlightenment and its comparation with Renaissance(4)The fights with British army during the war(5)The paper made during two continental congresses(6)The Declaration of Independence and its background(7)The Treaty of Paris(8)The articles of ConfederationReading:(1)Norton Chap 5 “ Severing the Bonds of Empire, 1754-1774Norton Chap 6 “ A Revolution Indeed, 1774-1783”Declaration of Independence(2)Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 6-7 P69-84Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P194-196, 230-232 AP DBQ and FRQWhat are the real causes of American Revolution behind the taxes? AP 2005 DBQ American Revolution change the American societyAP 2010 FRQ (2) the political, diplomatic and military reasons for U.S. victory in Revolutionary WarAP 2004 FRQ (2) American Revolution on slavery and status of women AP 2007 Form B FRQ (2) the change of land acquisition, politics and Economics relationship between Britain and North American from 1763 to 1775.AP 1999 DBQ Colonists develop sense of identity and unity by Revolution Unit 6 The founding of New Nation (2 weeks)Topic:(1)The Constitution vs. The Articles of Confederation(2)The Constitution Convention ( Three cornerstones: the power ofcentral government, the separation of powers, the precautions of “factions”)(3)The Great Compromise(4)The right of election and the process of president election(5)Federalists and Anti-federalist and Bill of Rights(6)the political, economical, foreign policies of the GeorgeWashington’s presidency(7)Women’s role(8)The fate of African American(9)The America’s relationship with Native AmericanReading:Norton Chap 6 “ A Revolution Indeed, 1774-1783”Norton Chap 7 “ Forging a National Republic 1776-1789”Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 8 P92-98Exercise and Assessment:Show the difference of the U.S. Constitution and the Article of ConfederationWhat is great compromise? What’s its impact on the development of U.S.A?What are the Hamilton’s economic policies?AP 2011 Form B (3) The reasons of creating U.S. constitutionsAP 2005 Form B FRQ (3) American departure from the Article of ConfederationAP 2006 FRQ (3) the change of role of Federal governmentAP 2006 Form B FRQ the United States Constitution of 1787 AP 2007 FRQ (2) Violent protest in 18th centuryAP 2008 Form B FRQ (2) Anti-Federalists opposition to ratifying the constitutionAP 2009 Form B FRQ (2) the influences of revolutionary era in the Article of ConfederationUnit 7 Early Nation Period (2 weeks)Topic:(1)John Adam’s presidency(2)Thomas Jefferson’s presidency and Judicial Review(3)Madison’s presidency and the War of 1812(4)Economic growth and Economic crisis(5)Henry Clay’s Missouri Compromise(6)Monroe DoctrineReading:Norton Chap 8 “the Early Republic: Conflicts at home and Abroad 1789-1800 ”Norton Chap 9 “ Define a National 1801-1823”Norton Chap 11 “the restless North, 1815-1860Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 8-10 P99-119Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P302-304 AP DBQ and FRQAP 2002 DBQ (Form B) War of 1812 the “Era of Good Feelings. Emergence of nationalism and sectionalismAP 2004 FORM B（2）Election of 1800 aptly named the “Revolution of 1800”AP 2005 DBQ American Revolution change American society 1775-1800AP 2009 DBQ the freedom and expansion of slavery from 1775-1830AP 2009 FORM B (3) Tensions between immigrant Roman Catholics and native-born Protestants from 1830s to 1850sUnit 8 the Growth of Sectionalism (2 weeks)Topic:(1)The economic development in the North(2)The growth of cotton kingdom and life in the South(3)Westward expansion(4)Jackson’s presidency(5)Sectionalism(6)The forming of two partiesReading:Norton Chap 12 “ Reform and Polities,1824-1845Norton Chap 13 “ The contested West, 1815-1860Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 11-12 P123-135Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P376-377 AP DBQ and FRQAP DBQ 20022011 FRQ(3) political partiesAP 2011 DBQ political electionsAP 2005（3）Mexican War and its effectsUnit 9 the Antebellum Renaissance and the years before the civil wars (2 weeks)Topic:(1)The position of woman(2)Manifest Destiny(3)Compromise of 1850(4)Kansas-Nebraska Act(5)The rise of Lincoln(6)Lincoln-Douglas