2012年考研英语一冲刺专项练习题(新题型)
2012考研冲刺阶段英语阅读理解答题解析
2012考研冲刺阶段英语阅读理解答题解析D幼儿园教研活动记录表时间2007年11月14日第十一周星期三下午地点教研内容如何提高家长工作的实效性？教师办公室主持人业务园长：黄柳宣应参加学习人员全体教师教研过程记录一、主持人：《幼儿园教育指导纲要（试行）》指出：“家庭是幼儿园重要的合作伙伴，应本着尊重、平等、合作的原则，争取家长的理解、支持和主动参与，并积极支持、帮助家长提高教育能力。
”家园共育是幼儿健康成长的基础，是幼儿园工作的重要环节，孩子能够茁壮成长，也是老师和家长的共同心愿。
尽管如此，由于教师和家长之间教育观念、思考角度不同，常常会引发一些矛盾和冲突，作为领导，我们不乏接到家长对幼儿园工作的投诉，老师们也不希望有家长对你们的工作进行投诉。
如何解决家长的批评和抱怨，可以说是一门艺术。
家长工作做好了，我们能取得事半功倍的效果。
家长对我们工作支持和理解了，就会为我们做好的、正面的宣传，换句话说，幼儿园的社会效益和经济效益才会有所提高。
在实际工作中，老师们不乏有好的经验，也有些老师也许存在着困惑，今天我们请大家结合工作实际，就“如何提高家长工作的实效性？”这一问题，谈谈自己的一些想法与做法。
二、教师们交流、探讨吴老师：配班的赖老师虽然是到我园参加工作不到半年的新老师，但是能利用家长早晚接送的时间，主动、积极、大胆地与家长交流，比较细致的反映幼儿在园的表现，得到家长的称赞。
何老师：与家长交流时说话不能太直接，要有艺术性，婉转地把孩子的不足以家长接受的方式转告家长，先说好的地方，再说不足之处。
主持人：也就是说在跟家长沟通和交流时我们要把握“度”，既要把家长当作朋友、合作伙伴，又不能太随意，注意交流时的语言是以给家长建设性的意见方式提出，切忌因为觉得与家长很熟而说话太过随意引起家长误会或者不快。
涂老师：一日活动中每个孩子的表现都不一样，即使是同一个孩子的表现也会有所不同，当孩子表现特别不一致或者有时一而再、再而三的出现类似错误时，老师有时会采取一些诸如“暂时隔离”或者严厉批评的方式进行教育，当家长来接孩子的时候，老师应该争取主动，以积极主动的态度先与家长沟通交流，以免孩子回去向家长诉说时引起不必要的误会。
2012年职称英语考试试题之冲刺试题第一套
2012年职称英语考试试题之冲刺试题第一套2012年职称英语考试试题之冲刺试题第一套一、词汇选项1.The use of the chemical may present a certain hazard to the laboratoryB. diligentC. qualifiedD. competent2. It is difficult to assess the importance of the decision.A evaluateB commentC discussD report3.Mary has blended the ingredients.A mixedB madeC cookedD eaten4.They agreed to modify their policy.A clarifyB changeC defineD develop5.The economy continued to exhibit signs of decline in September.A playB send6. He is renowned for his skill.A rememberedB recommC praisedD well-known7. You have to be patient if you want to sustain your position.A maintainB establishC acquireD support8.These are our motives for doing it.A. reasonsB. argumentsC. targetsD. stimuli9.Smoking is not permitted in the office.A. probablyB. possibleC. admittedD. allowed10.I feel regret about what’s happened.A. sorryB. disappointedC. shamefulD. disheartened11.They always mock me because I am ugly.A. smile atB. look down onC belittD. laugh at12.Guests were scared when the bomb exploded.A. frightenedB. killedC. endangeredD. rescued13.They are endeavoring to change society as a wholeA. tryinginsurance company, the more the employee has to pay the hospital each time he or she gets sick. In 2004, the average worker paid an extra US$558 a year, according to a San Francisco report.The system also means many Americans fall through the cracks (遭遗漏). In 2004, only 61 per cent of the population received health insurance through their employers, according to the report. The unemployed, self-employed, part-time workers and graduated students with no jobs were not included.Most US university students have a gap between their last day of school and their first day on the job. Often, they are no longer protected by their parents' insurance because they are now considered independent adults. They also cannot buy university health insurance because they are no longer students.Another group that falls through the gap of the US system is international students. All are required to have health insurance and cannot begin their classes without it. But exact policies (保险单) differ from school to school.Most universities work with health insurance companies and sell their own standard plan for students. Often, buying the school plan is required, but luckily it's also cheaper than buying direct from the insurance company.16 In the US, a person's company buys him or her health insuranceA RightB WrongC Not mentioned17 All employees in the US have the same kind of health insurance.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned18 In 2004, most of the unemployed in the US were women.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned19 In the US, graduated students with no jobs can buy university health insuranceA RightB WrongC Not mentioned20 All international students in the US have to buy health insuranceA RightB WrongC Not mentioned21 The international students in the US work harder than the American studentsA RightB WrongC Not mentioned22 The health care system_ in the US takes care of everyone in the country.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段1选择个最佳标题;(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
2012年考研英语 英一 新题型
2012年考研英语英一新题型一、概述2012年考研英语英一考试较往年有新题型，为了帮助考生更好地应对考试，本文将针对该新题型进行剖析和解读。
二、新题型介绍2012年考研英语英一考试新增了阅读理解部分的新题型，即信息匹配题。
此题型要求考生根据所给的文章信息，从A-G七个选项中选出五个符合文章内容的选项。
这一新题型的出现，增加了考生在考试中的应试压力，因此有必要对此进行详细的分析和应对策略的制定。
三、新题型分析1.考点分析信息匹配题主要考察考生对文章的逻辑理解和信息把握能力。
考生需在文章中找到对应的信息段落，并选出相符合的选项，考验考生的综合阅读能力。
2.解题技巧在做信息匹配题时，考生需要注意以下几点：仔细阅读题目要求，明确掌握题目所要求匹配的信息内容；仔细阅读文章，找到与题目相关的信息段落，理清文章的逻辑结构；将找到的信息段落与选项进行逐一比对，选出与文章内容相符的选项。
四、应对策略1.备考规划针对新题型的出现，考生需要在备考过程中重点关注阅读理解部分的练习，增强自己的阅读理解能力。
除了做大量的阅读理解练习题外，还可以通过阅读相关的英文文章、报刊杂志来提高自己的综合阅读能力。
2.模拟训练在备考过程中，考生还可以通过参加模拟考试来检验自己对新题型的掌握程度。
通过模拟考试，考生可以更清晰地了解自己在新题型上的不足之处，从而有针对性地进行弥补和提高。
3.技巧积累在备考过程中，考生还可以通过收集解题技巧和经验，积累一定的应试经验。
可以通过查阅相关的考研资料和资讯，寻找一些解题技巧和经验共享，从而更好地应对考试中的新题型。
五、总结通过对2012年考研英语英一新题型的介绍、分析和应对策略的讨论，相信考生们可以更好地应对考试，取得更好的成绩。
希望考生们在备考过程中能够充分发挥自己的潜力，取得优异的成绩。
六、案例分析为了更加具体地说明新题型的解题技巧和应对策略，我们可以通过一个案例来进行分析。
假设某篇文章中涉及到了环境保护的相关内容，要求考生从A-G的选项中选择符合文章内容的选项。
2012年考研英语一真题及参考答案
2012年考研英语一真题及参考答案2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reput ation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain[C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened[C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised[C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound[D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune[D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads[D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny[D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity[D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though[D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided[D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset[D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express[C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed[C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories[C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions[C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released[C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address[D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable[C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs[C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is howsuccessfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon.As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming thatthe 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, thecompany has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might beaffected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (includingother scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s La bor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out thatmuch of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets ha ve attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the firstparagraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 thatthe income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazingdevice, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them tocreate superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networkedcomputer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seemsreasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered form s of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested thathumans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependenciesbetween particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points) Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWERSHEET2.（20 points）Section ⅠUse of English1-5 BABDC 6-10 BDBAB 11-15 ACCDA 16-20 CACDDSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A 31.A 32.B 33.B 34.B 35.C 36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.G Part C46.在物理学领域，有一种方法将这种“万物归一的推动力”推向了极致，它试图探寻到能解释一切的，最底层的公式。
