新编剑桥商务英语高级第三版 第Module 12
高级商务英语 Unit 12
Third listening: sentences imitation
• You are asked to use the following active vocabularies to form sentences as what you have heard from listening.
• What is the main idea of news item two?
A class-action lawsuit has been filed against PayPal, an online payment company, days after the company’s successful initial public offering.
4. What was EA’s position to react to react to the upcoming lawsuit?
EA denies plaintiff’s claim. It is EA’s position that it treats its employees fairly and lawfully, and that it has properly classified its employees within the meaning of the law. EA will not retaliate against employees for exercising legal rights, including by participating in the proposed class action.
Second listening: listen for specific information
(完整word版)高级英语 第三版 12课 原文 Ships_in_the_Desert
Lesson 3 Ships in the DesertShips in the DesertAL Gore1. I was standing in the sun on the hot steel deck of a fishing ship capableof processing a fifty-ton catch on a good day. But it wasn' t a good day. We were anchored in what used to be the most productive fishing site in all of central Asia, but as I looked out over the bow , the prospects of a good catch looked bleak. Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand – as far as I could see in all directions. The other ships of the fleet were also at rest in the sand, scattered in the dunes that stretched all the way to the horizon . Ten year s ago the Aral was the fourth-largest inland sea in the world, comparable to the largest of North America's Great Lakes. Now it is disappearing because the water that used to feed it has been diverted in an ill-considered irrigation scheme to grow cotton In the user t. The new shoreline was almost forty kilometers across the sand from where the fishing fleet was now permanently docked. Meanwhile, in the nearby town of Muynak the people were still canning fish – brought not from the Aral Sea but shipped by rail through Siberia from the Pacific Ocean, more than a thousand miles away.2. My search for the underlying causes of the environmental crisis has led me to travel around the world to examine and study many of these images of destruction. At the very bottom of the earth, high in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains, with the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in the sky, I stood in the unbelievable coldness and talked with a scientist in the late tall of 1988 about the tunnel he was digging through time. Slipping his parka back to reveal a badly burned face that was cracked and peeling, he pointed to the annual layers of ice in a core sample dug from the glacier on which we were standing. He moved his finger back in time to the ice of two decades ago. "Here's where the U. S Congress passed the Clean Air Act, ” he said. At the bottom of the world, two continents away from Washington, D. C., even a small reduction in one country's emissions had changed the amount of pollution found in the remotest end least accessible place on earth.3. But the most significant change thus far in the earth' s atmosphere is the one that began with the industrial r evolution early in the last century and has picked up speed ever since. Industry meant coal, and later oil, and we began to burn lots of it –bringing rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) , with its ability to trap more heat in the atmosphere and slowly warm the earth. Fewer than a hundred yards from the South Pole, upwind from the ice runway where the ski plane lands and keeps its engines running to prevent the metal parts from freeze-locking together, scientists monitor the air sever al times ever y day to chart the course of that inexorable change. During my visit, I watched one scientist draw the results of that day's measurements, pushing the end of a steep line still higher on the graph. He told me how easy it is –there at the end of the earth –to see that this enormous change in the global atmosphere is still picking up speed.4. Two and a half years later I slept under the midnight sun at the other end ofour planet, in a small tent pitched on a twelve-toot-thick slab of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean. After a hearty breakfast, my companions and I traveled by snowmobiles a few miles farther north to a rendezvous point where the ice was thinner – only three and a half feet thick –and a nuclear submarine hovered in the water below. After it crashed through the ice, took on its new passengers, and resubmerged, I talked with scientists who were trying to measure more accurately the thickness of the polar ice cap, which many believe is thinning as a re-suit of global warming. I had just negotiated an agreement between ice scientists and the U. S. Navy to secure the re-lease of previously top secret data from submarine sonar tracks, data that could help them learn what is happening to the north polar cap. Now, I wanted to see the pole it-self, and some eight hours after we met the submarine, we were crashing through that ice, surfacing, and then I was standing in an eerily beautiful snowcape, windswept and sparkling white, with the horizon defined by little hummocks, or "pressure ridges " of ice that are pushed up like tiny mountain ranges when separate sheets collide. But here too, CD, levels are rising just as rapidly, and ultimately temperature will rise with them –indeed, global warming is expected to push temperatures up much more rapidly in the polar regions than in the rest of the world. As the polar air warms, the ice her e will thin; and since the polar cap plays such a crucial role in the world's weather system, the consequences of a thinning cap could be disastrous.5. Considering such scenarios is not a purely speculative exercise. Six months after I returned from the North Pole, a team of scientists reported dramatic changes in the pattern of ice distribution in the Arctic, and a second team reported a still controversialclaim (which a variety of data now suggest) that, over all, the north polar cap has thinned by 2 per cent in just the last decade. Moreover, scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the Arctic Circle, the spring snowmelt now comes earlier every year, and deep in the tundra below, the temperature e of the earth is steadily rising.6. As it happens, some of the most disturbing images of environmental destruction can be found exactly halfway between the North and South poles –precisely at the equator in Brazil –where billowing clouds of smoke regularly black-en the sky above the immense but now threatened Amazon rain forest. Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef; as I learned when I went there in early 1989, the fires are set earlier and earlier in the dry season now, with more than one Tennessee's worth of rain forest being slashed and burned each year. According to our guide, the biologist Tom Lovejoy, there are more different species of birds in each square mile of the Amazon than exist in all of North America –which means we are silencing thousands of songs we have never even heard.7. But one doesn't have to travel around the world to wit-ness humankind's assault on the earth. Images that signal the distress of our global environment are now commonly seen almost anywhere. On some nights, in high northern latitudes, the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signals the loss of ecological balance now in progress. If the sky is clear after sunset -- and it you are watching from a place wherepollution hasn't blotted out the night sky altogether -- you can sometimes see a strange kind of cloud high in the sky. This "noctilucent cloud" occasionally appears when the earth is first cloaked in the evening dark-ness; shimmering above us with a translucent whiteness, these clouds seem quite unnatural. And they should: noctilucent clouds have begun to appear more often because of a huge buildup of methane gas in the atmosphere. (Also called natural gas, methane is released from landfills , from coal mines and rice paddies, from billions of termites that swarm through the freshly cut forestland, from the burning of biomass and from a variety of other human activities. ) Even though noctilucent clouds were sometimes seen in the past., all this extra methane carries more water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it condenses at much higher altitudes to form more clouds that the sun's rays still strike long after sunset has brought the beginning of night to the surface far beneath them.8. What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky? Simple wonder or the mix of emotions we feel at the zoo? Perhaps we should feel awe for our own power: just as men "ear tusks from elephants’ heads in such quantity as to threaten the beast with extinction, we are ripping matter from its place in the earth in such volume as to upset the balance between daylight and darkness. In the process, we are once again adding to the threat of global warming, be-cause methane has been one of the fastest-growing green-house gases, and is third only to carbon dioxide and water vapor in total volume, changing the chemistry of the upper atmosphere. But, without even considering that threat, shouldn't it startle us that we have now put these clouds in the evening sky which glisten with a spectral light? Or have our eyes adjusted so completely to the bright lights of civilization that we can't see these clouds for what they are – a physical manifestation of the violent collision between human civilization and the earth?9. Even though it is sometimes hard to see their meaning, we have by now all witnessed surprising experiences that signal the damage from our assault on the environment --whether it's the new frequency of days when the temperature exceeds 100 degrees, the new speed with which the -un burns our skin, or the new constancy of public debate over what to do with growing mountains of waste. But our response to these signals is puzzling. Why haven't we launched a massive effort to save our environment? To come at the question another way' Why do some images startle us into immediate action and focus our attention or ways to respond effectively? And why do other images, though sometimes equally dramatic, produce instead a Kin. of paralysis, focusing our attention not on ways to respond but rather on some convenient, less painful distraction?10. Still, there are so many distressing images of environ-mental destruction that sometimes it seems impossible to know how to absorb or comprehend them. Before considering the threats themselves, it may be helpful to classify them and thus begin to organize our thoughts and feelings so that we may be able to respond appropriately.11. A useful system comes from the military, which frequently places a conflict in one of three different categories, according to the theater in which it takes place. There are "local" skirmishes, "regional" battles, and "strategic" conflicts. This third category is reserved for struggles that can threaten a nation's survival and must beunder stood in a global context.12. Environmental threats can be considered in the same way. For example, most instances of water pollution, air pollution, and illegal waste dumping are essentially local in nature. Problems like acid rain, the contamination of under-ground aquifers, and large oil spills are fundamentally regional. In both of these categories, there may be so many similar instances of particular local and regional problems occurring simultaneously all over the world that the patter n appears to be global, but the problems themselves are still not truly strategic because the operation of- the global environment is not affected and the survival of civilization is not at stake.13. However, a new class of environmental problems does affect the global ecological system, and these threats are fundamentally strategic. The 600 percent increase in the amount of chlorine in the atmosphere during the last forty years has taken place not just in those countries producing the chlorofluorocarbons responsible but in the air above every country, above Antarctica, above the North Pole and the Pacific Ocean – all the way from the surface of the earth to the top of the sky. The increased levels of chlorine disrupt the global process by which the earth regulates the amount of ultraviolet radiation from the sun that is allowed through the atmosphere to the surface; and it we let chlorine levels continue to increase, the radiation levels will al-so increase – to the point that all animal and plant life will face a new threat to their survival.14. Global warming is also a strategic threat. The concentration of carbon dioxide and other heat-absorbing molecules has increased by almost 25 per cent since World War II, posing a worldwide threat to the earth's ability to regulate the amount of heat from the sun retained in the atmosphere. This increase in heat seriously threatens the global climate equilibrium that determines the pattern of winds, rainfall, surface temperatures, ocean currents, and sea level. These in turn determine the distribution of vegetative and animal life on land and sea and have a great effect on the location and pattern of human societies.15. In other words, the entire relationship between humankind and the earth has been transformed because our civilization is suddenly capable of affecting the entire global environment, not just a particular area. All of us know that human civilization has usually had a large impact on the environment; to mention just one example, there is evidence that even in prehistoric times, vast areas were sometimes intentionally burned by people in their search for food. And in our own time we have reshaped a large part of the earth's surface with concrete in our cities and carefully tended rice paddies, pastures, wheat fields, and other croplands in the countryside. But these changes, while sometimes appearing to be pervasive , have, until recently, been relatively trivial factors in the global ecological sys-tem. Indeed, until our lifetime, it was always safe to assume that nothing we did or could do would have any lasting effect on the global environment. But it is precisely that assumption which must now be discarded so that we can think strategically about our new relationship to the environment.16. Human civilization is now the dominant cause of change in the global environment. Yet we resist this truth and find it hard to imagine that our effect on theearth must now be measured by the same yardstick used to calculate the strength of the moon's pull on the oceans or the force of the wind against the mountains. And it we are now capable of changing something so basic as the relationship between the earth and the sun, surely we must acknowledge a new responsibility to use that power wisely and with appropriate restraint. So far, however, We seem oblivious of the fragility of the earth's natural systems.17. This century has witnessed dramatic changes in two key factors that define the physical reality of our relation-ship to the earth: a sudden and startling surge in human population, with the addition of one China's worth of people every ten years, and a sudden acceleration of the scientific and technological revolution, which has allowed an almost unimaginable magnification of our power to affect the world around us by burning, cutting, digging, moving, and trans-forming the physical matter that makes up the earth.18. The surge in population is both a cause of the changed relationship and one of the clearest illustrations of how startling the change has been, especially when viewed in a historical context. From the emergence of modern humans 200 000 years ago until Julius Caesar's time, fewer than 250 million people walked on the face of the earth. When Christopher Columbus set sail for the New World 1500 years later, there were approximately 500 million people on earth. By the time Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the number had doubled again, to 1 billion. By midway through this century, at the end of World War II, the number had risen to just above 2 billion people.19. In other words, from the beginning of humanity's appearance on earth to 1945, it took more than ten thousand generations to reach a world population of 2 billion people. Now, in the course of one human lifetime -- mine -- the world population will increase from 2 to more than 9 million, and it is already more than halfway there.20. Like the population explosion, the scientific and technological revolution began to pick up speed slowly during the eighteenth century. And this ongoing revolution has also suddenly accelerated exponentially. For example, it is now an axiom in many fields of science that more new and important discoveries have taken place in the last ten years that. in the entire previous history of science. While no single discover y has had the kind of effect on our relationship to the earth that unclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together, they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenance -- making the consequences, of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthinkable as the consequences of unrestrained nuclear war.21. Now that our relationship to the earth has changed so utterly, we have to see that change and understand its implications. Our challenge is to recognize that the startling images of environmental destruction now occurring all over the world have much more in common than their ability to shock and awaken us. They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have ever faced. Global warming, ozone depletion, the loss of living species, deforestation -- they all have a common cause: the new relationship between human civilization andthe earth's natural balance.22. There are actually two aspects to this challenge. The first is to realize that our power to harm the earth can in-deed have global and even permanent effects. The second is to realize that the only way to understand our new role as a co-architect of nature is to see ourselves as part of a complex system that does not operate according to the same simple rules of cause and effect we are used to. The problem is not our effect on the environment so much as our relationship with the environment. As a result, any solution to the problem will require a careful assessment of that relationship as well as the complex interrelationship among factors within civilization and between them and the major natural components of the earth's ecological system.23. The strategic nature of the threat now posed by human civilization to the global environment and the strategic nature of the threat to human civilization now posed by changes in the global environment present us with a similar set of challenges and false hopes. Some argue that a new ultimate technology, whether nuclear power or genetic engineering, will solve the problem. Others hold that only a drastic reduction of our reliance on technology can improve the conditions of life -- a simplistic notion at best. But the real solution will be found in reinventing and finally healing the relationship between civilization and the earth. This can only be accomplished by undertaking a careful reassessment of all the factors that led to the relatively recent dramatic change in the relationship. The transformation of the way we relate to the earth will of course involve new technologies, but the key changes will involve new ways of thinking about the relationship itself.。
新编英语教程第三版U12
新编英语教程（第三版）第一册
Unit 12 The Western Frontier in the United States
Lead-In
LSP
Dialogue
Role Play
Reading
Exercises
They’re talking about having a bicycle race again.: An ing participle can be used as the object of a preposition, as is used in the above sentence. Another example, Nobody can talk John into entering for the sports meeting.
