4级阅读理解
大学英语英语4级考试(答案) (5)
大学英语四级试练习卷一、阅读理解Passage1Work and PlayWhat do we mean by leisure,and why should we assume that it represents a problem to be solved by the arts?The great ages of art were not conspicuous for their leisure—at least,art was not an activity associated with leisure.It was a craft like any other,concerned with the making of necessary things.Leisure,in the present meaning of the word,did not exist.Leisure,before the Industrial Revolution,meant no more than"time"or"opportunity";"If your leisure served,I would speak with you."says one of Shakespeare's characters.Phrases which we still use,such as"at your leisure",preserve this original meaning. But when we speak of leisure nowadays,we are not thinking of securing time or opportunity to do something;time is heavy on our hands,and the problem is how to fill it.Leisure no longer signifies a space with some difficulty secured against the pressure of events:rather it is a pervasive emptiness for which we must invent occupations.Leisure is a vacuum,a desperate state of vacancy—a vacancy of mind and body.It has been commandeered(强占)by the sociologists and the psychologists:it is a problem.Our diurnal existence is divided into two phases,as distinct as day and night.We call them work and play.We work so many hours a day,and,when we have allowed the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping,the rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations,an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure,but spend them in various forms of passive enjoyment or entertainment—not football but watching football matches;not acting,but theatre-going;not walking,but riding in a motor coach.We need to make,therefore,a hard-and-fast(不能变通的)distinction not only between work and play but,equally,between active play and passive entertainment.It is,I suppose,the decline of active play—of amateur sport—and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which has given rise to a sociological interest in the problem.If the greater part of the population,instead of indulging in sport,spend their hours of leisure"viewing"television programmes,there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique.And,in addition,there will be a psychological problem,for we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of a prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen.There is,if we are optimistic,the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody.Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impressionon the mind or imagination of those who see them:few people can give a coherent account of the film they saw the week before last,and at longer intervals they must rely on the management to see that they do not sit through the same film twice.We have to live art if we would be affected by art.We have to paint rather than look at paintings,to play instruments rather than go to concerts, to dance and sing and act ourselves,engaging all our senses in the ritual and discipline of the arts.Then something may begin to happen to us: to work upon our bodies and our souls.It is only when entertainment is active,participated in,practiced,that it can properly be called play,and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work,and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work.It is there that the final and most fundamental error enters into our conception of daily life. Work itself is not a single concept.We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living:to earn,that is to say,sufficient tokens which we can exchange for food and shelter and all the other needs of our existence.But some of us work physically,cultivating the land, minding the machines,digging the coal;others work mentally,keeping accounts,inventing machines,teaching and preaching,managing and governing.There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations,except that they consume our time,and leave uslittle leisure.We may next observe that one man's profession or work is often another man's recreation or play.The merchant at the weekend becomes a hunter (he has not yet taken to mining);the clerk becomes a gardener;the machine-tender becomes a breeder of bull-terriers(叭喇狗）There is, of course，a sound instinct behind such transformations.The body and mind are unconsciously seeking compensation—muscular coordination, mental integration.But in many cases a dissociation is set up and the individual leads a double life—one half Jekyll,the other half Hyde(有善恶双重性格的人)-There is a profound moral behind that story of Stevenson's,for the compensation which a disintegrated personality may seek will often be of an anti-social nature.The Nazi party,for example, in its early days was largely recruited from the bored—not so much from the unemployed as from the street-corner society of listless hooligans. Scientific studies have been made of street-corner society,out of which crime,gangsterdom,and fascism inevitably develop.It is a society with leisure—that is to say,spare time—and without compensatory occupation. It does not need a Satan to find mischief for such idle hands.They will spontaneously itch to do something:muscles have a life of their own unless they are trained to purposeful actions.Actions,or rather activities,are the obvious reflex to leisure;they consume it,and leave the problem solved.But work is also activity,and if we reach the conclusion that all our time must be filled with one activity or another,the distinction between work and play becomes rather meaningless,and what we mean by play is merely a change of occupation.We pass from one form of activity to another;one we call work,and for that we receive pay;the other we call play,and for that we receive no pay—on the contrary,we probably paya subscription.1.The Industrial Revolution brought about a change in the nature of people's work as well as in the amount of time it took.2.Passive entertainment,which has increased in our age,leads to a decline in health and may also create psychological problems.3.The division of activities into work and play is unsatisfactory because it conceals the important distinction between active entertainment and passive entertainment.4.Mental work is more beneficial to one's psychology than physical work.5.The Nazi party was mostly enrolled from the jobless. programs should be abandoned because they entertain viewers passively.7.The word"leisure"has completely changed its original meanings.8.Danger may arise if work and play are not______coordinated.9.When entertainment is active,play can serve as an activitythat______work.10.One man may perceive another man's recreation as______. Passage2Ever since humans have lived on the11,they have made use of various forms of communication.Generally,this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of12speech.When there is a language barrier,communication is"13through sign language in which motions14for letters,words,and ideas.Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to15to this form of expression.Many of these symbols of whole words are very16and exact and can be used17; spelling,however,cannot.Body language18ideas or thoughts bycertain actions,eitherintentionally or unintentionally.A wink can be a way of indicating that the party is only joking.A nod signifies approval,while shaking the head indicates a19reaction.Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in Braille(a system of raised dots read with the fingertips),signal flags,Morse code,and smoke signals.Road maps and20signs also guide,warn,and instruct people.While language is the most common form of communication,other systemsand techniques also express human thoughts and feelings.A.pictureB.oralC.standD.worldE.internationallyF.optionalG.resortH.vividI.earth J.accomplished K.transmits L.representM.negative N.intelligently O. translatesPassage3The future population will be older than today,and this in turn will change the patterns of social demands.However,Mexico will still be far from the"aging societies"that will most likely prevail(占优势)in the industrialized countries.In less than25years,the country will have to add almost as much infrastructure as it has already built up to now,simply to maintain services and production at the current levels. This will be a tremendous challenge,although a similar one was faced successfully in the recent past,when available infrastructure was doubled in two decades or so.It is no wonder that much has been said about the need to reduce or preferably halt Mexico's population control which is taken for granted as both good and necessary.It has also gained supporters in the developing world,and Mexico is no exception.But thearguments about population are complicated,as the following discussion illustrates.Even if Mexico's population reaches125million by the year2010,its population density is still smaller than the1985population density of some50countries.By international standards Mexico will still not be overpopulated by the year2010.If wealth is generated by people,the more individuals there are,the greater the wealth that potentially could be generated.Why should Mexico control its population at density levels below those of the richer countries if more population represents the possibility of generating more wealth?On the other hand,it is often pointed out that once sustainability(支撑力)limits are near or are reached,there are decreasing productivity gains(or,perhaps more accurately,increasing productive losses),and people become a cost rather than an asset.If we assume that there are sustainability limits and that we are close to reaching these limits at a world level,then it is appropriate to check population growth.21.According to the passage,the population argument is focused on_______.A.whether more people are a property or a costB.whether Mexico should control its population growth or notC.whether the density of population in Mexico is large or smallD.what the standard international sustainability limit is22.Which of the following is TRUE according to the first paragraph?A.Mexico has stepped into an aging society.B.It is not necessary for Mexico to control its population.C.Mexico population is younger than that of developed countries.D.It is not necessary for Mexico to develop its infrastructure.23.By"infrastructure"(Para.2)the author means_______.A.buildingsB.the basic framework of a country,such as schools,services,etc.C.social demandsD.services and production24.It may be inferred from the3rd paragraph that_______.A.it isn't necessary for Mexico to control its population growthB.population is likely to grow at a slower pace than in the pastC.the more people there are,the greater the wealth people could generateD.Mexico should control its population growth because she belongs to the developing countries25.To check population growth is necessary when_______.A.there are decreasing productivity gainsB.there are increasing productivity lossesC.we are close to reaching the sustainability limits at a world levelD.people become a costPassage4In many traditional societies a woman's role is restricted to that of mother(for the continuation of the race),and she is confined to family and household activities,including help out in the field and market. In some ethnic(种族的)communities in Indonesia,even today,women are supposed to do the hard labor in the rice fields,while men take it easy in their coffee shops.When I visited the island of Timor in eastern Indonesia in1987,I was told by friends that in the interior of the islands,where roads are still non-existent,villagers traveled to market either on foot or on horseback. It was a common sight to see the husband riding a horse,with his wife walking behind him carrying a heavy bundle of produce on her head to the market.On the island of Alor,also in eastern Indonesia,I met an old man aged about80years,proudly boasting to me that he had nine wives. "But you are a Catholic,"I said to him."How could you have nine wives?" He smiled,and said:"I married only once in church,but the other eight wives I married according to our traditional laws."In many ethnic communities in Indonesia the good woman or wife is one who obey her husband,who does not go around gossiping,who cleans her home and cooks good food for the family,who is diligent in the field,who does not visit friends too much,and who gives birth of lots of children,especiallyboys.In Indonesia many years ago the wives of government workers or members of the armed forces were organized into women's organizations.The leadership of these women's organizations was set up according to the hierarchical positions of the members'husbands.For example,the organization of women of personnel of a government ministry would automatically have as its chairperson the wife of the minister at the national level,and the chairperson of the provincial organization would be the wife of the governor,and so on to the lower administrative levels. It is amazing how a woman who may have an interest in being a leader nevertheless automatically becomes a chairperson because of the official position of her husband.When the husband is no longer minister or governor,she also automatically loses her position.Many of these women have complained to me that they feel this is a straitjacket(约束物) imposed on them,but they feel they have to accept the role for the sake of safeguarding their husbands'careers.26.In some ethnic districts in Indonesia women should_______.A.do household activitiesB.give birth of childrenC.do the hard labor in the fieldsD.all of the above27.In the2nd paragraph"roads"means_______.A.some roadsB.high waysC.country roadsD.heavy roads28.What does the question"How could you have nine wives?"imply?A.The old man is too old to have nine wives.B.The old man shouldn't have had nine wives.C.The old man could marry only once because he is member of the Church of Rome.D.The old man could have only a wife for he is a Christian.29.Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to Paragraph3?A.Women's organizations were set up in the government administrative levels and the armed forces.B.The head of the women's organization of a province must be the wife of the governor.C.All the leaders of the woman's organizations enjoyed their roles.D.The wife of a governor loses her leading position for the sake of her husband.30.The closest restatement of the last sentence in,the3rd paragraph is______.A.many women would hate to be the chairperson without considering their husband's careersB.many governors'wives complain they have to accept the chairperson rolesC.many women are forced to become the leaders of women's organizations in order to protect their husband's professionD.many governors'wives feel it necessary to accept the roles二、完型填空Exercise is good for you,but most people really know very little about how to exercise properly.1when you try,you can runsintostrouble.Many people2that when specific muscles are exercised,the fat in the neighbouring area is“3up”.Yet the4is that exercise burns fat from all over5.Studies show muscles which are not6lose their strength very quickly.To regain it needs48to72hours and exercise every other day will7a normal level of physical strength.To8weight you should always “work up a good sweat”when exercising.9sweating only10body temperature to prevent over heating.This is11water loss.12You replace the liquid,you replace the13.Walking is the best and easy-to-do exercise.It helps the circulation of blood14the body,and has a direct 15on your overall feeling of health.Experience says that20minutes’1617is minimun amount.18your breathing doesn’t return to normal state within minutes after you finish19,you’ve done20.1.A.While B.When C.As D.So2.A.understand B.believe C.hope D.know3.A.built B.burned C.piled D.grown4.A.reply B.possiblility C.truth D.reason5.A.arm B.leg C.stomach D.body6.A.exercised B.examined C.protected D.cured7.A.lose B.raise C.burn D.keep8.A.lose B.gain C.keep D.burn9.A.Certainly B.No C.Fortunately D.Probably10.A.raises B.reduces C.destroys D.keeps up11.A.how B.why C.nothing but D.more than12.A.While B.Once C.As D.Whenever13.A.weight B.muscle C.sweat D.strength14.A.over B.around C.throughout D.with15.A.effect e age D.affectcation B.sleep C.exercise D.rest17.A.one day B.a day C.everyday D.someday18.A.But if B.But C.If D.And if19.A.working B.walking C.exercising D.breathing20.A.enough B.much C.too much D.much too三、翻译1、他用所有的积蓄为儿子买了一辆自行车。
(完整版)大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案