2012年考研英语完型填空冲刺试题及答案
一、美陪审团制度As former colonists of Great Britain，the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain. We have a“common law”，or la w made by courts__1__a monarch or other central governmental__2__like a legislat ure. The jury，a__3__of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case，is an__4__ part of our common-law system. Use of juries to decide cases is a__5__feature of the American legal system. Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in t he United States.__6__the centuries，many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result__7__would be obtained using a judge__ 8__，as many countries do.__9__a jury decides cases after“__10__”，or discussions among a group of people，the jury…s de cision is likely to have the__11__ from ma ny different people from different backgrounds，who must as a group decide what i s right. Juries are used in both civil cases，which decide__12__ among__13__ citiz ens，and criminal cases，which decide cases brought by the government __14__ t hat individuals have committed crimes. Juries are selected from the U.S. citizens a nd__15__. Jurors，consisting of __16__ numbers，are called for each case requirin g a jury. The judge__17__to the case__18__the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case. In some states，__19__jurors are questioned by the judge；in o thers，they are questioned by the lawyers representing the__20__under rules dictat ed by state law.1. [A] other than [B] rather than [C] more than [D] or rather2. [A] agency [B] organization [C] institution [D] authority3. [A] panel [B] crew [C] band [D] flock4. [A] innate [B] intact [C] integral [D] integrated5. [A]discriminating[B] distinguishing [C] determining [D] diminishing6. [A] in [B] by [C] after [D] over7. [A] that [B] which [C] than [D] as8. [A] alike [B] alone [C] altogether [D] apart9. [A] Although [B] Because [C] If [D] While10.[A] deliberations [B] meditations [C] reflections [D] speculations11.[A] outline [B] outcome [C] input [D] intake12.[A] arguments [B] controversies [C] disputes [D] hostilities13.[A] fellow [B] individual [C] personal [D] private14.[A] asserting [B] alleging [C] maintaining [D] testifying15.[A] assembled [B] evoked [C] rallied [D] summoned16.[A] set [B] exact [C] given [D] placed17.[A] allocated [B] allotted [C] appointed [D] assigned18.[A] administers [B] manages [C] oversees [D] presides19.[A] inspective [B] irrespective [C] perspective [D] prospective20.[A] bodies [B] parties [C] sides [D] units答案：1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. D 7.C 8.B 9. B 10. A 11. C 12. C 13.D 14.B 15. D 16. A 17. D 18.C 19.D 20. B总体分析本文介绍了美国的陪审团制度。
2012考研英语全真模拟题答案1-20题
Section ⅠUse of English 参考译⽂ 许多没有到过⼤不列颠的外国⼈把这⾥的所有居民都叫做英格兰⼈，因为他们习惯于把⼤不列颠群岛认为是英格兰。
实际上，⼤不列颠群岛上有许多民族，只有英格兰的⼈才把⾃⼰称为英格兰⼈。
⽽其他⼈称⾃⼰为威尔⼠⼈、苏格兰⼈和爱尔兰⼈，事情可能就是这样。
把他们⼀概统称为“英国⼈”，常会使他们感到有点⽣⽓。
即使在英格兰也有许多地区性特点和⾔语⽅⾯的差别。
主要区别存在于南英格兰与北英格兰之间。
从布⾥斯托到伦敦的连线以南,⼈们说的英语就是外国学⽣通常所学的那种英语,尽管有些地⽅性差异。
再往北的⽅⾔通常⽐英国南部⽅⾔的差异“更⼤”。
北部⼈往往声称他们⽐南部⼈更勤奋,因⽽更纯正。
他们真诚和殷勤。
外国⼈常常发现，他们很快就与北部⼈交上朋友。
北部⼈⼀般⼼宽体胖胃⼝好，例如,到兰开郡或约克郡的参观者在吃饭时可以有望得到丰盛的饭菜。
在⼝⾳和特征⽅⾯，⽶德兰(英格兰中部地区)的⼈代表了从南部型英格兰⼈到北部型英格兰⼈的逐渐变化。
在苏格兰,字母“r”所表⽰的⾳是强⾳,并且“r”常常在有些词中读出声来,在南部英语中这些词中的“r”是不发⾳的。
据说，苏格兰是⼀个严肃、谨慎、节俭的民族，更有创造⼒并且有点神秘感。
英伦三岛的所有凯尔特⼈种(威尔⼠、爱尔兰⼈、苏格兰⼈)常被描述成⽐英格兰⼈更加“脾⽓暴躁”。
他们具有与英格兰⼈完全不同的⾎统。
1. [答案] [D]In fact [注释] 逻辑搭配。
in fact 实际上;常表⽰语⽓的转折。
in consequence因此; in brief简短地;总⽽⾔之; in general ⼀般来说。
从上下⽂的逻辑意思看，in fact最为贴切。
2. [答案] [C]refer [注释] 词义型结构搭配。
refer to...as 把…称做…; confine...to 把…局限于;管制;attach...to 缚上,系上,贴上,使…依附于,使…依恋; add to (= increase) 增加。
2012年考研英语(一)真题参考答案
一. 完型填空1--5 BABDC 6--10 BDBAB 11--15 ACCDA 16--20 CACDD二. 阅读答案21--25 DBACD 26--30 CDADA 31--35 ABBDC 36--40 CDBCA三. 新题型答案41. C 42. D 43. A 44. F 45. G四. 翻译参考译文46. 在物理学上，一种方法(物理学上的一种方法)把这种统一性的冲动发挥到了极点，并努力寻找一种万能的理论，即唯一的一条为我们都明白的一切东西所创造或生成的公式/方法。
47. 在这里，达尔文的理论似乎提供了一个理由或依据，因为如果所有的人类都有共同的起源，那么文化多样性也能够追溯到更多可控的起源，持这样的观点似乎是有道理的。
48. 从我们的共性中过滤出独特性能够让我们理解复杂的文化行为是怎样出现的，以及用进化或认知的概念来说，是什么在引导这种文化行为。
49．由约华格林伯根提出的第二个观点，采取了一个更为经验主义的普遍性方法，识别出了许多语言所共有的特征(特别是词序方面)，这些特征被认为是代表了由认知限制所造成的偏见。
50. 乔姆斯基的语法应该说明了语言变化的模式，这些模式和语言这个家族或通过这个家族所追溯的这个路径是无关的，而格林伯根的普遍性预测了某些特定词序关系之间紧密的相互依赖性。
五. 作文参考范文51. 小作文参考范文(参见作文冲刺班课程授课内容和讲义第24页写法)Dear my friends,I am writing this letter to welcome you to our university on behalf of our Students’ Union. I expect you to arrive here with increasing joy as well as excitement. It is of great pleasure to anticipate your coming soon.As foreign students, you will find everything on our campus quite different, fresh and alien. Therefore, after arriving, you can take full advantage of every opportunity to communicate with us directly to bridge the gap. To be more specific, the climate in Beijing is considerably different from your hometown, but you will soon get accustomed to living here. Finally, I hope to accompany you and introduce some special or unique campus characteristics and cultures so as to let you be better acquainted with/understand our campus life.We shall strive to make your stay or visit as pleasant as possible by providing the best service as well as support for you. All of our students are looking forward to your early coming eagerly.Yours sincerely,Li Ming52. 大作文 Sample WritingAs is apparently drawn in this miniature, in the middle stand two individuals, one feeling gloomy while the other optimistic. The Chinese characters above inform our readers of the message that various folks take different attitudes toward the same event. （参见黄涛冲刺班作文讲义第8页第一段首句必杀句型）How impressive this drawing seems to be in depicting one of the most prevalent themes that attitudes make everything in our life.After careful reflection and mediation, we examinees come to understand the enlightening drawing. I contend that this thought-provoking image conveys one profound layer of implication concerning attitude or optimism. It is universally acknowledged that life is by no means perfect and whether we feel optimistic or not depends on what attitudes we take. (参见黄涛冲刺班讲义第3页作文经典句型必备)When confronted with an adverse situation, some youths feel in low spirits and fall into depression. Others, on the contrary, look at the positive side of the situation and remain cheerful. As a consequence, it is our attitude rather than the situation itself that determines how we feel. (参见启航冲刺讲义第13页第30个段落正反论证法)In my personal sense, the message applies to our youths especially. In such a rat-race society, everyone is bound to encounter hardships and difficulties. In this sense, I should keep an optimistic attitude to pullthrough any hardship. Just as a famous figure puts it, it is our attitude that has changed everything in our life. （参见作文冲刺讲义第7页作文九大高分句式之引用名人名言）更多经典高分句型可以参考40页的黄涛作文冲刺资料，按照自己喜欢的背诵的高分句子来造就自己的高分作文。
2012年研究生入学考试英语真题(一)
