RM lecture 08 complete

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Lecture 8

• Investors are usually willing to accept a lower coupon rate of interest than the comparable straight fixed coupon bond rate because they find the conversion feature attractive.
• Yankee bonds must meet the requirements of the SEC, just like U.S. domestic bonds.
• Many borrowers find this level of regulation burdensome and prefer to raise U.S. dollars in the Eurobond market.
Straight Fixed Rate Debt
• These are “plain vanilla” bonds with a specified coupon rate and maturity and no options attached.
• Since most Eurobonds are bearer bonds,
small…as long as there is no change in the default risk.
Question
• Your firm has just issued five-year floatingrate notes indexed to six-month U.S. dollar Libor plus ¼ percent. What is the amount of the first coupon payment your firm will pay U.S. $1,000 of the face value, if sixmonth Libor is currently 7.2%?

中科院软件开发学教程 Lecture8

Software Development MethodologySoftware ArchitectureLecture 8Lecturer：罗铁坚Email：tjluo@Phone：88256308-----------------------------------------------------------------Class Time：Mon / Wed10:00am–11:40amOffice Hour：Friday Morning 10:00 –12:00Office Place：玉泉路教学园区科研楼东5层511Today’ Topics1.Motivation and Problems2.Software Architecture Foundations3.Architecture Frameworks, Styles ,Patterns4.Architecture PracticeReference1. D. Perry and Wolf, “ Foundations for the study of software architecture”,ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 17:4 (October 1992)2.R. Allen and D. Garlan, “ Formalizing Architecture Connection.”, Proc.Int’l conf. Software Eng. IEEE CS Press. 19943.Philippe B. Krunchten, “ The 4+1 View Model of Architecture”, IEEESoftware, Nov./Dec 19954.David Garlan, etc ,” Architectural Mismatch: Why Reuse is So Hard”, IEEESoftware, Nov./Dec 19955.Jeff Tryee, etc., “Architecture Decisions: Demystifying Architecture”,Mar./Apr. 20056./~perry/work/swa/The Roman Coliseum is NOT Architecture. The Roman Coliseum is the RESULT of Architecture Architecture is the set of descriptive representations that are required in order to create an object.Descriptive representations for describing products•Bills of Material–What the object is made of.•Functional Specs–How the object works.•Drawings–Where the components exist relative to one another.•Operating Instructions–Who is responsible for operation.•Timing Diagrams–When do things occur.•Design Objectives–Why does it work the way it does.Abstraction for the productAbstraction for the peopleArchitecture in software system •Architecture design is concerned with describing its decomposition into computational elements and their interactions.•Model of Software Architecture–Software Architecture ={ Elements, Form, Rationale }Design Tasks at Architecture Level anizing the system as a composition ofcomponents;2.Developing global control structures;3.Selecting protocols for communication,synchronization, and data access;4.Assigning functionality to design elements;5.Physically distributing the components;6.Scaling the system and estimating performance;7.Defining the expected evolutionary paths;8.Selecting among design alternatives.Motivations •An architectural description makes a complex system intellectually tractable by characterizing it at a high level of abstraction.•Exploit recurring organizational patterns( or styles) for reuseHot research areas1.Architecture description2.Formal underpinnings3.Design guidance4.Domain-specific architecture5.Architecture in context6.Role of tools and environmentsExamples •Two compiler architectures of the multi-phase style:–organized sequentially; and–organized as a set of parallel processesconnected by means of a shared internalrepresentation.Architectural elements•processing elements:–lexer, parser, semantor, optimizer, and codegenerator.•data elements:–characters, tokens, phrases,correlatedphrases,annotated phrases, and object code.Data Element RelationshipsOrganized sequentially •ProcessingView ofSequentialCompilerArchitectureOrganized sequentially •Data View ofSequentialCompilerArchitecture.Organized as a set of parallel processes •Partial ProcessView of ParallelProcess, SharedData StructureCompilerArchitectureSome possible views1.Functional/logic view2.Code/module view3.Development/structural view4.Concurrency/process/runtime/thread view5.Physical/deployment/install viewer action/feedback view7.Data view/data modelArchitecture frameworks•4+1•RM-ODP (Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing)•SOMF(Service-Oriented Modeling Framework)•Enterprise architecture–Zachman Framework–DODAF–TOGAF4+1 ViewRM-ODP ViewSOMF ViewZachman Framework ViewDODAF View Department of Defense Architecture FrameworkTOGAF View The Open Group Architecture FrameworkArchitectural styles and patterns1.Blackboard2.Client–server model (2-tier, n-tier, Peer-to-peer, cloudcomputing all use this model)3.Database-centric architecture4.Distributed computing5.Event-driven architecture6.Front end and back end7.Implicit invocation8.Monolithic application9.Peer-to-peer10.Pipes and filtersArchitectural styles and patterns11.Plug-in (computing)12.Representational State Transfer13.Rule evaluation14.Search-oriented architecture15.Service-oriented architecture16.Shared nothing architecture17.Software componentry18.Space based architecture19.Structured20.Three-tier modelA short history of Web Services Web Sites (1992)Comparing REST vs. SOAP/WS-* RESTful Web Services (2006)Is REST being used?WS-* vs. RESTApplication Integration StylesArchitectural PrinciplesRESTful Web Service ExampleWeb Service ExampleProtocol LayeringDealing with HeterogeneityThe distinction from functional design •Architectural Design–the process of defining a collection of hardware and software components and their interfaces to establish the framework for the development of acomputer system.•Detailed Design–the process of refining and expanding the preliminary design of a system or component to the extent that the design is sufficiently complete to beginimplementation.•Functional Design–the process of defining the working relationships among the components of a system.•Preliminary Design–the process of analyzing design alternatives and defining the architecture, components, interfaces, and timing/sizing estimates for a system orcomponents.About the real-world performance•An software depends on only two things:–The algorithms chosen and–The suitability and efficiency of the various layers ofimplementation.Architecture Practice1.The role of Use Cases in the process2.The principles of separation of concerns anddependency management3.How to analyze and design application concerns4.How to analyze and design platform specific concerns5.How to build and manage models6.The iterative nature of building an architecture7.How to describe the architectureArchitecture：Challenges and foundations 1.What role does architecture play in thesoftware development process?2.What are some common problems withconventional approaches to architecture?3.What are some of the key characteristicsof a good architecture?Design The Use Case•Each use case is realized by a collaboration -a set of classes • A class plays different roles in different use case realizations•the total responsibility of a class is the composition of these rolesUse caseSpecification Use case design Component design & implementationReserve Room Check-in Customer Check-Out Customer CustomerScreenReserve RoomRoomReservationStaffScreenCheck inRoomReservationStaff Screen Check Out RoomCustomerScreenReserve RoomReservationRoomCheck OutCheck inStaffScreenTest the use caseReserve Room Check InCheck OutCustomerCounter StaffPayment GatewayTest CasesUse Case ScenariosOk Ok OkReserveAvailable Room ReserveUnavailable Room Etc.Many Test Cases for every Use Case•Use Case Modeling Done!•Design Done!•Basis for the Test SpecificationPlan Testing & Define Test CasesGenerate Test Cases•From Sequence diagrams and •State-Chart diagramsUse Case Driven Development•Use case driven development defines a set of models that allow you to gradually refine requirements until you reach executable code.Design and implementSpecify Use CaseUse case modelupdatesAnalyze Use Caseanalysis modelupdatesUse caseDesign modelupdatesImplementation modelUse Case Driven DevelopmentUseCase ModelAnalysis ModelPlatform •Use case model-External perspective •Analysis model-Internal perspective-Platform independent •Design model-Internal perspective《trace》IndependentStructureDesign ModelMinimal Design Structure Extension DesignStructure-platform specific-extension design kept separate fromminimal design《trace》The “Level Of Detail” Challenge •Many practitioners are concerned about how detailed requirements should be, how detailed design should be•This question arise largely because of waterfall mindset.•Never detailed enough until you produce the system.Solution •The solution is apply iterative development and iterative define the architecture and implement and test the architecture,•Proceed until you get the desired systemAgenda •The “level of detail” challenge •Architecture first approach •Describing and evaluating architecture •Summary and review。