As the pace of life continues to increase ,we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through lift,being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.Stress is an natural part of everyday lift and there is no way to avoid it. In fact ,it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be .A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation adn give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress,and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress,in whatever form,we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight" and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme,but however little the stress,it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long,through continued exposure to stress,that health becomes endangered.Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress.Since we cannot remove stress from our lives(it would be unwise to do so even if we could),we need to find ways to deal with it.1.People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves because_____.a.they do not know how to enjoy themselvesb.they do not believe that relaxation is important for healthc.they are travelling fast all the timed.they are becoming busier with their work2.According to the writer ,the most important character for a good manager is his ________.a.not fearing stressb.knowing the art of relaxationc.high sense of responsibilityd.having control over performance3.Which of the follwing statements is ture?a.We can find some ways to avoid stressb.Stress is always harmful to peoplec.It is easy to change the hagit of keeping oneself busy with work.d.Different people can withstand different amounts of stress4.In Paragraph 3, "such a reaction" refers back to_______.a."making a choice between 'flight' or 'fight'"b."reaction to stress both chemically and physically"c."responding to crises quickly"d."losing heart at the signs difficulties"5.In the last sentence of the passage,"do so " refers to ______.a."expose ourselves to stress"b."find ways to deal with stress"c."remove stress from our lives"d."established links between diseases and stress"答案：dadbcIn the 1960s, many young Americans were dissatisfied with American society. They wanted to end the Vietnam War and to make all of the people in the U.S. epual. Some of them decided to "drop out" of American society and form their own societies . They formed utopian communities , which they called "communes," where they could follow their philosophy of "do your own thing." A group of artists founded a commune in southern Colorado called "Drop City." Following the ideas of philosopher and architect Buckminster Fuller they built domeshaped houses from pieces of old cars. Other groups, such as author Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters, the followers fo San Francisco poet Steve Gakin, and a group that called itself the Hog Farm, lived in old school huses and traveled around the United States. The Hog Farm become famous when they helped organize the Woodstock Rock Festival in 1969. Steve Gaskin's followers tried to settle down on a farm in Tennessee, but they had to leave when some members of the gruop were arrested for growing marijuana.Not all communes believed in the philosophy of "do you own thing," however . Twin Oaks , a commune founded in Virgiania in the late 1960s, was based on the ideas of psychologist B.F.Skinner. The people who lived at Twin Oaks were carefully controlled by Skinner's "conditioning" techniques to do things that were good for the community. In 1972, Italian architect Paolo Soleri began to build Arcosanti, a utopian city Arizsona where 2500 people will live closely together in one large building called an "archology" Soleri believes that people must live closely together so that they will all become one.1.Why did some young Americans decide to "drop out" of scoiety during the 1960s?a.They were not satisfied with American society.b.They wanted to grow marijuana.c.They wanted to go to the Vietnam War.d.They did not want all people to be equal.2.Where did the members of the Hog Farm commune live?a.In dome-shaped houseb.In old school husesc.On a farm inTennesseed.In an archology in Arizona3.Who gave the people of Drop City the idea to bulid dome-shaped house?a.Paolo Solerib.B.G.Skinnerc.Steve Gaskind.Buckminster Fuller4.What was the Twin Oaks commune base on ?a.The philosophy of "do your own thing"b.Virginaia in the late 1960sc.The ideas of psychologistd.The belief that people must live closely togerher.5.What is an "archology"?a.A person who studies archaeologyb.A large building where people live closely togetherc.A city in A rizonad.A technique to contorl people答案：abdcbThere are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual—the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped envionmentally ,it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.The importance of environment in determining an individual's intellingence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark X. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old , their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reated by parents of low intelligence in an isolatedcommunity with poor educational pooprtunities.Mark was reared inthe home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child , sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually.This enviromental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were giben tesets to measure their intelligence. Mark's I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities , the twins , having identical brains,would have tested at roughly the same level.1.This selection can best be titled_________.a.Measuring Your Intelligenceb.Intelligence and Environmentc.The Case of Peter and Markd.How the brain Influences Intelligence2.The beststatement of the main idea of this passage is that _____.a.human brains differ considerablyb.the brain a person is born with is improtant in determining his intelligencec.environment is crucial in determining a person's intelligenced. persons having identical brains will have roughly the same intelligence3.According to the passage , the average I.Q.is _____.a.85b.100c.110d.1254.The case history of the twins appears to support the conclusion that _______.a.individual with identical brains seldom test at same levelb.an individual's intelligence is determined only by his enviromentck of opportunity blocks the growth of intelligenced.changes of enviroment produce changes in the structure of the brain5.This passage suggests that an individual 's I.Q.______.a.can be predicted at birthb.stays the same throuthout his lifec.can be increased by educationd.is determined by his childhood答案：bcbccAs she walked round the huge department store,Edith reflected how difficult it was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.She wish that he was as easy to please as her mother, who was always delighted with perfumeBesides,shoppong at this time of the year was a most disgreeable experience :people trod on yourtoes,poked you with their elbows and almost knocked you overin their haste to get to a bargain ahead of you.Partly to have a rest, Edith paused in front of a counter where some attracive ties were on display. "They are real silk," the assistant assured her, trying to tempt her. "Worth double the price." But edit knew from past experience that her choice of ties hardly ever pleased her father.She moved on reluctantly and then quite by chance, stopped where a small crowd of man had gathered round a counter. She found some good quality pipes on sale-----and the prices were very reasonable. Edith didnot hesitate for long : although her father only smoked a pipe occasionally, she knew that this was a present which was bund to please him.When she got home,with her small well-chosen present concealed in her handbag, her parents were already at the supper table. Her mother was in an especially cheerful mood, "Your father has at last to decided to stop smoking." She informed her daughter.1.Edith's father _______.a.did not like presentb.never got presentc.preferred tiesd.was difficult to choose a present for2.The assistant spoke to Edith because she seemed_______.a.attractiveb.interested in tiesc.tiredd.in need of comfort3.Edith stopped at the next counter_________.a.puroselyb.suddenlyc.unwillinglyd.accidentally4.Edith's father smoked a pipe_______.a.when he was obligedb.on social occasionsc.from time to timed.when he was delighted5.Shopping was very disagreeable at that time of the year because_______.a.coustomers trod on each other's toesb.coustomers poked each other with their elbowsc.customers knocked each otherd.customers were doing their shopping in a great hurry答案：dbdcdIf the population of the earth goes on increasing at its present rate, there will eventually not be enough resources left to sustain life on the planet.By the middle of the 21st century,if present trends continue, we will have used up all the oil that drives our cars,for example.Even if scientists develop new ways of feeding the human race,the crowded conditions on earth will make it necessary for lus to look for open space somewhere else. But none of the other planets in our solar system are capable of supporting life at present. One possible solution to the problem, however,has recently been suggested by American scientist, Professor Carl Sagan.Sagan believes that before the earth's resources are compleetely exhausted it will be possible to change the atmophere of Venus and so create a new world almost as large as earth itself. The difficult is that Venus is much hotter than the earth and there is only a tiny amount of water there.Sagan proposes that algae organisms that can live in extremely hot or cold atmospheres and at the same time produce oxygen,should be bred in condition similar to those on Venus.As soon as this has been done, the algae will be placed in small rockets. Spaceship will then fly to Venus and fire the rockets into the atmosphere .In a fairly short time, the alge will break down the carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbon.When the algae have done theri work, the atmosphere will become cooler,but befor man can set foot on Venus it will be neccessary for the oxygen to produce rain. The surface of the planet will still be too hot for man to land on it but the rain will eventually fall and in a few years something like earth will be reproduced on Venus.1.Inte long run, the most insoluble problem caused by population growth on earth will probably be the lack of ______.a.foodb.oilc.spaced.resources2.Carl Sagan believes that Venus might be colonized from earth because _____a.it might be possible to change its atmosphereb.its atmosphere is the same as the earth'sc.there is a good supply of water on Venusd.the days on Venus are long enough3.On Venus there is a lot of ________.a.waterb.carbon dioxidec.carbon monoxided.oxygen4.Algae are plants that can____.a.live in very hot temperaturesb.live in very cold temperaturesc.manufacture oxygend.all of the above5. Man can land on Venus only when_______.a.the algae have done their workb.the atmosphere becomes coolerc.thereis oxygend.it rains there答案：cabdd。
英语4级卷子
英语4级卷子大家好，今天我为大家准备了一份《英语4级卷子》。
下面，让我们一起来看看吧。
一、阅读理解1. Passage OneDo you want to travel abroad? Are you interested in working or studying in another country? If so, you had better learn a foreign language. By doing so, you will be able to communicate effectively with the locals and have a better understanding of their culture and way of life.2. Passage TwoTechnology is changing the way we live and work. In the past, people used to rely on traditional methods for communication and daily tasks. Nowadays, with the advancement of technology, everything has become more convenient and efficient. For example, we can easily connect with friends and family through social media platforms, and we can complete work tasks much faster with the help of computers and smartphones.3. Passage ThreeAs globalization continues to thrive, the ability to speak English has become a valuable skill in the job market. Many multinational companies require their employees to be proficient in English. This is because English is widely used in international business and communication. Therefore, if you want to enhance your career prospects, it is essential to improve your English language skills.二、听力理解1. Conversation OneA: Excuse me, can you tell me where the nearest supermarket is?B: Yes, sure. If you go straight down this road, you will see it on your left-hand side. It's about a five-minute walk from here.2. Conversation TwoA: I'm thinking of going on a vacation. Any suggestions?B: How about going to the beach? It's a great place for relaxation and there are plenty of water activities you can enjoy.1. English to Chinese"Can you help me with my homework?""你能帮我做作业吗？"2. Chinese to English"我想学一门外语，怎么才能快速提高？""How can I improve quickly if I want to learn a foreign language?"这就是我的《英语4级卷子》。
大学英语四级阅读理解试题40篇(含答案)
大学英语四级阅读理解试题40篇之一（含答案）There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.Such goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several years.Any time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn succeed.And as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase.Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing.We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action.1.Our long-term goals mean a lot______.A.if we complete our short-range goalsB.if we cannot reach solid short-term goalsC.if we write down the datesD.if we put forward some plans2.New short-term goals are bulid upon______.A.two yearsB.long-term goalsC.current activitiesD.the goals that have been completed3.When we complete each step of our goals ,______.A.we will win final successB.we are overwhelmedC.we should build up confidence of successD.we should strong desire for setting new goals4.Once our goals are drawn up,_______.A.we should stick to them until we complete themB.we may change our goals as we have new ideas and opportunitiesC.we had better wait for the exciting news of successD.we have made great decision5.It is implied but not stated in the passage that ______.A.those who habe long-term goals will succeedB.writing down the dates may discourage youC.the goal is only a guide for us to reach our desinationD.every should have a goal答案：adcbc大学英语四级阅读理解试题40篇之二（含答案）The economy of the United states after 1952 was the econnomy of a well-fed,almost fully employed people. Despit occasional alarms, the country escaped any postwar depression and lived in a state of boom. A n economic survey of the year 1955, a typical year of the 1950’s, may betypical as illustrating the rapid economic growth of the decade. The national output was value at 10 percent above that of 1954 (1955 output was estimated at 392 billion dollars). The production of manufacturers was about 40 percent more than it had averaged in the years immediately following World War 2. The country’s business spent about 30billion dollars for new factories and machinery. National income available for spending was almost a third greater than it had been it had been in 1950. Consumers spent about 256 billion dollars; that is about 700 million dollars a day ,or about twenty-five million dollars every hour , all round the clock. Sixty-five million people held jobs and only a little more than two million wanted jobs but could not find them . Only agriculture complained that it was not sharing in the room. To some observers this was an ominous echo of the mid-1920’s . As farmer’s shre of their products declined , marketing costs rose. But there were , among the observers of the national economy, a few who were not as confident as the majority . Those few seemed to fear that the boom could not last and would eventually lead to the oppsite-depression.1. What is the best title of the passage?a. The Agricula tural Trends of 1950’sb. The Unemployment Rate of 1950’sc. U.S. Economy in the 50’sd. The Federal Budget of 19522. In Line 3, the word “boom” could best be replaced by______.a. nearby explosionb. thunderous noisec. general public supportd. rapid economic growth3. It can be inferred the national from the passage that most people in the United States in 1955 viewed the national economy with an air of _________.a. confidenceb. confusionc. disappointmentd. suspicion4. Which o f the following were LEAST satisfied with the national economy in the 1950’s?a. Economistsb. Frmaersc. Politiciansd. Steelworkers5. The passage states that incom available for spending in the U.S. was greater in 1955 than in 1950 . How much was it ?a. 60％b. 50％c. 33％d. 90％答案：cdabc大学英语四级阅读理解试题40篇之三（含答案）Women are also underrepresented in the administration and this is because there are so few women full professors. In 1985,Regent Beryl Milburn produced a report blasting the University of Texas System adminitration for not encouraging women.The University was rated among the lowest for the system.In a 1987 update ,Milburn commended the progress that was made and called for even more improvement.One of the positive results from her study was a System-wide program to inform women of available administrative jobs.College of Communication Associate Dean Patrica Witherspoon,said it is important that woman be flexible when it comesto relocating if they want to rise in the ranks.Although a woman may face a chilly climate on campus , many times in order for her to succeed , she must rise above the problems around her and concentrate on her work.Until women make up a greater percentage of the senior positions in the University and all academia,inequities will exist."Women need to spend their energies and time doing scholarly activities that are important here atthe University." Spirduso said. "If they do that will be successful in this system.If they spend their time in little groups mourning the sexual discrimination that they think exists here, they are wasting valuable study time."1.According to Spirduso,women need to ____.a.produce a report on sexual discriminationb.call for further improvement in their working conditionsc.spend their energies and time fighting against sexual discriminationd.spend more time and energy doing scholarly activities2.From this passage ,we know that _____.a.there are many women full professors in the University of Texasb.women play an important part in adminitrating the Universityc.the weather on the campus is chillyd.women make up a small percentage of the senior positions in the University3.Which of the following statements is true?a.the number of women professors in the University in 1987 was greater than that of 1985b.the number of women professors in the University in 1987 was smaller than that of 1985c.the number of women professors was the same as that of 1985d.more and more women professors thought that sexual discrimination did exit in the University4.One of the positive results from Milburn's study was that _____.a.women were told to con centrate on teir workb.women were given information about available administrative jobsc.women were encouraged to take on all the administrative jobs in the Unversityd.women were encouraged to do more scholarly activities5. The title for this passage should be _______.a.The University of Texasburn's Reportc.Women Professorsd.Sexual Discrimination in Academia答案：ddabd大学英语四级阅读理解试题40篇之四（含答案）Today ,as in every other day of the year ,more than 3000 U.S. adlescents will smoke their first cigarette on their way to becoming regular smokers as adults. During their lifetime,it can be expected that of these 3000 about 23 will be murdered,30 will die in traffic accidents, and nearly 750 will be killed by a smoking-related disease. The number of deaths attributed to cigarette smoking outweithts all other factors, whether voluntary or involuntary, as a cause of death.Since the late 1970s, when daily smoking among high school seniors reached 30 precent , smoking rates among youth have declined . While the decline is impressive ,several important issues must be raised.First, in the past several years,smoking rates among youth have declined very little. Second,in thelate 1970s ,smoking among male high school seniors exceeded that among female by nearly 10 percent . The statistic is reversing.Third ,several recent studies have indicate high school dropouts have excessively high smoking rates, as much as 75 percent .Finally, thouth significant declines in adolescent smoking have occurred in the past decade,no definite reasons for the decline exist. Within this context,the Naional Cancer Instiute (NCI) began its current effort to determine the most effecive measures to reduce smoking levesl among youth.1.According to the author, the deaths among youth are mainly caused by _____.a.traffic accidentsb.smoking-related deseasec.murderd.all of these2.Every day there are over_____high school strdents who will become regular smoker.a.75b.23c.30d.30003.By "dropout" the author means______.a.students who failed the examinationb.students who left schoolc.students who lost their wayd.students who were driven out of school4.The reason for declining adolescent smoking is that ________.a.NCI has taken effective measuresb.smoking is prevented among high school seniorsc.there are many smokers who have died of cancerd.none of these5.What is implied but not stated by the author is that ________.a.smoking rates among youth have declined very littleb.there are now more female than male smokers among high school seniorsc.high smoking rates are due to the incease in wealthd.smoking at high school are from low socio-economic backgrounds答案：bdbdb大学英语四级阅读理解试题40篇之五（含答案）The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health.Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat ,it has, at the same time,made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well,especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more likely to cause certain different illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is nto a new discovery. In 1945, about 35 years ago, government researchers realized that nitrates, commonly used to preserve color in meats,and other food additivies,caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and living animals, and because of this ,penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cow. Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medical purposes,but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has tried repeatedly to control theseprocedures, the practices continue.1.What is the best possible title of the passage?a.Drug and Foodb.Cancer and Healthc.Food and Healthd.Health and Drug2.Which of the following statements is NOT ture?a.Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasonsb.Some of the additives in our food are added to the food itself and some are given to the living animalsc.Researchers have known about the potential dangers of food additives for over thirty-five years.d.Food may cause forty percent of cancer in world.3.How has science done something harmful to mankind?a.Because of science , diseases caused by polluted food haven been virtually eliminated.b.It has caused a lack of information concerning the value of food.c.Because of the application of science,some potentially harmful substances have been added to food.d.The scientists have preserved the color of meats,but not of vegetables.4.What are nitrates used for?a.They preserve flavor in packaged foods.b.They preserve the color of meats.c.They are the objects of research.d.They cause the animals to become fatter.5.The word 'carcinogenic' most nearly means '_____'.a.trouble-makingb.color-retainingc.money-makingd.cancer-causing答案：cacbd大学英语四级阅读理解试题40篇之六（含答案）As the pace of life continues to increase ,we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through lift,being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.Stress is an natural part of everyday lift and there is no way to avoid it. In fact ,it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be .A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation adn give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress,and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress,in whatever form,we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight" and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme,but however little the stress,it involves thesame response. It is when such a reaction lasts long,through continued exposure to stress,that health becomes endangered.Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress.Since we cannot remove stress from our lives(it would be unwise to do so even if we could),we need to find ways to deal with it.1.People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves because_____.a.they do not know how to enjoy themselvesb.they do not believe that relaxation is important for healthc.they are travelling fast all the timed.they are becoming busier with their work2.According to the writer ,the most important character for a good manager is his ________.a.not fearing stressb.knowing the art of relaxationc.high sense of responsibilityd.having control over performance3.Which of the follwing statements is ture?a.We can find some ways to avoid stressb.Stress is always harmful to peoplec.It is easy to change the hagit of keeping oneself busy with work.d.Different people can withstand different amounts of stress4.In Paragraph 3, "such a reaction" refers back to_______.a."making a choice between 'flight' or 'fight'"b."reaction to stress both chemically and physically"c."responding to crises quickly"d."losing heart at the signs difficulties"5.In the last sentence of the passage,"do so " refers to ______.a."expose ourselves to stress"b."find ways to deal with stress"c."remove stress from our lives"d."established links between diseases and stress"答案：dadbc大学英语四级阅读理解试题40篇之七（含答案）In the 1960s, many young Americans were dissatisfied with American society. They wanted to end the Vietnam War and to make all of the people in the U.S. epual. Some of them decided to "drop out" of American society and form their own societies . They formed utopian communities , which they called "communes," where they could follow their philosophy of "do your own thing." A group of artists founded a commune in southern Colorado called "Drop City." Following the ideas of philosopher and architect Buckminster Fuller they built domeshaped houses from pieces of old cars. Other groups, such as author Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters, the followers fo San Francisco poet Steve Gakin, and a group that called itself the Hog Farm, lived in old school huses andtraveled around the United States. The Hog Farm become famous when they helped organize the Woodstock Rock Festival in 1969. Steve Gaskin's followers tried to settle down on a farm in Tennessee, but they had to leave when some members of the gruop were arrested for growing marijuana.Not all communes believed in the philosophy of "do you own thing," however . Twin Oaks , a commune founded in Virgiania in the late 1960s, was based on the ideas of psychologist B.F.Skinner. The people who lived at Twin Oaks were carefully controlled by Skinner's "conditioning" techniques to do things that were good for the community. In 1972, Italian architect Paolo Soleri began to build Arcosanti, a utopian city Arizsona where 2500 people will live closely together in one large building called an "archology" Soleri believes that people must live closely together so that they will all become one.1.Why did some young Americans decide to "drop out" of scoiety during the 1960s?a.They were not satisfied with American society.b.They wanted to grow marijuana.c.They wanted to go to the Vietnam War.d.They did not want all people to be equal.2.Where did the members of the Hog Farm commune live?a.In dome-shaped houseb.In old school husesc.On a farm inTennesseed.In an archology in Arizona3.Who gave the people of Drop City the idea to bulid dome-shaped house?a.Paolo Solerib.B.G.Skinnerc.Steve Gaskind.Buckminster Fuller4.What was the Twin Oaks commune base on ?a.The philosophy of "do your own thing"b.Virginaia in the late 1960sc.The ideas of psychologistd.The belief that people must live closely togerher.5.What is an "archology"?a.A person who studies archaeologyb.A large building where people live closely togetherc.A city in A rizonad.A technique to contorl people答案：abdcb大学英语四级阅读理解试题40篇之八（含答案）There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain heis born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual—the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped envionmentally ,it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.The importance of environment in determining an individual's intellingence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark X. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old , their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reated by parents of low intelligence in an isolatedcommunity with poor educational pooprtunities.Mark was reared inthe home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child , sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually.This enviromental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were giben tesets to measure their intelligence. Mark's I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities , the twins , having identical brains,would have tested at roughly the same level.1.This selection can best be titled_________.a.Measuring Your Intelligenceb.Intelligence and Environmentc.The Case of Peter and Markd.How the brain Influences Intelligence2.The beststatement of the main idea of this passage is that _____.a.human brains differ considerablyb.the brain a person is born with is improtant in determining his intelligencec.environment is crucial in determining a person's intelligenced. persons having identical brains will have roughly the same intelligence3.According to the passage , the average I.Q.is _____.a.85b.100c.110d.1254.The case history of the twins appears to support the conclusion that _______.a.individual with identical brains seldom test at same levelb.an individual's intelligence is determined only by his enviromentck of opportunity blocks the growth of intelligenced.changes of enviroment produce changes in the structure of the brain5.This passage suggests that an individual 's I.Q.______.a.can be predicted at birthb.stays the same throuthout his lifec.can be increased by educationd.is determined by his childhood答案：bcbcc大学英语四级阅读理解试题40篇之九（含答案）As she walked round the huge department store,Edith reflected how difficult it was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.She wish that he was as easy to please as her mother, who was always delighted with perfumeBesides,shoppong at this time of the year was a most disgreeable experience :people trod on your toes,poked you with their elbows and almost knocked you overin their haste to get to a bargain ahead of you.Partly to have a rest, Edith paused in front of a counter where some attracive ties were on display. "They are real silk," the assistant assured her, trying to tempt her. "Worth double the price." But edit knew from past experience that her choice of ties hardly ever pleased her father.She moved on reluctantly and then quite by chance, stopped where a small crowd of man had gathered round a counter. She found some good quality pipes on sale-----and the prices were very reasonable. Edith did not hesitate for long : although her father only smoked a pipe occasionally, she knew that this was a present which was bund to please him.When she got home,with her small well-chosen present concealed in her handbag, her parents were already at the supper table. Her mother was in an especially cheerful mood, "Your father has at last to decided to stop smoking." She informed her daughter.1.Edith's father _______.a.did not like presentb.never got presentc.preferred tiesd.was difficult to choose a present for2.The assistant spoke to Edith because she seemed_______.a.attractiveb.interested in tiesc.tiredd.in need of comfort3.Edith stopped at the next counter_________.a.puroselyb.suddenlyc.unwillinglyd.accidentally4.Edith's father smoked a pipe_______.a.when he was obligedb.on social occasionsc.from time to timed.when he was delighted5.Shopping was very disagreeable at that time of the year because_______.a.coustomers trod on each other's toesb.coustomers poked each other with their elbowsc.customers knocked each otherd.customers were doing their shopping in a great hurry答案：dbdcd大学英语四级阅读理解试题40篇之十（含答案）If the population of the earth goes on increasing at its present rate, there will eventually not be enough resources left to sustain life on the planet.By the middle of the 21st century,if present trends continue, we will have used up all the oil that drives our cars,for example.Even if scientists develop new ways of feeding the human race,the crowded conditions on earth will make it necessary for lus to look for open space somewhere else. But none of the other planets in our solar system are capable of supporting life at present. One possible solution to the problem, however,has recently been suggested by American scientist, Professor Carl Sagan.Sagan believes that before the earth's resources are compleetely exhausted it will be possible to change the atmophere of V enus and so create a new world almost as large as earth itself. The difficult is that Venus is much hotter than the earth and there is only a tiny amount of water there. Sagan proposes that algae organisms that can live in extremely hot or cold atmospheres and at the same time produce oxygen,should be bred in condition similar to those on Venus.As soon as this has been done, the algae will be placed in small rockets. Spaceship will then fly to Venus and fire the rockets into the atmosphere .In a fairly short time, the alge will break down the carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbon.When the algae have done theri work, the atmosphere will become cooler,but befor man can set foot on Venus it will be neccessary for the oxygen to produce rain. The surface of the planet will still be too hot for man to land on it but the rain will eventually fall and in a few years something like earth will be reproduced on Venus.1.Inte long run, the most insoluble problem caused by population growth on earth will probably be the lack of ______.a.foodb.oilc.spaced.resources2.Carl Sagan believes that Venus might be colonized from earth because _____a.it might be possible to change its atmosphereb.its atmosphere is the same as the earth'sc.there is a good supply of water on Venusd.the days on Venus are long enough3.On Venus there is a lot of ________.a.waterb.carbon dioxidec.carbon monoxided.oxygen4.Algae are plants that can____.a.live in very hot temperaturesb.live in very cold temperaturesc.manufacture oxygend.all of the above5. Man can land on Venus only when_______.a.the algae have done their workb.the atmosphere becomes coolerc.thereis oxygend.it rains there答案：cabdd大学英语四级阅读理解试题40篇之十一（含答案）What is your favourite colour? Do you like yellow , orange ,red? If you do ,you must be an optimist, a leader, an active person who enjoys life, people and excitement. Do you prefer greys and blues? Then you are probably quiet,shy, and you would rather follow than lead. You tend to be a pessimist. At least, this is what psychologists tell us, and they should know,because they have been seriously studying the meaning of colours preference, as well as the effect that colours have on human beings. They tells us, among other facts,that we do not choose our favourite clour as we grow up----we are born with our preference.If you happen to love brown, you did so, as soon as you opened your eyes, or at least as soon as you could see clearly.Colours do influence our moods----there is no doubt about it .A yellow room makes most people feel more cheerful and more relaxed than a dark green one; and a red dress brings warmth and cheer to the saddest winter day. On the other hand ,black is depressing. A black bridge over the Thames River, near London, used to be the scene of more suicides than any other bridge in the area ----until it was repainter green.The number of suicide attempts immediately fell sharply ;perhaps it would have fallen even more if the bridge had been done in pink or baby blue. Light and bright colours make people not only hppier but more active. It is an established fact that factory workers work better,harder ,and have fewer accidents when their machines are painted orange rather than black or grey.1."You would rather follow than red" means_______.a.you don't like to follow othersb.you would be a member rather than a leaderc.you would be afraid of following othersd.you would like to be a leader rather than a follower2.If one enjoys life, one is sure to prefer________.a.red to yellowb.blue to orangec.red to greyd.blue to yellow3."They tell us, among other facts,that we don't choose our favourite colours as we grow up."。
剑桥4阅读讲解
剑桥4阅读讲解标题：《剑桥英语4级阅读理解解析》剑桥英语4级考试是众多英语学习者的里程碑，其中阅读理解部分尤为重要。
本文将为你详细解析剑桥4级阅读部分，帮助你提升阅读技巧，更好地应对考试。
一、剑桥4级阅读概况剑桥4级阅读部分共有四篇文章，每篇文章约800个单词，涵盖叙述、说明、议论文等不同文体。
阅读材料多选自日常生活、社会热点、科普知识等领域的原文，旨在考查考生对英语文章的整体理解和细节把握能力。
二、阅读理解技巧解析1.快速阅读：首先快速浏览文章，了解文章主题和大意，对难以理解的部分可暂时跳过。