1 A emphasize B maintain C modify D recognize2 A when B best C before D unless3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies8. A evade B raise C deny D settle9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict10. A by B as C through D towards11. A so B since C provided D though12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied 同济15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a result 济2 A when B best C before D unless3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies8. A evade B raise C deny D settle9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict10. A by B as C through D towards11. A so B since C provided D though12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied 同济15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a result 济2 A when B best C before D unless3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies8. A evade B raise C deny D settle9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict10. A by B as C through D towards11. A so B since C provided D though12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied 同济15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a result 济2 A when B best C before D unless3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies8. A evade B raise C deny D settle9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict10. A by B as C through D towards11. A so B since C provided D though12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied 同济15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a result 济2 A when B best C before D unless3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies8. A evade B raise C deny D settle9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict10. A by B as C through D towards11. A so B since C provided D though12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied 同济15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a result 济2 A when B best C before D unless3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies8. A evade B raise C deny D settle9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict10. A by B as C through D towards11. A so B since C provided D though12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied 同济15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a result 济2 A when B best C before D unless3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies8. A evade B raise C deny D settle9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict10. A by B as C through D towards11. A so B since C provided D though12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied 同济15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a result 济2 A when B best C before D unless3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies8. A evade B raise C deny D settle9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict10. A by B as C through D towards11. A so B since C provided D though12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied 同济15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a result 济2 A when B best C before D unless3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies8. A evade B raise C deny D settle9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict10. A by B as C through D towards11. A so B since C provided D though12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied 同济15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a result 济2 A when B best C before D unless3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies8. A evade B raise C deny D settle9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict10. A by B as C through D towards11. A so B since C provided D though12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied 同济15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a result 济2 A when B best C before D unless3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies8. A evade B raise C deny D settle9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict10. A by B as C through D towards11. A so B since C provided D though12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied 同济15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a result 济2 A when B best C before D unless3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies8. A evade B raise C deny D settle9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict10. A by B as C through D towards11. A so B since C provided D though12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied 同济15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a result 济2 A when B best C before D unless3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5. A advanced B caught C bound D founded6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies8. A evade B raise C deny D settle9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict10. A by B as C through D towards11. A so B since C provided D though12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13. A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied 同济15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19. A accessible B. amiable C agreeable D accountable20. A by all means B at all costs C in a word D as a result 济。
2012年考研英语 英一 新题型
2012年考研英语英一新题型摘要：1.20世纪下半叶，天才、战士、企业家和visionaries共同创造了一台神奇的机器。
2.这款机器的功能多样，兼具打字机、印刷机、工作室、剧院、画笔、画廊、钢琴、收音机、邮递员等多种角色。
3.到千禧年之际，他们不仅开发了这款设备，还将其嵌入全球数十亿人每天访问的worldwide system。
4.网络计算机是一种神奇的设备，它是第一种既是生产方式又是传播途径、接收地点和评价中心的多功能媒体机器。
5.网络计算机为人们提供了创造、上传、下载、互动和评论的平台。
正文：在20世纪下半叶，一群天才、战士、企业家和visionaries携手合作，努力打造一款功能独特的机器。
这款机器不仅具备打字机、印刷机、工作室、剧院、画笔、画廊、钢琴、收音机和邮递员等多种功能，还能满足人们在日常生活中的各种需求。
随着科技的飞速发展，这些天才们不断地改进和创新这款机器，使其在千禧年之际具备了更为强大的功能。
他们成功地将这款设备嵌入了一个全球数十亿人每天都在访问的worldwide system。
如今，这款神奇的机器已经成为了我们生活中不可或缺的一部分。
网络计算机是这款神奇设备的最新形态，它将传统媒体与新兴网络技术相结合，成为了一种前所未有的媒体机器。
网络计算机在传播途径、接收地点和评价中心等方面具有多样化的功能。
它不仅为广大用户提供了一个创造、上传、下载、互动和评论的平台，还让世界变得更加紧密相连。
在这个信息爆炸的时代，网络计算机成为了我们获取、处理和分享信息的最佳工具。
人们可以在网络上创作文学作品、音乐、绘画等艺术作品，也可以通过网络平台结识新朋友、拓展人际关系。
此外，网络计算机还为教育、商务、医疗等领域带来了前所未有的便利。
我们可以随时随地获取专业知识，与他人开展合作，或在线上进行诊断和治疗。
总之，网络计算机作为一种神奇的设备，已经深刻地改变了我们的生活方式。
它不仅是一个生产、传播、接收和评价的平台，还是一个连接世界各地的桥梁。
2012年考研英语冲刺试卷答案及解析
2012年考研英语冲刺试卷答案及解析Section I Use of English答案详解1.[C] though前文提到我们无法记住所有时刻和事情，结合空格前的good news可判断，空格处所缺词语需要体现前后两句的让步或者转折关系，[C]though“不过”，副词，用在两句之间或者句末，此处表示转折，符合文意，是正确选项。
[A]although“尽管”连词，只能用在句首，[B]rather“相反”用于对前后所叙述情况的对比，此处逻辑上不通，[D]therefore“因此”，表示结果，逻辑上也不通，故都排除。
2.[D] unavailable原句已给信息是：“好消息是，尽管这样的一些时刻目前看来是 .他们其实并未从你的脑海里完全消失。
”[D]unavailable “无法获取的”，代入原句，句意通顺，是正确选项。
[A]forgetful “健忘的” 通常修饰人, [B]absent “缺席的，不在的”和[C]faultless“完美的，没有错误的”，代入原句后句意不符，故都排除。
3.[A] retrieved根据原句所给信息可判断，空格处所需词汇应与前句提到的gone表示相对的含义，[A] retrieved “取回，索回”，符合文意，是正确选项。
[B]recognized “认出，辨别出”，不符合此处语境，[C]claimed“要求，索取，认领”，强调索取人或者认领人认为自己有权获得某物，句意不合，[D]accumulated“积累”，句意也不符，故都排除。
4.[C] ran根据原句已给信息，空格处词汇应是表达“穿过，通过”的意思，[C]ran“快速移动”，这里是及物动词的用法，run sb.through 表示“使某人向…快速移动”，指类似CT扫描时的操作模式，符合文意，是正确选项。
[A]let “使”，let sb. through表示“使人通过”，强调不予阻挡，予以放行，不符合文意，[B]put可用于put sb.through sth.短语，表示“使某人经历某事”，通常是磨砺或者痛苦，不符合文意，[D]got可用于got sb.through sth.短语，一般表示“使某人顺利通过（考试）”，不符合文意，故都排除。
2012年考研英语 英一 新题型
2012年考研英语英一新题型【最新版】目录I.引言II.2012 年考研英语（一）新题型 7 选 5 的概述III.答案解析1.题目描述2.选项分析3.答案确定IV.结论正文I.引言在 2012 年的考研英语（一）中，新题型 7 选 5 引起了很多考生的关注。
这种题型不仅要求考生具备扎实的英语基础知识，还要求考生具备一定的逻辑推理能力和阅读理解能力。
因此，对于这种题型的解答，需要考生运用多种技巧和方法。
本文将对 2012 年考研英语（一）新题型 7 选 5 进行分析和解答，以帮助考生更好地应对这种题型。
II.2012 年考研英语（一）新题型 7 选 5 的概述2012 年考研英语（一）新题型 7 选 5 是一种阅读理解题型，要求考生在阅读一篇短文后，从短文中抽取 5 个问题，并从给出的 7 个选项中选择最佳答案。
这种题型旨在考查考生的阅读理解能力、逻辑推理能力和语言运用能力。
III.答案解析1.题目描述题目要求考生根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。