托福听力lecture解题方法有哪些

托福听力lecture解题方法有哪些托福听力环节中分为conversation和lecture两部分。

lecture是让不少考生头疼的，有什么解题方法可以搞定lecture呢?下面就是店铺给大家整理的托福听力lecture技巧，希望对你有用!托福听力lecture解题技巧第一，文章的开头部分一定要全神贯注的听清楚。

在每篇讲座开始之前都会对整篇讲座内容作简短的开篇介绍，一般为一句话：Listen to part of the lecture in X class, the professor is talking about Y. 这里的X——学科名称，以及Y——主要内容，相当于给讲座内容指出了一个大的方向。

正式讲座开始后，先要注意听其主题，大多数的教授都会在课程开始时开门见山，点明主题，例如：Today we will talk about…或者T oday we will focus on…, on或者about 后面的内容要重点把握，这就是整篇文章的核心内容，可以帮助我们迅速抓住文章的主题。

第二，同学们在听懂lecture的主题之后，要大胆的对文章内容进行猜测，然后集中精力抓住段落中的关键词和核心概念，将脑海中储备的相关知识迅速的调出来，然后对听到的内容进行合理预测。

例如：如果讲座将介绍火山的相关知识，那么应该迅速预测接下来可能会听到火山的分类、不同类别火山的喷发时间、所在地点以及危害性等等。

这样带有“主动性”的去听，会对理解文章内容有很大帮助。

当然，这种主动预测的能力是要建立在平时多听、多总结、多积累的基础之上的。

第三，做好听力笔记，记住关键性的信息。

记笔记是托福听力的必修课。

讲座文章篇幅较长，也就是所包含的信息量较大，而文章的后面又会考察我们一些细节信息。

在这种情况下，光凭大脑记忆是绝对不够的，必须拥有边听边记笔记的能力才能应对后面的题目。

在记笔记时，要重点把握文章的一些细节信息点，例如：时间、名词、举例等等。

RM、AVI、MPG、ASF的格式电影合并软件及其使用方法

★★★★RM、A VI、MPG、ASF的格式电影合并软件及其使用方法！★★★★Realplay的RM影片使用工具：Realproducer Plus 8文件大小：6.3MRM是网上最为流行的格式，很多网址都有最新影片的RM版供广大网友下载，不过这些影片往往会象VCD般被拆成上下两部，因此合并RM影片也许是各位朋友最大的要求，笔者就把它放在第一位向大家介绍。

大家一定知道利用Realproducer Plus 8可以制作RM影片，不过，除了这一主要功能外，它还可以帮我们将RM文件合起来，具体步骤如下：打开Realproducer Plus8，单击File菜单下的“edit Realmedia File”命令，软件会弹出“RealMediaEditor”窗口——我们的合并*作就在该窗口中进行；单击“RealMedia Editor”窗口内“File”菜单下的“Open RealMedia file…”命令，在弹出的选择文件框中找到需要合并的第一个RM文件后按“确定”关闭对话框。

这时，窗口中间的预览区会显示该影片；单击“File”菜单下的“Append RealMedia file…”命令，在弹出的选择文件框中找到需要合并的第二个RM文件后按“确定”关闭对话框。

⑷重复第三步*作直至加入所有需要合并的RM文件。

⑸单击“File”菜单下的“Save RealMedia file As…”命令，在弹出的文件框确定合并文件的文件名及保存目录后按“确定”键，Realproducer Plus即会为你自动将几个RM文件合并为一（如图1jy42zt01.jpg）。

A VI文档的合并使用工具：Peck’s Power Join v1.1b文件大小：2.1M这是一款专门用于合并A VI文件的免费软件，每次运行该软件，都会出现一个欢迎界面，不用管它，单击界面中间“OK”键即可进入软件（见图2jy42zt02.jpg）。

软件的使用相对比较简单，软件的左面为文件列表区，只要选择的磁盘和目录正确，A VI文件都会列于右下方的列表框中。

世界最著名大学在线教育网址

莱斯大学
加州大学圣地亚哥分校
剑桥大学/main/Podcasts.html
美国大学华盛顿法律学院 /podcasts
九、索菲亚
索菲亚大学 /gallery
无论是想当一名管理者、作家、评论员、还是要从事设计和IT业的人，索菲亚大学的免费课程肯定让你受益匪浅。索菲亚大学提供了8门学科的课程，其中《企业网络安全实战》已翻译成中文。
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华盛顿大学 /education/course-webs.html
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犹他大学 /front-page/Courese_listing
犹他大学类似于麻省理工，提供大量的课程课件
五、塔夫茨
塔夫茨大学
塔夫茨大学也是“开放式教育课程”的先驱之一，初期提供的课程着重在本校专长的生命科学、跨领域方法、国际观点以及对美国地区性、全国性社群服务的基础理论。
六、公开
英国公开大学 /course/index.php
英国十几所大学联合起来，组建了英国公开大学。有一部分课程是对注册学生开放的，但是有一批很好的课程是免费的，并提供视频。每门课还设立了论坛，在社区中，大家发表意见，提供其他的学习资源，互相取经。在这个网站里，最能锻炼自学者的能力，因为你要不停地淘，才能找到宝贝。
（中国大陆）推荐
（中国台湾）
二、卡耐基梅隆 /oli/
卡耐基梅隆针对初入大学的大学生，提供１０门学科的课程视频。与其他大学的免费课程一样，非卡耐基梅隆的学子能学习课程，但是为了使学生能够及时了解自己的课程进度，卡耐基梅隆建议造访者在网站上注册，建立自己的资料库。这样一来，你得在有限的时间内完成一门课程，还要参加几次考试，当然，即使你得了１００分，卡耐基梅隆也不会给你开证明，更不会给你学分。