Debates(7)Secession of the SouthReading:Norton Chap 14 “Slavery and America’s Future: The Road to War, 1845-1861 Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 13-15 P137-162Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P485-487,522-524 AP DBQ and FRQAP 2004 (3) effectiveness of political compromise in reducing sectional tensions in the period from 1820 to 1861AP 2010 FORM B DBQ territorial expansion from 1800-1855AP 2004 FORM B（3）the role of women change from 1790-1860AP 2005 FORM B DBQ political compromise of 1820 to 1860AP 2006 FORM B (3) the industrial development from 1800 to 1860AP 2002 DBQ expansion of democratic ideals from 1825 to 1850AP 2007 FRQ (3) Second Great Awakening of Abolitionism, Temperance, Cult of domesticity and Utopian communitiesAP 2007 FORM B FRQ(3) Experiences of English, Irish and German Immigrants during 1830-1860AP 2008 FRQ (3) Impact of the market revolution 1815-1860AP 2009 FRQ (3) the social, political and economic forces of 1840s and early 1850s on the emergence of the Republican PartyAP 1999 FRQ (2) Major political personalities, States’rights and Economic issues contribute to the reemergence of two party 1820-1840 AP 2000 FRQ (3) Missouri Compromise, Mexican War, Compromise of 1850 and Kansas-Nebraska Act to opposed to the spread of Slavery.Unit 10 the Civil Wars (1.5 weeks)Topic:(1)Slavery and Economic interest are major causes of Civil War(2)Election of 1860(3)The big victories by both parties during the War(4)The end of slavery(5)Emancipation(6)Social, political and Economic consequence of the WarReading:Norton Chap 15 “ Transforming Fire: the Civil War, 1861-1865Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 16 P165-173Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P561-563 AP DBQ and FRQthe reasons leading to the Civil WarSocial, political and Economic consequence of the War2010 FRQ (3) extension of slavery into western territories to Civil War 1845-18612006 DBQ American Womenhood changesUnit 11 Reconstruction to 1877 (1.5 weeks)Topic:(1)Presidential and congressional pan(2)13th -15th amendments to the constitution(3)The trouble with Johnson(4)The reconstruction in the south(5)The rise of Ku Klux Klan(6)The compromise of 1877Reading:Nash, Chap 16 “ the Union Reconstructed”Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 17 P179-187The Gettysburg AddressExercise and Assessment:Out of Many P599-P601 AP DBQ and FRQAP 2009 FORM B DBQ African American shape the course from 1861 to 1870 AP 2000 FRQ DBQ organized labor in improving the position of workers 1875-1900Unit 12 West movement and the New South(1.5 weeks)Topic:(1)Expansion and development of railroads in the West(2)Rivalry in the West between ranchers, homesteaders, miners and NativeAmericans(3)The policy for Native American(4)The New southReading:(1)Nash, Chap 17 “ the realities of Rural America ”(2)Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 18 P189-195Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P640-P641 AP DBQ and FRQ2010 FRQ Form B (3) experience of slaves on tobacco plantations 2006 FRQ Form B (4) American West land 1865-18902008 FRQ (4) “ New South “ by the time of First World War1999 FRQ (3) Life of Plains Indians by technologyUnit 13 The Rise of Industry (1.5 weeks)Topic:(1)Industry consolidation and Monopolization(2)Government policy towards the capitalism(3)Railroad expansion and the development of a national market(4)Change in the life of citizensReading:(1)Nash, Chap 18 “ the Rise of Smokestack America ”(2)Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 19 P199-206Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P677-P680 AP DBQ and FRQUnit 14 From a Rural to an Urban America(2 weeks)Topic:(1)A second wave to reform(2)The effect of Gilded Age(3)The improvement of women’s rights and civil rights(4)The presidency from Grant to Mckinley(5)Expansion(6)Foreign policy of Roosevelt’s, Taft and WilsonReading:(1)Nash, Chap 19 “ Politics and Reform ” Chap 20 “Becoming a world power”(2)Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 20 P209-214Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P715-P717 AP DBQ and FRQAP 2007 DBQ Technology, government policy and economic conditions changed American