短文内容讲述了一些天才、勇士、企业家和有远见的人发明了一台神奇的机器，这台机器可以充当打字机和印刷机、工作室和剧院、画笔和画廊、钢琴和收音机、信件和信使等多种角色。
到了 21 世纪初，他们还成功地将这台机器嵌入到一个全球系统中，每天有数十亿人使用。
2.选项分析A.与短文内容不符，排除。
B.与短文内容不符，排除。
C.选项中出现了关键的代词 they，指代前面提到的一些人名，谓语代词 develop such a device 属于同义词替换，达到主题一致原则。
此选项正确。
D.与短文内容不符，排除。
E.与短文内容不符，排除。
3.答案确定根据以上分析，答案为 C。
IV.结论总之，2012 年考研英语（一）新题型 7 选 5 要求考生在阅读理解基础上，运用逻辑推理能力和语言运用能力，选择最佳答案。
通过分析题目和选项，我们可以确定答案为 C。
考研英语一新题型历年真题(2005--2012)全全全
考研英语新题型全真试题（2005-2008）2005Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41. ________What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42. ________But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43. ________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.44. ________Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the partsabout more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45. ________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of thefirst advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University.Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annualincreases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of suchan agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans tonegotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C] What does “national”mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirbyrecommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently createdNational Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and willcontinue to increase faster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drugcosts have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds oftreatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds.Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove theycan run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would endduplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from beingplayed off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers;they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs fromone province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drugon its list, the p ressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’tlike a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.2006Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.(41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “l ur e” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) ________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) says “pathological gambling”involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) ________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering.And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gambler s’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing departmentcontinued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and usedhis Fun Card without being detected.[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And inwhat sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back toeven, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a longtime it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a socialpolicy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in Americais government.[E] David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioralproblems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generationsexplained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especiallyconductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how tomove against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?2007Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what call “work-life unreadiness.”41You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.42Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.43Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the houseand make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.44Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.45They should know how to deal with setbacks, stress and feeling of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.2008Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, and stand up, or lie down to write. (41) __________. Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) ________Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) ________Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and ,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.It you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) ________ .These printouts also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The students who wrote “ The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) ________Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times “and then again” working to substantiate an clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.A)To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between linesso that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on onlyone side of the paper.B)After you have clearly and adequately, developed the body of your paper,pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’sprobably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely whatyou are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attentionbecause they leave the reader with a final impression.C)It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off aprinter may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writingthat have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.D)It make no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you havedeveloped a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes an begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.E)Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.F)In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P”, thestudent brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept store policies.G)By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.2009Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s ent rance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.2010Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink isgrowing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41 →42→43→44→E→452011Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have beenread”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study anon-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acqui re a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Othe rwise, academics will。
2012年考研英语一真题及答案_完美打印版