lecture_notes_ch1-4

1IntroductionThis chapter introduces the concept of a game and encourages the reader to begin thinking about the formal analysis of strategic situations.The chapter contains a short history of game theory,followed by a description of“non-cooperative theory”(which the book emphasizes),a discussion of the notion of contract and the related use of“cooperative theory,”and comments on the science and art of applied theoretical work.The chapter explains that the word“game”should be associated with any well-deﬁned strategic situation,not just adversarial contests.Finally,the format and style of the book are described.Lecture NotesThe non-administrative segment of aﬁrst lecture in game theory may run as follows.•Deﬁnition of a strategic situation.•Examples(have students suggest some):chess,poker,and other parlor games;tennis,football,and other sports;ﬁrm competition,international trade,inter-national relations,ﬁrm/employee relations,and other standard economic exam-ples;biological competition;elections;and so on.•Competition and cooperation are both strategic topics.Game theory is a generalmethodology for studying strategic settings(which may have elements of bothcompetition and cooperation).•The elements of a formal game representation.•A few simple examples of the extensive form representation(point out the basiccomponents).Examples and Experiments1.Clap game.Ask the students to stand and then,if they comply,ask them toclap.(This is a silly game.)Show them how to diagram the strategic situationas an extensive form tree.The game starts with your decision about whether toask them to stand.If you ask them to stand,then they(modeled as one player)have to choose between standing and staying in their seats.If they stand,thenyou decide between saying nothing and asking them to clap.If you ask them toclap,then they have to decided whether to clap.Write the outcomes at terminalnodes in descriptive terms such as“professor happy,students confused.”Thenshow how these outcomes can be converted into payoﬀnumbers.13Instructors' Manual for Strategy:Copyright 2002, 2008 by Joel Watson1INTRODUCTION142.Auction the textbook.Many students will probably not have purchased thetextbook by theﬁrst class meeting.These students may be interested in pur-chasing the book from you,especially if they can get a good deal.However,quite a few students will not know the price of the book.Without announcingthe bookstore’s price,hold a sealed-bid,ﬁrst-price auction(using real money).This is a common-value auction with incomplete information.The winning bidmay exceed the bookstore’s price,giving you an opportunity to talk about the“winner’s curse”and to establish a fund to pay students in future classroomexperiments.Instructors' Manual for Strategy:Copyright 2002, 2008 by Joel Watson2The Extensive FormThis chapter introduces the basic components of the extensive form in a non-technical way.Students who learn about the extensive form at the beginning of a course are much better able to grasp the concept of a strategy than are students who are taught the normal formﬁrst.Since strategy is perhaps the most important concept in game theory,a good understanding of this concept makes a dramatic diﬀerence in each student’s ability to progress.The chapter avoids the technical details of the extensive form representation in favor of emphasizing the basic components of games.The technical details are covered in Chapter14.Lecture NotesThe following may serve as an outline for a lecture.•Basic components of the extensive form:nodes,branches.Nodes are wherethings happen.Branches are individual actions taken by the players.•Example of a game tree.•Types of nodes:initial,terminal,decision.•Build trees by expanding,never converging back on themselves.At any placein a tree,you should always know exactly how you got there.Thus,the treesummarizes the strategic possibilities.•Player and action labels.Try not to use the same label for diﬀerent places wheredecisions are made.•Information sets.Start by describing the tree as a diagram that an externalobserver creates to map out the possible sequences of decisions.Assume theexternal observer sees all of the players’actions.Then describe what it meansfor a player to not know what another player did.This is captured by dashedlines indicating that a player cannot distinguish between two or more nodes.•We assume that the players know the game tree,but that a given player maynot know where he is in the game when he must make any particular decision.•An information set is a place where a decision is made.•How to describe simultaneous moves.•Outcomes and how payoﬀnumbers represent preferences.15Instructors' Manual for Strategy:Copyright 2002, 2008 by Joel Watson2THE EXTENSIVE FORM16Examples and ExperimentsSeveral examples should be used to explain the components of an extensive form.In addition to some standard economic examples(such asﬁrm entry into an industry and entrant/incumbent competition),here are a few I routinely use:1.Three-card poker.In this game,there is a dealer(player1)and two potentialbetters(players2and3).There are three cards in the deck:a high card,amiddle card,and a low card.At the beginning of the game,the dealer looks atthe cards and gives one to each of the other players.Note that the dealer candecide which of the cards goes to player2and which of the cards goes to player3.(There is no move by Nature in this game.The book does not deal with movesof Nature until Part IV.You can discuss moves of Nature at this point,but itis not necessary.)Player2does not observe the card dealt to player3,nor doesplayer3observe the card dealt to player2.After the dealer’s move,player2observes his card and then decides whether to bet or to fold.After player2’sdecision,player3observes his own card and also whether player2folded orbet.Then player3must decide whether to fold or bet.After player3’s move,the game ends.Payoﬀs indicate that each player prefers winning to folding andfolding to losing.Assume the dealer is indiﬀerent between all of the outcomes(or specify some other preference ordering).2.Let’s Make a Deal game.This is the three-door guessing game that was madefamous by Monty Hall and the television game show Let’s Make a Deal.Thegame is played by Monty(player1)and a contestant(player2),and it runs asfollows.First,Monty secretly places a prize(say,$1000)behind one of threedoors.Call the doors a,b,and c.(You might write Monty’s actionsas a ,b ,and c ,to diﬀerentiate them from those of the contestant.)Then,without observing Monty’s choice,the contestant selects oneof the doors(by saying“a,”“b,”or“c”).After this,Monty must open one of the doors,but he is not allowedto open the door that is in front of the prize,nor is he allowed to openthe door that the contestant selected.Note that Monty does not havea choice if the contestant chooses a diﬀerent door than Monty chosefor the prize.The contestant observes which door Monty opens.Notethat she will see no prize behind this door.The contestant then has the option of switching to the other unopeneddoor(S for“switch”)or staying with the door she originally selected(D for“don’t switch”).Finally,the remaining doors are opened and the contestant wins theprize if it is behind the door she chose.The contestant obtains a Instructors' Manual for Strategy:Copyright 2002, 2008 by Joel Watson2THE EXTENSIVE FORM17 payoﬀ1if she wins,zero otherwise.Monty is indiﬀerent between allof the outcomes.For a bonus question,you can challenge the students to draw the extensive formrepresentation of the Let’s Make a Deal game or the Three-Card Poker game.Students who submit a correct extensive form can be given points for the classcompetition.The Let’s Make a Deal extensive form is pictured on the nextpage.Instructors' Manual for Strategy:Copyright 2002, 2008 by Joel Watson2THE EXTENSIVE FORM18Instructors' Manual for Strategy:Copyright 2002, 2008 by Joel Watson3Strategies and the Normal FormAs noted already,introducing the extensive form representation at the beginning ofa course helps the students appreciate the notion of a strategy.A student that doesnot understand the concept of a“complete contingent plan”will fail to grasp the sophisticated logic of dynamic rationality that is so critical to much of game theory.Chapter3starts with the formal deﬁnition of strategy,illustrated with some examples.The critical point is that strategies are more than just“plans.”A strategy prescribes an action at every information set,even those that would not be reached because of actions taken at other information sets.Chapter3proceeds to the construction of the normal-form representation,starting with the observation that each strategy proﬁle leads to a single terminal node(an outcome)via a path through the tree.This leads to the deﬁnition of a payoﬀfunction.The chapter then deﬁnes the normal form representation as comprising a set of players, strategy spaces for the players,and payoﬀfunctions.The matrix form,for two-player,ﬁnite games,is illustrated.The chapter then brieﬂy describes seven classic normal form games.The chapter concludes with a few comments on the comparison between the normal and extensive forms.Lecture NotesThe following may serve as an outline for a lecture.•Formal deﬁnition of strategy.•Examples of strategies.•Notation:strategy space S i,individual strategy s i∈S i.Example:S i={H,L}and s i=H.•Refer to Appendix A for more on sets.•Strategy proﬁle:s∈S,where S=S1×S2×···×S n(product set).•Notation:i and−i,s=(s i,s−i).•Discuss howﬁnite and inﬁnite strategy spaces can be described.•Why we need to keep track of a complete contingent plan:(1)It allows theanalysis of games from any information set,(2)it facilitates exploring how aplayer responds to his belief about what the other players will do,and(3)itprescribes a contingency plan if a player makes a mistake.•Describe how a strategy implies a path through the tree,leading to a terminalnode and payoﬀvector.•Examples of strategies and implied payoﬀs.19Instructors' Manual for Strategy:Copyright 2002, 2008 by Joel Watson3STRATEGIES AND THE NORMAL FORM20•Deﬁnition of payoﬀfunction,u i:S→R,u i(s).Refer to Appendix A for moreon functions.•Example:a matrix representation of players,strategies,and payoﬀs.(Use anyabstract game,such as the centipede game.)•Formal deﬁnition of the normal form.•Note:The matrix representation is possible only for two-player,ﬁnite games.Otherwise,the game must be described by sets and equations.•The classic normal form games and some stories.Note the diﬀerent strategicissues represented:conﬂict,competition,coordination,cooperation.•Comparing the normal and extensive forms(translating one to the other).Examples and Experiments1.Ultimatum-oﬀer bargaining game.Have students give instructions to others asto how to play the game.Those who play the role of“responder”will have tospecify under what conditions to accept and under what conditions to reject theother player’s oﬀer.This helps solidify that a strategy is a complete contingentplan.2.The centipede game(like the one in Figure3.1(b)if the textbook).As with thebargaining game,have some students write their strategies on paper and givethe strategies to other students,who will then play the game as their agents.Discuss mistakes as a reason for specifying a complete contingent plan.Thendiscuss how strategy speciﬁcations helps us develop a theory about why playersmake particular decisions(looking ahead to what they would do at variousinformation sets).3.Any of the classic normal forms.4.The Princess Bride poison scene.Show the“poison”scene(and the few minutesleading to it)from the Rob Reiner movie The Princess Bride.In this scene,protagonist Wesley matches wits with the evil Vizzini.There are two gobletsﬁlled with wine.Away from Vizzini’s view,Wesley puts poison into one ofthe goblets.Then Wesley sets the goblets on a table,one goblet near himselfand the other near Vizzini.Vizzini must choose from which goblet to drink.Wesley must drink from the other goblet.Several variations of this game can bediagrammed for the students,ﬁrst in the extensive form and then in the normalform.Instructors' Manual for Strategy:Copyright 2002, 2008 by Joel Watson3STRATEGIES AND THE NORMAL FORM215.A3×3dominance-solvable game,such as the following.The payoﬀs are in dollars.It is very useful to have the students play a gamesuch as this before you lecture on dominance and best response.This will helpthem to begin thinking about rationality,and their behavior will serve as areference point for formal analysis.Have the students write their strategiesand their names on slips of paper.Collect the slips and randomly select aplayer1and a player2.Pay these two students according to their strategyproﬁle.Calculate the class distribution over the strategies,which you can lateruse when introducing dominance and iterated dominance.6.Repeated Prisoners’Dilemma.Describe the k-period,repeated prisoners’dilemma.For a bonus question,ask the students to compute the number of strategies forplayer1when k=3.Challenge the students toﬁnd a mathematical expressionfor the number of strategies as a function of k.Instructors' Manual for Strategy:Copyright 2002, 2008 by Joel Watson4Beliefs,Mixed Strategies,and Expected PayoﬀsThis chapter describes how a belief that a player has about another player’s behavior is represented as a probability distribution.It then covers the idea of a mixed strat-egy,which is a similar probability distribution.The appropriate notation is deﬁned.The chapter deﬁnes expected payoﬀand gives some examples of how to compute it.At the end of the chapter,there are a few comments about cardinal versus ordinal utility(although it is not put in this language)and about how payoﬀnumbers reﬂect preferences over uncertain outcomes.Risk preferences are discussed in Chapter25.Lecture NotesThe following may serve as an outline for a lecture.•Example of belief in words:“Player1might say‘I think player2is very likelyto play strategy L.’”•Translate into probability numbers.•Other examples of probabilities.•Notation:µj∈∆S j,µj(s j)∈[0,1], s j∈S jµj(s j)=1.•Examples and alternative ways of denoting a probability distribution:for S j={L,R}andµj∈∆{L,R}deﬁned byµj(L)=1/3andµj(R)=2/3,we canwriteµj=(1/3,2/3).•Mixed strategy.Notation:σi∈∆S i.•Refer to Appendix A for more on probability distributions.•Deﬁnition of expected value.Deﬁnition of expected payoﬀ.•Examples:computing expected payoﬀs.•Brieﬂy discuss how payoﬀnumbers represent preferences over random outcomes,risk.Defer elaboration until later.22Instructors' Manual for Strategy:Copyright 2002, 2008 by Joel WatsonBELIEFS AND EXPECTED PAYOFFS23 Examples and Experiments1.Let’s Make a Deal game again.For the class competition,you can ask thefollowing two bonus questions:(a)Suppose that,at each of his information sets,Monty randomizes by choosing his actions with equal probability.Is it optimal for the contestant to select“switch”or“don’t switch”when she has this choice?Why?(b)Are there conditions(a strategy for Monty)under which it is optimal for the contestant to make the other choice?2.Randomization in sports.Many sports provide good examples of randomizedstrategies.Baseball pitchers may desire to randomize over their pitches,and batters may have probabilistic beliefs about which pitch will be thrown to them.Tennis serve and return play is another good example.11See Walker,M.,and Wooders J.“Minimax Play at Wimbledon,”American Economic Review 91(2001):1521-1538.Instructors' Manual for Strategy: An Introduction to Game Theory Copyright 2002, 2008 by Joel Watson For instructors only; do not distribute.。