新编英语教程（第三版）第一册
Unit 12 The Western Frontier in the United States
Lead-In
LSP
Dialogue
Role Play
Reading
Exercises
I don’t remember doing it. I’ll try to remember/not to forget to do whatever you ask me (to) next time. I’ll never forget seeing the Three Gorges. Some verbs may be followed by either an -ing participle or an infinitive, but there is a difference in meaning. 1) The -ing participle after remember or forget refers to a past action or event that took place before the act of remembering or forgetting. Therefore, “I don’t remember doing it” means “I don’t remember whether I’ve done it
剑桥三级上册Unit12
• Later, Yao Ming opened a lot of eyes with his play during the Olympics. He did better and better. He is now making his childhood dream come true. • 后来,姚明他打奥运会期间开了 很多的眼界。他打得越来越好。 他现在正在完成他的童年的梦想。
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
metre 米 centimetre 厘米 stars 明星 Houston Rockets 休斯敦火箭队 born 出生 job 工作 differently 不同的 second 第二名 until 在……以前 sent 送 several 几个 chosen 精选的 team 队 centre 以……为中心 matches 比赛 opened 打开 during 在……的时候 childhood 童年时代 true 真实的
• 当姚明非常年轻的时候，他的父母 给他去打篮球。当姚明还很年轻, 他的父母让他打篮球。他没有给体 育一眼直到他九岁。当时他是高的, 但比他的朋友更瘦。。
• When he was twelve years old, his parent sent him to learn to play basketball. He worked on his game several hour a day. Soon, he was chosen to be in the Chinese basketball team. Then, he played centre in many matches. • 当他十二岁的时候,他的父母把他送到学习 打篮球。他曾在他的比赛一天几小时。很 快,他被选为在中国篮球队。然后,他在很 多比赛中扮演中心。
高级英语-第三版-12课-原文-Ships-in-the-Desert资料讲解
Lesson 3 Ships in the DesertShips in the DesertAL Gore1. I was standing in the sun on the hot steel deck of a fishing ship capableof processing a fifty-ton catch on a good day. But it wasn' t a good day. We were anchored in what used to be the most productive fishing site in all of central Asia, but as I looked out over the bow , the prospects of a good catch looked bleak. Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand – as far as I could see in all directions. The other ships of the fleet were also at rest in the sand, scattered in the dunes that stretched all the way to the horizon . Ten year s ago the Aral was the fourth-largest inland sea in the world, comparable to the largest of North America's Great Lakes. Now it is disappearing because the water that used to feed it has been diverted in an ill-considered irrigation scheme to grow cotton In the user t. The new shoreline was almost forty kilometers across the sand from where the fishing fleet was now permanently docked. Meanwhile, in the nearby town of Muynak the people were still canning fish – brought not from the Aral Sea but shipped by rail through Siberia from the Pacific Ocean, more than a thousand miles away.2. My search for the underlying causes of the environmental crisis has led me to travel around the world to examine and study many of these images of destruction. At the very bottom of the earth, high in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains, with the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in the sky, I stood in the unbelievable coldness and talked with a scientist in the late tall of 1988 about the tunnel he was digging through time. Slipping his parka back to reveal a badly burned face that was cracked and peeling, he pointed to the annual layers of ice in a core sample dug from the glacier on which we were standing. He moved his finger back in time to the ice of two decades ago. "Here's where the U. S Congress passed the Clean Air Act, ” he said. At the bottom of the world, two continents away from Washington, D. C., even a small reduction in one country's emissions had changed the amount of pollution found in the remotest end least accessible place on earth.3. But the most significant change thus far in the earth' s atmosphere is the one that began with the industrial r evolution early in the last century and has picked up speed ever since. Industry meant coal, and later oil, and we began to burn lots of it –bringing rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) , with its ability to trap more heat in the atmosphere and slowly warm the earth. Fewer than a hundred yards from the South Pole, upwind from the ice runway where the ski plane lands and keeps its engines running to prevent the metal parts from freeze-locking together, scientists monitor the air sever al times ever y day to chart the course of that inexorable change. During my visit, I watched one scientist draw the results of that day's measurements, pushing the end of a steep line still higher on the graph. He told me how easy it is –there at the end of the earth –to see that this enormous change in the global atmosphere is still picking up speed.4. Two and a half years later I slept under the midnight sun at the other end of our planet, in a small tent pitched on a twelve-toot-thick slab of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean. After a hearty breakfast, my companions and I traveled by snowmobiles a few miles farther north to a rendezvous point where the ice was thinner – only three and a half feet thick –and a nuclear submarine hovered in the water below. After it crashed through the ice, took on its new passengers, and resubmerged, I talked with scientists who were trying to measure more accurately the thickness of the polar ice cap, which many believe is thinning as a re-suit of global warming. I had just negotiated an agreement between ice scientists and the U. S. Navy to secure the re-lease of previously top secret data from submarine sonar tracks, data that could help them learn what is happening to the north polar cap. Now, I wanted to see the pole it-self, and some eight hours after we met the submarine, we were crashing through that ice, surfacing, and then I was standing in an eerily beautiful snowcape, windswept and sparkling white, with the horizon defined by little hummocks, or "pressure ridges " of ice that are pushed up like tiny mountain ranges when separate sheets collide. But here too, CD, levels are rising just as rapidly, and ultimately temperature will rise with them –indeed, global warming is expected to push temperatures up much more rapidly in the polar regions than in the rest of the world. As the polar air warms, the ice her e will thin; and since the polar cap plays such a crucial role in the world's weather system, the consequences of a thinning cap could be disastrous.5. Considering such scenarios is not a purely speculative exercise. Six months after I returned from the North Pole, a team of scientists reported dramatic changes in the pattern of ice distribution in the Arctic, and a second team reported a still controversialclaim (which a variety of data now suggest) that, over all, the north polar cap has thinned by 2 per cent in just the last decade. Moreover, scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the Arctic Circle, the spring snowmelt now comes earlier every year, and deep in the tundra below, the temperature e of the earth is steadily rising.6. As it happens, some of the most disturbing images of environmental destruction can be found exactly halfway between the North and South poles –precisely at the equator in Brazil –where billowing clouds of smoke regularly black-en the sky above the immense but now threatened Amazon rain forest. Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef; as I learned when I went there in early 1989, the fires are set earlier and earlier in the dry season now, with more than one Tennessee's worth of rain forest being slashed and burned each year. According to our guide, the biologist Tom Lovejoy, there are more different species of birds in each square mile of the Amazon than exist in all of North America –which means we are silencing thousands of songs we have never even heard.7. But one doesn't have to travel around the world to wit-ness humankind's assault on the earth. Images that signal the distress of our global environment are nowcommonly seen almost anywhere. On some nights, in high northern latitudes, the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signals the loss of ecological balance now in progress. If the sky is clear after sunset -- and it you are watching from a place where pollution hasn't blotted out the night sky altogether -- you can sometimes see a strange kind of cloud high in the sky. This "noctilucent cloud" occasionally appears when the earth is first cloaked in the evening dark-ness; shimmering above us with a translucent whiteness, these clouds seem quite unnatural. And they should: noctilucent clouds have begun to appear more often because of a huge buildup of methane gas in the atmosphere. (Also called natural gas, methane is released from landfills , from coal mines and rice paddies, from billions of termites that swarm through the freshly cut forestland, from the burning of biomass and from a variety of other human activities. ) Even though noctilucent clouds were sometimes seen in the past., all this extra methane carries more water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it condenses at much higher altitudes to form more clouds that the sun's rays still strike long after sunset has brought the beginning of night to the surface far beneath them.8. What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky? Simple wonder or the mix of emotions we feel at the zoo? Perhaps we should feel awe for our own power: just as me n "ear tusks from elephants’ heads in such quantity as to threaten the beast with extinction, we are ripping matter from its place in the earth in such volume as to upset the balance between daylight and darkness. In the process, we are once again adding to the threat of global warming, be-cause methane has been one of the fastest-growing green-house gases, and is third only to carbon dioxide and water vapor in total volume, changing the chemistry of the upper atmosphere. But, without even considering that threat, shouldn't it startle us that we have now put these clouds in the evening sky which glisten with a spectral light? Or have our eyes adjusted so completely to the bright lights of civilization that we can't see these clouds for what they are – a physical manifestation of the violent collision between human civilization and the earth?9. Even though it is sometimes hard to see their meaning, we have by now all witnessed surprising experiences that signal the damage from our assault on the environment --whether it's the new frequency of days when the temperature exceeds 100 degrees, the new speed with which the -un burns our skin, or the new constancy of public debate over what to do with growing mountains of waste. But our response to these signals is puzzling. Why haven't we launched a massive effort to save our environment? To come at the question another way' Why do some images startle us into immediate action and focus our attention or ways to respond effectively? And why do other images, though sometimes equally dramatic, produce instead a Kin. of paralysis, focusing our attention not on ways to respond but rather on some convenient, less painful distraction?10. Still, there are so many distressing images of environ-mental destruction that sometimes it seems impossible to know how to absorb or comprehend them. Before considering the threats themselves, it may be helpful to classify them and thus begin to organize our thoughts and feelings so that we may be able to respond appropriately.11. A useful system comes from the military, which frequently places a conflictin one of three different categories, according to the theater in which it takes place. There are "local" skirmishes, "regional" battles, and "strategic" conflicts. This third category is reserved for struggles that can threaten a nation's survival and must be under stood in a global context.12. Environmental threats can be considered in the same way. For example, most instances of water pollution, air pollution, and illegal waste dumping are essentially local in nature. Problems like acid rain, the contamination of under-ground aquifers, and large oil spills are fundamentally regional. In both of these categories, there may be so many similar instances of particular local and regional problems occurring simultaneously all over the world that the patter n appears to be global, but the problems themselves are still not truly strategic because the operation of- the global environment is not affected and the survival of civilization is not at stake.13. However, a new class of environmental problems does affect the global ecological system, and these threats are fundamentally strategic. The 600 percent increase in the amount of chlorine in the atmosphere during the last forty years has taken place not just in those countries producing the chlorofluorocarbons responsible but in the air above every country, above Antarctica, above the North Pole and the Pacific Ocean – all the way from the surface of the earth to the top of the sky. The increased levels of chlorine disrupt the global process by which the earth regulates the amount of ultraviolet radiation from the sun that is allowed through the atmosphere to the surface; and it we let chlorine levels continue to increase, the radiation levels will al-so increase – to the point that all animal and plant life will face a new threat to their survival.14. Global warming is also a strategic threat. The concentration of carbon dioxide and other heat-absorbing molecules has increased by almost 25 per cent since World War II, posing a worldwide threat to the earth's ability to regulate the amount of heat from the sun retained in the atmosphere. This increase in heat seriously threatens the global climate equilibrium that determines the pattern of winds, rainfall, surface temperatures, ocean currents, and sea level. These in turn determine the distribution of vegetative and animal life on land and sea and have a great effect on the location and pattern of human societies.15. In other words, the entire relationship between humankind and the earth has been transformed because our civilization is suddenly capable of affecting the entire global environment, not just a particular area. All of us know that human civilization has usually had a large impact on the environment; to mention just one example, there is evidence that even in prehistoric times, vast areas were sometimes intentionally burned by people in their search for food. And in our own time we have reshaped a large