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s r eputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1.[A] emphasize [B] maintain [C] modify [D] recognize2. [A] when [B] lest [C] before [D] unless3. [A] restored [B] weakened [C] established [D] eliminated4. [A] challenged [B] compromised [C] suspected [D] accepted5. [A] advanced [B] caught [C] bound [D] founded6. [A] resistant [B] subject [C] immune [D] prone7. [A] resorts [B] sticks [C] loads [D] applies8. [A] evade [B] raise [C] deny [D] settle9. [A] line [B] barrier [C] similarity [D] conflict10. [A] by [B] as [C] though [D] towards11. [A] so [B] since [C] provided [D] though12. [A] serve [B] satisfy [C] upset [D] replace13. [A] confirm [B] express [C] cultivate [D] offer14. [A] guarded [B] followed [C] studied [D] tied15. [A] concepts [B] theories [C] divisions [D] conceptions16. [A] excludes [B] questions [C] shapes [D] controls17. [A] dismissed [B] released [C] ranked [D] distorted18. [A] suppress [B] exploit [C] address [D] ignore19. [A]accessible [B] amiable [C] agreeable [D] accountable20. [A] by all means [B] at a costs [C] in a word [D] as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as Love Life recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.‖ Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!‖ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the Love Life program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence o n our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-beha ved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure [B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22.Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertise rs’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view,Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends [B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it [D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful [B] desirable [C] profound [D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase ―reneging on‖(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning. [B] reaffirming. [C] dishonoring. [D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill al l its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere migh t be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, t hrough which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as ―seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.‖ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may notchange their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility ―happens‖ to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. ―We reaso n together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.‖31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B] shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D] persistent innovation.33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B] has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B] discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D] scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly ―backloaded‖ public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United St ates. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval. [B]appreciation.[C]tolerance. [D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41) The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selecti on, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）lchhpu@参考答案Section I: Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.D Section II: Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D 26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A 31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.C 36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.A Part B41. C 42.D 43. A 44.F 45.GPart C46. 物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论——一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。
2012年中考英语冲刺试题(一)—答案
中考英语冲刺试题（一）听力录音稿及参考答案听力材料：Text 1.W:Peter isn’t very well.He is has a bad cold.He is still in bed now.M:Why didn’t you call Mr Jones?Q:What is Mr Jones?Text 2.W:Give me two pairs of socks,and how much are they?M:Five dollars each.Q: How much will the woman pay for the socks?Text 3.W :Shall we go swimming this afternoon?M:Swimming?Look at the clouds.I’d rather stay at home.Q: What does the man mean?Text 4.W:How long have you been at this school?M: I have been here for about four years .I came here when I was 22.Q:How old is the girl now?Text 5.M:Mom,I’ve got full marks in the math exam!W:Well done!.Q:How does the boy feel?Text 6.M:Can I help you?W:I’d like a pair of shoes in Size7.Q: Where are they talking?Text 7.W:David, what do you want to be when you grow up/M:My father wants me to be a reporter, but I prefer to be a doctor.Q: What does David want to be when he grows up ?Text 8.W:Sorry,I’m late.The traffic was really heavy.M:That’s OK.Since we have no time to take the subway,let’s take a taxi to the restaurant,OK?W:Good idea.I hope we won’t be late for the dinner party.Q: How were they planning to get to the dinner?Text 9.W:Did you like the film?M: No,I thought it was boring.It’s not really what Iwanted to see.W:I agree.Q: What did both of them think of the film?Text 10M:Excuse me,is there a bookstore near here?W: No,but there is one on East StreetM:How can I get there?W:No.5 bus or a taxi will take you there..M:Where is the bus stop?W:Walk along this street and you can see it in front of a bank.M:Thanks.W:You are welcome.Text 11M:Hi,Mary.Would you like to help save the environment?W:I don’t know.What can I do?M:Well ,first,you can start by turning off the lights.W:Yes ,that’s easy .Sometimes I turn on the lights without thinking.What’s next?M: Second,you can ridea bicycle.Don’t take a bus or taxi if you don’t have to.W: That’ll save money,too.What else?M: Third,try to recycle paper.W: Newspaper,magazines,mail.We get a lot of paper at home. Good idea.M:The fourth idea is turning off the shower when you are not using it.W:You mean,when I have shampoo in my hair?M:Yes,get wet .Turn off the shower.Put the shampoo in your hair and then turn on the shower and wash it out.W:Will that help the environment?M:Yes,we have to save water.And fifth,take a bag when you go shopping.Don’t use plastic bags. W:OK.My parents do most of the shopping .I’ll tell them.Text 12W: Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the nearest hospital, please?M: Go down Zhongshan Street, turn right at the third crossing, then you will find a bank. The hospital is on its left.W: Well, it seems far from here.M: Yes. It’s about half an hour’s walk.W: Because my baby is badly ill. I have to take her to see the doctor as soon as possible.M: There is no taxi around here. But I can take you there in my car.W: It’s very kind of you, young man.Text 13M: Hello!W: Hello, Sam! It's me, Jenny. My uncle hasn't been well these days. I'm going to see him the day after tomorrow.M: Oh, really? Where does he live?W: He lives in Hanzhou. And I'm going by train because I don't like the bus.M: How long will it take?W: Well, the train leaves at six in the morning and arrives there at about ten.M: Who will meet you at the station?W: My aunt is going to meet me. She can drive.M: What will the weather be like there?W: Well, it will be quite cold and wet. So I'm going to take some warm clothes.M: And take your raincoat with you.W: Oh, yes, thank you. Oh, by the way, what day is it today?M: Friday. I hope you'll have a good journey.W: Thanks a lot, Jim. See you soon, bye.M: Goodbye.Text 14Tom was ten years old, and he was a very lazy boy. He didn’t like doing any work. He had to go to school of course, but he didn’t study hard there and tried to do as little work as possible. His father and mother were both doctors and they hoped that their son would become one, too when he grew up. But one day Tom said to his mother, “When I finish school, I want to be a cleaner.”“A cleaner?” his mother asked. She was very surprised. “That’s not a very pleasant job, why do you want to become a cleaner?”“Because then I would only have to work one day a week.”Tom answered at once. “Only one day a week?” his mother said, “What do you mean? And how do you know?”“Well,”Tom replied, “I know that the cleaners who come to our house only work on Thursday, because I only see them on that day.”参考答案：1—5 BAABB 6—10 BCBCA 11—15 ABCAB 16—20 ACACA 21—25 CBBCB 26—30 CAABD 31—35 ADCDC 36—40 BDBBA 41—45 CBDCC 46—50 BCACD 51—55CCABB 56—60 BAABB 61—65BBAAC 66—70 B ACAD 71—73 DBC 74.Jiang is a policewoman who is from Pengzhou,a city which was destoryed by the May12thearthquakelions of Chinese regarded her as a national heroine.76.蒋敏出生于1980年。
