(完整版)模块三牛津高中英语课文翻译
牛津高中英语模块3workbook句子翻译(课堂PPT)
5 It is certain that you will pass the interview if you are well prepared. 6 John plays basketball better than Sam in that he was in the school basketball team for one year. 7 The sign at the entrance indicates that there are bears in the mountains, so visitors should be careful 8 The simplified version of the book differs greatly from the original version.
3
M3U2
1 While I understand you, I don't agree with you. 2 Can you help me look up the word in the dictionary for me when it is convenient for you? 3 It is said that drinking eight glasses of water a day is good for your skin. 4 The USA made the rose its national flower in 1985. It stands for beauty and love.
牛津高中英语模块3 woபைடு நூலகம்kbook 句子翻译
1
M3UI
1 I wonder if/whether you can give me some advice on how to improve my English 2 Once I receive the tickets, I will call you and let you know. 3 When he woke up, he found himself lying in a warm bed 4 I couldn't speak any French, but a kind man came to my aid ,telling me how to get there.
牛津高中英语模块3ReadingProject课文
13. M3U1. Reading—FogFog warningWhen Polly left home that morning, the city was already covered in a grey mist. At lunch, theradio forecast that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. At four o’clock, Po work and stepped out into the fog. She wondered if the buses would still be running.No buses to King StreetOnce out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop.‘How far are you going?’ the bus conductor asked her before he took her fare.‘King Street,’ said Polly.‘Sorry, Miss,’ replied the man, ‘the truth is that it is too foggy for the bus to run that far. Takethe Underground to Green Park. The weather might be better there and you might be able to get ataxi.’A tall manAs Polly observed the passengers on the train, she had a feeling that she was being watchedby a tall man in a dark overcoat. At last the train arrived at Green Park station. While the rest ofthe passengers were getting out, she glanced at the faces around her. The tall man was nowhere tobe seen.FootstepsWhen Polly got to the station entrance, it was empty. Outside, wherever she looked the foglay like a thick, grey cloud. There was no one in sight. Polly set off towards Park Street. As shewalked along the narrow street, she heard the sound of footsteps approaching, but by the time shereached the corner of the street, the footsteps were gone. Suddenly Polly felt a rough hand brushher cheek, and she heard a man’s voice in her ear saying ‘Sorry.’ The man moved away. She c feel her heart beating with fear.The helpful strangerThen she heard the sound again - soft footsteps behind her. A minute before, she had wishedfor someone to come along. Now she wanted to run, but fear held her still. The footsteps seemedclose now. Then a man’s voice came out of the darkness. ‘Is anybody there?’Polly hesitated. At last she answered, ‘Hello, I think I’m lost.’A few seconds later, a hand reached out and grasped her arm. Polly found herself staring upat the face of an old man with a beard.‘Maybe I can help you. Which road do you want?’ He asked.‘I live at 86 King Street,’ Poly replied.‘Just take my hand,’ said the man. ‘Come with me. You’ll be all right.’ He took Polly ‘Watch out for the step here.’In his other hand the man carried a stick. Polly heard it hit the step. ‘I can remember some terrible fogs, but maybe that was before your time. I can’t see your face, but you sound young. How old are you?’‘Just twenty,’ answered Polly.‘Ah, twenty! A nice age to be! I was young once. Now we’re at the crossroads. Turn lefthere.’‘I’m quite lost now. Are you sure you know the way?’ Polly was beginning to feel frightened again.‘Of course. You really shouldn’t feel anxious.’ He held her hand more firmly.The grateful helper‘Here we are. King Street.’ He stopped.‘Thank you so much for coming to my aid,’ said Polly in relief. ‘Would you like to come i and rest for a while?’‘It’s very nice of you,’ said the man, ‘but I’ll be off. There may be more people lost today, and I’d like to help them. You see, a fog this bad is rare. It gives me the chance to pay back thehelp that people give me when it’s sunny. A blind person like me can’t get across the road with help, except in a fog like this.’14. M3U1. Project (1)—Shark attacksThere are nearly 400 different types of sharks, but only about 30 types are known to haveattacked human beings. Many people know that the most dangerous shark is the great white shark,mainly because they have seen the movie Jaws. However, two other sharks are also ratherdangerous: the tiger shark and the bull shark.Contrary to what many people might assume, evidence shows that sharks seldom attackhumans. There are three types of shark attacks. In the main type, the shark attacks you because itmistakes you for a fish, but when it tastes human flesh it decides to give up and swim away. In thesecond type, the shark pushes you with its nose to find out if you are fit to be eaten, and then bitesyou if it thinks you are. In the third type, the shark waits for you to swim by, and then attacks yousuddenly. The last two types of attack more often result in the death of humans.To reduce the risk of a shark attack, you should follow these suggestions.Do not swim in the dark. Sharks can still see you but you cannot see them.Do not go swimming in the ocean if you have a fresh wound. Sharks can smell bloodover a long distance.Do not wear bright clothing or jewellery, because sharks are attracted to the flash ofcolors and bright objects.Stay in groups, as sharks usually avoid large numbers of people.Recently, shark attacks have been increasing as water sports are becoming more popular. If a shark attacks you, follow the advice below.Keep calm. Do not panic.Hit the shark on the nose with your fist.Stick your finger in the shark's eye.Don't be frightened by sharks: you are 30 times more likely to be hit by lightning than be attacked by a shark.15. M3U1. Project (2)—The wonderful world of pigeonsIt is night. All is quiet. The soldiers are asleep while a guard watches for the enemy. There isa flash, and the sound of guns! They are being attacked! Hundreds of enemy soldiers rush towards them. They are all going to be killed unless they get help. What should they do?An officer writes a short message quickly on a small piece of paper: 'Being attacked! Hurry!' He rolls up the paper and puts it into a small case, and then reaches into a cage and gets a bird. Attaching the message to its leg, he sets the bird loose. It immediately flies into the air and disappears in the dark.Will the bird arrive in time? Will they be saved?Though it may seem hard to believe, the bird the officer uses is the same bird often seen in public parks—the pigeon. Pigeons have a wonderful sense of direction and can find their way home over long distances. Indeed, pigeons have been known to fly home from as far away as 1,800 kilometres. That is why pigeons have been used since ancient times to carry the news oreven the mail. However, it was in war that they found their greatest use. During both World War Iand II, pigeons were employed by armies to carry messages to and from the front lines, saving the lives of many soldiers and even helping win some important victories.How do pigeons find their way? Pigeons appear to have a compass inside them that tells themwhich way is north. How this compass works remains a mystery. Of course, since a compass alone is not enough to find one's way, they also appear to use their sight and even their sense of smell to tell them which way they should go. Unlike humans, they never get lost and can always find their way home.16. M3U2. Reading—English and its historyAll through history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary these people brought to Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.Old EnglishOld English is very different from the English we speak nowadays .In fact, we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today. Before the middle of the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language called Celtic. Then two Germanic groups from the European mainland—the angles and the Saxons—occupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. (Both the English language and the English people are named after the angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle in old English.) Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings, people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England.When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use. This is because English has many words and phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. For example, the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons, while ill came from a word once used by the Norwegians.Middle EnglishMiddle English is the name given to the English used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated Englandand took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as much as the Angles and the Saxons’ victory about 600 years earlier, which led to old English replacing Celtic. Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruledEnglish, French did not replace English as the first language. On the other hand, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer(from Old English) and reply(from Old French). It is interesting to learn how the words for animals and meat developed. After the Norman Conquest, many English people worked as servants who raised animals. Therefore, the words we use for most animals raised for food such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English. However, the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork and bacon.Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used. For example, they said housen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an –s to house and shoe. Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men and child/children.After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter half of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use among all classes in England. In 1399, Henry IV became King of England. His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events.Modern EnglishModern English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century. Because of this, modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end of the changes in the English language. The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.17. M3U2. Project (1)—The development of Chinese charactersThe Chinese language differs from Western languages in that instead of an alphabet, it uses characters which stand for ideas, objects or deeds. Chinese words are formed by putting together different characters. In many cases, a single character can also make up a word. The history of the Chinese language can be examined by looking at how these characters developed.Chinese writing began thousands of years ago. According to an ancient story, a man named Cang Jie invented Chinese writing. One winter day while he was hunting, he saw the tracks ofanimals in the snow and observed that the appearance of each one was different. Then he had theidea that he could use different shapes to represent different objects. The first Chinese characterswere drawings of physical objects. Some characters have been simplified and others have beenmade more difficult over time. However, as a whole, the characters have developed from drawingsinto standard forms. The character for a mountain was at first three mountaintops together. Thisbecame one mountaintop and three lines, and over time turned into the character used nowadays.Not all characters were developed from drawings of objects. Sometimes to express ideas,some characters were made by combining two or more characters together. For example, ‘rest’ was made up of the characters for a man and a tree. The character ‘prisoner’ was formed wits were developed for directions and numbers. It is easy to‘man’ inside a square. Other characterdistinguish their meanings by looking at them, for example, the characters for ‘up’ and ‘down’which are opposites of each other.Though these kinds of characters indicate meanings, one of their shortcomings is that they donot show how they should be pronounced. Therefore, a method was developed to have one part ofa character indicate the meaning and the other suggest the pronunciation. Many Chinese charactersused today were made this way.In the 1950s the Chinese government introduced simplified Chinese characters and now theyhave widespread use in China’s mainland.18. M3U2. Project (2)—The story of BrailleUsually, when we talk about reading, we think of using our eyes to see letters written in inkon paper. However, this is not always true. For example, blind people cannot see, but they can stillread books.The man who introduced blind people to reading was Louis Braille (1809-1852). Braille losthis eyesight at the age of three as a result of an injury. When he was ten, he went to a school forthe blind in Paris. In those days, books for blind people used paper pressed against metal wire toform letters. Since the metal wire was heavy, each book weighed as much as 100 pounds. Thewhole system was not convenient for use. Indeed, the school library only had fourteen such booksin it.In 1821, a soldier visited the school and showed the students a system for passing messagesat night during times of battle. His system used paper with small, raised dots that could be feltwith the fingers. Each letter of the alphabet was represented by a different pattern which consistedof twelve dots. The soldiers would drag their fingers over the raised dots to read the message.While the students found the so ldier’s idea interesting, the system was too difficult to be ofpractical use. However, young Louis Braille took the idea and worked on it. At the age of fifteen,systemhe created a system with patterns of six raised dots representing each letter. ‘Braille’for reading used today by blind people around the world, was thus born.The blind can easily recognize Braille with the fingers. They can also easily write in Braillewith a special typewriter. Today, it is the most common system used by blind people for readingand writing, and nearly every language, including Chinese, has its own version of Braille for itspeople to use.19. M3U3. Reading—Lost civilizationsDay 1,15 JulyI feel lucky to have won a place on this trip. We are in Italy now, and tomorrow we arevisiting Pompeii. Next week we are flying to China, and going Loulan, which is known as China'sPompeii in the desert. Both Pompeii and Loulan became lost civilizations long ago.Day 2,16 JulyThis morning we attended a lecture about Pompeii. The city was founded in the 8th centuryBC. In 89 BC, the Romans took over Pompeii. It then became a rich and busy city. Near the citywas a volcano. On 24 August AD 79,the volcano erupted and lava, ash and rocks poured out of itonto the surrounding countryside. It continued to erupt for the next two days. Many people wereburied alive, and so was the city. How unfortunate!Day 3,17 JulyToday I saw the ancient Roman city of Pompeii as it was 2,000 years ago. How amazing! Thecity was forgotten for many years until the 18th century when a farmer discovered a stone withwriting on it. People started to dig in the area for treasure, which caused much damage. Thus, in1860,the area was put under government protection so it could be preserved and studied.When I walked around the city, I saw streets just as they had been, with stepping stones alongthe road so you did not have to step in the mud on rainy days! I saw several houses which weredecorated with wall paintings. I also saw the people who had been buried alive. It turns out thatafter the ash covered the people who failed to flee the city, their bodies nearly completely brokedown and disappeared, leaving empty spaces in the ash. Years later, researchers were able to usethese empty spaces to produce true-to-life figures of the people who had died in the disaster. Youcan see them today in Pompeii, in the same places where the people fell. The volcano is still there, but looks very quiet now. It's hard to imagine how this peaceful volcano destroyed the whole city!Day 10,24 JulyFinally, we arrived in Loulan after several days of travelling. This commercial city was busyand wealthy about 2,000 years ago. It was a stopping point on the famous Silk Road between the East and the West. It is believed to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms form AD 200 to AD 400. I am so excited to be here!Day 11,25 JulyA scholar from the local cultural institute, Professor Zhang, told us that around the year 1900 the European explorer Sven Hedin discovered the ruins of the Loulan Kingdom. Sven found the remains of buildings buried beneath the sand, together with a lot of treasures including coins, painted pots, material such as silk, documents and wall paintings. When we went to the city, wesaw the city walls, palaces, temples, workshops and towers. We found the ruins most interesting. There was an ancient water system that ran through the middle of the city. The desert was once a green land with huge trees, but they were cut down and that resulted in the city being buried by sand——what a pity!20. M3U3. Project (1)—Ancient Greek statue found in XinjiangResearchers announced the discovery of a small statue in northern Xinjiang, China, recently. The metal statue is of a Greek soldier. When asked how a statue from distant Greece could have appeared in China, researchers explained that no doubt this was a result of Alexander the Great influence.Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) was the son of a Greek king who defeated many Greek cities in battle. At the age of twenty, Alexander himself became king after his father died. However, many cities rose up against Alexander, so he led an army to take them back. Though his army had only 3,000 troops, he won every battle and many enemy soldiers joined him.In 334 BC, he took his army, now with 42,000 men, into the Middle East and then Egypt, defeating every army that stood in his path. Then he turned his eyes east, and marched all the way to India, finding victory wherever he went. It seemed that nothing could stop him from taking control of the entire world. However, his own army grew tired of endless battles and refused to go any further, so he had to turn back. By the age of thirty, he had already occupied more land thananyone before, and it seemed that more glory was waiting ahead of him. Yet, in 323 BC, he came down with a fever and died. Since he had no son, his generals divided his vast kingdom among themselves.Alexander the Great spread the Greek culture from Europe to Africa and Asia, influencingthe world for centuries to come. The statue of the Greek soldier found in northern Xinjiang probably came to China in the 4th century BC as a result of trade. Like many other ancient objects that show a Greek influence, it can now be seen in a museum in Urumqi.21. M3U3. Project (2)—The father of Western philosophyThe world 'philosophy' means 'love of wisdom'. Philosophy can be thought of as a way of looking at the world around us, or of answering the great questions of life, such as 'Why are we here?' and 'What is truth?'The father of Western Philosophy was Socrates (469-399 BC).Socrates was from Athens, in Greece. When he was young, he was a brave soldier. Later, he became a teacher, but he taught for free and earned his salary from being a common worker. Aside from this, we know very little about him. Since he never wrote a book, we also know very little about his philosophy. Yet, Socrates has had a deep influence on Western thought and science.To understand how this can be true, we must understand how Socrates taught. Socrates taught by asking questions. Through this, he challenged his students to develop and explain their own arguments. In many cases, his questions made his students aware of their own errors. Many students got embarrassed and even angry when this happened, while others changed their opinions. Socrates' way of approaching the truth is now called the Socratic Method. The idea of asking questions until you reach the right answer is the basis of modern philosophy and science.Unfortunately for him, Socrates questioned too much. He always asked challenging questions to everyone he met, upsetting many people in Athens. Finally, some people had had enough of him, so they took him to court for questioning the existence of the Greek gods and for corrupting the young people of Athens. At his trial, he defended himself by asking his judges yet more questions. This just made a bad situation worse. Finally he was put to death by being forced to drink poison. Through his death, Socrates became the hero of all people who search for the truth.。
牛津高中英语模块课文翻译精编版
牛津高中英语模块课文翻译精编版MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】牛津高中英语模块1课文翻译M1U1ReadingSchoollifeintheUK在英国的学校生活GoingtoaBritishhighschoolforoneyearwasaveryenjoyableandexcitingexperienceforme.在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。
我很喜欢英国中学的作息时间，因为学校每天上午大约9点上课，下午大约3点半放学。
ThismeansIcouldgetupanhourlaterthanusual,.这意味着我每天可以比以往晚一个小时起床，因为在中国学校每天上午8点之前就开始上课了。
Onthefirstday,allofthenewstudentsattendedanassemblyintheschoolhall.开学第一天，所有的新生都去学校礼堂参加晨会。
.我当时坐在一个名叫黛安娜的女孩身边。
我们很快就成了最好的朋友。
Duringtheassembly,theheadmastertoldusabouttherulesoftheschool.在晨会上，校长向我们宣布了校规。
.他还告诉我们，赢得尊重的最佳途径就是专心学习并取得好成绩。
这听起来倒是像我在国内就读的学校。
,myclassteacher,wasveryhelpful.过去的一年里我有过许多老师。
海伍德先生，我的班主任，对我的帮助很大。
MyfavouriteteacherwasMissBurke–IlovedthelessonsthatshegaveinEnglishLiterature.我最喜欢的老师是伯克小姐——我喜爱她教的英国文学课程。
.我们班上一共有28个学生。
英国中学的班级差不多就是这么大。
Wehadtomovetodifferentclassroomsfordifferentclasses.我们上不同的课得去不同的教室。
牛津高中英语模块3workbook句子翻译
4 The USA made the rose its national
flower in 1985. It stands for beauty and
love.
大家好
4
5 It is certain that you will pass the
interview if you are well prepared.
3 When he woke up, he found
himself lying in a warm bed
4 I couldn't speak any French, but
a kind man came to my aid ,telling
me how to get there.
大家好
2
5 Contrary to what people think,
so visitors should be careful
8 The simplified version of the book
differs greatly from the original version.
大家好
5
M3U3
1 I feel very lucky to have won the
with you.
2 Can you help me look up the word in
the dictionary for me when it is
convenient for you?
3 It is said that drinking eight glasses
of water a day is good for your skin.
years old, he had travelled to most
牛津高中英语模块1-5全部英语课文及中文翻译
搜索代码：短语分词不定式完成时with结构句型M1U1 SCHOOL life in the UKGoing to a British high school for one year was a very enjoyable and exciting experience for me. I was very happy with the school hours in Britain because school starts around 9 a.m. and ends about 3.30 p.m. This means I could get up an hour later than usual as schools in China begin before 8 a.m.On the first day, all of the new students attended an assembly in the school hall. I sat next to a girl whose name is Diane. We soon became best friends. During the assembly, the headmaster told us about the rules of the school. He also told us that the best way to earn respect was to devote oneself to study and achieve high grades. This sounded like my school in China.I had many teachers in the past year. Mr. Heywood , my class teacher, was very helpful. My favorite teacher was Miss Burke—I loved the lessons that she gave in English Literature. In our class there were 28 students. This is about the average size for British schools. We had to move to different classrooms for different classes. We also had different students in some classes, so it was a struggle for me to remember all the faces and names.I found the homework was not as heavy as what I used to get in my old school, but it was a bit challenging for me at firs t because all the homework was in English. I felt lucky as all my teachers gave me much encouragement and I enjoyed all my subjects: English, History, English Literature, Computer Science, Maths, Science, PE, Art, Cooking and French.My English improved a lot as I used English every day and spent an hour each day reading English books in the library.I usually went to the Computer Club during the lunch break, so I could send e-mails to my family and friends back home for free. I also had an extra French class on Tuesday evenings. Cooking was really fun as I learned how to buy, prepare and cook food. At the end of term we held a class party and we all had to cook something. I was glad that all my classmates were fond of the cake that I made.Students at that school have to study Maths, English and Science, but can stop studying some subjects if they don’t like them, for example, History and French. They can choose other subjects like Art and Computer Science or Languages such as Spanish and German. In the Art class that I took, I made a small sculpture. Though it didn’t look very beautiful when it was finished, I still liked it very much.I missed Chinese food a lot at lunch. British food is very different. British people like eating dessert at the end of their main meal. After lunch, we usually played on the school field. Sometimes I played football with the boys. Sometimes I just relaxed under a tree or sat on the grass.I was very lucky to experience this different way of life. I look back on my time in the UK with satisfaction, and I really hope to go back and study in Manchester again.在英国的学校生活在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。
牛津高中英语模块三原文
牛津高中英语模块三原文牛津高中英语模块三原文13. M3U1. Reading—FogFog warningWhen Polly left home that morning, the city was already covered in a grey mist. At lunch, the radio forecast that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. At four o’clock, Polly left work and stepped out into the fog. She wondered if the buses would still be running.No buses to King StreetOnce out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop.‘How far are you going?’ the bus conductor asked her before he took her fare.‘King Street,’ said Polly.‘Sorry, Miss,’ replied the man, ‘the truth is that it is too foggy for the bus to run that far. Take the Underground to Green Park. The weather might be better there and you might be able to get a taxi.’A tall manAs Polly observed the passengers on the train, she had afeeling that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark overcoat. At last the train arrived at Green Park station. While the rest of the passengers were getting out, she glanced at the faces around her. The tall man was nowhere to be seen.FootstepsWhen Polly got to the station entrance, it was empty. Outside, wherever she looked the fog lay like a thick, grey cloud. There was no one in sight. Polly set off towards Park Street. As she walked along the narrow street, she heard the sound of footsteps approaching, but by the time she reached the corner of the street, the footsteps were gone. Suddenly Polly felt a rough hand brush her cheek, and she heard a man’s voice in her ear saying ‘Sorry.’ The man moved away. She could feel her heart beating with fear.The helpful strangerThen she heard the sound again - soft footsteps behind her.A minute before, she had wished for someone to come along. Now she wanted to run, but fear held her still. The footsteps seemed close now. Then a man’s voice came out of the darkness. ‘Is anybody there?’Polly hesitated. At last she answered, ‘Hello, I think I’m lost.’A few seconds later, a hand reached out and grasped her arm. Polly found herself staring up at the face of an old man with a beard.