part of the earth's surface with concrete in our cities and carefully tended rice paddies, pastures, wheat fields, and other croplands in the countryside. But these changes, while sometimes appearing to be pervasive , have, until recently, been relatively trivial factors in the global ecological sys-tem. Indeed, until our lifetime, it was always safe to assume that nothing we did or could do would have any lasting effect on the global environment. But it is precisely that assumption which must now be discarded so that we can think strategically about our new relationship to theenvironment.16. Human civilization is now the dominant cause of change in the global environment. Yet we resist this truth and find it hard to imagine that our effect on the earth must now be measured by the same yardstick used to calculate the strength of the moon's pull on the oceans or the force of the wind against the mountains. And it we are now capable of changing something so basic as the relationship between the earth and the sun, surely we must acknowledge a new responsibility to use that power wisely and with appropriate restraint. So far, however, We seem oblivious of the fragility of the earth's natural systems.17. This century has witnessed dramatic changes in two key factors that define the physical reality of our relation-ship to the earth: a sudden and startling surge in human population, with the addition of one China's worth of people every ten years, and a sudden acceleration of the scientific and technological revolution, which has allowed an almost unimaginable magnification of our power to affect the world around us by burning, cutting, digging, moving, and trans-forming the physical matter that makes up the earth.18. The surge in population is both a cause of the changed relationship and one of the clearest illustrations of how startling the change has been, especially when viewed in a historical context. From the emergence of modern humans 200 000 years ago until Julius Caesar's time, fewer than 250 million people walked on the face of the earth. When Christopher Columbus set sail for the New World 1500 years later, there were approximately 500 million people on earth. By the time Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the number had doubled again, to 1 billion. By midway through this century, at the end of World War II, the number had risen to just above 2 billion people.19. In other words, from the beginning of humanity's appearance on earth to 1945, it took more than ten thousand generations to reach a world population of 2 billion people. Now, in the course of one human lifetime -- mine -- the world population will increase from 2 to more than 9 million, and it is already more than halfway there.20. Like the population explosion, the scientific and technological revolution began to pick up speed slowly during the eighteenth century. And this ongoing revolution has also suddenly accelerated exponentially. For example, it is now an axiom in many fields of science that more new and important discoveries have taken place in the last ten years that. in the entire previous history of science. While no single discover y has had the kind of effect on our relationship to the earth that unclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together, they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenance -- making the consequences, of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthinkable as the consequences of unrestrained nuclear war.21. Now that our relationship to the earth has changed so utterly, we have to see that change and understand its implications. Our challenge is to recognize that thestartling images of environmental destruction now occurring all over the world have much more in common than their ability to shock and awaken us. They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have ever faced. Global warming, ozone depletion, the loss of living species, deforestation -- they all have a common cause: the new relationship between human civilization and the earth's natural balance.22. There are actually two aspects to this challenge. The first is to realize that our power to harm the earth can in-deed have global and even permanent effects. The second is to realize that the only way to understand our new role as a co-architect of nature is to see ourselves as part of a complex system that does not operate according to the same simple rules of cause and effect we are used to. The problem is not our effect on the environment so much as our relationship with the environment. As a result, any solution to the problem will require a careful assessment of that relationship as well as the complex interrelationship among factors within civilization and between them and the major natural components of the earth's ecological system.23. The strategic nature of the threat now posed by human civilization to the global environment and the strategic nature of the threat to human civilization now posed by changes in the global environment present us with a similar set of challenges and false hopes. Some argue that a new ultimate technology, whether nuclear power or genetic engineering, will solve the problem. Others hold that only a drastic reduction of our reliance on technology can improve the conditions of life -- a simplistic notion at best. But the real solution will be found in reinventing and finally healing the relationship between civilization and the earth. This can only be accomplished by undertaking a careful reassessment of all the factors that led to the relatively recent dramatic change in the relationship. The transformation of the way we relate to the earth will of course involve new technologies, but the key changes will involve new ways of thinking about the relationship itself.。
新编英语教程(第三版) Unit 12 练习册答案
Reference for Unit 12 A.1. university, in2. study, in3. dining-room, in4. table, at5. church, in / at6. envelope, in7. park, in8. suitcase, in9. bucket, in10. c oncrete, with 11. h otel, in / at12. r ing, in13. s helter, for14. b at, with15. v ehicle, in16. m outhpiece, with17. t elephone box, in18. t ypewriter, with19. e ngine, with20. c ushion, againstB.1. thaws2. freeze3. dissolve4. hardens5. melts6. hurt7. burn8. upset, decay / ache9. numb10. s tiff, sore11. a ched12. p ainC.1. have struck2. live3. is … led4. may weigh5. is…recognized6. appears7. is8. spear9. tries10. m ake 11. i s missing12. i s13. i s lost14. w ill…s plit15. j oin16. w ere17. h ave been halved18. h ave reduced19. i s…trying20. a re preparedD.1. D2. B3. C4. D5. A6. D7. A8. C9. A10. D11. C12. B13. A14. B15. CSentence RewritingA.1. The Sunday-school superintendent gave a talk, telling us…eat.2. The boy stood outside the Sunday school, looking round … childre n.3. The old woman sat in the church, listening to … carols.4. The child lay awake all night, waiting for …Claus.5. Marie wrote a letter to her uncle, thanking him … present.6. The girl came into the room, singing and dancing.B.1. The old man sat … chair, his ey es closed.2. Jenny was sitting … desk, the newspaper spread before her.3. Mary having been ill … term, her promotion has to be withheld.4. The fog being dense, no one …streets.5. My mother looked at my father, her face (being) pale and stony.6. There being no proof … guilt, the case was dismissed.7. The agreement signed / having been signed, all of us were satisfied.8. Jane having been caught in the rain, her clothes were wet through.。
新编英语教程 3 Unit 12 A Winter to Remember
Unit 12 A Winter to RememberTeaching objectives1. to be familiar with a narrative writing about an unforgettable winter2. to understand the humor implied in the textTeaching procedureI. About the title⏹Winter is a season with a connotation of sth unpleasant, for example, severe coldness,inconvenient conditions.⏹ A winter is worthy of remembering⏹It is a piece of narrative writingII. Pre-reading Questions⏹What had happened in this winter?⏹Why does the author think that it is a winter worthy of remembering?⏹What is a winter like in the author’s narration?III. The Main Ideas•Time: early January to late March•Place: in the depth of the country•Events: i) unpleasant memories: beautiful snow scene turned into ugly frostbound sight;birds growing tamer and waiting at the doorstep; water frozen almost instantlyii) one good thing: eggs not broken when droppedAnalyze the plot: an introduction (the cold winter)----the outdoor descriptions(snow, bird etc)----indoor descriptions(heating system, lugging water, egg dropping…)IV. words and expressionsPara. 1within living memory上次世界大战还在人们记忆中的时候发生另一次世界大战的可能性较小。
剑桥商务英语unit12thejobmarket
剑桥商务英语unit12thejobmarket【最新版】目录1.剑桥商务英语概述2.剑桥商务英语的三个级别3.剑桥商务英语的考试形式和难度4.剑桥商务英语对考生的学历要求5.剑桥商务英语在中国的影响和应用正文剑桥商务英语（Cambridge Business English，简称 BEC）是英国剑桥大学考试委员会推出的一项英语考试，旨在检验考生在商务环境中使用英语的能力。
BEC 共分为三个级别：初级、中级和高级，分别对应不同的英语水平和商务知识。
剑桥商务英语初级（BEC Preliminary）的难度相当于我国大学英语四级水平，是剑桥英语考试系列中入门级别的考试。
BEC 中级（BEC Vantage）的难度则相当于我国大学英语六级水平，要求考生具备较高的英语水平和商务知识。
BEC 高级（BEC Higher）则是剑桥商务英语系列中的最高级别，难度相当于我国英语专业八级，要求考生在商务英语方面有非常扎实的基础和丰富的实践经验。
剑桥商务英语的考试形式包括听力、阅读和写作、口语四个部分。
考试难度逐渐提高，对考生的英语水平和商务知识都有较高的要求。
值得一提的是，BEC 对考生的学历背景没有硬性要求，考生可以根据自己的实际情况选择报考级别。
只要具备相应的英语水平和商务知识，任何人都可以报名参加 BEC 考试。
在我国，剑桥商务英语证书备受认可，被誉为“职场黄金通行证”。
许多企事业单位在招聘时都会优先考虑持有 BEC 证书的应聘者，因为BEC 证书可以有效证明考生在商务英语方面的实际能力。
此外，BEC 证书也是众多学子申请国外商学院的加分项，为他们的留学之路增添更多竞争力。
总之，剑桥商务英语作为一项国际认可度极高的英语考试，对于提升考生的商务英语能力和职场竞争力具有重要意义。
新编英语教程第三册Unit12
Unit 12TEXT IA Winter to RememberTextAccording to the weather men last winter was one of the worst in living memory.We live in the depths of the country, and my whole family agree that it was certainly a winter we shall never forget. Snow began to fall at round about the beginning of the New Year and continued on and off for approximately ten days.At first we were all thrilled to see it. It fell silently and relentlessly in large soft flakes until every ugly patch and corner of our rather rambling garden was smoothed over and had become a spotless white canopy. The children soon spoilt its beauty by having snowball fights and leaving their footprints all over it. Hungry birds too, in search of scraps of food, made delicate impressions on its surface. It was now, when the garden was all churned up and of a dirty grey colour, that a severe frost set in, hardening the snow into ugly lumps of grimy concrete. For the next three months the whole countryside lay in a grip of iron.Every day the birds grew tamer, often waiting hopefully almost on our backdoor step. We fed them with bits of cheese, chopped up meat and any leftovers we had. We also put out bowls of water, which unfortunately within an hour had frozen solid.Indoors it was pretty cold too. Our central heating system proved both inadequate and uncooperative: inadequate partly because it needed overhauling and partly because the poor state of the doors and most of the windows made a whistling stream of cold air come through;unco-operative because occasionally it simply went on strike. To make matters worse there were tiny holes in the brickwork of many of the rooms. As a result the water pipes froze so that for several weeks our water supply had to be brought in buckets from a nearby farm. We tried to buy a number of oil-stoves to keep these rooms warm, but other people had thought of doing this too —when we called at the village shop the shopkeeper told us she had sold out and that although there were more on order they were unlikely to be delivered until the spring —which, of course, was a great comfort.Throughout January and February and much of March we sat about in our overcoats and warmed ourselves by tramping to and from the farm, lugging buckets of water.On one occasion the water actually froze before it reached the house, andour youngest son — not the most intelligent of youth — promptly took it all the way back to the farm.However, one good thing did happen. One of the children dropped a container with a dozen eggs in it. I stooped down furiously to pick up what I thought would be the messy remains only to discover the eggs had come to no harm — they were as solid as if they had been hard-boiled.Late in March, it finally thawed. Water squirted from pipes in at least half a dozen places. Instead of carting buckets of water into the kitchen from the farm we now brought them in from different parts of the house. Eventually we found a plumber. The plumber undoubtedly saved us from drowning. I have been devoted to plumbers ever since.By Robert BestTEXT IIJanuary WindThe January wind has a hundred voices. It can scream, it can bellow, it can whisper, and it can sing a lullaby. It can roar through the leafless oaks and shout down the hillside, and it can murmur in the white pines rooted among the granite ledges where lichen makes strange hieroglyphics. It can whistle down a chimney and set the hearth-flames to dancing. On a sunny day it can pause in a sheltered spot and breathe a promise of spring and violets. In the cold of a lonely night it can rattle the sash and stay there muttering of ice and snowbanks and deep-frozen ponds. Sometimes the January wind seems to come from the farthest star in the outer darkness, so remote and so impersonal is its voice. That is the wind of a January dawn, in the half-light that trembles between day and night. It is a wind that merely quivers the trees, its force sensed but not seen, a force that might almost hold back the day if it were so directed. Then the east brightens, and the wind relaxes —the stars, its source, grown dim.And sometimes the January wind is so intimate that you know it came only from the next hill, a little wind that plays with leaves and puffs at chimney smoke and whistles like a little boy with puckered lips. It makes the little cedar trees quiver, as with delight. It shadow-boxes with the weather-vane. It tweaks an ear, and whispers laughing words about crocuses and daffodils, and nips the nose and dances off.But you never know, until you hear its voice, which wind is here today. Or, more important, which will be here tomorrow.By Hal Borland。
新编剑桥商务英语unit12