芝加哥大学教授chaney讲义八(英文原版)

If factor endowments di¤er between countries, some country will be relatively more e¢ cient at producing some goods, and vice versa.
2
The more di¤erent are factor endowments, the larger the relative productivity in di¤erent sectors between countries.
In this lecture, we will try to understand the determinants of horizontal FDI, and see what role …rm heterogeneity may play. Brainard (1997) presents a simple proximity-concentration theory to understand the trade-o¤ between export and FDI. Markusen and Venables (2000) add factor endowment di¤erences between countries to this simple model. Helpman, Melitz and Yeaple (2004) add …rm heterogeneity.
If the productivity is very di¤erent in di¤erent countries, there are incentives to concentrate all the production of a given sector in the country where the productivity in that sector is highest, and export from that country, rather than split up the production of the same sector in di¤erent countries.

[经济学]货币金融学课件Lecture_OK

Chapter 6
The Risk and Term Structure of Interest Rates
Outline
Examining the relationship of the various interest rates t o one another • Risk structure of interest rates
• U.S. T-bonds are considered default free • Risk premium—the spread between the interest rates on bonds with defa
ult risk and the interest rates on T-bonds
any given year
6-3
•The spread between the interest rates varies over time
Risk Structure of Interest Rates
• Default risk—occurs when the issuer of the bond is unable or un willing to make interest payments or pay off the face value
Income Tax Consideration
The Municipal Bonds have the lowest interest rate despite they have higher
default risks and less liquid than those oCfopUyrSighttre©as2u0r0y7 bonds
• Interest rates on bonds of different maturities move together ove r time