‘Maybe I can help you. Which road do you want?’ He asked.‘I live at 86 King Street,’ Poly replied.‘Just take my hand,’ said the man. ‘Come with me. You’ll be all right.’ He took Polly’s hand. ‘Watch out for the step here.’In his other hand the man carried a stick. Polly heard it hit the step. ‘I can remember some terrible fogs, but maybe that was before your time. I can’t see your face, but you sound young. How old are you?’‘Just twenty,’ answered Polly.‘Ah, twenty! A nice age to be! I was young once. Now we’re at the crossroads. Turn left here.’‘I’m quite lost now. Are you sure you know the way?’ Polly was beginning to feel frightened again.‘Of course. You really shouldn’t feel anxious.’ He held her hand more firmly.The grateful helper‘Here we are. King Street.’ He stopped.‘Thank you so much for coming to my aid,’ said Polly inrelief. ‘Would you like to come in and rest for a while?’‘It’s very nice of you,’ said the man, ‘but I’ll be off. There may be more people lost today, and I’d like to help them. You see, a fog this bad is rare. It gives me the chance to pay back the help that people give me when it’s sunny. A blind person like me can’t get across the road without help, except in a fog like this.’14. M3U1. Project (1)—Shark attacksThere are nearly 400 different types of sharks, but only about 30 types are known to have attacked human beings. Many people know that the most dangerous shark is the great white shark, mainly because they have seen the movie Jaws. However, two other sharks are also rather dangerous: the tiger shark and the bull shark.Contrary to what many people might assume, evidence shows that sharks seldom attack humans. There are three types of shark attacks. In the main type, the shark attacks you because it mistakes you for a fish, but when it tastes human flesh it decides to give up and swim away. In the second type, the shark pushes you with its nose to find out if you are fit to be eaten, and then bites you if it thinks you are. In the third type, the shark waits for you to swim by, and then attacks you suddenly.The last two types of attack more often result in the death of humans.To reduce the risk of a shark attack, you should follow these suggestions.n Do not swim in the dark. Sharks can still see you but you cannot see them.n Do not go swimming in the ocean if you have a fresh wound. Sharks can smell blood over a long distance.n Do not wear bright clothing or jewellery, because sharks are attracted to the flash of colors and bright objects.n Stay in groups, as sharks usually avoid large numbers of people.Recently, shark attacks have been increasing as water sports are becoming more popular. If a shark attacks you, follow the advice below.n Keep calm. Do not panic.n Hit the shark on the nose with your fist.n Stick your finger in the shark's eye.Don't be frightened by sharks: you are 30 times more likely to be hit by lightning than be attacked by a shark.15. M3U1. Project (2)—The wonderful world of pigeonsIt is night. All is quiet. The soldiers are asleep whilea guard watches for the enemy. There is a flash, and the sound of guns! They are being attacked! Hundreds of enemy soldiers rush towards them. They are all going to be killed unless they get help. What should they do?An officer writes a short message quickly on a small piece of paper: 'Being attacked! Hurry!'He rolls up the paper and puts it into a small case, and then reaches into a cage and gets a bird. Attaching the message to its leg, he sets the bird loose. It immediately flies into the air and disappears in the dark.Will the bird arrive in time? Will they be saved?Though it may seem hard to believe, the bird the officer uses is the same bird often seen in public parks—the pigeon. Pigeons have a wonderful sense of direction and can find their way home over long distances. Indeed, pigeons have been known to fly home from as far away as 1,800 kilometres. That is why pigeons have been used since ancient times to carry the news or even the mail. However, it was in war that they found their greatest use. During both World War I and II, pigeons were employed by armies to carry messages to and from the front lines, saving the lives of many soldiers and even helping win some important victories.How do pigeons find their way? Pigeons appear to have a compass inside them that tells them which way is north. How this compass works remains a mystery. Of course, since a compass alone is not enough to find one's way, they also appear to use their sight and even their sense of smell to tell them which way they should go. Unlike humans, they never get lost and can always find their way home.16. M3U2. Reading—English and its historyAll through history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary these people brought to Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.Old EnglishOld English is very different from the English we speak nowadays .In fact, we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today. Before the middle of the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language called Celtic. Then two Germanic groups from the European mainland—the angles and the Saxons —occupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. (Both the English language and the English people are named after the angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle inold English.) Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings, people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England.When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use. This is because English has many words and phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. For example, the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons, while ill came from a word once used by the Norwegians.Middle EnglishMiddle English is the name given to the English used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as much as the Angles and the Saxons’ victory about 600 years earlier, which led to old English replacing Celtic. Even thoughthe Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled English, French did not replace English as the first language. On the other hand, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer (from Old English) and reply (from Old French). It is interesting to learn how the words for animals and meat developed. After the Norman Conquest, many English people worked as servants who raised animals. Therefore, the words we use for most animals raised for food such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English. However, the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork and bacon.Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used. For example, they said housen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an –s to house and shoe. Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men and child/children.After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter half of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use amongall classes in England. In 1399, Henry IV became King of England. His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events.Modern EnglishModern English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century. Because of this, modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end of the changes in the English language. The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.17. M3U2. Project (1)—The development of Chinese charactersThe Chinese language differs from Western languages in that instead of an alphabet, it uses characters which stand for ideas, objects or deeds. Chinese words are formed by putting together different characters. In many cases, a single character can also make up a word. The history of the Chinese language can be examined by looking at how these characters developed.Chinese writing began thousands of years ago. According to an ancient story, a man named Cang Jie invented Chinese writing.One winter day while he was hunting, he saw the tracks of animals in the snow and observed that the appearance of each one was different. Then he had the idea that he could use different shapes to represent different objects. The first Chinese characters were drawings of physical objects. Some characters have been simplified and others have been made more difficult over time. However, as a whole, the characters have developed from drawings into standard forms. The character for a mountain was at first three mountaintops together. This became one mountaintop and three lines, and over time turned into the character used nowadays.Not all characters were developed from drawings of objects. Sometimes to express ideas, some characters were made by combining two or more characters together. For example, ‘rest’was made up of the characters for a man and a tree. The character ‘prisoner’ was formed with a ‘man’ inside a square. Other characters were developed for directions and numbers. It is easy to distinguish their meanings by looking at them, for example, the characters for ‘up’ and ‘down’, which are opposites