when it launched a rival mobile phone brand, the operator Orange said easyMobile was breaking the law by using its colour in the same marketplace. Then there was the oil company BP, whose logo is green and yellow. They took out litigation against an Irish petrol company who tried to paint its petrol stations green. P: So do you think you can use the same colour as long as your product is different? R: Absolutely. For example, the food manufacturer Heinz uses turquoise on its cans but it couldn’t stop someone from using the same colour on, say bicycles. P: Can you tell me if there is anything else you can buy the rights on? R: Oh sure. Trademarks mean firms have rights over anything like colour or shape. P: Shape as well? R: Absolutely. Take Toblerone. They have the rights on triangular boxes for their chocolate. P: So back to Galacall and F. I’d like to know what you think the outcome will be if it ever gets to court. Who’ll win? R: Well, I’m not the judge, but if the prosecution can prove the colour will confuse customers and damage Galacall’s business then they might just win it.
新编剑桥商务英语高级第三版-第12
可编辑修改精选全文完整版12.1 Crossing culturesVOCABULARYGlobalisation1Why do you think kofi Annan said this?‘…arguing against globalization is like arguing against the laws of gravity.’Kofi Annan, United Nations3What does the term globalization mean to you?4Mark the following aspects of globalization positive (+), negative (-) or don’t know (?).Compare and discuss with your partner.1 free trade (abolition of trade barriers)2 opening of markets3 social integration and merging of cultures (the global village)4 increased competition in the world market5 free movement of labour (migration of workers)6 free movement of capital7 development of advanced communications8 reduction in the cost of goods9 growing influence of multinational corporations5Which of these effects can you see particularly in your country?READINGCross-culture communication6Why is culture important to business people? Discuss with a partner.7 Read this opening passage from a book by Neil Bromford on cross-cultural communication. Choose the best‘blurb’to go on the back of the book.8 Think of a title for Neil Bromford’s book.9Look at these words (1-8) from the text above and find a synonym (A-I) for each.0 feature A unusual1 uncommon B aspect2 awareness C strange3 to lose face D knowledge4 to chat E to feel humiliated5 pressed for time F to weaken6 influence G to make conversation7 unfamiliar H in a hurryREADING1Make a list of three dos and three don’ts for people who have to do business in a different culture.2Dr A J Schuler gives advice on improving cross-cultural communication in organization. Read the text and choose the best word (A, B, C or D) to fill each gap.UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCESDirect experienceThe best way to learn about another culture is to be thrown in at the deep end. In other words, get (0) _______ experience. Try to listen to the radio or watch TV programmes from that country or go to special clubs for that specific nationality or group-discussion groups, religious groups, dance groups, etc. In any kind of contact (1) ________ the time to listen and to learn.Don’t be afraid of differenceEven if others’behaviour seems strange of foreign, remember that differences are less (2) ________ than the things we all have in common. We are all made of the same DNA, and as human beings, we share many of the same (3)_______ and basic interests. Enjoy the things we share and at the same time, try to ‘enjoy’the differences.Understand your own cultureBy thinking about your own cultural behaviour and habits, you will open your mind(4)________the behaviour of others. Also this will help you-when you are interpreting the behaviour of an unfamiliar culture-to avoid applying your own cultural (5)________ .Avoid stereotypesWe find stereotypes useful because they help us to order our world and to categorise the different people and experiences in it. They also help to (6)_______ us when we feel uncertain. On the whole though, stereotypes are very superficial and don’t take account of individual differences. Also, because they can be defensive and made to protect us from uncertainty, they often (7)_______ negative wiews of a different culture.We live in a changing worldCultres change through time, and these days, in the ‘global village’ that we live in, this process is happening more rapidly. Don’t(8)________ the effect that your interaction with another culture will have on that culture. As you try to understand them and move(9)________ them, so they will do the same and the cultre that you thought you were dealing with will have changed.Think also about how your own cultural values are being received or accommodated by your foreign (10)_____as you both try to bridge the gap.0 A unique B fist-hand C original D personnel1 A take B have C spend D pass2 A many B numerous C ample D amount3 A motors B motivators C motivations D motifs4 A up B for C of D to5 A standards B mentality C figures D thought6 A assure B ensure C insure D reassure7 A make B promote C mean D reassure8 A undergo B underprice C underestimate D understand9 A to B across C close D towards10 A opposite B counterpart C relation D workmate GRAMMARGrammar TipAll the verb forms in exercise 3 are used to speculate about the past; in other words to wonder how things might have been different from what thy actually were. Speculation3What is implied about what actually happened in each of these cases?0 If I had listened to your advice, I would never have taken the rain.I took the train and it was a disaster.1 I would be a millionaire by now if I had taken up her offer.2 If I were braver, I would have told him what I thought.3 I shouldn’t have been so hasty in my judgment of her.4 I wish we had been taught to speak languages better at school.5 Without influential political connections, he wouldn’t have got so far.6 He should have thought before he spoke.7 She could have been anything she wanted to be, if she had put her mind to it.8 In hindsight, it might have been more polite to arrive a little early.4Complete the following sentences0 I’m glad she spoke good English. It could have been (could/ be) difficult otherwise.1 If I had known I was going to have to pay for myself, I _________(never/accept) their invitation.2 No-one would have heard me say I was leaving if he _________(not/put) the call on speaker phone.3 I know you didn’t want to go to their party, but you________(should/reply) to the invitation.4 Never eat raw vegetables-they__________(might/wash) in unclean water.5 You__________(should/not/take) a gift. No-one else did and I think the hosts were embarrassed.6 I really wanted to meet Anna- I wish you____________(introduce) me.5Study the following culturally sensitive situations. What is the best way to handle each situation?1 Serge prided himself on his adventurousness with food. Until, that is, Mr Sato, the company’s main Japanese supplier, invited him out to dinner and ordered them each a dish consisting of a small charred bird. As Serge hesitated Mr Sato proceeded to eat his bird whole, head and all.2 Tina was pressed for time. She was at the Milan trade fair only for one day with too many people to see and too many things to do. Her heart sank as she saw Umberto Ginelli approaching. Signor Ginelli was one of her best customers but always seemed to have all the time in the world to chat.3 Frank was known for telling jokes in poor taste and Stefan was dreading spending another evening with him, especially with his boss there, as he was easily offended. Then Frank began,‘Did you hear the one about the Irishman and the American tourist?’4 Maison Blanc was a very expensive restaurant and Sarah had always wanted to go there. But now she was there, she couldn’t relax. Malcolm had invited everyone in the team to celebrate his promotion, but it wasn’t really clear whether he was going to pay or each person had to pay for themselves.6 Have you had any similar experiences? Describe them to your partner. Ask what they would have done in the same situation.READING1 Work with your partner to answer the following quiz taken from the in-flight2 Compare your answers with the ones given. How did you do ? Are you surprised?LISTENINGUnderstanding business culture3 12.1 You will hear an extract from the radio series The real world of business. In this programme an American electronics entrepreneur talks about his experience of doing business in China. Listen and mark one letter(A, B or C) for the correct answer.1 Jim hadn’t realized that Guanxi wasA so vital in business.B so common in Chinese culture.C such a complicated principle.2 He defines Guanxi asA building a support network of collaborators in business.B the exchange of presents between collaborators.C the experience you gain from doing business over a long time.3 A lot of foreign companiesA use Chinese interpretersB fail because they don’t understand Guanxi.C try to form partnerships with Chinese business people.4 The Chinese government’s policy on bribery isA quite relaxed.B much stricter than it used to be.C to ignore it.5 You should show an interest inA the most important person in the group.B Chinese food.C Chinese culture and society.6 When you receive a business card you shouldA read it properly before putting it away.B not put it in your pocket.C give yours at the same time.7 One reason it takes time to get an agreement isA the Chinese don’t like to commit themselves.B there are often many levels of management to go through.C they will want to solve all the small problems first.8 The most important thing isA to be patient.B to understand the tax lawsC to learn some Chinese.WRITINGA market profile report4 Following a recent business trip to China to investigate the possibilities of importing teas, your manager has asked you to write a report on the particularities of doing business over there. Write the report, including the following points:●the aims of your visit.●How your meetings with tea manufacturers went.●The reaction of your potential business partners to your proposals.●Advice and recommendations for other colleagues who follow up this visit.。
(完整版)高级英语第三版12课原文Ships_in_the_Desert
Lesson 3 Ships in the DesertShips in the DesertAL Gore1. I was standing in the sun on the hot steel deck of a fishing ship capableof processing a fifty-ton catch on a good day. But it wasn' t a good day. We were anchored in what used to be the most productive fishing site in all of central Asia, but as I looked out over the bow , the prospects of a good catch looked bleak. Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand – as far as I could see in all directions. The other ships of the fleet were also at rest in the sand, scattered in the dunes that stretched all the way to the horizon . Ten year s ago the Aral was the fourth-largest inland sea in the world, comparable to the largest of North America's Great Lakes. Now it is disappearing because the water that used to feed it has been diverted in an ill-considered irrigation scheme to grow cotton In the user t. The new shoreline was almost forty kilometers across the sand from where the fishing fleet was now permanently docked. Meanwhile, in the nearby town of Muynak the people were still canning fish – brought not from the Aral Sea but shipped by rail through Siberia from the Pacific Ocean, more than a thousand miles away.2. My search for the underlying causes of the environmental crisis has led me to travel around the world to examine and study many of these images of destruction. At the very bottom of the earth, high in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains, with the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in the sky, I stood in the unbelievable coldness and talked with a scientist in the late tall of 1988 about the tunnel he was digging through time. Slipping his parka back to reveal a badly burned face that was cracked and peeling, he pointed to the annual layers of ice in a core sample dug from the glacier on which we were standing. He moved his finger back in time to the ice of two decades ago. "Here's where the U. S Congress passed the Clean Air Act, ” he said. At the bottom of the world, two continents away from Washington, D. C., even a small reduction in one country's emissions had changed the amount of pollution found in the remotest end least accessible place on earth.3. But the most significant change thus far in the earth' s atmosphere is the one that began with the industrial r evolution early in the last century and has picked up speed ever since. Industry meant coal, and later oil, and we began to burn lots of it –bringing rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) , with its ability to trap more heat in the atmosphere and slowly warm the earth. Fewer than a hundred yards from the South Pole, upwind from the ice runway where the ski plane lands and keeps its engines running to prevent the metal parts from freeze-locking together, scientists monitor the air sever al times ever y day to chart the course of that inexorable change. During my visit, I watched one scientist draw the results of that day's measurements, pushing the end of a steep line still higher on the graph. He told me how easy it is –there at the end of the earth –to see that this enormous change in the global atmosphere is still picking up speed.4. Two and a half years later I slept under the midnight sun at the other end ofour planet, in a small tent pitched on a twelve-toot-thick slab of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean. After a hearty breakfast, my companions and I traveled by snowmobiles a few miles farther north to a rendezvous point where the ice was thinner – only three and a half feet thick –and a nuclear submarine hovered in the water below. After it crashed through the ice, took on its new passengers, and resubmerged, I talked with scientists who were trying to measure more accurately the thickness of the polar ice cap, which many believe is thinning as a re-suit of global warming. I had just negotiated an agreement between ice scientists and the U. S. Navy to secure the re-lease of previously top secret data from submarine sonar tracks, data that could help them learn what is happening to the north polar cap. Now, I wanted to see the pole it-self, and some eight hours after we met the submarine, we were crashing through that ice, surfacing, and then I was standing in an eerily beautiful snowcape, windswept and sparkling white, with the horizon defined by little hummocks, or "pressure ridges " of ice that are pushed up like tiny mountain ranges when separate sheets collide. But here too, CD, levels are rising just as rapidly, and ultimately temperature will rise with them –indeed, global warming is expected to push temperatures up much more rapidly in the polar regions than in the rest of the world. As the polar air warms, the ice her e will thin; and since the polar cap plays such a crucial role in the world's weather system, the consequences of a thinning cap could be disastrous.5. Considering such scenarios is not a purely speculative exercise. Six months after I returned from the North Pole, a team of scientists reported dramatic changes in the pattern of ice distribution in the Arctic, and a second team reported a still controversialclaim (which a variety of data now suggest) that, over all, the north polar cap has thinned by 2 per cent in just the last decade. Moreover, scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the Arctic Circle, the spring snowmelt now comes earlier every year, and deep in the tundra below, the temperature e of the earth is steadily rising.6. As it happens, some of the most disturbing images of environmental destruction can be found exactly halfway between the North and South poles –precisely at the equator in Brazil –where billowing clouds of smoke regularly black-en the sky above the immense but now threatened Amazon rain forest. Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef; as I learned when I went there in early 1989, the fires are set earlier and earlier in the dry season now, with more than one Tennessee's worth of rain forest being slashed and burned each year. According to our guide, the biologist Tom Lovejoy, there are more different species of birds in each square mile of the Amazon than exist in all of North America –which means we are silencing thousands of songs we have never even heard.7. But one doesn't have to travel around the world to wit-ness humankind's assault on the earth. Images that signal the distress of our global environment are now commonly seen almost anywhere. On some nights, in high northern latitudes, the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signals the loss of ecological balance now in progress. If the sky is clear after sunset -- and it you are watching from a place wherepollution hasn't blotted out the night sky altogether -- you can sometimes see a strange kind of cloud high in the sky. This "noctilucent cloud" occasionally appears when the earth is first cloaked in the evening dark-ness; shimmering above us with a translucent whiteness, these clouds seem quite unnatural. And they should: noctilucent clouds have begun to appear more often because of a huge buildup of methane gas in the atmosphere. (Also called natural gas, methane is released from landfills , from coal mines and rice paddies, from billions of termites that swarm through the freshly cut forestland, from the burning of biomass and from a variety of other human activities. ) Even though noctilucent clouds were sometimes seen in the past., all this extra methane carries more water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it condenses at much higher altitudes to form more clouds that the sun's rays still strike long after sunset has brought the beginning of night to the surface far beneath them.8. What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky? Simple wonder or the mix of emotions we feel at the zoo? Perhaps we should feel awe for our own power: just as men "ear tusks from elephants’ heads in such quantity as to threaten the beast with extinction, we are ripping matter from its place in the earth in such volume as to upset the balance between daylight and darkness. In the process, we are once again adding to the threat of global warming, be-cause methane has been one of the fastest-growing green-house gases, and is third only to carbon dioxide and water vapor in total volume, changing the chemistry of the upper atmosphere. But, without even considering that threat, shouldn't it startle us that we have now put these clouds in the evening sky which glisten with a spectral light? Or have our eyes adjusted so completely to the bright lights of civilization that we can't see these clouds for what they are – a physical manifestation of the violent collision between human civilization and the earth?9. Even though it is sometimes hard to see their meaning, we have by now all witnessed surprising experiences that signal the damage from our assault on the environment --whether it's the new frequency of days when the temperature exceeds 100 degrees, the new speed with which the -un burns our skin, or the new constancy of public debate over what to do with growing mountains of waste. But our response to these signals is puzzling. Why haven't we launched a massive effort to save our environment? To come at the question another way' Why do some images startle us into immediate action and focus our attention or ways to respond effectively? And why do other images, though sometimes equally dramatic, produce instead a Kin. of paralysis, focusing our attention not on ways to respond but rather on some convenient, less painful distraction?10. Still, there are so many distressing images of environ-mental destruction that sometimes it seems impossible to know how to absorb or comprehend them. Before considering the threats themselves, it may be helpful to classify them and thus begin to organize our thoughts and feelings so that we may be able to respond appropriately.11. A useful system comes from the military, which frequently places a conflict in one of three different categories, according to the theater in which it takes place. There are "local" skirmishes, "regional" battles, and "strategic" conflicts. This third category is reserved for struggles that can threaten a nation's survival and must beunder stood in a global context.12. Environmental threats can be considered in the same way. For example, most instances of water pollution, air pollution, and illegal waste dumping are essentially local in nature. Problems like acid rain, the contamination of under-ground aquifers, and large oil spills are fundamentally regional. In both of these categories, there may be so many similar instances of particular local and regional problems occurring simultaneously all over the world that the patter n appears to be global, but the problems themselves are still not truly strategic because the operation of- the global environment is not affected and the survival of civilization is not at stake.13. However, a new class of environmental problems does affect the global ecological system, and these threats are fundamentally strategic. The 600 percent increase in the amount of chlorine in the atmosphere during the last forty years has taken place not just in those countries producing the chlorofluorocarbons responsible but in the air above every country, above Antarctica, above the North Pole and the Pacific Ocean – all the way from the surface of the earth to the top of the sky. The increased levels of chlorine disrupt the global process by which the earth regulates the amount of ultraviolet radiation from the sun that is allowed through the atmosphere to the surface; and it we let chlorine levels continue to increase, the radiation levels will al-so increase – to the point that all animal and plant life will face a new threat to their survival.14. Global warming is also a strategic threat. The concentration of carbon dioxide and other heat-absorbing molecules has increased by almost 25 per cent since World War II, posing a worldwide threat to the earth's ability to regulate the amount of heat from the sun retained in the atmosphere. This increase in heat seriously threatens the global climate equilibrium that determines the pattern of winds, rainfall, surface temperatures, ocean currents, and sea level. These in turn determine the distribution of vegetative and animal life on land and sea and have a great effect on the location and pattern of human societies.15. In other words, the entire relationship between humankind and the earth has been transformed because our civilization is suddenly capable of affecting the entire global environment, not just a particular area. All of us know that human civilization has usually had a large impact on the environment; to mention just one example, there is evidence that even in prehistoric times, vast areas were sometimes intentionally burned by people in their search for food. And in our own time we have reshaped a large part of the earth's surface with concrete in our cities and carefully tended rice paddies, pastures, wheat fields, and other croplands in the countryside. But these changes, while sometimes appearing to be pervasive , have, until recently, been relatively trivial factors in the global ecological sys-tem. Indeed, until our lifetime, it was always safe to assume that nothing we did or could do would have any lasting effect on the global environment. But it is precisely that assumption which must now be discarded so that we can think strategically about our new relationship to the environment.16. Human civilization is now the dominant cause of change in the global environment. Yet we resist this truth and find it hard to imagine that our effect on theearth must now be measured by the same yardstick used to calculate the strength of the moon's pull on the oceans or the force of the wind against the mountains. And it we are now capable of changing something so basic as the relationship between the earth and the sun, surely we must acknowledge a new responsibility to use that power wisely and with appropriate restraint. So far, however, We seem oblivious of the fragility of the earth's natural systems.17. This century has witnessed dramatic changes in two key factors that define the physical reality of our relation-ship to the earth: a sudden and startling surge in human population, with the addition of one China's worth of people every ten years, and a sudden acceleration of the scientific and technological revolution, which has allowed an almost unimaginable magnification of our power to affect the world around us by burning, cutting, digging, moving, and trans-forming the physical matter that makes up the earth.18. The surge in population is both a cause of the changed relationship and one of the clearest illustrations of how startling the change has been, especially when viewed in a historical context. From the emergence of modern humans 200 000 years ago until Julius Caesar's time, fewer than 250 million people walked on the face of the earth. When Christopher Columbus set sail for the New World 1500 years later, there were approximately 500 million people on earth. By the time Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the number had doubled again, to 1 billion. By midway through this century, at the end of World War II, the number had risen to just above 2 billion people.19. In other words, from the beginning of humanity's appearance on earth to 1945, it took more than ten thousand generations to reach a world population of 2 billion people. Now, in the course of one human lifetime -- mine -- the world population will increase from 2 to more than 9 million, and it is already more than halfway there.20. Like the population explosion, the scientific and technological revolution began to pick up speed slowly during the eighteenth century. And this ongoing revolution has also suddenly accelerated exponentially. For example, it is now an axiom in many fields of science that more new and important discoveries have taken place in the last ten years that. in the entire previous history of science. While no single discover y has had the kind of effect on our relationship to the earth that unclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together, they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenance -- making the consequences, of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthinkable as the consequences of unrestrained nuclear war.21. Now that our relationship to the earth has changed so utterly, we have to see that change and understand its implications. Our challenge is to recognize that the startling images of environmental destruction now occurring all over the world have much more in common than their ability to shock and awaken us. They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have ever faced. Global warming, ozone depletion, the loss of living species, deforestation -- they all have a common cause: the new relationship between human civilization andthe earth's natural balance.22. There are actually two aspects to this challenge. The first is to realize that our power to harm the earth can in-deed have global and even permanent effects. The second is to realize that the only way to understand our new role as a co-architect of nature is to see ourselves as part of a complex system that does not operate according to the same simple rules of cause and effect we are used to. The problem is not our effect on the environment so much as our relationship with the environment. As a result, any solution to the problem will require a careful assessment of that relationship as well as the complex interrelationship among factors within civilization and between them and the major natural components of the earth's ecological system.23. The strategic nature of the threat now posed by human civilization to the global environment and the strategic nature of the threat to human civilization now posed by changes in the global environment present us with a similar set of challenges and false hopes. Some argue that a new ultimate technology, whether nuclear power or genetic engineering, will solve the problem. Others hold that only a drastic reduction of our reliance on technology can improve the conditions of life -- a simplistic notion at best. But the real solution will be found in reinventing and finally healing the relationship between civilization and the earth. This can only be accomplished by undertaking a careful reassessment of all the factors that led to the relatively recent dramatic change in the relationship. The transformation of the way we relate to the earth will of course involve new technologies, but the key changes will involve new ways of thinking about the relationship itself.。
新编剑桥商务英语初级12.2
❖ 7. closing
❖ 8. Give your contact details
大家好
14
Read the following covering letter from Jenny in part 7, think about what functions for each paragraph? Does it need to add more information to it?