2008专八真题附带答案与解析

2008专八真题附带答案与解析2008 年英语试题及答案TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2008)-GRADE EIGHTTIMELIMIT: 195 MINPARTI LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lectureONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Yournotes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete agap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, youwill be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutesto complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blanksheet for note-taking.SECTION B CONVERSATIONIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefullyand then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer toeach question on your coloured answer sheet. Questions 1 to 5 are based on a conversation. At the end of theconversation you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of thefollowing five questions.Now listen to the conversation.1. Mary doesn't seem to favour the idea of a new airport becauseA. the existing airports are to be wastedB. more people will be encouraged to travel.382C. more oil will be consumed.D. more airplanes will be purchased.2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Mary asa potentialdisadvantage?A. More people in the area.B. Noise and motorways.C. Waste of land.D. Unnecessary travel.3. Freddy has cited the following advantages for a new airportEXCEPTA. more job opportunities.B. vitality to the local economy.C. road construction,D. presence of aircrew in the area.4. Mary thinks that people don't need to do much travel nowadaysas a result ofA. less emphasis on personal contact.B. advances in modern telecommunications.C. recent changes in people's concepts.D. more potential damage to the area5. We learn from the conversation that Freddy is Mary's ideas,383A. strongly in favour ofB. mildly in favour ofC. strongly againstD. mildly againstSECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefullyand then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer toeach question on your coloured answer sheet. Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.6. What is the main idea of the news item?A. A new government was formed after Sunday's elections.B. The new government intends to change the welfare system.C. The Social Democratic Party founded the welfare system.D. The Social Democratic Party was responsible for high unemployment.Questions 7 and 8 are based on the following news. At the end of thenews item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.7. The tapes of the Apollo-11 mission were first stored inA. a U.S. government archives warehouse.B. a NASA ground tracking station.384C. the Goddard Space Flight Centre.D. none of the above places.8. What does the news item say about Richard Nafzger?A. He is assigned the task to look for the tapes.B. He believes that the tapes are probably lost.C. He works in a NASA ground receiving site.D. He had asked for the tapes in the 1970s. Questions 9 and10 are based on the following news. At the end of thenews item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.9. The example in the news item is cited mainly to showA. that doctors are sometimes professionally incompetentB. that in cases like that hospitals have to pay huge compensations.C. that language barriers might lower the quality of treatment.D. that language barriers can result in fatal consequences.10. According to Dr. Flores, hospitals and clinicsA. have seen the need for hiring trained interpreters.B. have realized the problems of language barriers.C. have begun training their staff to be bilinguals.D. have taken steps to provide accurate diagnosis. 385PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a totalof 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark youranswers on your coloured answer sheetTEXT AAt the age of 16, Lee Hyuk Joon's life is a living hell. The South Korean10th grader gets up at 6 in the morning to go to school, and studiesmost of the day until returning home at 6 p.m. After dinner, it's timeto hit the books again—at one of Seoul's many so-called cram schools.Lee gets back home at 1 in the morning, sleeps less than five hours,then repeats the routine—five days a week. It's a grueling schedule,but Lee worries that it may not be good enough to get him into a topuniversity. Some of his classmates study even harder. South Korea's education system has long been highly competitive. But for Lee and the other 700,000 high-school sophomores in the country,high-school studies have gotten even more intense. That's because SouthKorea has conceived a new college-entrance system, which will beimplemented in 2008. This year's 10th graders will be the first groupevaluated by the new admissions standard, which places more emphasison grades in the three years of high school and less on nationwideSAT-style and other selection tests, which have traditionallydetermined which students go to the elite colleges. The change was made mostly to reduce what the government says is agrowing education gap in the country: wealthy students go to the bestcolleges and get the best jobs, keeping the children of poorer familieson the social margins. The aim is to reduce the importance of costlytutors and cram schools, partly to help students enjoy a more normalhigh-school life. But the new system has had the opposite effect. Before,students didn't worry too much about their grade-point averages; thebig challenge was beating the standardized tests as high-school seniors.Now students are competing against one another over a three-year period,386and every midterm and final test is crucial. Fretful parents are relyingeven more heavily on tutors and cram schools to help their childrensucceed.Parents and kids have sent thousands of angry online letters to theEducation Ministry complaining that the new admissions standard issetting students against each other. "One can succeed onlywhen othersfail,” as one pare nt said.Education experts say that South Korea's public secondary-schoolsystem is foundering, while private education is thriving. Accordingto critics, the country's high schools are almost uniformlymediocre—the result of an egalitarian government education policy.With the number of elite schools strictly controlled by the government,even the brightest students typically have to settle for ordinaryschools in their neighbourhoods, where the curriculum is centred onaverage students. To make up for the mediocrity, zealous parents sendtheir kids to the expensive cram schools.Students in affluent southern Seoul neighbourhoods complain that thenew system will hurt them the most. Nearly all Korean high schools willbe weighted equally in the college-entrance process, and relativelyweak students in provincial schools, who may not score well onstandardized tests, often compile good grade-point averages.Some universities, particularly prestigious ones, openly complain thatthey cannot select the best students under the new system because iteliminates differences among high schools. They've asked for morediscretion in picking students by giving more weight to such screeningtools as essay writing or interviews.President Roh Moo Hyun doesn't like how some colleges are trying tocircumvent the new system. He recently criticized "greedy"universities that focus more on finding the best students than fayingto "nurture good students". But amid the crossfire between thegovernment and universities, the country's 10th graders are feelingthe stress. On online protest sites, some are calling themselves a“cursed generation” and “mice in a lab experiment”. It all seemsa touch melodramatic, but that's the South Korean school system.38711. According to the passage, the new college-entrance system isdesigned toA. require students to sit for more college-entrance tests.B. reduce the weight of college-entrance tests.C. select students on their high school grades only.D. reduce the number of prospective college applicants.12. What seems to be the effect of introducing the new system?A. The system has given equal opportunities to students.B. The system has reduced the number of cram schools.C. The system has intensified competition among schools.D. The system has increased students' study load.13. According to critics, the popularity of private education ismainly the result ofA. the government's egalitarian policy.B. insufficient number of schools:C. curriculums of average quality.D. low cost of private education.14. According to the passage, there seems to be disagreement overthe adoption of the new system between the following groups EXCEPTA. between universities and the government.388B. between school experts and the government.C. between parents and schools.D. between parents and the government.15. Which of the following adjectives best describes the author'streatment of the topic?A. Objective.B. Positive.C. Negative.D. Biased.TEXT BWilfred Emmanuel-Jones was a teenager before he saw hisfirst cow inhis first field. Born in Jamaica, the 47-year-old grew up in inner-cityBirmingham before making a career as a television producer andlaunching his own marketing agency. But deep down he always nurturedevery true Englishman's dream of a rustic life, a dream that hisentrepreneurial wealth has allowed him to satisfy. These days he's theowner of a thriving 12-hectare farm in deepest Devon with cattle, sheepand pigs. His latest business venture: pushing his brand of Black Fannergourmet sausages and barbecue sauces. “My background may be veryurban,” says Emmanuel-Jones. “But it has given me a good idea of whatother urbanites want.”And of how to sell it. Emmanuel-Jones joins a herd ofwealthy fugitivesfrom city life who are bringing a new commercial know-how to Britishfarming. Britain's burgeoning farmers' markets-numbers have doubledto at least 500 in the last five years—swarm with specialtycheesemakers, beekeepers or organic smallholders who are redeployingthe business skills they learned in the city. "Everyone in theruralcommunity has to come to terms with the fact that things have changed."389Says Emmanuel-Jones. "You can produce the best food in the world, butif you don't know how to market it, you are wasting your time. We arehelping the traditionalists to move on."The emergence of the new class of superpeasants reflects some oldyearnings. If the British were the first nation to industrialize, theywere also the first to head back to the land. "There is this romanticimage of the countryside that is particularly English," says AlunHowkins of the University of Sussex, who reckons the population of ruralEngland has been rising since 1911. Migration into rural areas is nowrunning at about 100,000 a year, and the hunger for a taste of the rurallife has kept land prices buoyant even as agricultural incomes tumble.About 40 percent of all farmland is now sold to "lifestyle buyers"rather than the dwindling number of traditional farmers, according tothe Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.What's new about the latest returnees is their affluence and zeal forthe business of producing quality foods, if only at a micro-level. Ahealthy economy and surging London house prices have helped to easethe escape of the would-be rustics. The media recognize and feed thefantasy. One of the big TV hits of recent years, the "River Cottage"series, chronicled the attempts of a London chef to run his own Dorsetfarm.Naturally, the newcomers can't hope to match their City salaries, butmany are happy to trade any loss of income for the extra job satisfaction.Who cares if there's no six-figure annual bonus when the land offersother incalculable compensations?Besides, the specialist producers can at least depend on a burgeoningmarket for their products. Today's eco-aware generation loves to seekout authentic ingredients. "People like me may be making a differencein a small way," Jan McCourt, a onetime investment banker now runninghis own 40-hectare spread in the English Midlands stocked with rarebreeds.Optimists see signs of far-reaching change: Britain isn't catching upwith mainl and Europe; it's leading the way. “Unlike most othercountries, where artisanal food production is being eroded, here it390is being recovered," says food writer Matthew Fort. “It may be themark of the next stage of civilization that we rediscover the de sirability of being a peasant.” And not an investment banker.16. Which of the following details of Wilfred Emmanuel-Jones isINCORRECT?A. He was born and brought up in Birmingham.B. He used to work in the television industry.C. He is wealthy, adventurous and aspiring.D. He is now selling his own quality foods.17. Most importantly, people like Wilfred have brought totraditional