of each other.Though these kinds of characters indicate meanings, one of their shortcomings is that they do not show how they should bepronounced. Therefore, a method was developed to have one part of a character indicate the meaning and the other suggest the pronunciation. Many Chinese characters used today were made this way.In the 1950s the Chinese government introduced simplified Chinese characters and now they have widespread use in China’s mainland.18. M3U2. Project (2)—The story of BrailleUsually, when we talk about reading, we think of using our eyes to see letters written in ink on paper. However, this is not always true. For example, blind people cannot see, but they can still read books.The man who introduced blind people to reading was Louis Braille (1809-1852). Braille lost his eyesight at the age of three as a result of an injury. When he was ten, he went to a school for the blind in Paris. In those days, books for blind people used paper pressed against metal wire to form letters. Since the metal wire was heavy, each book weighed as much as 100 pounds. The whole system was not convenient for use. Indeed, the school library only had fourteen such books in it.In 1821, a soldier visited the school and showed the students a system for passing messages at night during timesof battle. His system used paper with small, raised dots that could be felt with the fingers. Each letter of the alphabet was represented by a different pattern which consisted of twelve dots. The soldiers would drag their fingers over the raised dots to read the message.While the students found the soldier’s idea interesting, the system was too difficult to be of practical use. However, young Louis Braille took the idea and worked on it. At the age of fifteen, he created a system with patterns of six raised dots representing each letter. ‘Braille’, the system for reading used today by blind people around the world, was thus born.The blind can easily recognize Braille with the fingers. They can also easily write in Braille with a special typewriter. Today, it is the most common system used by blind people for reading and writing, and nearly every language, including Chinese, has its own version of Braille for its people to use.19. M3U3. Reading—Lost civilizationsDay 1,15 JulyI feel lucky to have won a place on this trip. We are in Italy now, and tomorrow we are visiting Pompeii. Next week we are flying to China, and going Loulan, which is known as China's Pompeii in the desert. Both Pompeii and Loulan became lostcivilizations long ago.Day 2,16 JulyThis morning we attended a lecture about Pompeii. The city was founded in the 8th century BC. In 89 BC, the Romans took over Pompeii. It then became a rich and busy city. Near the city was a volcano. On 24 August AD 79,the volcano erupted and lava, ash and rocks poured out of it onto the surrounding countryside. It continued to erupt for the next two days. Many people were buried alive, and so was the city. How unfortunate!Day 3,17 JulyToday I saw the ancient Roman city of Pompeii as it was 2,000 years ago. How amazing! The city was forgotten for many years until the 18th century when a farmer discovered a stone with writing on it. People started to dig in the area for treasure, which caused much damage. Thus, in 1860,the area was put under government protection so it could be preserved and studied.When I walked around the city, I saw streets just as they had been, with stepping stones along the road so you did not have to step in the mud on rainy days! I saw several houses which were decorated with wall paintings. I also saw the people who had been buried alive. It turns out that after the ash covered the people who failed to flee the city, their bodies nearlycompletely broke down and disappeared, leaving empty spaces in the ash. Years later, researchers were able to use these empty spaces to produce true-to-life figures of the people who had died in the disaster. You can see them today in Pompeii, in the same places where the people fell. The volcano is still there, but looks very quiet now. It's hard to imagine how this peaceful volcano destroyed the whole city!Day 10,24 JulyFinally, we arrived in Loulan after several days of travelling. This commercial city was busy and wealthy about 2,000 years ago. It was a stopping point on the famous Silk Road between the East and the West. It is believed to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms form AD 200 to AD 400. I am so excited to be here!Day 11,25 JulyA scholar from the local cultural institute, Professor Zhang, told us that around the year 1900 the European explorer Sven Hedin discovered the ruins of the Loulan Kingdom. Sven found the remains of buildings buried beneath the sand, together with a lot of treasures including coins, painted pots, material such as silk, documents and wall paintings. When we went to the city, we saw the city walls, palaces, temples,workshops and towers. We found the ruins most interesting. There was an ancient water system that ran through the middle of the city. The desert was once a green land with huge trees, but they were cut down and that resulted in the city being buried by sand——what a pity!20. M3U3. Project (1)—Ancient Greek statue found in XinjiangResearchers announced the discovery of a small statue in northern Xinjiang, China, recently. The metal statue is of a Greek soldier. When asked how a statue from distant Greece could have appeared in China, researchers explained that no doubt this was a result of Alexander the Great’s influence.Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) was the son of a Greek king who defeated many Greek cities in battle. At the age of twenty, Alexander himself became king after his father died. However, many cities rose up against Alexander, so he led an army to take them back. Though his army had only 3,000 troops, he won every battle and many enemy soldiers joined him.In 334 BC, he took his army, now with 42,000 men, into the Middle East and then Egypt, defeating every army that stood in his path. Then he turned his eyes east, and marched all the way to India, finding victory wherever he went. It seemed thatnothing could stop him from taking control of the entire world. However, his own army grew tired of endless battles and refused to go any further, so he had to turn back. By the age of thirty, he had already occupied more land than anyone before, and it seemed that more glory was waiting ahead of him. Yet, in 323 BC, he came down with a fever and died. Since he had no son, his generals divided his vast kingdom among themselves.Alexander the Great spread the Greek culture from Europe to Africa and Asia, influencing the world for centuries to come. The statue of the Greek soldier found in northern Xinjiang probably came to China in the 4th century BC as a result of trade. Like many other ancient objects that show a Greek influence, it can now be seen in a museum in Urumqi.21. M3U3. Project (2)—The father of Western philosophyThe world 'philosophy' means 'love of wisdom'. Philosophy can be thought of as a way of looking at the world around us, or of answering the great questions of life, such as 'Why are we here?' and 'What is truth?'The father of Western Philosophy was Socrates (469-399 BC).Socrates was from Athens, in Greece. When he was young, he was a brave soldier. Later, he became a teacher, but he taught for free and earned his salary from being a common worker. Asidefrom this, we know very little about him. Since he never wrote a book, we also know very little about his philosophy. Yet, Socrates has had a deep influence on Western thought and science.To understand how this can be true, we must understand how Socrates taught. Socrates taught by asking questions. Through this, he challenged his students to develop and explain their own arguments. In many cases, his questions made his students aware of their own errors. Many students got embarrassed and even angry when this happened, while others changed their opinions. Socrates' way of approaching the truth is now called the Socratic Method. The idea of asking questions until you reach the right answer is the basis of modern philosophy and science.Unfortunately for him, Socrates questioned too much. He always asked challenging questions to everyone he met, upsetting many people in Athens. Finally, some people had had enough of him, so they took him to court for questioning the existence of the Greek gods and for corrupting the young people of Athens. At his trial, he defended himself by asking his judges yet more questions. This just made a bad situation worse. Finally he was put to death by being forced to drink poison. Through his death, Socrates became the hero of all people whosearch for the truth.。
牛津高中英语模块3workbook句子翻译PPT课件
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5 When I got off the bus, I found my wallet missinng. How unfortunate I was ! 6 China is planting trees in the north to prevent the wind from blowing sand onto farmlands. 7 We were late for the graduation ceremony as a resullt of the heavy fog. 8 The metal statue was built in memory of a famous scholar.