英语一2012考研试题【3】
英语一2012考研试题【3】Text 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal cou rt, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reput ation might be damaged.。
英语一2012考研试题【4】
英语一2012考研试题【4】Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontationbetween shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree tha t[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.。
2012年考研英语语法专项突破训练试题及答案解析
1. Exceptional children a re different in some significantway from others of the same age. For these children ________to their f ull adult potential, their e ducation must be adapted to those differences.A. to developB. to be developedC. developingD. will develop2. Space exploration promises to open up many new territoriesfor human settl ement, as well as _________the harvest of mineral resources.A. leads toB. to lead toC. leading toD. lead to________ the earth or fission p3. Someday, solar power collected b y satellitesower (裂变能)manufactured by mankind may give us all t he energy we need for an expanding civilization.A. circledB. to circleC. circlingD.circles4. In this e xperiment, they are wakened several times during the night, a nd as ked to report w hat they ________ .A.had just b een dreamingB. are just d reamingC.have just b een dreamingD. had just d reamt5. Her terror was so great ________ somewhere to escape, she would have r un for her life.A. only ifB. that there had only beenC. that had there only beenD. if t here were only试题答案及解析：1. AFor these children t o develop to their f ull adult potential在句中做目的状语，t hese children 是to develop 的逻辑主语，这种主谓关系在目的状语中一般是不能用分词表示的。
2012年MBA MPA MPACC联考英语冲刺阅读精篇.doc
2012年MBA MPA MPACC联考英语冲刺阅读精篇12012年MBA MPA MPACC联考英语冲刺阅读精篇练习（一）Today only one person in five in the United States lives within 50 miles of his birthplace. Since the country was first settled, Americans have moved around a great deal, and are often far away from their parents. Because they have broken ties with their past at a young age, chosen their own occupations, established their own homes and developed their own lifestyles, few American children grow up closely surrounded by grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins as they do in Italy, Nigeria, or India, for example. This along with the fact that modern American families do not have servants has made the “baby-sitter”a vital part of the American scene. A “sitter”is someone who is hired to care for children for a specific length of time—usually relatively short—while the parents are out for an evening, going to a party or a course of study for example. Sometimes the baby-sitter is also hired for longer period, perhaps when the parents are away for a weekend. In such cases the “sitter”is likely to be a mature and motherly woman. For short periods, teen-agers, college students, nursing students, and others are commonly employed on an hourly basis.From the point of view of convenience, the best sitters are oftenyoung people who live in your apartment building or close by in the neighborhood. This gives you a chance to meet the parents and see what they are like. If an emergency occurs, young sitters can call upon their parents quickly for help; you do not have to take them far to see them home at night or pay expensive taxi fares. Another advantage is that young people living close by can usually fill in quite readily on short notice or for short periods of time.In an apartment house you can ask the superintendent for permission to post a notice for a baby-sitter by the mailboxes. This is often the best way to find out if there is anyone in the building who is interested in baby-sitting. Retired people as well as students are often glad to earn a little money in this way and can be found by such a note.1. We can infer from the first paragraph that ______.A. the American is a movable and independent nationB. the Americans are often far away from their parentsC. the Children in Italy, Nigeria, or India doesn’t feel like living with their parentsD. the Americans broke ties with their past at a young age2. A baby-sitter is a person who ______.A. helps to do houseworkB. is a cleaning womanC. looks after children while their parents are outD. takes care of babies and cooks for the family3. Who can be a baby-sitter?A. WomenB. ManC. College studentD. All the above4. It is advised that when you are out for short periods, you may hire ______ to be baby-sitters.A. motherly womenB. retired peopleC. young peopleD. mature women5. The best title for the passage is ______.A. American FamiliesB. Baby-SittersC. A Way of Earning Money for Young StudentsD. A Best Way to Find Baby-Sitters答案：1. A。
12年职称英语考试综合类冲刺试卷及答案
2012职称英语考试综合类冲刺试卷及答案⼀、词汇选项1.The use of the chemical may present a certain hazard to the laboratory workersA. protectionB. indicationC. immunityD. danger2.They agreed to settle the dispute by peaceful means.A. solveB. determineC. untieD. complete3.The children trembled with fear when they saw the policeman.A. weptB. criedC. ranD. shook4.We have got to abide by the rules.A stick toB. persist inC. safeguardD. apply5.The river widens considerably as it begins to turn east.A. extendsB. stretchesC. broadensD. traverses6.The curious look from the strangers around her made her feel uneasy.A. difficultB. worriedC. anxiousD. unhappy7.Reading the job ad， he wondered whether he was eligible to apply for it.A. competitiveB. diligent8.These are our motives for doing it.A. reasonsB. argumentsC. targetsD. stimuli9.Smoking is not permitted in the office.A. probablyB. possibleC. admittedD. allowed10.I feel regret about what’s happened.A. sorryB. disappointedC. shamefulD. disheartened11.They always mock me because I am ugly.A. smile atB. look down onC belittleD. laugh at12.Guests were scared when the bomb exploded.A. frightenedB. killedC. endangeredD. rescued13.They are endeavoring to change society as a wholeA. tryingB. workingC. doingD. making14.The story was touching.A. inspiringB. boring15.Although originally a German innovation， kindergarten got its real start in the United States as a movement to provide an improved learning environment for children.A. an easyB. a playfulC. an openD. a better⼆、阅读判断Why is the Native Language Learnt So WellHow does it happen that children learn their mother tongue so well？ When we compare them with adults learning a foreign language， we often find this interesting fact. A little child without knowledge or experience often succeeds in a complete mastery of the language. A grown-up person with fully developed mental powers， in most case， may end up with a faulty and inexact command. What accounts for this difference？