British farmingA. knowledge of farming.B. knowledge of brand names.C. knowledge of lifestyle.D. knowledge of marketing,18. Which of the following does NOT contribute to the emergence ofa new class of farmers?A. Strong desire for country life.B. Longing for greater wealth,C. Influence of TV productions.D. Enthusiasm for quality food business.19. What is seen as their additional source of new income?391A. Modern tendency to buy natural foods.B. Increase in the value of land property.C. Raising and selling rare live stock. VD. Publicity as a result of media coverage.20. The sentence in the last paragraph “...Britain isn't catchingup with mainland Europe; it's leading the way" implies thatA. Britain has taken a different path to boost economy.B. more authentic foods are being produced in Britain.C. the British are heading back to the countryside.D. the Europeans are showing great interest in country life.TEXT CIn Barcelona the Catalonians call them castells, but these aren'tstereotypical castles in Spain. These castles are made up of humanbeings, not stone. The people who perform this agile feat of acrobaticsare called castellers, and to see their towers take shape is to observea marvel of human cooperation.First the castellers form what looks like a giganticrugby scrummage.They are the foundation blocks of the castle. Behind them, other peoplepress together, forming outward-radiating ramparts of inward-pushingmuscle: flying buttresses for the castle. Then sturdy but lightercastellers scramble over the backs of those at the bottom and stand,barefoot, on their shoulders—then still others, each time adding ahigher "story".These human towers can rise higher than small apartment buildings: nine“stories”, 35 feet into the air. Then, just When it seems this towerof humanity can't defy gravity any longer, a little kid emerges fromthe crowd and climbs straight up to the top. Arms extended, the child392grins while waving to the cheering crowd far below. Dressed in their traditional costumes, the castellers seem to epitomize an easier time, before Barcelona became a world metropolis arid theMediterranean's most dynamic city. But when you observe-them tip close,in their street clothes, at practice, you see there's nothing easy aboutwhat the castellers do - and that they are not merely reenacting anancient ritual.None of the castellers can-give a logical answer as to whythey lovedoing this. But Victor Luna, 16, touches me on the shoulder and saysin English: "We do it because it's beautiful. We do it because we areCatalan."Barcelona’s mother tongue is Catalan, and to understand Barcelona,you must understand two words of Catalan: seny and rauxa. Seny prettymuch translates as common sense, or the ability to make money, arrangethings, and get things done. Rauxa is reminiscent of our words “raucous”and “ruckus”.What makes the castellers revealing of the city is that they embodyrauxa and seny. The idea of a human castle is rauxa—it defies commonsense—but to watch one going up is to see seny in action. Success isbased on everyone working together to achieve a shared goal.The success of Carlos Tusquets' bank, Fibanc, shows seny at work ineveryday life. The bank started as a family concern and now employshundreds. Tusquets said it exemplifies how the economy in Barcelonais different.Entrepreneurial seny demonstrates why Barcelona and Catalonia—theancient region of which Barcelona is the capital—are distinct fromthe rest of Spain yet essential to Spain's emergence, after centuriesof repression, as a prosperous, democratic European country. Catalonia,with Barcelona as its dynamo, has turned into an economic powerhouse.Making up 6 percent of Spain’s territory, with a sixth of its people,it accounts for nearly a quarter of Spain's production—everything fromtextiles to computers—even though the rest of Spain has been enjoyingits own economic miracle.393Hand in hand with seny goes rauxa, and there's no better place to seerauxa in action than on the Ramblas, the venerable, tree-shadedboulevard that, in gentle stages, leads you from the centre of Barcelonadown to the port. There are two narrow lanes each way for cars andmotorbikes, but it’s the wide centre walkway that makes the Ramblasa front-row seat for Barcelona's longest running theatrical event.Plastic armchairs are set out on the sidewalk. Sit in one of them, andan attendant will come and charge you a small fee. Performance artiststhrong the Ramblas—stilt walkers, witches caked in charcoal dust,Elvis impersonators. But the real stars are the old women and happilyplaying children, millionaires on motorbikes, and pimps and women who,upon closer inspection, prove not to be.Aficionados (Fans) of Barcelona love to compare notes: “Last nightthere was a man standing on the balcony of his hotel room,” MarianaBertagnolli, an Italian photographer, told me. "The balcony was on thesecond floor. He was naked, and he was talking into a cell phone."There you have it, Barcelona's essence. The man is naked (rauxa), buthe is talking into a cell phone (seny).21. From the description in the passage, we learn thatA. all Catalonians can perform castells.B. castells require performers to stand on each other.C. people perform castells in different formations.D. in castells people have to push and pull each other.22. According to the passage, the4mplication of the performance isthatA. the Catalonians are insensible and noisy people.B. the Catalonians show more sense than is expected. 394C. the Catalonians display paradoxical characteristics.D. the Catalonians think highly of team work.23. The passage cites the following examples EXCEPT __________ toshow seny at work.A. development of a bankB. dynamic role in economyC. contribution to national economyD. comparison with other regions24. In the last but two paragraph, the Ramblas is described as “afront-row seat for Barcelona’s longest running theatrical event”.What does it mean?A. On the Ramblas people can see a greater variety of performances.B. The Ramblas provides many front seats for the performances.C. The Ramblas is preferred as an important venue for the events.D. Theatrical performers like to perform on the Ramblas.25. What is the main impression of the scenes on the Ramblas?A. It is bizarre and Outlandish.B. It is of average quality.C. It is conventional and quiet.D. It is of professional standard.TEXT D395The law firm Patrick worked for before he died filed for bankruptcyprotection a year after his funeral. After his death, the firm's letterhead properly included him: Patrick S. Lanigan, 1954-1992. Hewas listed up in the right-hand corner, just above the paralegals. Thenthe rumors got started and wouldn't stop. Before long, everyonebelieved he had taken the money and disappeared. After three months,no one on the Gulf Coast believed that he was dead. His name came offthe letterhead as the debts piled up.The remaining partners in the law firm were still together, attachedunwillingly at the hip by the bondage of mortgages andthe bank notes,back when they were rolling and on the verge of serious wealth. Theyhad been joint defendants in several unwinnable lawsuits; thus thebankruptcy. Since Patrick's departure, they had tried every possibleway to divorce one another, but nothing would work. Two were ragingalcoholics who drank at the office behind locked doors, but nevertogether. The other two were in recovery, still teetering on thebrink of sobriety.He took their money. Their millions. Money they had already spent longbefore it arrived, as only lawyers can do. Money for their richlyrenovated office building in downtown Biloxi. Money for new homes,yachts, condos in the Caribbean. The money was on the way, approved,the papers signed, orders entered; they could see it, almost touch itwhen their dead partner—Patrick—snatched it at the last possiblesecond.He was dead. They buried him on February 11, 1992. They had consoledthe widow and put his rotten name on their handsome letterhead. Yetsix weeks later, he somehow stole their money.They had brawled over who was to blame. Charles Bogan, the firm's seniorpartner and its iron hand, had insisted the money be wired from itssource into a new account offshore, and this made sense after somediscussion. It was ninety million bucks, a third of which the firm wouldkeep, and it would be impossible to hide that kind of money in Biloxi,population fifty thousand. Someone at the bank would talk.Sooneveryone would know. All four vowed secrecy, even as they made plansto display as much of their new wealth as possible. There had even been396talk of a firm jet, a six-seater.So Bogan took his share of the blame. At forty-nine, he was the oldestof the four, and, at the moment, the most stable. He was also responsiblefor hiring Patrick nine years earlier, and for this he had receivedno small amount of grief.Doug Vitrano, the litigator, had made the fateful decision to recommendPatrick as the fifth partner. The other three had agreed, and whenPatrick Lanigan was added to the firm name, he had access to virtuallyevery file in the office. Bogan, Rapley, Vitrano, Havarac, and Lanigan,Attorneys and Counselors-at-Law. A large ad in the yellow pages claimed"Specialists in Offshore Injuries." Specialists or not, like most firmsthey would take almost anything if the fees were lucrative. Lots ofsecretaries and paralegals. Big overhead, and the strongest politicalconnections on the Coast.They were all in their mid- to late forties. Havarac had been raisedby his father on a shrimp boat. His hands were still proudly calloused,and he dreamed of choking Patrick until his neck snapped. Rapley wasseverely depressed and seldom left his home, where he wrote briefs ina dark office in the attic.26. What happened to the four remaining lawyers after Patrick'sdisappearance?A. They all wanted to divorce their wives.B. They were all heavily involved in debts.C. They were all recovering from drinking.D. They had bought new homes, yachts, etc.27. Which of the following statements contains a metaphor?A. His name came off the letterhead as the debts piled up.B. …they could see it, almost touch it when their dead partner...397C. …, att ached unwillingly at the h ip by the bondage of mortgages...D. …, and for this he had received no small amount of grief.28. According to the passage, what is the main cause of Patrickstealing the money?A. Patrick was made a partner of the firm.B. The partners agreed to have the money transferred.C. Patrick had access to all the files in the firm.D. Bogan decided to hire Patrick nine years earlier.29. The lawyers were described as being all the following EXCEPTA. greedy.B. extravagantC. quarrelsome.D. bad-tempered.30. Which of the following implies a contrast?A. …, and it would be impossible to hide that kind of money in Biloxi,population fifty thousand.B. They had been joint defendants in several unwinnable lawsuits; thusthe bankruptcy.C. There had even been talk of a firm jet, a six-seater.D. His name came off the letterhead as the debts piled up.398PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose thebest answer to each question. Mark your answers on your coloured answersheet31. The largest city in Canada isA. Vancouver.B. Montreal.C. TorontoD. Ottawa.32. According to the United States Constitution, thelegislativepower is invested inA. the Federal Government.B. the Supreme Court.C. the Cabinet.D. the Congress.33. Which of the following is the oldest sport in the United States?A. Baseball.B. Tennis.C. Basketball.D. American football.34. The head of the executive branch in New Zealand is 399A. the President.B. the Governor-General.C. the British monarch,D. the Prime Minister.35. The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a groupof pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, is an important poetic workbyA. William Langland.B. Geoffrey Chaucer.C. William Shakespeare.D. Alfred Tennyson.36. Who wrote The American?A. Herman Melville.B. Nathaniel Hawthorne.C. Henry James.D. Theodore Dreiser.37. All of the following are well-known female writers in 20th-century Britain EXCEPTA. George Eliot.B. Iris Jean Murdoch.C. Doris Lessing.400D. Muriel Spark.38. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness.B. Displacement.C. Duality.D. Diachronicity.39. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim isinterested in po etry.”?A. A simple sentence.B. A coordinate sentence.C. A complex sentence.D. None of the above.40. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the sameform is calledA. hyponymy.B. synonymy.C. polysemy.D. homonymy.PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN) 401Proofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as。