2.细节理解：在了解文章大意的基础上，关注文章中的具体信息，如数据、事实、例子等，以便回答具体问题。
3.推理判断：根据文章内容进行合理推断，注意作者的观点和态度，避免主观臆断。
4.词汇理解：遇到生词时，可根据上下文推测词义，或通过构词法知识理解生词。
5.结构分析：把握文章结构，关注段落主题句，了解文章的论点、论据和论证过程。
三、常见题型解析1.主旨大意题：要求考生概括文章主题，通常在文章开头或结尾寻找关键信息。
2.细节理解题：考查考生对文章具体信息的理解，答案多出现在文章的具体段落。
3.推理判断题：要求考生根据文章内容进行合理推断，注意作者的观点和态度。
4.词汇理解题：考查考生对文章中生词的理解，可通过上下文和构词法知识解题。
5.结构分析题：要求考生分析文章结构，关注段落主题句，了解文章的论证过程。
四、备考建议1.积累词汇：扩大词汇量，关注常用词汇和短语，提高阅读速度。
2.深入阅读：多读英语原文，提高对文章整体和细节的理解能力。
3.做题训练：多做剑桥4级阅读真题，熟悉题型和答题技巧。
4.定期复习：总结错题，查漏补缺，提高阅读水平。
通过以上解析，相信你对剑桥4级阅读有了更深入的了解。
只要坚持练习，掌握阅读技巧，相信你在考试中一定能取得好成绩。
大学英语四级阅读真题附答案
大学英语四级阅读真题附答案备考大学英语四级阅读的考生可以适当做真题来查漏补缺。
今天，店铺为大家整理了大学英语四级阅读真题，欢迎阅读。
大学英语四级阅读真题原文Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Across the rich world, well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled. Some 65% of American men aged 62-74 with a professional degree are in the workforce, compared with 32% of men with only a high-school certificate. This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor. Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled. The consequences, for individuals and society, are profound.The world is facing an astonishing rise in the number of old people. And they will live longer than ever before. Over the next 20 years the global population of those aged 65 or more will almost double, from 600 million to 1.1 billion. The experience of the 20th century, when greater longevity (长寿) translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth, while the swelling ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.But the notion of a sharp division between the working young and the idle old misses a new trend, the growing gap between the skilled and the unskilled. Employment rates are falling among younger unskilled people, whereas older skilled folk are working longer. The divide is most extreme in America,where well-educated baby-boomers (二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人) are putting off retirement while many less-skilled younger people have dropped out of the workforce.Policy is partly responsible. Many European governments have abandoned policies that used to encourage people to retire early. Rising life expectancy(预期寿命), combined with the replacement of generous defined-benefit pension plans with less generous defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement. But the changing nature of work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding generation. Technological change may well reinforce that shift: the skills that complement computers, from management knowhow to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age.大学英语四级阅读题目注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
大学英语四级阅读习题及答案
大学英语四级阅读习题及答案大学英语四级阅读习题(一)1、A2、D3、C4、C5、B大学英语四级阅读习题答案Acculturation, which begins at birth, is the process of teaching new generations of children the customs and values of the parents culture. How people treat newborns, for example, can be indicative of cultural values. In the United States it is not uncommon for parents to put a newborn in a separate room that belongs only to the child. This helps to preserve parents privacy and allows the child to get used to having his or her own room, which is seen as a first step toward personal independence. Americans traditionally have held independence and a closely related value, individualism, in high esteem. Parents try to instill these prevailing values in their children. American English expresses these value preferences: children should "cut the (umbilical) cord" and are encouraged not to be "tied to their mothers apron strings." In the process of their socialization children learn to "look out for number one" and to "stand on their own two feet".Many children are taught at a very early age to make decisions and be responsible for their actions. Often children work for money outside the home as a first step to establishing autonomy. Nine-or ten-year-old children may deliver newspapers in their neighborhoods and save or spend their earnings. Teenagers (13 to 18 years) may baby-sit neighbors homes in order to earn a few dollar a week. Receiving a weekly allowance at an early age teaches children to budget their money, preparing them for future financial independence. Many parents believe that managing money helps children learn responsibility as well as appreciate the value of money.21. According to this passage, the way people treat newborns _____.A) is a sign of their customsB) is an indication of their level of knowledgeC) symbolizes their social systemD) varies from culture to culture22. The expression, "to cut the cord", is used to show that _____.A) children dont like their parentsB) parents dont feel close to their childrenC) parents would not like to live together with their childrenD) independence from ones family is an important personal goal in USA23. Children who are "tied to the apron strings" _____.A) are caught in their mothers apronsB) must always wear an apron when they eatC) are very dependent on their mothersD) are independent from their parents24. American people often let their children work for money outside the home at a very early age because _____.A) children have to earn money to help the familyB) they need more moneyC) they want them to begin establishing autonomyD) children have to save money for future use25. It can be inferred from this passage that _____.A) Americans are money loversB) Americans admire independenceC) Americans are good at decision-makingD) Americans are all responsible大学英语四级阅读习题(二)Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees.The researcher organized an experimental tournament (锦标赛) involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge.Observers noted down the referees errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number.The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20 meters.There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second.If FIFA, footballs international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.He also says that FIFAs insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.21. The experiment conducted by the researcher was meant to ________.A) review the decisions of referees at the 1998 World CupB) analyse the causes of errors made by football refereesC) set a standard for football refereeingD) reexamine the rules for football refereeing22. The number of refereeing errors in the experimental matches was ________.A) slightly above averageB) higher than in the 1998 World CupC) quite unexpectedD) as high as in a standard match23. The findings of the experiment show that ________.A) errors are more likely when a referee keeps close to the ballB) the farther the referee is from the incident, the fewer the errorsC) the more slowly the referee runs, the more likely will errors occurD) errors are less likely when a referee stays in one spot24. The word “officials” (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably refers to ________.A) the researchers involved in the experimentB) the inspectors of the football tournamentC) the referees of the football tournamentD) the observers at the site of the experiment25. What is one of the possible conclusions of the experiment?A) The ideal retirement age for an experienced football referee is45.B) Age should not be the chief consideration in choosing a football referee.C) A football referee should be as young and energetic as possible.D) An experienced football referee can do well even when in poor physical condition.。
2022年12月大学英语四级阅读理解真题答案
四级阅读理解答案（试卷是花卷，着重看选项后内容）阅读第1套文章开头Parenting brings fathers more joy than it does...26.K involving27.B associated span28.L note29.A additional30.D cultivate Spa31.E depressive32.H however33.G emotions34.F directly35.I implications【长篇阅读】36.[C]People often grant a request just because they want to appear polite and helpful.37.[H]It's no easy job learning to say“no”to opportunities that were once considered worth grasping.38.[E]When you decline a request，you are saving your future time.39.[B]People sometimes struggle to do things that are simply a waste of time.40.[I]Doing efficiently what is not worth doing is the most useless effort.41.[C]It's especially difficult for people to decline to do what their superiors ask them to do.42.[A]People agree to do too many things they are in fact unwilling to do.43.[G]According to one famous entrepreneur，innovation means refusal to do an enormous number of things.44.[D]It is an essential aspect of life to cooperate with other people.45.[F]Refusing a request is sometimes seen as a privilege not enjoyed by ordinary people.【仔细阅读1】文章开头We are eating more fish than ever these days.46.What does the author say is remarkable about the fish we eat？B）They are mostly farmed.47.What do we need to do if we keep consuming fish at the current rateD）Expand the scale of fish-farming continuously.48.What does the author say about China in terms of aquatic food？C）It raises more fish than caught from the wild.49.Why does the author say aquaculture is so important these days？A）It is a must for feeding the world's fast-growing population.50.What does the author imply by saying aquaculture is no silver bulletC）Fish-farming may cause serious problems too.【仔细阅读2】文章开头In2020，the Nobel Peace Prize was...51.What does the WEP's winning of the Nobel Peace Prize make us realize？D）It is morally wrong to think helping the poor is not our business.52.What do we learn about the WEP's effort to eliminate hunger？B）It is still far from its goal despite the progress made.53.What will happen when food aid is offered at a price？A）The rich will become richer and the poor poorer.54.How can scientists help cope with poverty and hungerB）By sharing expertise with peers in poverty stricken nations55.What message does the author try to convey at the end of the passage？C）Poor nations should enhance their own ability to solve their food shortages.阅读第2套选词填空文章开头Researchers，writing in the...26.L)ranging27.H)measured28.B)certificates29.M)relative30.E)differences31.O)targeting32.C)connected33.D)demonstrates34.A)acknowledge35.F)establish【长篇阅读】文章标题The hidden costs colleges don't want you to know about36.[I]There is another depressing reality hidden within even the largest financial aid packages...37.[G]If you are low-income student who will be attending school out-of-state,make sure you know if you can use your state benefits...38.[B]At my well-respected,private,four-year university in Washington,DC,which boasts a yearly tuition of$44,046...39.[D]Schools will charge you whatever they can.The costs of any damages to the dorm,including elevators,bathrooms..…40.[L]Students and families must also understand their ability to self-advocate...41.[A]This fall,thousands of college students from across the country will begin their undergraduate careers at colleges..…42.[J]Yes,I chose to attend an expensive university far from my hometown...43.[I]There is another depressing reality hidden within even the largest financial aid packages....44.[C]Universities today are in the business of making money,and mine is no exception...45.[H]you plan on paying off bills in your student account with a credit card,be aware of any additional costs...【仔细阅读1】文章开头To write his2010book，The5-Factor World Diet...46.What characterizes Japanese and Chinese foods？A）Variety.47.What is typical of Americans in the way of eating？B）They tend to eat quite a lot.48.What features in Mediterranean，Nordic and Okinawan diets？C）Seasonal local produce.49.What do people in most healthy eating cultures have in common？D）They attach great importance to their meals.pared with the average American，people in healthy societies_B）do considerably more walking【仔细阅读2】文章开头Recognizing when'a friend or colleague feels sad.…51.What is the finding of the new study？C）People who are aware of others'feelings may experience more stress.52.What was the purpose of psychologist Myriam Bechtoldt's experiment？B）To assess the impacts of being emotionally clever.53.What does the finding of Myriam Bechtoldt's study indicate？D）People may suffer from having a high emotional intelligence.54.What do we learn about emotional intelligence from a number of studies？C）Some people may take advantage of it and benefit themselves.55.What do we learn about emotional intelligence from a number of studies A）Avoid burdening themselves with others'feelings.阅读第3套Phones influence all aspects of teenage life...26.D）constantly28.H）nationally29.G）inseparable30.A）absorbed31.L）specific32.E）context33.J）shape34.C）behavior35.F）exercise【长篇阅读】标题Evil Genius36.[D]A behavior that does not conform to social norms may be described as being deviant.37.[J]Various experiments found that participants who cheated in the initial task performed better in the creativity test.38.[B]People may be simply considered evil if their behaviors are morally unacceptable to us.39.[G]The research published by two scientists was intended to examine the relationship between dishonesty and creativity.40.[A]The author's lectures sparked lively discussions in his class.41.[I]The researchers tested the participants'creativity by asking them to play a word game.42.[K]It is time we realized that deviance may be capable of doing both good and harm to individuals and society.43.[C]The reasons for people's evil behaviors can be explained in more ways than one.44.[H]The math task in one experiment was designed to test participants'tendency to cheat.45.[F]Some creative ideas have turned out to do harm to human society.【仔细阅读1】文章开头Even though we are living in an age where46.D）Shifting people's perspective on aging.47.A）He wanted to make it more pleasant for seniors.48.D）He acted in violation of the state law.49.C）Getting old is by no means something miserable.50.A）It is gaining ground in many countries.【仔细阅读2】Passage Tow文章开头Research shows that in developed countries，51.B）People from different social groups vary in their dietary habits.52.A）A better understanding of the relationship between social class and health.53.D）They do not lack food knowledge or budgeting skills.54.C）Enabling them to have more access to nutritious foods.55.B）Choose diets that are both healthy and affordable.。
大学英语四级阅读理解习题及答案
大学英语四级阅读理解习题及答案高校英语四级阅读理解习题及答案引导语：英语六级阅读理解难度不一般，以下是我整理的高校英语四级阅读理解习题及答案，欢迎参考!Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:It is simple enough to say that since books have classes fiction, biography, poetrywe should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconception when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow worker and accomplice(同谋). If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible finess(委婉之处), from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite. The thirty two chapters of anovelif we consider how to read a novel firstare an attempt to make something as formedand controlled as a building but words are more impalpable than bricks, reading is a longer and more complicated process than seeing. Perhaps the quickest way to understand the elements of what a novelist is doing is not to read, but to write; to make your own experiment with the dangers and difficulties of words. Recall, then, some event that has left a distinct impression on youhow at the corner of the street, perhaps, you passed two people talking. A tree shook; an electric light danced; the tone of the talk was comic, but also tragic; a whole vision, an entire conception, seemed contained in that moment.21.What does the author mean by saying "Yet few people ask from books what books can give us.'?A.The author means that lots of people read few books.B.The author thinks that readers have only absorbed part of knowledge in books.C.The author holds that few people have a proper idea about what content some kind of books should include.D.The author considers that readers can scarcely understand most of the books.22.According to the passage, which of the following statement is right?A.A reader should find some mistakes when he is reading.B.The more difficult a book is, the more you can get fromit.C.To read something is easier than to watch something.D.One should be in the same track with the writer when he is reading.23.What is the possible meaning of "impalpable' (Paragraph 2) in the passage?A.Clear.B.Elusive.C.Delicate.D.Precise.24.Whats the main idea of this passage?A.The importance of reading.B.The proper way to read.C.How to get most from one book.D.The characters of a good book.25.When a writer is writing he often get the whole conception ____.A.after a long times thinkingB.through an instant inspirationC.according to his own experienceD.by way of watching the objects attentively参考答案：21.答案C。
英语四级阅读理解练习及参考答案