agriculture in 1865-1900Unit 15 Populists and Progressives(2 weeks)Topic:(1)The social and religious origins and progress of Progressive(2)The Progressive presidency: Roosevelt’s, Taft and Wilson(3)Women’s role: family, work, Education and suffrage(4)African American at the turn of the century(5)The birth of populistsReading:(1) Nash, Chap 21 “ The Progressive Confront Industrial Capitalism ”(2) Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 21 P217-228Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P755-P757 AP DBQ and FRQ2010 FRQ（4）2011 FRQ (4) American’s opposition on immigrants2010 FRQ Form B (4) effectiveness of Progressive Era2011 Form B (4) Foreign policies of TD Roosevelt and Wilson2004 Form B（4）Population shift2005 Form B (4) Progressive reforms to industrial conditions, urban life and politics2006 FRQ (4) Progressive reform lost momentum?2006 Form B FRQ (5) Advertising, Entertainment and Mass production shape the American national culture in the 1920’s2007 FRQ (4) the change in labor, trusts, conservation and world affairs under President TD Roosevelt?2007 Form B FRQ (4) Jane Addams, Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Compers and Upton Sinclair respond to to the economic and social problems of industrializationAP 2009 Form B (4) the impact of third partiesAP 1999 (4) 1920 Roaring TwentiesUnit 16 World War I (1 weeks)Topic:(1)New Imperialism(2)Spanish- American War(1898)(3)Global causes of World War I(4)From American neutrality to be involved in the WWI(5)Impact of War at home(6)Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations(7)Post-War American Society and EconomyReading:(1) Nash, Chap 22 “ The Great War”(2) Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 22 P231-245Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P795-P797 AP DBQ and FRQAP 2007 FRQ Form B (5) Federal government sought support on the home front for the war effortAP 2008 FRQ Form B (4) Spanish- American WarAP 2008 FRQ (4) New South formed by WWIAP 2000 FRQ (4) Reasons of involving in WWIUnit 17 America Between the Wars (2 weeks)Topic:(1)Postwar Problem(2)American Business and Consumerism(3)Birth of modern culture(4)The conservative Harding(5)Harlem Renaissance and the life of Negro(6)Woman’s roles and continued effort for equalityReading:(1) Nash, Chap 23 “ Affluence and Anxiety ”(2) Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 23 P251-259Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P838-841 AP DBQ and FRQ2011 FRQ (4) American’s opposition on immigrants2005 FRQ (4) Americans to immigrations2008 Form B DBQ tensions of immigration from 1880 to 19252009 FRQ (4) Some Organizations on advancing the interests of workers from 1875 to 1925Unit 18 The Great Depression and New Deal (2 weeks)Topic:(1)The causes of Great Depression(2)Hoover’s reaction(3)FD Roosevelt and The New Deal(4)FD Roosevelt’s second term(5)The American Culture during the Great Depression(6)The Minorities in the DepressionReading:(1) Nash, Chap 24 “ the Great Depression and the New Deal ”(2) Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 24 P263-272Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P881-883 AP DBQ and FRQAP 2004 FRQ (4) Programs and Policies designed in Progressive era to those in New Deal PeriodUnit 19 The Road to the World War II (2 weeks)Topic:(1)World problems and American Neutrality(2)Aggression of Germany, Japan and Italy and American response(3)The two-front War(4)The War time Mobilization(5)The War’s impact on American Society and the citizens(6)Wartime diplomacy and big Conferences(7)The founding of United Nations(8)Society in Postwar AmericanReading:(1)Nash, Chap 25 “ World War II” Chap 26” Postwar Growth and SocialChanges”(2)Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 25 P275-286Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P922-925 AP DBQ and FRQAP 2004 FORM B DBQ U.S foreign policy between 1920-1941AP 2008 FRQ (5) President Election of 1928-1948AP 2009 FRQ (5) African, Japanese, Jewish and Mexican Americans home-front experiences during the Second World WarUnit 20 The Cold War (2 weeks)Topic:(1)Origins of the Cold War(2)The policy of Truman’s containment(3)Cold war in Asia in 1950’s(4)Eisenhower the nuclear