Lecture_01

UNIT OF STUDY OUTLINE
• • • • • CONTENTS Topic Guide in UoS (Blackboard) Course Text – Co-Op Bookshop Lectures, workshops and work outside contact hours Consultation: Mon 5-6pm, rm 445, Econ & Bus Guest lecture Connecting what we have learned in Corporate Finance about Capital Structure & Corporate Control to UNDERSTAND HOW VALUE IS CREATED IN M&A
– Group Project
• Workshop exercises (one week in computer lab • Practiing Blackboard and Web for efficiency • INTEREST IN TOPIC – SELF LEARNING
GROUP PROJECT
• Task 3 – Final group report due by 4:30pm Friday 28th May, 2010 – Submitted electronically and in hard copy • Task 4 – Each member within the group will need to complete a Group Assignment Self-Reflective Journal – The self reflection exercise will be marked and is worth 10% of your assignment grade – Students who do not submit this journal will receive a zero grade for this group assessment

lecture8

G ( y ) Pr(Y y ) Pr(r ( X ) y )
{ x:r ( x ) y}
f ( x)dx
If Y also has a continuous distribution, its p.d.f. g can be obtained by
( y) g ( y) dG dy
X s(Y ) (1 Y )1/ 2 for 0<Y<1.
ds( y) 1 dy 2(1 y)1/ 2 1 3 1/ 2 3(1 y ) (1 y ) , 0 y 1 1/ 2 2(1 y) 2 g ( y) 0, otherwise
18

Suppose we want to find the joint distribution of Y1 min(X1,, X n ) and Yn max(X1,, X n )
For - y1 yn , G ( y1 , yn ) Pr(Y1 y1 and Yn yn ) Pr(Yn yn ) Pr(Yn yn and Y1 y1 ) Pr(Yn yn ) Pr( y1 X 1 yn , , y1 X n yn ) Gn ( yn ) Pr( y1 X i yn )
g ( y) Pr(Y y) Pr(r ( X ) y)
x:r ( x ) y
f ( x)
2
Variable with A Continuous Distribution

Suppose X has a continuous distribution with p.d.f. f, and Y=r(X), a function of X. The d.f. G of Y can be derived as:

范里安中级微观经济学英文课件Lecture8.ProductionP

y’ = f(x’) is the maximal output level obtainable from x’ input units.
x’
x Input Level
5
Production Set
◊ A production plan is an input bundle and an output level; (x1, … , xn, y).
xi
y xi
2 y xi2
0
◊ The law of diminishing marginal product:
for most kinds of production processes,
the MP of a factor diminishes, given all
other inputs are being held fixed.
x2
All isoquants are hyperbolic（双曲线）, asymptoting(渐进)to,
but never touching any axis.
y x1a x2b
y x1a x2b y x1a x2b
x1
y y
11
Fixed-Proportions Technologies
y” is an output level that is feasible from x’ input ProductionunSietst .
Technically
x’
inefficient plans
x Input Level
7
Technologies with Two Inputs
◊ Consider that there two inputs, and inputs levels are x1 and x2. Output level is y.

译林版高中英语学案必修第二册精品课件 UNIt 1 Section A

A.To tell us that some visual special effects were made by computers.
C
B.To tell us that the film-making is a product of hard work.
C.To tell us that some films’ sound effects were not made as we expected.
重点短语
语言能力
重点句式
核心语法主题写作
science fiction
behind the scenes
do justice to
in addition to
pull up
1.whatever引导的让步状语从句
2.next time引导的时间状语从句
3.过去分词(短语)作状语
4.not only...but also...不仅……而且……
In short,it is the joint effort of many 9. ___ta_l_e_n_te_d___ (talent) people 10.__t_h_a_t/_w_h_o___ are behind the scenes of a great film and they deserve all the credit.
angle
言背 ensure Atlantic
ocean
能单 dragon award
audience
力词 desert jungle
title
classic super
solution
cure eventually
typical

componentsfactors

Factor Pricing
Fin 501: Asset Pricing
Mimicking Portfolios…
• Regress on factor directly or on portfolio that mimics factor
➢ Theoretical justification: project factor on M ➢ Advantage: portfolios have smaller measurement error
• Factor structure ) split idiosyncratic from systematic risk • ) all idiosyncratic risk ej are linearly independent and
span space orthogonal to F. Hence, • Note • Error
• Unobservable factors:
➢ Let data determine “abstract” factors ➢ Mimic these factors with “mimicking portfolios” ➢ Can always choose factors such that
• The dimension of the space of portfolios
sensitive to a particular factor is J-(K-1).
• A portfolio mimics factor k0 if it is the portfolio with smallest idiosyncratic risk among portfolios
• Pythagorean Thm: If {z1, …, zn} is orthogonal system in Hilbert space, then