英语四级阅读理解练习及参考答案英语四级阅读理解练习及参考答案：Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A ),B., C. andD. . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Educators today are more and more often heard to say that computer literacy is absolutely necessary for college students. Many even argue that each incoming freshman should have permanent access to his or hcr own microcomputer. What advantages do computers offer the college students?Any student who has used a word processor will know one compelling reason to use a computer: to write papers. Although not all students feel comfortable composing on a word processor, most find revising and editing much easier on it. One can alter, insert, or delete just by pressing a few keys, thus eliminating the need to rewrite or re-type. Furthermore, since the revision process is less burdensome, students are more likely to revise as often as is necessary to end up with the best paper possible.For these reasons, many freshman English courses require the use of a word processor.Computers are also useful in the context of language courses, where they are used to drill students in basic skills. Software programs reinforce ESL(English as a Second Language ) instruction, as well as instruction in French, German, Spanish, and other languages. By using these programs on a regular basis, students can improve their proficiency in a language while proceeding at their own pace.Science students take advantage of computers in many ways. Using computer graphic capabilities, for example, botany students can represent and analyze different plant growth patterns. Medical students can learn to interpret computerized images of internal body structures. Physics students can complete complex calculations farmore quickly than they could without the use of computer.Similarly, business and accounting students find that computer spreadsheet programs are all but indispensable to many aspects of their work, while students pursuing careers in graphic arts. marketing, and public relations find that knowledge of computer graphic is important. Education majors learn to develop grading systems using computers, while social science students use computers for analyzing and graphically displacing their research results.It is no wonder, then, that educators support the purchase and use of microcomputers by students. A versatile tool, the computer can help students learn. And that is, after all, the reason for going to college.56. The word "literacy" (Line 1, Paragraph 1) means__________.A. the ability to read and writeB. the ability to useC. literatureD. the knowledge of language57. The main purpose of this passage is to __________.A. persuade the educators to increase computer use in their own classroomB. analyze advantages and disadvantages of computer use among college studentsC. identify some of the ways that computers benefit college studentsD. describe how computers can be used to teach foreign languages58. According to the author, a word processor can be used to__________.A. revise papersB. retype papersC. reduce the psychological burden of writing papersD. improve the writing skills of a student59. In this passage, the writers argument is developed primarily through the use of __________.A. cause-effect analysisB. comparison and contrastC. inductionD. examples60. According to the author, the reason for students to go to college is__________.A. to learn somethingB. to perfect themselvesC. to improve computer skillsD. to make the best use of computers英语四级阅读理解练习及参考答案：Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Language is, and should be, a living thing, constantly enriched with new words and forms of expression. But there is a vital distinction between good developments, which add to the language, enabling us to say things we could not say before, and bad developments, which subtract from the language by rendering it less precise. A vivacious, colorful use of words is not to be confused with mere slovenliness. The kind of slovenliness in which some professionals deliberately indulge is perhaps akin to the cult (迷信) of the unfinished work, which has eroded most of the arts in our time. And the true answer to it is the same that art is enhanced, not hindered, by discipline. You cannot carve satisfactorily in butter.The corruption of written English has been accompanied by an even sharper decline in the standard of spoken English. We speak very much less well than was common among educated Englishmen a generation or two ago.The modem theatre has played a baneful (有害的) part in dimming our appreciation of language. Instead of the immensely articulate dialogue of, for example, Shaw (who was also very insistent on good pronunciation),audiences are now subjected to streams of barely literate trivia, often designed, only too well, to exhibit lack of communication, and larded (夹杂) with the obscenities (下流的话) and grammatical errors of the intellectually impoverished. Emily Post once advised her readers: "The theatre is the best possible place to hear correctly-enunciated speech. " Alas, no more. One young actress was recently reported to be taking lessons in how to speak badly, so that she should fit in better.But the BBC is the worst traitor. After years of very successfully helping to raise the general standard of spoken English, it suddenly went into reverse. As the head of the Pronunciation Unit coyly (含蓄地) put it, "In the 1960s the BBC opened the field to a much wider range of speakers." To hear a BBC disc jockey talking to the latest ape-like pop idol is a truly shocking experience of verbal squalor. And the prospect seems to be of even worse to come. School teachers are actively encouraged to ignore little Johnnys incoherent grammar, atrocious spelling and haphazard punctuation, because worrying about such things might inhibit his creative genius.61. The writer relates linguistic slovenliness to tendencies in the arts today in that they both __________.A. occasionally aim at a certain fluidityB. appear to shun perfectionC. from time to time show regard for the finishing touchD. make use of economical short cuts62. "Art is enhanced, not hindered, by discipline" (Lines 6～7, Paragraph 1 ) means __________.A. an artists work will be finer if he observes certain aesthetic standardsB. an unfinished work is bound to be comparatively inferiorC. the skill of certain artists conceals their slovenlinessD. artistic expression is inhibited by too many roles63. Many modem plays, the author finds, frequently contain speech which__________.A. is incoherent and linguistically objectionableB. is far too ungrammatical for most people to followC. unintentionally shocks the audienceD. tries to hide the authors intellectual inadequacies64. The author says that the standard of the spoken English of BBC__________.A. is the worst among all broadcasting networksB. has raised English-speaking up to a new levelC. has taken a turn for the worse since the 1960sD. is terrible because of a few popular disc jockeys65. Teachers are likely to overlook the linguistic lapses in their pupils since__________.A. they find that children no longer respond to this kind of discipline nowadaysB. they fear the children may become less coherentC. more importance is now attached to oral expressionD. the children may be discouraged from expressing their ideas。
大学英语英语4级考试(答案) (2)
大学英语四级试练习卷一、阅读理解Passage 1Research Solves Forestry ProblemsForestry is a science and, as such, those who practice it must have one thing that make scientific progress possible: the benefit of research. Every forestry problem solved by research lets forestry advance one more vital step. Logically, therefore, research to solve problems is a major job of the Forest Service. It covers the whole forestry field, including the protection and management of forests, related rangelands, and water-sheds; utilization of forest products; and the economic aspects of forestry. The Service's regional forest and range experiment stations and its Forest Products Laboratory are constantly making new forestry studies throughout the United States and announcing new forestry facts.Redeeming the American Chestnut. Scientists have long been seeking ways of bringing back that valuable and storied tree, the American chestnut. Attacked by a blight (枯萎病) brought in from Asia about 1900, practically all of our native chestnuts were killed. Their gaunt (古瘦如柴的 ) white skeletons are a reminder of a tree whose range extended from New England to Alabama and Louisiana. But there is a glimmer of hope. Forest Service scientists have found a few individual trees that seem to be resistant to the disease. Buds or branches from 28 of these tough survivors have been grafted to other root stocks for multiplication and the chance for further study of their resistance.Forest research may yet make the American chestnut once again tempt the palate (味觉) , and also help supply the nation's timber needs.Can Lightning Fires Be Prevented? Foresters have a hard job making people careful with fire in the forests. At the same time, some of them are trying to make Nature cut down the number of fires she starts with her most powerful fire-starting weapon, lightning.A little white cloud, peeking up over a Montana mountain, is quickly found by a mobile radar unit. It is tracked as it gets bigger and starts its journey with the winds. Finally, any lightning storm which develops in it is analyzed. This cooperative research project, known as "Skyfire", has also made experiments in cloud seeding to reduce lightning occurrence. It is too early for positive conclusions, but scientists believe their findings will lead to a better preparedness and quicker attack on lightning-caused fires. Foresters may eventually be able to prevent lightning fires more easily than those caused by man.Getting More Seed from Better Trees. Would you believe that healthy trees that have been deliberately wounded will produce more seed than undamaged trees? That's what happened when foresters partly girdled (cut away a narrow strip of bark part way around the tree) some longleaf pines in Louisiana—they produced twice as many cones as did ungirdled trees. In Montana, they tried it with five-year ponderosa pines. These experimental trees bore 26 cones as against one cone on the ungirdled control trees. In the South where slash pine is "chipped"(a form of partial girdling) for turpentine, the chipped trees produced 50 per cent more cones than comparable unchipped trees.Developing a White Pine Strain Resistant to Blister Rust. You can always identify the white pines because the needles are in clusters of five—and there are five letters in the word w-h-i-t-e. This also applies to the sugar pine of California, which is also a white pine. Count the letters in s-u-g-a-r. Five again!White pines have a particularly vicious enemy—the disease called blister rust. Long ago scientists found that the disease spores do not go from one white pine to another; they need an alternate host, either currant or gooseberry bushes. Destroy these bushes near white pine trees and the disease is stopped. This sounds easy, but it is a very expensive and tedious job.Well, foresters aren't satisfied with that. They have found a few—just a few —white pine trees that are resistant to the disease. Starting with these few trees, the Forest Service and other public agencies in the United States and Canada are trying to develop a resistant strain of white pine that will still have good timber quality.How to nail a House Together. Nails are the principal fasteners used in building a wood-frame house. How these nails are selected and used determines how solid the building will be. It's important to know the size, number, and placement of nails necessary to construct a house so it will successfully resist such forces of nature as strong winds, hurricanes, earthquakes.The Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, a unit of the Forest Service, has made exhaustive studies of nailing techniques. The results, contained in a booklet, Technique of Hose Nailing, are of value to engineers, architects, carpenters, and home-owners as a guide to the building of betterhouses. With the booklet (available from the U. S. Forest Service) one can judge the quality of the nailing in the construction of his own house.Will "sandwich" Houses Be Practical? The Forest Products Laboratory developed a sandwich building panel with a core of honeycomb paper. Treatment with synthetic resins makes the honeycombed paper resistant to moisture and decay. To study the suitability of such panes for house construction, a test structure was built some years ago at the Laboratory Exposure to Madison's rigorous weather for some time indicates that "sandwiches" will be suitable for use in buildings. Sandwich panels are now used in doors, partitions, furniture, and demountable buildings. In time they will no doubt be used in house construction.Can Direct Seeding of Pine Be Improved? In the past, the replanting of burned-over or clean—cut forest areas has been done by the somewhat slow and laborious method of individual planting of seedlings which had been raised in tree nurseries. Direct seeding in such areas had proven unsuccessful because birds and rodents would help themselves to this ready supply of food before the seed could germinate. Now, discovery of a bird and rodent repellent that can be easily applied to longleaf pine seeds before sowing is- making the direct seeding of trees practical and inexpensive.The repellent, composed of tetramethyl thiuram disulfide, is not harmful to birds or animals in the amounts used and does not retard germination of the seed. Although it is slightly irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat of humans, it is safe to use, according to studies made by the Alexandria (Louisiana) Research Center of the Forest Service and the U. S. Fish andWildlife Service.Direct sowing of tree seeds is the cheapest way to plant. Foresters, however, still advocate setting out seedlings because it is a simpler procedure for most people and more predictable. But seeding is becoming more foolproof and in another few years should be more generally accepted. Seeding costs about $ 8. 50 per acre compared to $ 12 per acre for planting seedlings.Does Age Affect Strength of Wood? A test of the floor joists (托梁) of the Octagon House, Washington, D. C. , shows joists that were cut form virgin Southern yellow pine of high quality to be as strong as when they were installed more than 150 years ago.Mechanical test by the Forest Products Laboratory showed that the timbers were strong enough for their purpose and differed little from the strength of similar newly-cut timbers. The tests were made on sections from several parts of the joists. No decay was found.1.The passage gives a general description of contributions made by forestry.2. Forest fires caused by lightning occur more frequently than those caused by man.3. Blister rust is a serious destroyer of white pine trees.4. The strength of wood-frame houses depends on what sort of nail is used.5. The time when yellow pine was cut to make floor joists prevented them from decaying.6. The bird and rodent repellent, made up of tetramethyl thiuram disulfide does not affect germination of the seed.7. The Forest Service scientists are likely to help fulfill America's timberdemand by saving the American chestnut.8. Each time a forestry problem is solved by research, forestry_______.9. _______pines is a way to get more seed from better trees.10. The honeycombed honeycombed(蜂窝结构的) paper becomes resistant to moisture and decay when it is treated with_______.Passage 2It is estimated that 11 seven hundred million people—about half of the world's population—are unable to read and write, and there are probably two hundredand fifty million more whose level of attainment is so slight that it 12 qualifies a literacy.Recently the attack on illiteracy has been 13 up. A world plan has been drawnup by a committee of UNESCO experts in Paris, as part of the UNESCO Nations Development Decade, and an international conference on the 14 has also been held. UNESCO stresses that functional literacy is the aim. People must learnthe 15 skills of responsible 16 : the ability to read notices, newspapers, timetables, letters, pricelists, to keep simple records and accounts, to 17 out the significance of the information gathered, and to fill in forms.The 18 areas of illiteracy are in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. In Africa there are at least one hundred million illiterates, 19 eighty to eighty-five per cent of the 20 population. In Europethe figure isabout twenty-four million, most of them in Southern Europe, with Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Yugoslavia heading the list (the United Kingdom has about sevenhundred thousand).A. basicB. citizenshipC.steppedD.someE. majorF. barely G.sort H.membershipI. superio r J. entire K.scarcelyL.constitutingM. total N. subjectO.comprisingPassage 3In the age of a global economy and an information society, the world is now • 234 •seeking a new economic pattern beyond traditional capitalism and socialism. As the influence of Japan in the world economy becomes greater, Japanese companies will necessarily be globalized in a "borderless" economy. There are two aspects to the information revolution. The first is rapid technologic innovation in various fields such as microelectronics, new materials and biotechnology. The second is the reorganization of industrial structure. These environmental changes require the Japanese economy to be a driving force of technological innovation and to create new business and new employment opportunities. Japanese companies should meet requirements not only to survive themselves, but also to lead the new industrial revolution throughout the world.We can say that the concept of HES proposes a new economic system which Japan has actually developed in the process of adaptation to a changing environment. HES is a system that can integrate both the efficiency of capitalistic competition and the equality of socialistic democracy. It is a system that can resolve the internal contradiction of both the systems of capitalism and socialism, in which power is concentrated in minority—the capitalists or the central government. Moreover, HES is a system of high productivity, which the Japanese economy demonstrates.In Japan, there seems to have been an invisible principle of "coexistence of opposites. " Historically, Japan has allowed the coexistence of various religions such as Shintoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism and Christianity. In the process of modernization after the Meiji Restoration, Japan has incorporated Western science and technology onto the Eastern spiritual culture. Since the Second World War, Japan has built a cooperative relationship between management and labor unions. Today, Japan is trying to synthesize capitalism and socialism into a new economic system.21. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage isA. New Economic Pattern of the 21st CenturyB. The Influence of Japan on the World EconomyC. A Global Economy and an Information SocietyD. A System of High Productivity22. In the 2nd paragraph, the word "borderless" could best be replaced by which of the following?A. lack of borderB. edgelessC. international.D. global23. The phrase "These requirements" in Paragraph 2 meansA. environmental changesB. rapid technological innovation and reorganization of industrial structureC. the Japanese economy to be driving force of technological innovation and to create new business and new employment opportunitiesD. two aspects of information revolution24. HES is a system_______.A. that is a mixture of capitalism and socialismB. whose concept has been created by a changing environment of the worldC. in which Japanese productivity is highD. in which power is concentrated in a minority25. In Japan, an invisible principle of "coexistence of opposites" is shown in the passage in _______ respects.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. fivePassage 4A weather map is an important tool for geographers. A succession of three or four maps presents a continuous picture of weather changes. Weather forecasters are able to determine the speed of air masses and fronts; to determine whether an individual pressure area is deepening or becoming shallow and whether a front is increasing or decreasing in intensity. They are also able to determine whether an air mass is retaining its originalcharacteristics or taking on those of the surface over which it is moving. Thus, a most significant function of the map is to reveal a synoptic picture of conditions in the atmosphere at a given time.All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately. Weather maps contain an enormous amount of information about weather condition existing at the time of observation over a large geographical area. They reveal in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States Weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms, floods, frosts and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it issues a 30-day "out-look" which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of the United States. These 30-day outlooks are based upon an analysis of the upper air levels which often set the stage for the development of air masses, fronts, and storms.Considerable effort is being exerted today to achieve more accurate weather predictions. With the use of electronic instruments and earth satellites, enormous gains have taken place recently in identifying and tracking storms over regions which have but few meteorological stations. Extensive experiments are also in progress for weather modification studies. But the limitations of weather modification have prevented meteorological results except in the seeding of supercooled, upslope mountainous winds which have produced additional rainfall on the windward side of mountain ranges. Nevertheless, they have provided a clearer understanding of the fundamentals of weather elements.26. The observation of weather conditions by satellites is advantageousbecause it_______.A. enables man to alter the weatherB. makes weather prediction easierC. gives the scientist information not obtained readily otherwiseD. uses electronic instruments27. One characteristic of weather maps NOT mentioned by the author in this passage isA. frontsB. thermal changesC. frostD. wind speed28. The thirty-day forecast is determined by examining_______.A. daily weather mapsB. upper air levelsC. satellite reportsD. changing fronts29. At the present time, experiments are being conducted in_____A. 30-day "outlook"B. controlling stormsC. controlling weatherD. determining density of pressure groups30. Artificial rainmaking has been most successful in the_______.A. lake areaB. western slope of mountainsC. grass landsD. windward side of mountains二、完型填空完型填空（一）If you were to begin a new job tomorrow, you would bring with you some basic strengths andweaknesses. Success or (1) in your work would depend, to (2) great extent, (3) your ability to use yourstrengths and weaknesses to the best advantage. (4) the utmost importance is your attitude. A person (5)begins ajob convinced that he isn't going to like it or is (6) that he is going to ail is exhibiting aweakness which can only hinder his success. On the other hand, a person who is secure (7) his belief thathe is probably as capable (8) doing the work as anyone else and who is willing to make a cheerfulattempt (9) it possesses a certain strength of purpose. The chances are that he will do well.(10) the prerequisite skills for a particular job is strength. Lacking those skills is obviously aweakness. A book-keeper who can't add or a carpenter who can't cut a straight line with a saw (11)hopeless cases.This book has been designed to help you capitalize (12) the strength and overcome the (13) that youbring to the job of learning. But insgroupsto measure your development, you must first (14) -- stock ofswheres you stand now. (15) -- we get further along in the book, we’ll be (16) -- in some detail withspecific processes for developing and strengthening (17) -- skills. However, (18) -- begin with, youshould pause (19) -- examine your present strengths and weaknesses in three areas that are critical toyour success or failure in school: your (20) --, your reading and communication skills, and your studyhabits.1.A.improvement B.victory C. failure D. achievement2.A.a B.the C. some D. certain3.A.in B.on C. of D. to4.A.Out of B.Of C. To D. Into5.A.who B.what C. that D. which6.A.ensure B.certain C. sure D. surely7.A.onto B.on C. off D. in8.A.to B.at C. of D. for9.A.near B.on C. by D. at10.A.Have B.Had C. Having D. Had been11.A.being B.been C. are D. is12.A.except B.but C. for D. on13.A.idea B.weakness C. strength D. advantage14.A.make B.take C. do D. give15.A.as B.till C. over D. out16.A.deal B.dealt C. be dealt D. dealing17.A.learnt B.learned C. learning D. learn18.A.around B.to C. from D. beside19.A.to B.onto C. into D. with20.A.intelligence B.work C. attitude D. weakness完型填空（二）The rocket engine, with its steady roar like that of a waterfall or a thunderstorm, is an impressive symbol of the new space age.Rocket engines have 1 powerful enough to shoot astronauts 2 the earth's gravitational pull and 3 them on the moon.We have now become 4 space.Impressive and complex 5 it may appear, the rocket, which was 6 in China over 800 years 7 , is a relatively simple device.Fuel that is 8 in the rocket engine changes 9 gas.The hot and rapidly 10 gas must escape, but it can do so only 11 an opening that 12 backwar D.As the gas is 13 with great force, it 14 the rocket in the 15 direction.Like the kick of a gun 16 it is fired, it 17 the laws of nature 18 by Sir Isaac Newton when he discovered that“ 19 every action, there is 20 equal and opposite reaction.”1.A.shown B.been C.appeared D.proved2.A.against B.despite C.beyond D.from3.A.send nd C.take D.carry4.A.travelers B.astronauts C.researchers D.explorers5.A.that B.so C.as D.sometimes6.A.made B.discovered C.developed D.invented7.A.in advance B.before C.earlier D.ago8.A.round B.contained C.stored D.burned9.A.as B.into C.for D.the10.A.heating B.escaping C.expanding D.conducting11.A.in B.at C.by D.through12.A.turns B.goes C.faces D.directs13.A.transmitted B.dispersed C.erected D.radiated14.A.attracts B.leads C.pulls D.pushes15.A.same B.other C.opposite D.wrong16.A.that B.when C.if D.although17.A.states B.proves C.follows D.breaks18.A.described B.discussed C.considered D.made19.A.like B.as C.with D.for20.A.no B.an C.another D.theCloze三、翻译1. 电影开演半小时了。
四级阅读的测试题型
4级阅读的测试题型
1. 阅读理解：阅读一篇文章或短文，然后回答相关问题。
2. 摘要选取：阅读一篇文章或短文，然后从给定的选项中选择最恰当的摘要。
3. 词汇填空：根据上下文，在给定的空白处填写合适的单词或短语。
4. 句子改写：根据所给的句子，重写一个与之内容相同或相近的句子。
5. 补全对话：根据对话中的信息，在空白处填写适当的句子或短语。
6. 推理判断：根据阅读材料推断某种结论或评价。
7. 表格匹配：根据给定的表格或图表，阅读相关信息，并匹配正确的选项。
8. 逻辑推理：根据一系列的陈述或事实，判断哪个陈述是正确的，哪个是错误的。
9. 补全文章：根据给定的段落或文章，填写合适的句子，完成文章的逻辑结构。
10. 主旨概括：根据文章或短文的内容，选择最能概括主题的选项。
英语四级真题阅读理解(带翻译)
Passage1Reading leadership literature, you’d sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader. 读领导文学，你有时会认为每个人都有可能成为一个有效的领导者。
I don’t believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who arc sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities. 我不相信这是真的。
事实上，我认为真正有效的领导者的方式比我看到的人都陷在领导的职位上，遗憾的是他们自己的能力不称职，严重误导了他们。
Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to（追求）leadership in the first place. 对产生这种现象的原因一部分是由那些渴望缺乏诚实的自我评估（追求）放在首位的领导We've all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether it's adecision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe they're natural born leaders.我们都遇到了个人的类型，他们必须负责。
2020年大学英语四级考试阅读理解真题及答案详解(全套)
大学英语口级考试阅读理解真题及答案（全套）大学英语四级考试阅读理解真题【阅读】Section CDirections： There are 2 passages in this section・ Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements・ For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D)・ You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre・Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage・In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us.Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed・ Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption ・A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite・Several hours after a meal, people* s hunger levels were predicted not by how much they* d eaten but rather by how much food they* d seen in front of them—in other words, how much they remembered eating・This disparity (盖弃)suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M・ Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristo1・'"Hunger isn t controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory for that mealt " Brunstrom says・ "This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought・"These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimestrick our body? s response to the food itself・ In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 3S0-calorie (卡路里)milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones (荷尔蒙)，depending on whether the shake * s label said it contained 620 or 140 calories・ Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought they* d consumed a higher-calorie shake・What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating・The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control our appetite, Brunstrom says・注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
2023年12月大学英语四级真题和答案解析第二套
2023年12月大学英语四级真题和答案解析第二套第一部分：阅读理解Passage 1题目：Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Throughout history societies have struggled with a basic problem: how to ensure that enough people work when the forces against working are so strong. There are two kinds of forces against working—an individual’s desire to enjoy leisure, and the population’s ability to enjoy the fruits of other people’s labor because of the human ability to produce far more than we need to survive. Therefore, work has not always been necessary for survival.Until about 10,000 years ago most living was done by hunting and gathering. Individuals spent, on average, only about 20 hours a week collecting food. Hunting and gathering societies enjoyed an abundance of leisure time. But thesesocieties also had very limited resources to support population growth. Over time, the combination of population growth and low individual productivity created a powerful need for more efficient forms of labor. In the last 500 years this need was met by the Industrial Revolution. Society began investing more heavily in science, technology, and especially machinery, which increased productivity and made work more valuable.Question 1:1.According to the passage, why do societies needpeople to work?A)To ensure survival.B)To increase population growth.C)To invest in machinery.D)To enjoy the fruits of other people’s labor.Question 2:2.Why did hunting and gathering societies haveleisure time?A)They worked very efficiently.B)They could survive without working all the time.C)They had plenty of resources to support populationgrowth.D)They had plenty of leisure facilities.Question 3:3.What does the passage imply about the Industrial Revolution?A)It satisfied the society’s desire for leisure time.B)It provided efficient methods for hunting and gathering.C)It helped the society invest more in science and technology.D)It increased the resources to support population growth.Question 4:4.What can we infer from the passage about the history of human labor?A)It started 10,000 years ago with the Industrial Revolution.B)It emerged as a need when resources were limited.C)It has always been necessary for survival.D)It brought about a scarcity of resources. Question 5:5.What was a significant effect of the IndustrialRevolution?A)Increased individual productivity.B)Reduced the desire for leisure time.C)Decreased the population growth.D)Limited the resources for hunting and gathering.Passage 2题目：Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Passage TwoThe middle class is the cornerstone of a strong, stable society. The absence of a substantial middle class is a recipe for social and economic instability.Middle class families do not depend on government assistance to enjoy a decent life, and they do not rely on welfare programs. Members of the middle class are independent and self-sufficient. They contribute to the economy by working hard and owning businesses, and they also pay taxes that fund the government.Unfortunately, the middle class is shrinking in many countries around the world. This is a serious problem for society because it leads to an unfair distribution of wealth. Insocieties with a small middle class and a large lower class, the rich become richer while the poor become poorer. This creates a sense of unfairness and a lack of social cohesion.In order to strengthen the middle class, governments must implement policies that promote job creation and education. By creating more job opportunities, governments can help lift people out of poverty and into the middle class. Additionally, investing in education can also contribute to the growth of the middle class as it provides individuals with the skills they need to thrive in the economy.Question 6:6.What does the passage say about the middle class?A)It depends on government assistance.B)It leads to social and economic instability.C)It relies on welfare programs for survival.D)It is self-sufficient and independent.Question 7:7.Why is the shrinking middle class a problem forsociety?A)It leads to an unfair distribution of wealth.B)It creates a stable and strong society.C)It eliminates social cohesion.D)It benefits the rich while harming the poor. Question 8:8.What is one solution proposed in the passage to strengthen the middle class?A)Investing in education.B)Reducing taxes for the rich.C)Implementing welfare programs.D)Decreasing job opportunities.Question 9:9.How can job creation help strengthen the middle class?A)It provides individuals with necessary skills.B)It increases the number of wealthy individuals.C)It reduces the burden on welfare programs.D)It contributes to social cohesion.Question 10:10.What benefit does investing in education bring to the middle class?A)It promotes job creation.B)It leads to an unfair distribution of wealth.C)It helps individuals become self-sufficient.D)It eliminates the lower class in society.第二部分：听力理解Section A题目：A) A magazine article.B) A news report.C) A radio drama.D) A TV program.A)How to solve a technical problem.B)How to look for a job.C)How to buy a car.D)How to prepare for an interview.A)The man should apply for the position.B)The man has no chance of getting the job.C)The woman is not qualified for the job.D)The woman wants the man to work with her.A)Accountant. B) Salesperson.B)Teacher. D) Editor.A)Tina was offered a job.B)Tina was turned down for the job.C)Tina did not like her supervisor.D)Tina was promoted in her job.Section B题目：Passage OneA)They can live much longer than men.B)They can find jobs more easily than men.C)They tend to be more economical than men.D)They tend to be less competitive than men.36. B) 48.60. D) 72.A)To remain independent.B)To pursue a career.C)To support the family.D)To enjoy life without partners.Passage TwoQuestions 19 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.A)Local bus services.B)Traffic congestion.C) A single public transport card.D) A railway station expansion project.A)It seriously affects local economy.B)It provides job opportunities for local residents.C)It greatly reduces traffic congestion.D)It offers free transport services to localresidents.A)To protect the environment.B)To facilitate regional integration.C)To promote local tourism.D)To ease traffic congestion.A)It will attract more tourists to the region.B)It will greatly reduce traffic congestion.C)It will offer free public bus services.D)It will connect rural areas to the city center.Section C题目：Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.A)Many people brought their own cups.B)Many people still used disposable cups.C)The practice of using disposable cups wasbanned.D) A fine was imposed on the use of disposablecups.A)Reusable cups were expensive.B)People disliked the taste of coffee in disposablecups.C)Coffee shops didn’t offer discounts to reusablecup users.D)There were not enough coffee shops to serveeveryone.A)The city government’s policy.B)The coffee shop owners’ decision.C)The customers’ demands.D)The environmental organizations’ pressure.第三部分：翻译题目：【翻译题-英译汉】French cuisine is known for its diversity, quality, and exquisite taste. With its long history and rich culinary traditions, French cuisine has become internationally recognized and highly regarded. The use of fresh, high-quality ingredients is at the core of French cooking, and France’sdiverse geographical regions contribute to the variety of ingredients used. From the buttery croissants and delicate pastries of the bakeries, to the rich sauces and hearty stews of the bistro, French cuisine offers something for every palate. Whether it’s the world-famous escargots or the classic ratatouille, French cuisine never fails to delight and satisfy.【参考译文】法国菜以其多样性、高品质和精致口感而闻名。