❖ 4. Explain why you are the right person for the job (selfqualities)
❖ 5. Explain why you want the job
❖ 6. Refer to attachments or enclosures, such as your CV
❖ She got the qualifications and experiences. The only she lacks is the IT skills.
大家好
13
A covering letter
❖ what should be included in A covering letter?
12.2
Job
applications
大家好
2
第12单元
12.2
求
商务技能
职
大家好
3
词汇准备大家好源自4大家好5
“Help wanted” advertisement
❖ Lead-in question: ❖ What information may be in a job
advertisement? ❖ It usually includes contact information and
新编剑桥商务英语高等第三版 第121
12.1 Crossing culturesVOCABULARYGlobalisation1Why do you think kofi Annan said this?‘…arguing against globalization is like arguing against the laws of gravity.’Kofi Annan, United Nations2 Complete the table(sometimes more than one adjective is possible).Noun Adjective(s)1 _______________social2 economy_______________3 competition_______________4 _______________growing5 influence_______________6 _______________Integrated7 corporation_______________8 development_______________3What does the term globalization mean to you?4Mark the following aspects of globalization positive (+), negative (-) or don’t know (?).Compare and discuss with your partner.1 free trade (abolition of trade barriers)2 opening of markets3 social integration and merging of cultures (the global village)4 increased competition in the world market5 free movement of labour (migration of workers)6 free movement of capital7 development of advanced communications8 reduction in the cost of goods9 growing influence of multinational corporations5Which of these effects can you see particularly in your country?READINGCross-culture communication6Why is culture important to business people? Discuss with a partner.7 Read this opening passage from a book by Neil Bromford on cross-cultural communication. Choose the best‘blurb’to go on the back of the book.CHAPTERE ONEOne feature of the global economy and the mobile workforce is that people are coming into contact with other cultures more and more. It’s not uncommon for a Spanish manager to be working for an American bank in Shanghai or English customer to phone a call centre in India that belongs to a German company.In business, awareness of cultural differences doesn’t just mean knowing about the habits of different countries: that Japanese people hate to lose face, that Saudis like to chat and are rarely pressed for time, that Norwegians dislike the use of political influence in business.Cultual differences may exist between one country and another, but unfamiliar behaviour can just as easily be found between two companies, or two departments, or two social groups, or two generations, or between men and women. A lack of awareness of this fact can seriously undermine your effectiveness in business. This book attempts to …1A great insight into the ways that different nationalities like to conduct business. Indispensable reading for all international managers.2In this new guide to cross-cultural communication, Neil Bromford highlights the effects of globalization and its implications for the way we interact with each other.3A refreshing look at cross-cultural communication that takes into account the differences that exist not only between national groups but also within companies and society itself.8 Think of a title for Neil Bromford’s book.9Look at these words (1-8) from the text above and find a synonym (A-I) for each.0 feature A unusual1 uncommon B aspect2 awareness C strange3 to lose face D knowledge4 to chat E to feel humiliated5 pressed for time F to weaken6 influence G to make conversation7 unfamiliar H in a hurryREADING1Make a list of three dos and three don’ts for people who have to do business in a different culture.2Dr A J Schuler gives advice on improving cross-cultural communication in organization. Read the text and choose the best word (A, B, C or D) to fill each gap.UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIFFERENCESDirect experienceThe best way to learn about another culture is to be thrown in at the deep end. In other words, get (0) _______ experience. Try to listen to the radio or watch TV programmes from that country or go to special clubs for that specific nationality or group-discussion groups, religious groups, dance groups, etc. In any kind of contact (1) ________ the time to listen and to learn.Don’t be afraid of differenceEven if others’ behaviour seems strange of foreign, remember that differences are less (2) ________ than the things we all have in common. We are all made of the same DNA, and as human beings, we share many of the same (3)_______ and basic interests. Enjoy the things we share and at the same time, try to ‘enjoy’ the differences. Understand your own cultureBy thinking about your own cultural behaviour and habits, you will open your mind(4)________the behaviour of others. Also this will help you-when you are interpreting the behaviour of an unfamiliar culture-to avoid applying your own cultural (5)________ .Avoid stereotypesWe find stereotypes useful because they help us to order our world and to categorise the different people and experiences in it. They also help to (6)_______ us when we feel uncertain. On the whole though, stereotypes are very superficial and don’t take account of individual differences. Also, because they can be defensive and made to protect us from uncertainty, they often (7)_______ negative wiews of a different culture.We live in a changing worldCultres change through time, and these days, in the ‘global village’ that we live in, this process is happening more rapidly. Don’t(8)________ the effect that your interaction with another culture will have on that culture. As you try to understand them and move(9)________ them, so they will do the same and the cultre that you thought you were dealing with will have changed.Think also about how your own cultural values are being received or accommodated by your foreign (10)_____as you both try to bridge the gap.0 A unique B fist-hand C original D personnel1 A take B have C spend D pass2 A many B numerous C ample D amount3 A motors B motivators C motivations D motifs4 A up B for C of D to5 A standards B mentality C figures D thought6 A assure B ensure C insure D reassure7 A make B promote C mean D reassure8 A undergo B underprice C underestimate D understand9 A to B across C close D towards10 A opposite B counterpart C relation D workmate GRAMMARGrammar TipAll the verb forms in exercise 3 are used to speculate about the past; in other words to wonder how things might have been different from what thy actually were. Speculation3What is implied about what actually happened in each of these cases?0 If I had listened to your advice, I would never have taken the rain.I took the train and it was a disaster.1 I would be a millionaire by now if I had taken up her offer.2 If I were braver, I would have told him what I thought.3 I shouldn’t have been so hasty in my judgment of her.4 I wish we had been taught to speak languages better at school.5 Without influential political connections, he wouldn’t have got so far.6 He should have thought before he spoke.7 She could have been anything she wanted to be, if she had put her mind to it.8 In hindsight, it might have been more polite to arrive a little early.4Complete the following sentences0 I’m glad she spoke good English. It could have been (could/ be) difficult otherwise.1 If I had known I was going to have to pay for myself, I _________(never/accept) their invitation.2 No-one would have heard me say I was leaving if he _________(not/put) the call on speaker phone.3 I know you didn’t want to go to their party, but you________(should/reply) to the invitation.4 Never eat raw vegetables-they__________(might/wash) in unclean water.5 You__________(should/not/take) a gift. No-one else did and I think the hosts were embarrassed.6 I really wanted to meet Anna- I wish you____________(introduce) me.5Study the following culturally sensitive situations. What is the best way to handle each situation?1 Serge prided himself on his adventurousness with food. Until, that is, Mr Sato, the company’s main Japanese supplier, invited him out to dinner and ordered them each a dish consisting of a small charred bird. As Serge hesitated Mr Sato proceeded to eathis bird whole, head and all.2 Tina was pressed for time. She was at the Milan trade fair only for one day with too many people to see and too many things to do. Her heart sank as she saw Umberto Ginelli approaching. Signor Ginelli was one of her best customers but always seemed to have all the time in the world to chat.3 Frank was known for telling jokes in poor taste and Stefan was dreading spending another evening with him, especially with his boss there, as he was easily offended. Then Frank began,‘Did you hear the one about the Irishman and the Americantourist?’4 Maison Blanc was a very expensive restaurant and Sarah had always wanted to go there. But now she was there, she couldn’t relax. Malcolm had invited everyone in the team to celebrate his promotion, but it wasn’t really clear whether he was going to pay or each person had to pay for themselves.6 Have you had any similar experiences? Describe them to your partner. Ask what they would have done in the same situation.READING1 Work with your partner to answer the following quiz taken from the in-flight magazine International Business Traveller.CHINA RULESDoing business in China is now commonplace for many western companies and understanding Chinese business culture is a key to success. How well do you know the rules? Try our quiz and find out.1 when you first meet your Chinese partner, you shouldA shake hands.B just nod your head.C bow.2 Exchanging business cards isA important.B unimportantC unnecessary(no-one reads them anyway)3 At the beginning of your discussionA exchange a little small talk.B take time to get to know each other.C get straight to the point.4 Address your Chinese partnerA by his first name.B by his surnameC by his formal title.5 When attending a business meetingA dress casually.B dress formally.C dress in smart casual clothes.6 If you are visiting for the first time from a foreign countryA bring a substantial gift.B bring a small gift.C avoid giving gifts.7 When it comes to negotiating terms and prices, bear in mind thatA Chinese people like to haggle.B most contracts are non-negotiable.C once agreed, the terms cannot be changed.8 Mentioning that you know important or influential people is consideredA very useful.B normal.C bad taste.9 At a meal it is normal to propose a toast toA the leader of the Chinese state.B the most important person present.C no-one.10 You should treat your business partner asA just a business partner.B a mentorC also a friend2 Compare your answers with the ones given. How did you do ? Are you surprised?LISTENINGUnderstanding business culture3 12.1 You will hear an extract from the radio series The real world of business. In this programme an American electronics entrepreneur talks about his experience of doing business in China. Listen and mark one letter(A, B or C) for the correct answer.1 Jim hadn’t realized that Guanxi wasA so vital in business.B so common in Chinese culture.C such a complicated principle.2 He defines Guanxi asA building a support network of collaborators in business.B the exchange of presents between collaborators.C the experience you gain from doing business over a long time.3 A lot of foreign companiesA use Chinese interpretersB fail because they don’t understand Guanxi.C try to form partnerships with Chinese business people.4 The Chinese government’s policy on bribery isA quite relaxed.B much stricter than it used to be.C to ignore it.5 You should show an interest inA the most important person in the group.B Chinese food.C Chinese culture and society.6 When you receive a business card you shouldA read it properly before putting it away.B not put it in your pocket.C give yours at the same time.7 One reason it takes time to get an agreement isA the Chinese don’t like to commit themselves.B there are often many levels of management to go through.C they will want to solve all the small problems first.8 The most important thing isA to be patient.B to understand the tax lawsC to learn some Chinese.WRITINGA market profile report4 Following a recent business trip to China to investigate the possibilities of importing teas, your manager has asked you to write a report on the particularities of doing business over there. Write the report, including the following points:●the aims of your visit.●How your meetings with tea manufacturers went.●The reaction of your potential business partners to your proposals.●Advice and recommendations for other colleagues who follow up this visit.。