译林版高中英语必修第2册(YL) 1.1 Section Ⅰ Welcome to the unit

渐渐地，他开始意识到“娱乐是人们生活中最重要的事情之一”。正如他曾经所言，“没有娱乐，人们或许会精神崩溃。”
新知感知·自学导引
文本研析·语篇理解
教材助读·开放课堂
核心突破·互动探究
课时达标·随堂自测
新知感知·自学导引
Ⅰ.核心词汇
1．____fi_ct_i_on_____ n. 小说；虚构的事 2．____fa_c_to_r_____ n. 因素，要素 3．___d_in_o_s_au_r____ n. 恐龙 4．____sh_e_e_t_____ n. 一张(纸)；床单，被单；薄片 5．___en_v_e_lo_p_e____ n. 信封 6．___a_t_ta_c_h_____ vt. 认为有重要性，重视；把……固定，附上 7．____v_is_u_a_l ____ adj. 视力的，视觉的 8．___fr_e_q_ue_n_t_ly___ adv. 频繁地，经常 9．____s_tu_d_io_____ n. 电影摄影棚；录音室 10．_____a_i_d_____ n., vt. & vi. 帮助；援助 11．_____a_n_gl_e____ n. 角度；立场，观点 12．____e_n_su_r_e____ vt. 保证，确保
He gradually began to realize that “entertainment is one of the most important things in people's lives”. As he once said, “Without it they might go off the deep end.”
14．__lo_c_at_i_on__ n．外景拍摄地；地方，地点→__l_o_c_at_e__ vt.找出……

全体新生开课礼各科系课程说明会FacultyInductionBriefing(4-5

需达2.00。
*累积平均成绩点数（CGPA）的计算方式请参阅学生手册。
作弊事宜
凡考试作弊或旷考者，该科目成绩
以“0”分记，考试作弊者必须重修，不得申请重考。考试作弊达两次者，将以退学处分。
旷考
无故缺席考试视为旷考；旷考者的成绩（含笔试、作业或
作品分数等）记“0”分；该科目不得申请重考，必须重修。
补考条件：

以下学生经批准后得以补考一次（具有证明），补考将按实得分数给分： • 亲丧 • 重病住院不能参加考试
一般病假不能参加考试，且具有证明不能参加学术科考试，经准补考一次，按原试卷分数百分之六十给分。学生必须在该科目考试后48个小时内，提出申请。逾期无论任何理由，不得补考。

补考申请流程：
课程分班：
(B)
学士课程（Degree) (F) 大学基础课程 (Foundation) (D)专业文凭课程 (Diploma) (C) 证书课程 (Certificate)
主要课程介绍（一）
各课程代码：
中国语言文学（CL）
会计学（AC）商业与行政（BA）资讯科技（IT）
30%-39% 0%-29%
1.33
1.00 1.00
F
科目成绩点数为1.33至1.67者（或分数达40%
至49%者），即通过（获得学分），并可选择性重修。科目成绩点数少于1.33者（或分数介于0%至 39%者），即不及格，不得重考，必须重修。
但是
毕业/升班条件：累积平均成绩点数(CGPA)
其他学院MPU科目及格
豁免申请流程：
1.填写《课程豁免申请表》(AA-Re-03) 2.附上成绩副本 3.在23/5/2017前呈交学术部

嘉道理生物科学大楼

LIFT 電梯
嘉道理生物科學大樓
七樓火警疏散圖集合地點 – 圖書館大樓新翼， LG1/F, 二及三號講堂外面
Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building
7/F Fire Evacuation Plan Assembly Point – o/s Lecture Rms. 2 & 3 , LG1/F., Library Extension Bldg.
2/F Fire Evacuation Plan Assembly Point – o/s Lecture Rms. 8 & 9 , LG2/F., Library Extension Bldg.
2S03
DN
2N02 2S01
TELE. RM.
2S04 2S05 2S06
2N03
2S02
FIREMAN LIFT LOBBY
4S01 4S03
DN
4N01
TELE. RM.
4S02
4S05 4S06 4S07 4S08
FIREMAN LIFT LOBBY
4N03
DN
DN
4N04 4N02 4N05 4N06 4N13 4N14
4S10 4S08
L. V. ELECT. RM.
4N08
4S11 4S12 4S13 4S14 AREA UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Fire Evacuation Plan Assembly Point – o/s Lecture Rms. 8 & 9 , LG2/F., Library Extension Bldg.
DN DN
DN
DN UP DN

笔记符号汇总

口译笔记速记符号归总目录[1].Note-taking symbols and abbreviations[2].关于缩略词[3].关于字母和图像[4].用箭头、数字符号、标点符号来表示1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumf = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf = comparee.g. = exampledept = departmentUse only the first syllable of a word.pol = politicsdem = democracylib = liberalcap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres = presentationsubj = subjectind = individualcons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc = associatebiol = biologyinfo = informationach = achievementchem = chemistrymax = maximumintro = introductionconc = concentrationmin = minimumrep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd = preparedprblm = problemestmt = estimatebkgd = backgroundgvt = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.am't = amountcont'd = continuedgov't = governmenteducat'l = educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts = chaptersegs = examplesfs = frequenciesintros = introductionsUse g to represent ing endings.ckg = checkingestg = establishingdecrg = decreasingexptg = experimentingSpell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.& = andw/ = withw/o = withoutvs = against\ = therefore= = is or equalUse technical symbols where applicable.zb = German, for exampleibid = Latin, the same worko = degreesH2O = waterMore reference:Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:+ plus// parallelUse standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:eg exampleIT dept Information Technology departmentUK United KingdomUse only the first syllable of a word. Examples:mar marketingcus customercli clientUse the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:subj subjectbudg budgetind individualTo distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:tech'gy technologygen'ion generalisationdel'y deliveryUse just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples: assoc associatedach achievementinfo informationOmit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:bkgd backgroundmvmt movementprblm problemForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:custs customersfs frequencies/s ratiosUse 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:decrg decreasingckg checkingestblg establishingSpell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:inbutaskeyLeave out unimportant verbs. Examples:iswaswereLeave out unnecessary articles. Examples:aantheIf a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:January Advertising Campaign Budget JACBUse symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:@ at2 to4 for& andw/ withw/o withoutvs againstCreate your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.Other Symbols and Abbreviationsas a result of / consequences of <--->resulting in --->and / also +equal to / same as =following ffmost importantly *less than <greater than > especially esp/一、缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。

稀疏信号的周期非均匀采样研究

稀疏信号的周期非均匀采样研究罗浚溢;田书林;王志刚;朱肇轩【摘要】According to the sparse signals feature that power is included in only several parts of frequency bands, a model of periodic non-uniform sampling and reconstruction is built in order to effectively sample sparse signals. The sampling and reconstruction of sparse signals are transformed into vector operations by using theory of union of subspaces. Locations of non-zero row vector are identified with the aid of the mode of the multiple measurement vectors, and the complete reconstruction of sparse signal is achieved in virtue of interpolations, which can insure that the signals could be applied in digital system. Finally, simulation and experimentation demonstrated that the model can effectively achieve acquisition and reconstruction of sparse signals.%为了实现稀疏信号的有效采样,根据稀疏信号仅有部分频带有能量的特点,建立了周期非均匀采样与重构的模型；利用联合子空间理论将采样与重构转换为向量运算.借助多测量向量模式确定非零行向量的位置,并通过插值器实现信号完整重构,使其能够在数字系统中应用.实验与仿真结果表明该方法能够实现稀疏信号的采样与重构.【期刊名称】《计量学报》【年(卷),期】2012(033)001【总页数】5页(P52-56)【关键词】计量学;稀疏信号;周期非均匀采样;多测量向量;联合子空间【作者】罗浚溢;田书林;王志刚;朱肇轩【作者单位】电子科技大学自动化工程学院,四川成都611731;电子科技大学自动化工程学院,四川成都611731;电子科技大学自动化工程学院,四川成都611731;电子科技大学自动化工程学院,四川成都611731【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TB9731 引言传统上对于模拟信号的采样大多采用香农定理。