大学英语英语4级考试(答案) (3)
大学英语四级试练习卷一、阅读理解Passage1PrecipitationThe dictionary defines the word precipitation as a"falling down",and when the meteorologist uses this word with regard to the weather he is speaking of the rain,snow,sleet,and hail which fall down to earth from the atmosphere.All of these examples of precipitation have something in common.In every case what falls to the earth is water in one form or another.Evaporation.In order to understand why precipitation occurs and to appreciate some of the similarities and differences in the various types of precipitation,we must first find out how water gets into the atmosphere.This will also help us to understand some of the other weather elements like dew and frost,and clouds and fog.Of course you have seen water disappear from a wet street or from the surface of a fish tank.We call this disappearance evaporation.Why does water evaporate and where does the water go?Scientists know that water,like all other substances in the universe, is composed of countless billions of tiny particles known as molecules. The molecules of water are so small they cannot be seen with even themost powerful electron microscopes ever devised.There is ample proof of their existence,however,and we also know that these molecules are constantly darting about and colliding.Now,consider the water in an aquarium.Throughout the tank,water molecules are speeding about and bumping into each other,The constant collisions prevent the tiny particles from getting very far.At the surface of the tank,however,many molecules can escape freely into the air.This is the process of evaporation and it is through this process that water is constantly entering the atmosphere.The molecules of water are,of course,too small to be seen,and so we speak of trie water in the air as an invisible vapor.When the temperature increases,the speed at which the molecules move also increases.Faster-moving molecules escape more rapidly and evaporation is speeded up when it is warm. The sun's rays,heating down on the oceans,lakes,and rivers of the earth, cause the surface water to evaporate and enter the surrounding atmosphere. When the amount of vapor is great,we feel uncomfortable and say that it is humid.At any particular temperature the air can hold only a certain amount of water vapor.If the air is holding a maximum amount of vapor, no more water can evaporate.The meteorologist also says that the humidity at such a time is100%.Condensation.Fortunately,the process of evaporation can reverse itself. Otherwise,the humidity would always be high and precipitation wouldnever take place.The process which is the reverse of evaporation is called condensation and it occurs when the temperature falls.As it becomes cooler,water molecules begin to move more slowly.Collisions take place and molecules hang together to form tiny droplets which are no longer invisible.Cloud Formation.The condensation process explains how clouds are formed. Warm air,laden with moisture,rises into the atmosphere.As the air rises it tends to expand and this causes the temperature to drop.The falling temperature slows down the speed of molecular movement,and the water molecules gather together on dust particles floating around in the atmosphere.This condensation results in the formation of billions of tiny water droplets that make up a cloud.The droplets are so small and lightweight that they are hardly affected by gravity.Slight air movements keep them floating miles above the earth.Sometimes a pass of moist air close to the earth's surface may cool off rather suddenly.This may happen when a body of cold air moves in or when the moist air drifts over a cooler body of water.When this occurs, condensation takes place,but the cloud which forms is right on the surface of the earth rather than high in the atmosphere.Such alow-hanging cloud is called a fog.In composition the fog is exactly the same as a cloud.The only difference between the two is the place in which each occurs.The cloud is high,the fog forms on the ground.In certain areas of the world,such as Newfoundland and the city of London, fogs occurs frequently.This is because local conditions being about sudden cooling of moisture-laden masses of air rather often.Dew and Frost.As the sun warms the earth during the day,evaporation continues to take place.At night,however,the earth cools down as it gives off some of the heat it has received from the sun.Grass loses its heat especially fast.The air which surrounds the grass is full of water vapor.As the moving water molecules strike the cool blades,they slow down and condensation takes place.Thus,millions of molecules come together on the grass to form the tiny water droplets we call dew.Can you understand why dew forms readily on cool,clear nights? The next time you have an ice cream soda you can watch the process of dew formation.As the cold ice cream lowers the temperature to the glass, water vapor in the surrounding atmosphere condenses on the surface and the glass seems to"sweat".This is artificial dew,perhaps,but is from exactly the same reason that dew forms in nature.The freezing point of water is32degrees Fahrenheit.If the temperature should be below freezing when condensation takes place on the grass or on the ground,dew will not form.Instead of growing into dewdrops,the water molecules become tiny crystals of ice.A mass of ice crystals that form in this way is known as frost.It is important to remember that frost is not dew which has frozen.The frost particles form directly from themolecular state when the temperature is sub-freezing.Dew formation and frost formation are essentially the same.The only difference between them is the temperature at which each takes place.Rain and Snow.You will remember that the particles which make up a cloud are very tiny.In fact,the water droplets are so small they float about without falling to the ground.At times,however,these water particles tend to get larger.This may happen when several droplets join with others over and over again.Or,growth may occur if the process of condensation continues to take place.In either event,the original droplet may grow a million times its size into a full sized drip.Of course,the air can no longer keep such large drips afloat and precipitatio'n takes place in the form of rain.1.Precipitation can be controlled to transform deserts into productive lands.2.Rain,snow,sleet and hail are different forms of precipitation.3.The passage is mainly about precipitation processes and forms of precipitation.4.Evaporation is the process of water molecules escapes from the surface of lakes,oceans,rivers or tanks and getting into the atmosphere.5.A fog is a mass of moist air falling to the earth.6.Dew is different from frost in that the former takes place on thecool blades.7.Rain forms when clouds become thick and moist enough.8.The maximum amount of vapor in the air is known as______.9.Water droplets in the air are too small and light to be affected by______and thereforethey are afloat miles above the earth.10.A cloud is identical to a fog in______.Passage2Southern Californians would love to find some way of knowing a month in advance whether a11earthquake will likely strike.One meteorologist suggests atmospheric pressure patterns might provide some12.Jerome Namias of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla,Calif., proposed this13in1988when he reported that an unusually strong high-pressure system developed in the North Pacific before quakes struck southern California in1986and1987.Now Namias has14expanded his analysis by studying the summers between1947and1987.From a15of all southern California earthquakes with magnitudes of4-5or greater during that period,Namias16out the summers with many quakes and those with no quakes.His analysis of the meteorology during these summers shows that quakes were more17under a particular set of conditions;a stronger-than-normal North Pacific high pressure,a low-pressure ridge over the18interior.Summers with no quakes usuallyhad a weak Pacific high and a poorly developed continental high,he reports in the Dec.10JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH.Namias cannot 19the apparent correlation between pressure and seismicity,but he20 that variations in seafloor pressure or in sea-surface temperature might influence both the atmospheric pressure and the ground stress in California.A.damagingB.ideaC.traceD.greatlyE.pickedF.clueG.explain H.forcefullyI.detects J.planK.continental L.listM.predicts N.managing O.likelyPassage3The world has become a world of cities.With the present rate of urban growth(3.8%in the Third World),the majority of the population of the world will be living in cities by the year2000.This will transform the rural-urban equation which has marked the history of mankind up to now and will call for new example and a great deal of innovation to face this phenomenon.This being so,one must accept the fact that for some years to come,no policy will be capable of stopping or reversing the present migratorytrend from the rural areas to the cities in the Third World.In Africa, the urban population will reach330million people by the end of the century as against150million in1995.The number of people living in shanty-towns(贫富窟)will inevitably increase in spite of the efforts to improve housing conditions.Africa alone needs to build12million housing units between now and the year 2000to meet its most basic needs.In an ILO study,M.S.V.Sethuraman estimates that in70Third"World cities the proportion of people living in shanty-towns varies from15%to70%and that about US$116billion is required to give minimum comfort to these people by the turn of the century—less than US$10billion per year.The world population is growing at a rate of about90million people per year,with the Third World accounting for80million of them.The pressure on cities can only go on increasing.The urban population of the developing countries will exceed2billion people by the year2000and since the main reason for the high demographic(人口统计的)growth is poverty,the additional population will be mostly made of people of very limited means.21.If the urban population of the developing countries exceeds2 billion people by the year2000,the main problem the additional people will face is______.A.housingB.foodC.povertyD.limited land22.According to the passage,"about US$116billion is required to give minimum comfort to these people by the turn of the century—less than US$10billion per year."Do you think which year was the article written by saying"less than$10billion per year"by the turn of the century?A.1985.B.1990.C.1988.D.2000.23.The mankind should face the phenomenon that the world has becomea world of cities with______.A.a lot of difficultiesB.efforts to improve housing conditionC.pressure of the basic needsD.new models and a great deal of transformation of ideas and methods24.In Africa,people in cities will be______by the end of the century.A.almost twice as much as in1985B.doubled than that in1985C.over twice as much as in1985D.300million25.In spite of the efforts to improve housing condition,the number of people living in shanty-towns will increase because______.A.houses in shanty-towns are cheapB.shanty-towns could provide people with minimum comfortC.no policy will be capable of stopping or changing the presentimmigrant tendency from the rural areas to the cities in the Third World D.the Third Word population is growing at a rate of about80million people per yearPassage4Newspapers often tell us of floods in some parts of the United States. Nearly every year on the great central drainages heavy rains and melting snow cause the waters to pour out the mountains and plains,to turn brooks into torrents,and to swell quiet streams into wild uncontrolled rivers. From Cairo to New Orleans,and from Pittsburgh to Paducah,the cry"River rising!"is a familiar yet fearful voice...When the rivers sometimes become too high or too swift to be controlled communities are flooded, families flee from their homes,croplands are washed out,and transportation comes to a halt.Hunger,disease,and death follow the wild waters.Although given less publicity,the agricultural damage done by the many smaller,more frequent floods usually far exceeds the losses caused by the very grand ones.In the Central States,ditches and drains cause the flows from spring rains and melting snow to run far more rapidly than in the days before white men settled on the land.Once,excess spring flood waters emptied into lakes and swampy lands,there to be detained for slow release into stream and rivers.Now,systematic drainage has actually eliminated these natural reservoirs.In the more rolling sections of the East,spring runoff was formerly absorbed and held temporarily in the porous soils beneath the unbroken expanse of forest.When large areas were converted to farm use,removal of the forest and the practice of up-and-down hill plowing deprived the soils of much of their ability to catch and store water.The effects of eliminating the natural forest cover are shown in the gullied farm lands and widened stream channels found in some densely settled areas.Partly because the stream channels are more or less filled with material washed down from the uplands,and partly because storm runoff has increased,the channels are today no longer able to carry all the flow from heavy rains.This explains why the streams overtop banks far more often than in the days before settlement.26.The best title for the selection would be______.A.River Rising!River Rising!B.Forests and FloodsC.Flooding in the U.S.D.The Results of Flooding27.All of the following cause floods EXCEPT______.A.heavy rainB.melting snowC.increasing storm runoffD.porous soil28.The author states that______.kes and swamps once acted like natural reservoirsB.up-and-down hill plowing catches and stores waterC.stream channels are the best carriers of waterD.floods are easily prevented and controlled29.According to the selection,streams overtop their banks partly because______.A.material from higher land is washed into themB.ditches and drains lead into themC.rivers become too swiftD.snow melts more rapidly nowadays30.The floods which are given most publicity______.A.cause no damageB.cause the most damageC.cause less agricultural damage than the many smaller,more frequent floodsD.far exceed the smaller,more frequent floods in agricultural loss二、完型填空完型填空（一）Most people have no idea of the hard work and worry that goes into the collecting of those fascinating birds and animals that they pay to see in the zoo.One of the questions that is always asked of me is(1)I became an animal collector in the first(2).The answer is that I have always been interested inanimals and zoos.According to my parents,the first word I was able to say with any(3)was not the conventional“mamma”or“daddy”,(4)the word“zoo”,which I would(5)over and over againwith a shrill(6)until someone,in groups to(7)me up,would take me to the zoo.When I(8)a little older,welived in Greece and I had a great(9)of pets,ranging from owls to seahorses,and I spent all my sparetime(10)the countryside in search of fresh specimens to(11)to my collection of pets.(12)on I went fora year to the City Zoo,as a student(13), to get experience of the large animals,such as lions,bears,bison and ostriches,(14)were not easy to keep at home.When I left,I(15)had enough money of myown to be able to(16)my first trip and I have been going(17)ever since then.Though a collector's jobis not an easy one and is full of(18),it is certainly a job which will appeal(19)all those who loveanimals and(20).1.A.how B.where C.when D.whether2.A.region B.field C.place D.case3.A.clarity B.emotion C.sentiment D.affection4.A.except B.but C.except for D.but for5.A.recite B.recognize C.read D.repeat6.A.volume B.noise C.voice D.pitch7.A.close B.shut C.stop fort8.A.grew B.was growing C.grow D.grown9.A.many B.amount C.number D.supply10.A.living B.cultivating C.reclaiming D.exploring11.A.increase B.include C.add D.enrichter B.further C.then D.subsequently13.A.attendant B.keeper C.member D.aide14.A.who B.they C.of which D.which15.A.luckily B.gladly C.nearly D.successfully16.A.pay B.provide C.allow D.finance17.A.normally B.regularly ually D.often18.A.expectations B.sorrows C.excitement D.disappointments19.A.for B.with C.to D.from20.A.excursion B.travel C.journey D.Trip完型填空（二）To others and themselves the British have a reputation for being conservative——not in the narrowpolitical sense,but in the sense of adherence to accepted ideas and unwilling to question them.Thereputation comes partly from their1.For9002they have suffered3invasion nor revolution(except in164941688)nor disastrous defeat in5.Their monarchy(君主政体)survives6serious question.Underits normal7 political arrangements have been8stable that,except for the9 interruptions in theseventeenth10,they have been adopted throughout 11centuries to meet changing needs without violent12.Britain,in1978, was13in managing without14written constitution;some fragmentary definitionsof1688still15.There had been16quarrels,social and economic as well17political,but the quarrelshad been18,usually19compromise.The underlying20had not been broken.nguage B.future C.history D.literature2.A.centuries B.years C.minutes D.seconds3.A.neither B.as C.or D.either4.A.too B.but C.or D.and5.A.home B.study C.peace D.war6.A.and B.without C.with D.neither B.people C.leadership D.enemy8.A.so B.very C.too D.such9.A.two B.one C.no D.couple10.A.month B.day C.year D.century11.A.a B.any C.the D.few12.A.changes B.change C.altered D.changedmon B.popular C.unique D.angry14.A.two B.a C.some D.their15.A.survive B.surviving C.survives D.survived16.A.bitter B.happy C.pleasant D.unhappy17.A.for B.as C.to D.at18.A.settling B.settles C.settle D.settled19.A.for B.at C.to D.by20.A.continue B.continuity C.continuous D.continued三、翻译1、所有的窗户都开着，他就睡着了。
大学英语英语4级考试(答案) (6)