剑桥商务英语 12 Making contacts PPT
• 1.2 Business Skills: Making Contacts ✓ Vocabulary: Job responsibilities ✓ Reading: How to be an effective networker ✓ Listening: Starting a conversation ✓ Speaking: Developing a conversation ✓ Writing: Business correspondence
剑桥商务英语 12 Making contacts
5
• presenting
• 展现,呈现
• negotiating
• 谈判,磋商
• network
• (v/n)建立人际网/人际网
• networking
• (n)建立人际网/关系网
• networker
• 交际家
• extrovert /`ekstrəvə:t/ • 性格外向的人
• introvert /`intrəvə:t/ • 性格内向的人
• sales people
• 推销员
• attend trade fairs
• 参加贸易展览会
• linguistay-to-day running • (n)日常运营
剑桥商务英语 12 Making contacts
• I work of / for / about… • I’m responsible for / of/ about… • I usually report up/ at / to … • I sepcialise about/ in / for… • I’m involved in / of / for… • I deal for/ with / of… • I’m in charge for / of / to…
新编剑桥商务英语高级第三版 第12.2+12.3
12.2 Social EnglishConversation starters1 Match each statement with a short response.1 Hi, how are you? A Hi there, good to meet to.2 I’m so sorry to be late. B Thank you, so are you.3 Hello, you must be Mr Channing C Yes, they’re a big improvement.4 Phew, it’s freezing today. D Very well, thanks. And you?5 I’m afraid I’m a bit pressed for E Oh, not at all. I’ve been looking6 And this is Colin, my partner. F Busy a s ever, but it’s going well.7 Thank you for finding the time G OK, then we’ll get straight downto see me. to business.8 Hey, I like your new premises. H Don’t worry. It’s not a problem.9 You’re looking well. I Yes, that’s right. Good to meet you.10 So, hoe’s business? J It is, but at least it’s not raining.Small talk: short responses2 Work with a partner. How would you respond to these questions?Write your ideas in column1 ( Response1).Question Response 1 Response 21 How was your trip? ________ __________2 Did you find our offices easily? ________ __________3 Can I get you a coffee before we start? ________ __________4 How are you fixed for time? _________ __________5 Sorry, do you mind if I just take this call? ________ _________6 Are you expecting it to be a good year? ________ _________7 Can I be of any help with the marketingside of things? _________ _________8 Would you like to go for a meal thisevening? _________ _________9 Would you like a lift back to the station? _________ _________3 Listening and note down the responses you hear to each question in column2(Response2)4 Work with your partner. Act out the dialogue again. This time give the opposite response to each question.Social situations5 You represent a supplier of car heaters from your country. You are interested in supplying your heaters to Jaguar Cars in the UK. As a first meeting, they have arranged a tour of their manufacturing plant, Your host is the production manager.·work with your partner.·Act out the situation, following the steps.VISIOR PRODUCTION MANAGER Introduce yourself and apologize Greet your guest.for being late. Offer a coffee before you start.Ask a few questions about the plant Explain the programme for the day.and your host’s job. Check if it’s OKTHE TOURThank your host for the tour. Offer your guest some lunch at aThai restaurant.Explain that you don’t like spicy food. Suggest a pub instead.You are interrupted at lunch by a call Ask your guest some questions abouton your mobile.Apologize. His/her country.You have a train to catch.Thank you Offer your guest a lift to the station.host for the meal.Invite your host to visite your factory Arrange a time to call to discuss thenext month. next steps.Thank your host once again.12.3 Reading Test:Part Five and Part SixPart Five of the Reading Test consists of a business text approximately 250 words long. It is a gapped text, with ten single words missing. The choice of word to will each gap is completely up to you. The missing words tend to be small words such as this, but not,as,rather,ect.Part Six of the Reading Text is a passage(a business letter, short article or piece of publicity)of 150-200 words containing some unnecessary words, Each line of the text your ability to proofread business documents.Give yourself ten minutes to complete each task.For Part Five, follow these steps.·Read the instructions twice and make sure you understand the context of the passage and what you are being asked to do.·Read the passage through quickly(tow minutes)to get the general meaning.·Re-read to the first gap and look at the whole sentence. What words fits grammatically and in meaning.·If the right word doesn’t comet to you quickly and instinctively, move on to the next gap.·Re-read the passage and fill in any gaps you have missed.For Part Six, follow these steps.·Read the instructions twice and make sure you understand the context of the passage and what you are being asked to do.·Read each sentence, not just each line, before trying to identify an unnecessary word. ·Remember not all lines contain a mistake.·At the end read the text back, taking account of your corrections,and make sure it makes sense.Part Five-Choosing the right word1 Look at this sentence. Think of a word that fits the gap.Advances have been made not_____in cleaner fuels, but also in energy efficiency. The answer is only as in the phrase not only...but also.2 Choose a word for these sentences. Explain why you chose this word.1 We need to persuade people to use less energy______than building new power plants.2 There is_____greater awareness these days of environmental issues.3 _________far, the company has sold 20m of the new devices and is hopeful that soon every household will have one.3 Following the approach described on page 124 do Practice Test Part Five. PART FIVEQUESTION 1-10·Read this article about business gifts.·For each question 1-10, write one word to fill each gap.·There is an example at the beginning(0)Permitted business giftsA business courtesy should not be accepted if the donor expects something(0)·······return: he may be attempting to gain an unfair advantage or to influence the employee’s judgment.Employees(1)·········also avoid a pattern of accepting frequent gifts or business courtesies from the same persons or companies. Employees may not accept honoraria and may not accept expense reimbursements in excess of $50 from any not-for-profit organization supported by the Company(other(2) ·········through the Matching Gift Program).Examples of permitted gifts and business courtesies:·A ballpoint pen with a company logo would satisfy the test of being promotional(3)········nature and of nominal value. An inscribed gold wristwatch would be unlikely to be nominal in value and , therefor, would (4)········be acceptable. ·Lunch or dinner invitations to reasonably priced establishments(5)··········be permitted if furnished in connection with bona fide business meetings or conferences but, (6)··········the meal or entertainment is lavish or frequent, it is not acceptable.·Accepting a reasonably priced meal, golf outing or sporting event or entertainment ticket in the local area(7)·······an occasional basis may be reasonable. Regular invitations or accepting a trip out of the local area to attend a golf outing, sporting event or entertainment event is not.The Company(8)··········pays for work-related transportation, loading and expenses directly or on a pro-rata basis for combined work and personal trip consistent with the company’s existing travel and entertainment policy.Accepting(9)·········offer for an expenses paid trip for pleasure with a customer or supplier is(10)·····permitted.Part Six-Identifying redundant words4 Find the unnecessary word in each sentence.1 It is considered as a social mistake to discuss questions of money too openly.2 If we answered to every demand for a more personalized service, we would be lost.3 He was happy with the plan because it gave him no flexibility.4 Public sector workers, normally the lowest paid, they have had big salary rises.5 When the cost of supplier is too high because the manufacturer is forced to raise his prices.6 In recent years employers who have been taking more interest in recruitment.7 However, the company has completely revised its range of products in the 1990s.8 It is important to give employees an advice on how best to perform their role.5 Use these labels to describe the mistakes in exercise 4.A unnecessary relative pronoun E unnecessary articleB inappropriate negative F unnecessary auxiliary verbC repeated subject G double conjunctionD unnecessary adverb H extra preposition6 Following the approach on page 124 do Practice Test Part Six on page 126. PART SIXQUESTION 1-12·Read the text below about cross-culture communication in education.·In most of the lines there is one extra word.It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text.Some lines, however,are correct.·If a line is correct, write correct next to it.·If there is an extra word,write the extra word next to it.·There are two example at the beginning(0and00).Communication in the classroom0 Everything that what happens in a school, and especially in the classroom.00 involves communication, the act of sharing information. Sometimes1 communication involves using oral or written symbols. On the other2 occasions, communication involves various types of non-verbal symbols,including3 body language.Most behaviour problems in schools, and their resolutions, they4 involve some type of a munication permeates education.5 Communication is culture bound. The way an individual communications with6 emanates from his or her culture. Of course, a person may know more than7 one culture or may be have competent in a combination of cultures.8 Nonetheless, one basic truth prevails: when communication is a product of culture.9 Students with different culture norms are at risk if teachers have a little10 knowledge, sensitivity or appreciation of the diversity in communication11 styles. Such teachers may not perceive differences as problems and respond to12 students’diversity with negative attitudes, low expectations and culturally inappropriate teaching and assessment procedures.。
剑桥少儿英语三级上Unit12(93页)
Practic e
将下列句型改为否定句、一般疑问句，并作出肯定回答、否定回答.
1. The monkey can jump high. 否定句： The monkey can't jump high. 一般疑问句： Can the monkey jump high? 回答：Yes ,it can. No, it can't.
（情态动词后跟动词原形）
eg: can、may、must、 shall、will、have to
表示说话人对有关行为或事 物的态度和看法，认为其可能应 该或必要等。
（情态动词后跟动词原形）
can 、 may 、 must 、 shall 、 will 、
表示将要或征求意见。 eg: I will call you.
We can do some Kung fu. 我们会功夫。
Can you do some Kung fu? 你们会功夫吗?