Despite other explanations， the real answer in my opinion lies partly in the child himself， partly in the behavior of the people around him. In the first place， the time of learning the mother tongue is the most favorable of all， namely， the first years of life. A child hears it spoken from morning till night and， what is more important， always in its genuine form， with the right pronunciation， right intonation， right use of words and right structure. He drinks in all the words and expressions， which come to him in a flash， ever-bubbling spring. There is no resistance： there is perfect assimilation. Then the child has， as it were， private lessons all the year round， while an adult language-student has each week a limited number of hours， which he generally shares with others. The child has another advantage： he hears the language in all possible situations， always accompanied by the right kind of gestures and facial expressions. Here there is nothing unnatural， such as is often found in language lessons in schools， when one talks about ice and snow in June or scorching heat in January. And what a child hears is generally what immediately interests him. Again and again， when his attempts at speech are successful， his desires are understood and fulfilled.Finally， though a childs “teachers” may not have been trained in language teaching， their relations with him are always close and personal. They take great pains to make their lessons easy.1. Compared with adults learning a foreign language， children learn their native language with ease.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned2. Adults’ knowledge and mental powers hinder their complete mastery of a foreign language.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned3. The reason why children learn their mother tongue so well lies solely in their environment of learning.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned4. Plenty of practice in listening during the first years of life partly ensures children’s success of learning their mother tongue.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned5. A child learning his native language has the advantage of having private lessons all the year round.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned6. Gestures and facial expressions may assist a child in mastering his native language.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned7. So far as language teaching is concerned， the teachers close personal relationship with the student is more important than the professional language teaching training he has received.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned概括⼤意与完成句⼦Heartbeat of America1. New York － the Statue of Liberty， the skyscrapers， the beautiful shops on Fifth Avenue and the many theaters on Broadway. This is America’s cultural capital. It is also her biggest city， with a population of nearly 8 million. In the summer it is hot， hot， hot and in the winter it can be very cold. Still there are hundreds of things to do and see all the year round.2. Manhattan is the real center of the city. When people say “New York City，” they usually mean Manhattan. Most of the interesting shops， buildings and museums are here. In addition， Manhattan is the scene of New York’s busy night life. In 1605 the first Europeans came to Manhattan from Holland. They bought the island from the Native Americans for a few glass necklaces worth about $26 today.3. Wall street in Manhattan is the financial heart of the USA. It is also the most important banking center in the world. It is a street of “skyscrapers.” These are those incredible， high buildings， which Americans invented， and built faster and higher than anyone else. Perhaps the two most spectacular skyscrapers in New York are the two towers of the New York World Trade Center. When the sun sets， their 110 floors shine like pure gold.4. Like every big city， New York has its own traffic system. Traffic jams can be terrible. It’s usually quickest to go by subway. The New York subway is easy to use and quite cheap. The subway goes to almost every corner of Manhattan. But it is not safe to take the subway late at night because in some places you could get robbed. New York buses are also easy to use. You see more if you go by bus. There are more than 30，000 taxis in New York. They are easy to see， because they are bright yellow and carry large TAXI signs. Taxis do not go outside the city. However， they will go to the airports. In addition to the taxi fare， people give the taxi driver a tip of 15 percent of the fare’s value.5. Central Park is a beautiful green oasis in the middle of New York’s concrete desert. It is surprisingly big， with lakes and woods， as well as organized recreation areas. New Yorkers love Central Park， and they use it all the time. In the winter，they go ice-skating， and in the summer roller-skating. They play ball， ride horses and have picnics. They go bicycling and boating. There is even a children’s zoo， with wild birds and animals.6. Along the east side of Central Park runs Fifth Avenue， once called “Millionaire’s Row.” In the 19th century， the richest men in America built their magnificent homes here. It is still the most fashionable street in the city， with famous department stores.7. Broadway is the street where you will find New York’s best-known theaters. But away from the bright lights and elegant clothes of Broadway are many smaller theaters. Their plays are called “off-Broad-way” and are often more unusual than the Broadway shows. As well as many theaters， New York has a famous opera house. This is the Metropolitan， where international stars sing from September until April. Carnegie Hall is the city’s more popular concert hall. But night life in New York offers more than classical music and theater. There are hundreds of nightclubs where people go to eat and dance.1. Paragraph 3______2. Paragraph 4______3. Paragraph 5______4. Paragraph 6______A The Financial Center of USAB The Night Life in New YorkC The Traffic Facilities of New YorkD Shopping Center for the RichE New York － An International CityF Central Park － A Place of Recreation for the New Yorkers5. The island of Manhattan was bought by the Hollanders from the native Americans______ 。
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2012年跨考教育秋季集训营英语习题——新题型部分1.7选5模拟试题模拟试题一Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics; it won't stay American. No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it's soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal.One theory is that is has been "advertised" and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television. 1 They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries.Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called "the spirit of America". 2The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it.Regardless of why its spreads, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries. 3 Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own.Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time when T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his of her clothes. No longer so: those bright colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion. 4The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while still showing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock 'n' roll and all its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in America as well, as being "low-class", and then as "a danger to our nation's youth". 