大学英语四级试练习卷一、阅读理解Passage1OilThere are three main groups of oils:animal,vegetable and mineral.Great quantities of animal oil come from whales,those enormous creatures of the sea which are the largest remaining animals in the world.To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas,nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber.When the whale is killed,the blubber is stripped off and boiled down,either on board ship or on shore. It produces a great quantity of oil which can be made into food for human consumption.A few other creatures yield oil,but none so much as the whale.The livers of the cod and the halibut,two kinds of fish,yield nourishing oil.Both cod liver oil and halibut liver oil are given to sick children and other invalids who need certain vitamins.These oils may be bought at any chemist's.Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity.No household can get on without it,for it is used in cooking.Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers.Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils. To the ordinary man,one kind of oil may be as important as another.But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil,he almost always meansmineral oil the oil that drives tanks,aeroplanes and warships,motor-cars and diesel locomotives;the oil that is used to lubricate all kinds of machinery.This is the oil that has changed the life of the common man.When it is refined into petrol it is used to drive the internal combustion engine.To it we owe the existence of the motor-car,which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse.To it we owe the possibility of flying.It has changed the methods of warfare on land and sea.This kind of oil comes out of the earth.Because it burns well,it is used as fuel and in some ways it is superior to coal in this respect. Many big ships now burn oil instead of coal.Because it burns brightly, it is used for illumination;countless homes are still illuminated with oil-burning lamps.Because it is very slippery,it is used for lubrication.Two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil,the friction and heat are reduced.No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated.The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness;if it is too thin it will not give sufficient lubrication, and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated. The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time.Some of the Indians of North America used to collect and sell the oil from the wells of Pennsylvania.No one,however,seems to have realized the importance of this oil until it was found that paraffin-oil(煤油)could be made fromit;this led to the development of the wells and to the making of enormous profits.When the internal combustion engine was invented,oil became of world wide importance.What was the origin of the oil which now drives our motor-cars and aircraft?Scientists are confident about the formation of coal,but they do not seem so sure when asked about oil.They think that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past,and was formed from living things in the sea.Countless billions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed.They were covered with huge deposits of mud;and by processes of chemistry,pressure and temperature were changed through long ages into what we know as oil.For these creatures to become oil,it was necessary that they sliould be imprisoned between layers of rock for an enormous length of time.The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chief oilfields of the world;very few of them are far distant from the oceans of today.In some places gas and oil come up to the surface of the sea from its bed.The rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too.They are sedimentary(tJL${$J)rocks,rocks which were laid down by the action of water on the bed of the ocean.Almost always the remains of shells,and other proofs of sea life,are found close to the oil.A very common sedimentary rock is called shale,which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the sea bed.And where thereis shale there is likely to be oil.Geologists,scientists who study rocks,indicate the likely places to the oil drillers.In some cases oil comes out of the ground without any drilling at all and has been used for hundreds of years.In the island of Trinidad the oil is in the form of asphalt,a substance used for making roads.Sir Walter Raleigh visited the famous pitch lake of Trinidad in 1595;it is said to contain nine thousand million tons of asphalt.There are probably huge quantities of crude oil beneath the surface.The king of the oilfield is the driller.He is a very skilled man. Sometimes he sends his drill more than a mile into the earth.During the process of drilling,gas and oil at great pressure may suddenly be met, and if this rushes out and catches fire the oil well may never be brought into operation at all.This danger is well known and steps are always taken to prevent it.There is a lot of luck in drilling for oil.The drill may just miss the oil although it is near;on the other hand,it may strike oil at a fairly high level.When the drill goes down,it brings up soil.The samples of soil from various depths are examined for traces of oil.If they are disappointed at one place,the drillers go to another.Great sums of money have been spent,for example in the deserts of Egypt,in"prospecting" for oil.Sometimes little is found.When we buy a few gallons of petrol for our cars,we pay not only the cost of the petrol,but also part ofthe cost of the search that is always going on.1.The purpose of lubrication is to reduce friction.2.Mineral oil became very important only when the oil wells were found in Pennsylvania.3.Vegetable oil was unknown in ancient times.4.The passage gives a general description of3main types of oils.5.The Middle East is one of the four main areas of the world where deposits of oil appear.6.On the Island of Trinidad,drilling is not necessary to obtain oil.7.Whales are the largest animals now living in the world.8.Scientists think that oil was formed from______in the sea.9.The cost of unsuccessful drilling is included in______of petrol.10.The driller is unlucky when the drill goes very near oil without _____it.Passage2Resources can be said to be scarce both in an absolute and in a11 sense:the surface of the Earth is limited,12absolute scarcity,but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in13uses.Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes;if the quantity of an input is limited,the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.The cost of a product in14of money may not measure its true cost to society.The true cost of,say,the construction of a supersonic jet is the value of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a result.Every act of production uses up some of society's available resources;it means the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else.In deciding how to use resources most effectively to15the wants of the community,this opportunity cost must16be taken into account.In a market17the price of a commodity and the quantity supplied depend on the cost of making it,and that cost,ultimately,is the cost of not making other goods.The market mechanism enforces this 18.The cost of,say,a pair of shoes is the price of the leather,the labor,the fuel,and other elements used up in producing them.But the price of these inputs,in turn,19on what they can produce elsewhere —if the leather can be used to produce handbags that are valued highly by consumers,the price of leather will be bid up20Passage3Tight-lipped elders used to say,"It's not what you want in this world, but what you get."Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house,and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu,make a shopping list,decide which food to cook first, and such planning is essential for any type of meal to be served. Likewise,if you want to find a job,take a sheet of paper,and write a brief account of yourself.In making a blueprint for a job,begin with yourself,for when you know exactly what you have to offer,you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education,experience and references.Such an account is valuable.It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews.While talkingto you,your could-be employer is deciding whether your education,your experience,and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares"and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires,you have something tangible to sell.Then you are ready to hunt for a job.Get all the possible information about your could-be job.Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm.Keep your eyes and ears open,and use your own judgment.Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for,and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.21.What do the elders mean when they say,"It's not what you want in this world,but what you get?"…A.You'll certainly get what you want.B.It's no use dreaming.C.You should be dissatisfied with what you have.D.It's essential to set a goal for yourself.22.A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as_______.A.an illustration of how to write an application for a jobB.an indication of how to secure a good jobC.a guideline for job descriptionD.a principle for job evaluation23.According to the passage,one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because_______.A.that is the first step to please the employerB.that is the requirement of the employerC.it enables him to know when to sell his servicesD.it forces him to become clearly aware of himself24.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires,you have something_______.A.definite to offerB.imaginary to provideC.practical to supplyD.desirable to present25.The word"tangible"in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to_______.A.imaginaryB.realC.valuableD.expensivePassage4We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some7-8 hours'sleep alternating with some16-17hours'wakefulness and that, broadly speaking,the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one.The ease,for example,with whichpeople can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls forround-the-clock working of machines.It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness,sleeping during the day and working at night.Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week;a person may work from12midnight to8a.m.one week,8a.m.to4p. m.the next,and4p.m.to12midnight the third and so on.This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another,so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers.An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in1957. She found a high incidence(发生率)of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts,but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work.This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy,but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine.One way of knowing when a person has adapted isby measuring his body temperature.People engaged in normal daytime work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night;when they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed particularly in terms of performance.Therefore,by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine,and this could be used as a basis for selection.So far,however,such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.26.Why is the question of"how easily people can get used to working at night"no mere academic one?A.Because few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep and wakefulness.B.Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.C.Because people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.D.Because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.27.The main problem of the round-the-clock working system liesin_______.A.the inconveniences brought about to the workers by the introduction of automationB.the disturbance of the daily cycle of workers who have to change shifts too frequentlyC.the fact that people working at night are often less effectiveD.the fact that it is difficult to find a number of good night workers28.The best solution for implementing the24-hour working system seems to be_______.A.to change shifts at longer intervalsB.to have longer shiftsC.to employ people who work on night shifts onlyD.to create better living conditions for night workers29.It is possible to find out if a person has adapted to the changes of routine by measuring his body temperature because______.A.body temperature changes when the cycle of sleep and wakefulness alternatesB.body temperature changes when he changes to night shift or backC.the temperature reverses when the routine is changedD.people have higher temperatures when they are working efficiently30.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A.Body temperature may serve as an indication of a worker's performance.B.The selection of a number of permanent night shift workers has proved to be the best solution to problems of the round-the-clock workingsystem.,C.Taking body temperature at regular intervals can show how a person adapts to the changes of routine.D.Disturbed sleep occurs less frequently among those on permanent night or day shifts.二、完型填空Most parents,I suppose,have had the experience of reading a bedtime story to their children.And they must have1how difficult it is to write a2children’s book.Either the author has aimed too3,so that the children can’t follow what is in his(or more often,her)story,4the story seems to be talking tothe readers.The best children’s books are 5very difficult nor very simple,and satisfy both the6who hears thestory and the adult who7it.Unfortunately,there are in fact8books like this,9the problem of findingthe right bedtime story is not10to solve.This may be why many of books regarded as11of children’s literature were in fact written for12.“Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland”is perhaps the most13of this.Children,left for themselves,often14 the worst possible interest in literature.Just leave a child inbookshop o15and he will16willingly choose the books written in an imaginative way,or have a look at most children’s comics,full of the stories and jokes which are the17of teachers and right-thinkingparents.Perhaps we parents should stop trying to brainwash childrensintos18our taste inliterature.After allchildren and adults are so19that we parents should not expect that they will enjoy the20books.So I suppose we’ll just have to compromise over that bedtime story.1.A.hoped B.realized C.told D.said2.A.short B.long C.bad D.good3.A.easy B.short C.high D.difficult4.A.and B.but C.or D.so5.A.both B.neither C.either D.very6.A.child B.father C.mother D.teacher.7.A.hears B.buys C.understands D.reads8.A.few B.many C.a great deal of D.a great number of9.A.but B.however C.so D.because10A.hard B.easy C.enoughD.fast11.A.articles B.work C.arts D.works12.A.grown ups B.girls C.boys D.children13.A.difficult B.hidden C.obvious D.easy14.A.are B.show C.find D.add15.A.school B.home C.office D.library16.A.more B.less C.able D.be17.A.lovingness B.interests C.objections D.readings18.A.receiving B.accepting C.having D.refusing19.A.same B.friendly C.different monmon B.avarage C.different D.Same三、翻译1、The train was delayed on account of snow.翻译：__________________________________________________.2.You need to check in on hour before the flight.翻译：___________________________________________________3.Thoughts can also be expressed by means of musiC.翻译：________________________________________________________4、The shop is now licensed to sell cigarettes.翻译：__________________________________________________.5、You mustn’t let the body temperature drop too low.翻译：________________________________________________________6、他的回答满满的都是炫耀，但根本没答到点子上，让所有的面试官面面相觑。
英语4级真题和答案解析
英语4级真题和答案解析随着全球化的发展，英语已经成为了一门全球通用的语言。
在中国，英语四级考试是许多大学生所必须参加的考试之一。
它的难度和重要性都不容小觑。
本文将就英语四级考试的真题和答案解析进行探讨。
一、阅读理解英语四级的阅读理解部分是考生最为关注的一部分。
一般来说，这一部分要求考生从一篇短文中，理解文章大意、细节以及推理能力和词汇积累。
以下是一道典型的四级阅读题目及答案解析：题目：According to the passage, what is an essential skill for successful remote work?A. Time management.B. Frequent communication.C. Having a dedicated workspace.D. Strong self-discipline.答案解析：在寻找答案之前，我们首先需要仔细阅读文章，确保自己对文章的大意和细节有一个清晰的理解。
在这篇文章中，作者探讨了远程工作的挑战和要求。
文章中提到了时间管理、频繁沟通、专门的工作空间以及自我纪律是成功的远程工作所必须的技能。
在这四个选项中，只有选项D“Strong self-discipline”与文章所陈述的内容相符。
因此，答案为D。
二、听力英语四级的听力部分也是考生的重点关注对象。
听力要求考生能够听懂不同口音和语速的英语，并且能够捕捉到重要的信息。
以下是一道典型的四级听力题目及答案解析：题目：What is the man mainly talking about?A. The benefits of a healthy lifestyle.B. The importance of maintaining a balanced diet.C. How to lose weight effectively.D. The role of exercise in weight loss.答案解析：在听力部分，我们需要注意听到的关键词，并结合听到的对话内容进行推测。
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According to sociologists, there are several different ways a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce 36 evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, 37 any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that 38 the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasises the collective well-beings of social group members. They are less 39 with the overall goals of the group than with providing 40 support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may 41 group members who inhibit(阻碍) attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders 42 a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer 43 when someone experiences difficulties and try
to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the 44 in these two roles suggests, expressive leaders generally receive more personal 45 from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy more distant respect.
A.difference I. controls
B.concerned J. confirm
C.discipline K. virtually
D.sympathy L. consistent
E.eventually M. emphasises
F.emotional N. cultivate
G.affection O. satisfied
H.constant。