arms race(5)The rise and fall of McCarthyism(6)Kennedy, Johnson and the Crises of 1960s(7)Nixon, Kissinger，détente with China and Russia(8)Jimmy Carter and the Cold War(9)The end of Cold War(10)The Vietnam WarReading:(1) Nash, Chap 27 “ Chills and Fever During the Cold War(2) Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 26-27 P293-312Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P961-964 AP DBQ and FRQAP 2006 FORM B DBQ tension between U.S. and Soviet Union AP FRQ 2004（5）Success and failure of United States Cold War policy of containment in Asia, Europe, Latin America and Middle East.AP 2007 FORM B DBQ Lyndon B.Johnson respond to the political, economic and social problems of U.SAP 2008 DBQ the effects of Vietnam WarUnit 21 Postwar Growth and Social change (2 weeks)Topic:(1)The presidency of Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon,(2)The election of 1960 AND 1968(3)“The affluent society”(4)The change of social status for African American and women’s rights(5)The revolutions in science, technology and medicine(6)The Watergate scandal(7)Carter’s presidencyReading:(1)Nash, Chap 28 “Reform and Rebellion in the Turbulent sixties,1960-1969”, Chap 29 “Disorder and Discontent, 1969-1980”(3) Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 28-29 P315-334Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P1087-1089 AP DBQ and FRQAP FRQ 2010 (5) Consequences of Suburbanization, Sun Belt and Immigration from 1945-1985AP 2011 DBQ changes between 1968 to 1974AP 2010 Form B (5) effects of Vietnam War on presidency, population and Cold War diplomacy from 1961 to 1975AP 2011 FRQ(5) Strategy of African American leadersAP 2011 FRQ Form B (5) Women’s rights movementAP 2004 Form B（5）The change of Social status for different groups of citizensAP 2005 FRQ (5) Civil Rights movement, antiwar movement and women’s movement to transform American societyAP 2005 Form B (5) Wars, culture and technological advance to the change of Woman’s lifeAP 2008 Form B (5) Impact of technology, intolerant attitudes and literary development similarity of 1920s and 1950sAP 2009 Form B (5) events and trends of 1970s diminished the nation’s economic power and international influenceAP 2009 Form B (4) the impact of third partiesAP 1999 (5) Containment in Asia 1945-1975Unit 22 The United States since 1974 (0.5 weeks)Topic:(1)The conservative agenda(2)Ford’s caretaker presidency(3)Regan’s presidency including his economic policy(4)The postindustrial economy(5)The change of American society after 1980sReading:(1)Nash, Chap 30 “the Revival of Conservatism,1980-1992”, Chap 31 “thePost-Cold War World, 1992-2006”(2)Kaplan AP U.S. history 2009E Chap 30 P337-345Exercise and Assessment:Out of Many P1128-1131,1171-1173 AP DBQ and FRQAP FRQ 2009 Form B (5) 1970’s events diminish the national’s economic power and international influenceAP 2005 FRQ (4) Americans to immigrationsAP 2006 FRQ (5) the critiques of United States society made by Youth, Civil Rights Activists and IntellectualsAP 2007 FRQ(5) landslide presidential victories for FD Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon and Ronald ReaganAP 2000 FRQ (5) Culture change of 1960s in Education, Gender roles, Music and Race Relations。

美国宪法

Ratifying the Constitution of 1788
When the constitution was placed before the people of 13 states, disagreement ensued(接连发生).Federalists supported,but Anti-federalists opposed.One by one the states debated the Constitution and began to ratify it. By June of 1788, 9 out of the 13 states had ratified the Constitution.
Northwest Ordinance of 1789 Any man moving west would get all the rights other citizens in the 13 original states had and who owning at least 50 acres of land would have the right to vote.
1.In political aspect:Immediately after independence,the 13 states were not closely united.All the states began to write their own constitutions.Conflict between radicals and moderates,whether support a strong national government or a weaker central government. 2.Financial crisis:American entered the war without any way of getting money to pay for the war debts.The Congress had no right to tax the people.Congress and the separate states had all incurred heavy debts to finance the war.