Yes, we can. 是的，我们会. No, we can't. 不，我们不会.
should
should
He shouldn’t litter mess. 他不应该乱扔垃圾。
You should go to see a doctor. 你应该去看病。
must与have to
must
have to
We must study hard. 我们必须努力学习。
must （侧重说话人要求）
He has to lose weight. 他必须减肥。
have to （侧重实际需要）
I like to play volleyball.
gold high player environment interest
剑桥商务英语资料Unit 12
Unit 12 Statistics（n.統計量）A. Reading and presentation1. The introduction of Volvo全球性集团沃尔沃集团是世界上最大的商用运输产品供应商之一。
沃尔沃制造卡车、客车、建筑机械、应用于船舶和工业用途的动力系统、航空发动机及航空发动机部件。
产品范围还包括客户定制的金融、租赁、保险和维修总体解决方案，以及基于IT技术的运输信息和管理的整体解决方案。
沃尔沃始创于1927年,总部设在瑞典哥德堡.长期以来,它闪亮的品质一直与公司的三个核心价值观: 质量,安全,环保紧密联系在一起.通过2001年收购法国雷诺(Renaut)公司的卡车业务,使得集团获得了另外两个强大的品牌:法国雷诺(Renaut)和美国马克(Mack)卡车.在市场上,互为补充,在其核心价值观的引导下,沃尔沃集团不断发展和壮大.沃尔沃集团经营范围主要由八个商业领域组成, 分别是: 沃尔沃卡车, 雷诺(Renault)卡车, 马克(Mack)卡车, 沃尔沃客车, 沃尔沃建筑设备, 沃尔沃遍达公司, 沃尔沃航空航天公司以及金融服务.此外, 还有多个商业机构在工程, 研发, IT, 零部件和物流等领域提供全集团范围内的支持.在2002年, 72,000名员工实现销售额达到198亿欧元.产品遍布世界30多个国家.2. About the Bar chartstotal sales went up a lot/ a littletotal sales went down a lot/ a little3. New Wordsdecline ♎♓●♋♓⏹ v. 减少，下降medium-heavy ❍♓♎☯❍ adj. 中等重量的shrink ☞❒♓⏹ (shrunk,shrunk)v. 变小，减少，缩小upturn ✈☐♦☯⏹ n. 好转，上升，提高preceding ☐❒♓♦♓♎♓☠ adj. 在前的，在先的dramatic ♎❒☯❍✌♦♓ adj. 突然的，惊人的B. Vocabulary(1) Make the students understand the grid.Indicates(vt.指示、表明）a large upward change(soar,jump)Indicates a slight upward change （climb,increase,rise)Indicates a not changing(no change)Indicates a slight downward change(drop,fall,decrease,decline)Indicates a large downward change (plunge)+ changing only a little++ not increase so much and not decrease so much+++ changing greatly(2) Some words for reference:Soar: to increase quickly to a high level 猛增，骤升Climb: to increase in number, amount, or level 上升，上涨Jump: to increase suddenly, and by a large amount [突然大量地] 增加，暴涨Increase: to make something larger in amount, number, or degreeRise: to increase in number, amount or value [在数、量或价值方面]增加，增长Decrease: to go down to a lower level, or to make something do this 降低，(使)减少Fall: to move downwards from a higher position to a lower position 落下，降落Decline: to decrease in quantity or importance 减少，降低，下降Plunge: if a price, value, or rate plunges, it suddenly goes down by a largeamount [价格、价值、费用等]暴跌，骤降Drop: to fall to a lower level or amount [水平]降低，[数量]减少Steadily:(steady) moving, happening or developing in a continuous gradualway 平稳进行的，持续的Dramatically:(dramatic): impressive, sudden and often surprising 突然的，惊人的Suddenly: quickly and unexpectedly 迅速而意外的；突然的；突如其来的Sharply: if something rises, falls sharply, it rises or falls quickly and suddenly(3) Suggested Answer:Sales in Brazil decreased slightly.Sales in Iran remained unchanged.Sales in Uruguay soared.Sales in Singapore climbed dramatically. Sales in Sweden fell steadily.Sales in Peru rose steadily.12. 2 Cause and effect1. The definition of “soft drinks”Soft drinksA non-alcoholic beverage, possibly sweet or carbonated, often used as a mixer. In general, the term is used only for cold beverages. (Hot chocolate, tea, and coffee are not considered soft drinks.)2. Suggested Answer:(Rise)Hot weatherLaunch of new product Opening of new factory Successful marketing campaign Increase in tourismIncrease of incomeThe failure of competitors Price decrease(Fall)Cold/wet weatherPrice increaseCompetitionEconomic recession Customer’s preference weakenB. Listening and Presentation New Words:promotional push 促销攻势outlet ♋✞♦☐◆♦n. 批发商店；经销公司（机构）disappointing♎♓♦☯☐♓⏹♦♓☠adj. 令人失望的（沮丧的）continental ⏹♦♓⏹♏⏹♦●adj. 大陆的，大陆性的fierce ♐♓☯♦ adj. 强烈的，激烈的recession ❒♓♦♏☞☯⏹n. [经济]衰退期Mediterranean❍♏♎♓♦☯❒♏♓⏹♓☯⏹n. 地中海despite ♎♓♦☐♋♓♦prep. 尽管，不管Total Quality Management programme 整体质量管理计划significant ♦♓♑⏹♓♐♓☯⏹♦adj. 重要的，重大的productivity☐❒☯♎✈♦♓♓♦♓n. 生产力，生产率C. GrammarSales have risen ___________ our new factory.Answers:1. Production is more efficient as a result of new packaging methods in the factory.2. Distribution （n.分配、分布）is more efficient because of our new centralized (vt.使成為---中心，使集中）warehouse.3. Customers service improved due to our new distribution (n.分布，發行）centre.4. Consumers have greater access to our products due to new vending（vt.出售，販賣）machines on all railway stations.5. Our market share has increased as a result of the advertising campaign.6. 450 employees lost their jobs because of rationalization (n.合理化)of management.D. Speaking“Sales in the United States increased as a result of the hot summer weather.”12.3 Presenting InformationA. WarmerQuestions:1.Have you been on any training coursesrecently? If so, how did you find them?2.Do your companies have an in-companytraining programme? If so, what courses do your companies have for the training programme?3. What kind of courses you think the companies would offer their employees?B. Listening and presentation1. New Words:briefly ♌❒♓adv. 短暂地，短时间地in-house adj./adv. 公司(组织)内部的；在机构内部backwards ♌✌ adv. 向后地，倒退地identify ♋♓♎♏⏹♦♓♐♋♓v. 确定；发现installation☯⏹n. 安装2. Ask students to listen and number the points as they are mentioned.3. The students listen again and note phrases which are used to structure the speech.Answers:I’m going to talk to you….Let’s start by….Last year….One of the results of this….A second one….Let’s move on….(have a look)C. SpeakingGreeting and IntroductionGood morning, ladies and gentlemen, first of all, I’d like to introduce myself.Good morning, first, let me introduce myself. My name is James Lee. I work as an accountant for the ABC Corporation. Good morning, everyone, shall we start?Introducing the purpose of a presentation The aim/subject/purpose of my talk is to give you some information about the services we can offer you.I’m going to talk about our new training programme.My presentation today is about our staff’s needs for language training in our company.BeginningI’d like to start by/with the company’s history.Let’s begin by/with the company’s history. Let’s begin by looking at the number of people who attended the courses last year.Moving onNow we’ll move on to the second point, the number of people attending courses now. Now let’s turn on to the second point, ……My second point is about the number of people…..Now let’s look at the second point, …..ConcludingWell, I’ve told you abo ut the language training situation of last year and this year in our company.This is all I want to say about…..To conclude, I suggest that we do the following plan for the next year’s ……To sum up/summarize, I suggest that ….D. DiscussionWords for references:FlexibleExpensive,Effective,Cost-effectiveConcentratedStress/burden。
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Module 1212.1 Understanding business culture(page121)John So, Jim, what did you know about doing business in China before you made your first trip there?Jim Very little, actually. These days there’s a lot of literature and advice out there. I had heard about the principle of Guanxi before I went to China, but I hadn’t really realised how important a part of business culture it was.John What is Guanxi, exactly?Jim It refers to relationships or connections with people that are built on trust and have been developed over a long time. These relationships are based on shared experience-people operating in a similar field-and often also on the exchange of gifts or favours.John But if you’re an outsider, that must make life very difficult. You don’t have a shared background as such...Jim That’s right. You don’t have those networks and for that reason you’re going to have to be patient, because it takes time to develop them. That’s why so many foreign businesses look for a Chinese partner who has good contacts already, like an agent or business partner.John And is there any other way to shortcut this process?Jim Not really. Gift-giving is helpful - presenting a small gift at the end of a meeting, for example. Don’t expect immediate returns, though, and don’t give anything big. The Chinese government has clamped down hard on bribery in recent years and won’t tolerate it. What you have to do is build friendships.John And how would you go about that? Any particular tips?Jim There’s no particular secret: just get to know your partners, exchange small talk, invite them out for meals - Chinese people love eating out. They’ll certainly invite you out to a restaurant at some point. The main thing is just to be yourself...with an extra bit of formality and politeness. Don’t do what some people do and try to be Chinese.John And are there any things you shouldn’t talk about - any taboos?Jim Umm... I think the important thing is to show genuine interest in learning aboutChina and its customs, and to be respectful of the country and the government. There are also a few different habits. Sometime during the meal there will be toasts - make sure that you make one to the most senior member of the group there.John Any other tips?Jim well, they appreciate the best - established brands with a quality reputation - having had limited access to western products in the past. Everyday practicalities? Er... People dress soberly for business, they shake hands on ually, though occasionally they’ll just nod at you. They love to exchange business cards, so bring lots of those. And when you receive one make sure you study it carefully - it’s very rude just to put it straight in your pocket.John What about their behaviour? The Chinese have a reputation for being difficult to read.Jim I don’t really find that. Perhaps they use facial expressions or gestures less freely than westerners do. They do seem to take their time agreeing to things. There are two reasons for that: first of all, they generally operate within big hierarchies and the decision may need to come from high up; secondly, they dislike saying ‘no’ directly. If they start to make a series of small objections to something, it generally means they’re trying to say they’re not interested. But above all, as i said before, don’t worry about the time all this takes - you’re going to need that anyway to learn how Chinese companies operate and all the governance and tax laws, the regulations around joint ventures and so on...12.2 Small talk: short responses(page122)Sarah Hi, Joachim, sorry to be a little late.Joachim No problem. Good to see you again. How was your trip?Sarah It was fine. No delays , just the usual traffic from the airport.Joachim And did you find our offices easily?Sarah Yes, thank you. Your directions were very clear.Joachim OK. So, can I get you a coffee before we start?Sarah Yes. I’d love one. White, one sugar, please.Joachim And, how are you fixed for time?Sarah I’ve got a couple of hours now. I hope that’s enough.Joachim Sorry, do you mind if I just take this call?Sarah No, of course not. Go ahead...Joachim Sorry about that - the boss. So, are you expecting it to be a good year? Sarah Well, I hope so. Last year was pretty flat, as you know.Joachim Well, that’s really what I’d like to talk about today - how we can ramp things up a bit. Can I be of any help with the marketing side of things?Sarah That’s kind of you, but we should be able to cope. It’s just a question of programming it in. We’re planning a campaign meeting next week...Joachim ...so I think that’s been a useful start to our discussions. I will programme another meeting for two weeks’ time. But I think you have to go now. Would you like to go for a meal this evening?Sarah I’d love to, but I’m afraid I have to be back in London by six.Joachim No worries. Would you like a lift back to the station?Sarah That would be really nice, but I don’t want to put you out.Joachim It’s no problem. I’m going that way anyway.。