5 And then the music became accepted and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U.S.A）As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. "Happy Birthday to You," for instance, is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak, is not remembered.B）But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves.C）American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style.D）The BBC, for example, banned rock 'n' roll until 1962.E）American food has become popular around the world too.F）This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal and disrespectful.G）It is hardly surprising that the public concern contributes a lot to the spread of the culture.模拟试题二Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as "Person of the Century" by Time magazine on Sunday.A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology."The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological—technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science," wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein's significance. 1 Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over Fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics."What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom's fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying the great theme of individual struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom," said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1897, 2 He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams.In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. 3 Everything else—mass, weight, space, even time itself—is a variable. And he offered the world his now-famous equation: energy equals mass times the speed of light squared—E=mc2.45 Einstein did not work on the project. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.A）"Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics," Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time's choices, "There was less faith in absolutes, not of time and space but also of truth and morality." Einstein's famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, and avowed pacifist, signed a letter to president Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did.B）How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public's view about Albert Einstein.C）"Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein."D）Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the "Manhattan Project" that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.E）In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become. he was slow to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school.F）In his "Special Theory of Relativity," Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light.G）It is said that Einstein's success lies in the fact that few people can understand his theories.2.排序题模拟试题模拟试题一Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes.（10 points）A）Vista will also have consumer appeal, although perhaps not as much as previous releases of Windows. with Vista, Microsoft is getting closer to what it has always promised: an intuitive, easy-to-use, graphical interface. Design and organization are better than XP and data is easier to search.B）But, despite its long delay, Vista is not a fundamental change to the Windows we know and very occasionally love. There is no imperative reason to upgrade. Given the Internet's disruptive effect on how people use computers, Vista may mark the point when Microsoft's operating system monopoly, or at least the importance of that monopoly, begins to slip away.C）Since the launch of its Windows 3.0 operating system in 1990 Microsoft has grown used to being master of all that it surveys, and its dominance looks set to continue with tomorrow's launch of Vista, the latest update to Windows. But Microsoft now has some interlopers to worry about: Google, open-source software and the internet.D）Microsoft is not threatened directly: computers still need windows to function and it will be hard to displace. But users will not upgrade so often and competitors will be able to chip away at Microsoft's dominance. The open-source Linux operating system, which can be freely used and modified, has taken some market share, particularly for use on servers.E）All of this is good news for consumers. Those who want the improved features can upgrade to Vista. And those who do not want them have, for the first time in a decade, a realistic choice. The vista looming for Microsoft is one of competition and change.F）The launch of Vista is a big deal for the computer industry. Personal computer manufacturers such as Dell, chip manufacturers such as Intel and Samsung and makers of every computer-related peripheral from manuals to mice rely on Windows updates that persuade users to upgrade machines. In the five years since the release of Windows XP—the longest gap Microsoft has ever left—the PC industry has suffered.G）The danger for Microsoft is that, as people do more on the internet, the desktop computer and its operating system become less relevant. Satisfactory web browsing needs a high-speed internet connection but not much desktop computing power, nor a powerful operating system.Order:C →41. →42. →43. →44. →45. →E模拟试题二Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes.（10 points）A）"There is now such creativity of new and very sophisticated financial instruments…that we don't know fully where the risks are located," he added. "We are trying to understand what is going on but it is a big, big challenge." Mr. Trichet's comments reflect a debate in policymaking circles about the implications of the growth in derivatives.B）Nevertheless, the majority admitted it had become hard to track the risks because the sector is opaque, much activity occurs in unregulated hedge funds, and products shift rapidly across markets and between the boundaries of national central banks.C）The recent explosion of structured financial products and derivatives had made it more difficult for regulators and investors to judge current risks in the financial system, Mr. Trichet said. "We are currently seeing elements in global financial markets which are not necessarily stable," Mr. Trichet said, pointing to the "low level of rates, spreads and risk premiums" as factors that could trigger a risk.D）Andrew Crockett, president of JP Morgan International, said, "These new instruments ought to make markets more complete. But there is a lack of transparency…we don't know how much leverage there is in hedge funds, for example."E）Conditions in global financial markets look potentially "unstable", suggesting investors need to prepare for a risk of some assets, Jean-Claude Trichet, president of the European central bank, said over the weekend in Davos.F）Malcolm Knight, managing director of the Bank for International Settlements, said: "regardless of the debate, financial innovations the sector have produced vehicles which greatly accelerated the development of global financial markets."G）Many investment bankers-and some regulators and economists-argued at last week's meeting in Davos that the growth of the $450,000bn derivatives sector had helped reduce market volatility and made the system more resilient to shocks by spreading credit risk. But other officials fear these instruments may be raising leverage and risk-taking to dangerous levels and keeping the cost of borrowing artificially low, potentially increasing the chance of financial crises.order:E →41. →42. →43. →44. →45. →F。