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M3U2
1 While I understand you, I don't agree with you. 2 Can you help me look up the word in the dictionary for me when it is convenient for you? 3 It is said that drinking eight glasses of water a day is good for your skin. 4 The USA made the rose its national flower in 1985. It stands for beauty and love.
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5 Contrary to what people think, the desert can become a beautiful place. 6 She is very grateful to her teachers, as they give her so much care and encouragement. 7 By the time he was eighteen years old, he had travelled to most of the countries in Europe. 8 He set his dog loose and it is now nowhere to be seen
最新牛津英语模块三课文原文
Unit 1FogFog warningWhen Polly left home that morning, the city was already covered in a grey mist. At lunch, the radio forecast that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. At four o'clock, Polly left work and stepped out into the fog .She wondered if the buses would still be running.No buses to King StreetOnce out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop.‘How far are you going?’ the bus conductor asked her before he took her fare.‘King Street.’ said Polly.‘Sorry，Miss’replied the man, ‘the truth is that it is too foggy for the bus to run that far. Take the Underground to Green Park. The weather might be better there and you might be able to get a taxi.’A tall manAs Polly observed the passengers on the train, she had a feeling that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark overcoat. At last the train arrived at Green Park station. While the rest of the passengers were getting out, she glanced at the faces around her. The tall man was nowhere to be soon.FootstepsWhen Polly got to the station entrance, it was empty. Outside, wherever she looked the fog lay like a thick, grey cloud. There was no one in sight. Polly set off towards Park Street. As she walked along the narrow street, she heard the sound of footsteps approaching, but by the time she reached the corner of the street, the foot steps were gone. Suddenly Polly felt a rough hand brush her cheek, and she heard a man’s voice in her ear saying ‘Sorry.’ The man moved away. She could feel her heart beating with fear.The helpful strangerThen she heard the sound again-soft footsteps behind her. A minute before, she had wished for someone to come along. Now she wanted to run, but fear held her still. The footsteps seemed close now. Then a man’s voice came out of the darkness. ‘Is anybody there?’Polly hesitated. At last she answered, ‘Hello, I think I’m lost. ’A few seconds later, a hand reached out and grasped her arm. Polly found herself staring up at the face of an old man with a beard.‘Maybe I can help you. W hich road do you want?’ he asked.‘I live at 86 King Street.’ Polly replied.‘Just take my hand.’ said the man. ‘Come with me. You’ll be all right.’ He took Polly’s hand. ‘Watch out for the step here.’In his other hand the man carried a stick. Polly heard it hit the step. ‘I can remember some terrible fogs, but maybe that was before your time. I can’t see your face, but you sound young. How old are you?’‘Just twenty.’ answered Polly.‘Ah, twenty ! A nice age to be. I was young once. Now we’re at the crossroads. Turn left here.’‘I’m quite lost now. Are you sure you know the way?’ Polly was beginning to feel frightened again.’‘Of course. You really shouldn’t feel anxious,’ He held her hand more firmly.The grateful helper‘Here we are. King Street.’ He sto pped.‘Thank you so much for coming to my aid.’ said Polly in relief. ‘Would you like to come in and rest for a while?’‘It’s very nice of you.’ said the man, ‘but I’ll be off. There may be more people lost today, and I’d like to help them. You see, a fog this bad is rare. It gives me the chance to pay back the help that people give me when it’s sunny. A blind person like me can’t get across the road without help, except in a fog like this.’Project (P18)Shark attacksThere are nearly 400 different types of sharks, but only about 30 types are known to have attacked human beings. Many people know that the most dangerous shark is the great white shark, probably because they have seen the film Jaws. However, two other sharks are also rather dangerous: the tiger shark and the bull shark. Contrary to what many people might assume, evidence shows that sharks seldom attack humans. There are three types of sharkattacks. In the main type, the shark attacks you because it mistakes you for a fish, but when it tastes human flesh it decides to give up and swims away. In the second type, the shark pushes you with its nose to find out if you are fit to be eaten, and then bites you if it thinks you are. In the third type, the shark waits for you to swim by, and then attacks you suddenly. The last two types of attack more often result in the death of humans.To reduce the risk of a shark attack, you should follow these suggestions.Do not swim in the dark. Sharks can still see you but you cannot see them.Do not go swimming in the ocean if you have a fresh wound. Sharks can smell blood over a long distance.Do not wear bright clothing or jewellery, because sharks are attracted to the flash of, colours and bright objects. Stay in groups, as sharks usually avoid large numbers of people.Recently, shark attacks have been increasing as water sports are becoming more popular. If a shark attacks you, follow the advice below.Keep calm. Do not panic.Hit the shark on the nose with your fist.Stick your finger in the shark's eye.Don't be frightened by sharks: you are 3o times more likely to be hit by lightning than be attacked by a shark.The wonderful world of pigeonsIt is night. All is quiet. The soldiers are asleep while a guard watches for the enemy. There is a flash, and the sound of guns! They are being attacked! Hundreds of enemy soldiers rush towards them. They are all going to be killed unless they get help. What should they do?An officer writes a short message quickly on a small piece of paper: 'Being attacked! Hurry!'He rolls up the paper and puts it into a small case, and then reaches into a cage and gets a bird. Attaching the message to its leg, he sets the bird loose. It immediately flies into the air and disappears in the dark.Will the bird arrive in time? Will they be saved?Though it may seem hard to believe, the bird the officer uses is the same bird often seen in publicparks--the pigeon. Pigeons have a wonderful sense of direction and can find their way home over long distances. Indeed, pigeons have been known to fly home from as far away as 1,800 kilometres. That is why pigeons have been used since ancient times to carry the news or even the mail. However, it was in war that they found their greatest use. During both World War I and II, pigeons were employed by armies to carry messages to and from the front lines, saving the lives of many soldiers and even helping win some important victories.How do pigeons find their way? Pigeons appear to have a compass inside them that tells them which way is north. How this compass works remains a mystery. Of course, since a compass alone is not enough to find one's way, they also appear to use their sight and even their sense of smell to tell them which way they should go. Unlike humans, they never get lost and can always find their way home.Unit 2English and its historyAll through history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary these people brought to Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.Old EnglishOld English is very different from the English we speak nowadays. In fact, we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today. Before the middle of the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language called Celtic. Then two Germanic groups from the European mainland—the Angles and the Saxons—occupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. (Both the English language and the English people are named after the Angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle in Old English.) Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of Old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings, people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England.When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use. This is because English has many words and phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. For example, the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons, while ill came from a word once used by the Norwegians.Middle EnglishMiddle English is the name given to the English used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as mush as the Angles and the Saxons’ victory about 600 years earlier, which led to Old English replacing Celtic. Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled England, French did not replace English as the first language. On the other hand, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer (from Old English) and reply (from Old French). It is interesting to learn how the words for animals and meat developed. After the Norman Conquest, many Englishpeople worked as servants who raised animals. Therefore, the words for most animals raised for food, such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English. However, the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork and bacon.Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used. For example, they said housen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control, they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an -s to house and shoe. Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men and child/children.After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter half of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use among all classes in England. In 1399, Henry Ⅳbecame King of England. His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events.Modern EnglishModern English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century. Because of this Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end of the changes in the English language. The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.ProjectThe development Chinese charactersThe Chinese language differs from Western languages in that, instead of an alphabet, it uses characters which stand for ideas, objects or deeds. Chinese words are formed by putting together different characters. In many cases, a single character can also make up a word. The history of the Chinese language can be examined by looking at how these characters developed.Chinese writing began thousands of years ago. According to an ancient story, a man named Cang Jie invented Chinese writing. One winter day while he was hunting, he saw the tracks of animals in the snow and observed that the appearance of each one was different. Then he had the idea that he could use different shapes to represent different objects. The first Chinese characters were drawings of physical objects. Some characters have been simplified and others have been made more difficult over time.However, as a whole, the characters have developed from drawings into standard forms. The character for a mountain was at first three mountaintops together. This became one mountaintop and three lines, and over time turned into the character used nowadays.Not all characters were developed from drawings of objects. Sometimes to express ideas, some characters were made by combining two or more characters together. For example, 'rest' was made up of the characters for a man and a tree. The character 'prisoner' was formed with a 'man' inside a square. Other characters were developed for directions and numbers. It is easy to distinguish their meanings by looking at them, for example, the characters for 'up' and 'down', which are opposites of each other.Though these kinds of characters indicate meanings, one of their shortcomings is that they do not show how they should be pronounced. Therefore, a method was developed to have one part of acharacter indicate the meaning and the other suggest the pronunciation. Many Chinese characters used today were made this way.In the 1950s the Chinese government introduced simplified Chinese characters and now they have widespread use in China's mainland.The story of BrailleUsually, when we talk about reading, we think of using our eyes to see letters written in ink on paper. However, this is not always true. For example, blind people cannot see, but they can still read books.The man who introduced blind people to reading was Louis Braille (1809-1852). Braille lost his eyesight at the age of three as a result of an injury. When he was ten, he went to a school for the blind in Paris. In those days, books for blind people used paper pressed against metal wire to form letters. Since the metal wire was heavy, each book weighed as much as 100 pounds. The whole system was not convenient for use. Indeed, the school library only had fourteen such books in it. In 1821, a soldier visited the school and showed the students a system for passing messages at night during times of battle. His system used paper with small, raised dots that could be felt with the fingers. Each letter of the alphabet was represented by a different pattern which consisted of twelve dots. The soldiers would drag their fingers over the raised dots to read the message. While the students found the soldier's idea interesting, the system was too difficult to be of practical use. However, young Louis Braille took the idea and worked on it. At the age of fifteen, he created a system with patterns of six raised dots representing each letter. 'Braille', the system for reading used today by blind people around the world, was thus born.The blind can easily recognize Braille with the fingers. They can also easily write in Braille with a special typewriter. Today, it is the most common system used by blind people for reading and writing, and nearly every language, including Chinese, has its own version of Braille for its people to use.Unit 3Lost civilizationsDay 1, 15 JulyI feel lucky to have won a place on this trip. We are in Italy now, and tomorrow we are visiting Pompeii. Next week we are flying to China, and going to Loulan, which is known as China’s Pompeii in the desert. Both Pompeii and Loulan became lost civilizations long ago.Day 2, 16 JulyThis morning we attended a lecture about Pompeii. The city was founded in the 8th century BC. In 89 BC, the Romans took over Pompeii. It then became a rich and busy city. Near the city was a volcano. On 24th August AD 79, the volcano erupted and lava, ash and rocks poured out of it onto the surrounding countryside. It continued to erupt for the next two days. Many people were buried alive, and so was the city. How unfortunate!Day 3, 17 JulyToday I saw the ancient Roman city of Pompeii as it was 2,000 years ago. How amazing! The city was forgotten for many years until the 18th century when a farmer discovered a stone with writing on it. People started to dig in the area for treasure, which caused much damage. Thus, in 1860, the area was put under government protection so it could be preserved and studied.When I walked around the city, I saw streets just as they had been, with stepping stones along the road so you did not have to step in the mud on rainy days! I saw several houses which were decorated with wall paintings. I also saw the people who had been buried alive. It turns out that after the ash covered the people who failed to feel the city, their bodies nearly completely broke down and disappeared, leaving empty spaces in the ash. Years later, researchers were able to use these empty spaces to produce true-to-life figures of the people who had died in the disaster. You can see them today in Pompeii, in the same place where the people fell. The volcano is still there, but looks very quiet now. It’s hard to imagine how this peaceful volcano destroyed the whole city! Day10, 24 JulyFinally, we arrived in Loulan after several days of travelling. This commercial city was busy and wealthy about 2,000 years ago. It was a stopping point on the famous Silk Road between the East and the west. It is believed to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD200 to AD400. I am so excited to be here!Day11, 25 JulyA scholar from the local cultural institute, Professor Zhang, told us that around the year 1900 the European explorer Sven Hedin discovered the ruins of the Loulan Kingdom. Seven found the remains of buildings buried beneath the sand, together with a lot of treasures, including coins, painted pots, materials such as silk, documents and wall paintings. When we went to the city, we saw the city walls, palaces, temples, workshops and towers. We found the ruins most interesting. There was an ancient water system that ran through the middle of the city. The desert was once a green land with huge trees, but they were cut down and that resulted in the city from being buried by sand—what a pity!ProjectAncient Greek statue found in XinjiangResearchers announced the discovery of a small statue in northern Xinjiang, China, recently. The metal statue is of a Greek soldier. When asked how a statue from distant Greece could have appeared in China, researchers explained that no doubt this was a result of Alexander the Great’s influence.Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) was the son of a Greek king who defeated many Greek cities in battle. At the age of twenty, Alexander himself became king after his father died. However, many cities rose up against Alexander, so he led an army to take them back. Though his army had only 3,000 troops, he won every battle and many enemy soldiers joined him.In 334 BC, he took his army, now with 42,000 men, into the Middle East and then Egypt,defeating every army that stood in his path. Then he turned his eyes east, and marched all the way to India, finding victory wherever he went. It seemed that nothing could stop him from taking control of the entire world. However, his own army grew tired of endless battles and refused to go any further, so he had to turn back. By the age of thirty, he had already occupied more land than anyone before, and it seemed that more glory was waiting ahead of him. Yet, in 323 BC, he came down with a fever and died. Since he had no son, his generals divided his vast kingdom among themselves. Alexander the Great spread the Greek culture from Europe to Africa and Asia, influencing the world for centuries to come. The statue of the Greek soldier found in northern Xinjiang probably came to China in the 4th century BC as a result of trade. Like many other ancient objects that show a Greek influence, it can now be seen in a museum in Urumqi.The father of Western philosophyThe word 'philosophy' means 'love of wisdom'. Philosophy can be thought of as a way of looking at the world around us, or of answering the great questions of life, such as 'Why are we here?' and 'What is truth?'The father of Western philosophy was Socrates (469-399 BC). Socrates was from Athens, in Greece. When he was young, he was a brave soldier. Later, he became a teacher, but he taught for free and earned his salary from being a common worker. Aside from this, we know very little about him. Since he never wrote a book, we also know very little about his philosophy. Yet, Socrates has had a deep influence on Western thought and science. To understand how this can be true, we must understand how Socrates taught. Socrates taught by asking questions. Through this, he challenged his students to develop and explain their own arguments. In many cases, his questions made his students aware of their own errors. Many students got embarrassed and even angry when this happened, while others changed their opinions. Socrates' way of approaching the truth is now called the Socratic Method. The idea of asking questions until you reach the right answer is the basis of modern philosophy and science.Unfortunately for him, Socrates questioned too much. He always asked challenging questions to everyone he met, upsetting many people in Athens. Finally, some people had had enough of him, so they took him to court for questioning the existence of the Greek gods and for corrupting the young people of Athens. At his trial, he defended himself by asking his judges yet more questions. This just made a bad situation worse. Finally he was put to death by being forced to drink poison. Through his death, Socrates became the hero of all people who search for the truth.。
(完整word版)牛津高中英语模块三Unit1
模块 3 Unit 1 The world of our senses1. confuse vt.使（某人）困惑 宀 con fused adj.困惑的宀 confusing adj.令人困惑的Tcon fusio n 混乱；混淆2. con ductor n.领导者；指挥 T con duct vt.指导；指挥；管理3. observe vt.观察；注意到T observation n.观察；评论T observer 观察者4. hesitate vi.犹豫，踌躇 T hesitation n.踌躇；犹豫5. anxious adj.忧虑的；渴望 T anxiety n.担心；渴望 T anxiously忧虑地6. analyse vt.分析 T analysisn.分析，分解7. recognize vt.认出；承认 T recognition n.认出；承认T recognized 公认的8. ignore vt.忽视；不理会T ignorance n.无知 T ignorant 无知的 9. disability n.无能，无力Tdisable vt.使残疾 T disabled adj. 残疾的10. employ vt.聘请；雇佣 T employment n.雇佣 T employer 雇主 T employee 雇员，雇工 11. attract vt.引诱，引起 T attractive adj.吸引人的 T attraction 魅力 1. 取得巨大成就 make great achievements 3. 失去做某事的能力 lose the ability to do sth. 5.希望某人做某事wish for sb. to do sth.7. 留心，密切注意 watch out for重点单词1. confuse vt.使（某人）困惑；把 ....... 与 .... 混淆 con fusion n.混乱；混淆con fused adj. 混乱的；困惑的confusing adj. 令人困惑的Recen tly our gover nment policymakers are very _____ about the rapidly risi ng food costs.高预测，预报 频 approach 单距离；远处 词缺陷；伤残无处，到处都不 foggy footstep 靠近， 接近narrow 抓紧，抓牢 firmly relief 志愿者 迷惑；疑问 挥手；波浪 感激的sweat attach 套装；适合 相反的whisper 珠宝 镇静的；镇静 panic loose compass hopeful词 汇 拓 展 2.扫视 4.在看得见的范围之内重 要 词 组 及 表达 方 式 1以••为例 take … as an example 13产生差别，有影响make a differe nee15对•… ••好奇 be curious about 17撞上••…，偶然遇见run into 19.有条件做某事 be in a position to do sth.21. 走回至U .... make one ' s way back to 23.吓得毛骨悚然 be frozen by / with fear 25.取得很好的进步_make good progress 27. 运用各种方法apply various methods10.动身，出发 set off12.（手）伸出去 —reach out 14.宽慰地，安心地 in relief 16.偿还，回报 pay back 18.与…有联系be related/li nked to20.充分利用 make the most of 22.吓得直冒汗 sweat with fear 24.突然 all of a sudde n26.制订一个计划 _work out a plan 28.感激某人 _be grateful to sb.29. 正视某人 ________ l ook sb. in the eye 30.无意发现 _come across 31.把 A 误认为 B —mistake A for B 32.与 ..... 相反 contrary to33.松开……，解开set /let …Ioose34.把…系在上—attach …to -9. 有共同之处 have sth. in com monA. upsetB. con fusedC. concernedD. con scious3. glaneevi.看一下，瞥一眼n.瞥视，乍看glance at 瞥一眼；扫视；浏览；粗略地看glanee dow n/ over/ through 浏览；粗略地看 at a gla nee乍看之下，一看就 ..... at first gla nee 乍一看no where to be see n/ found 不可能找至U 或看见 no where n ear 差得远，远不及/远非/绝不是当no where 放在句首时，句中谓语结构要用倒装结构。
牛津高中英语模块workbook句子翻译
M3UI
1 I wonder if/whether you can give me some advice on how to improve my English 2 Once I receive the tickets, I will call you and let you know. 3 When he woke up, he found himself lying in a warm bed 4 I couldn't speak any French, but a kind man came to my aid ,telling me how to get there.
M3U2
1 While I understand you, I don't agree with you. 2 Can you help me look up the word in the dictionary for me when it is convenient for you? 3 It is said that drinking eight glasses of water a day is good for your skin. 4 The USA made the rose its national flower in 1985. It stands for beauty and love.
5 When I got off the bus, I found my wallet missinng. How unfortunate I was ! 6 China is planting trees in the north to prevent the wind from blowing sand onto farmlands. 7 We were late for the graduation ceremony as a resullt of the heavy fog. 8 The metal statue was built in memory of a famous scholar.
牛津高中英语模块3workbook句子翻译PPT课件
7 By the time he was eighteen
years old, he had travelled to most
of the countries in Europe.
8 He set his dog loose and it is
now nowhere to be seen
2021/7/22
5
M3U3
1 I feel very lucky to have won the
holiday and have made so many new
friends.
2 He continued to work for the company
even though he was unhappy with the
call you and let you know.
3 When he woke up, he found
himself lying in a warm bed
4 I couldn't speak any French, but
a kind man came to my aid ,telling
me how to get there.
interview if you are well prepared.
6 John plays basketball better than
Sam in that he was in the school
basketball team for one year.
7 The sign at the entrance indicates
3
M3U2
1 While I understand you, I don't agree
精选牛津高中英语模块3workbook句子翻译.ppt
M3UI
1 I wonder if/whether you can give me some advice on how to improve my English 2 Once I receive the tickets, I will call you and let you know. 3 When he woke up, he found himself lying in a warm bed 4 I couldn't speak any French, but a kind man came to my aid ,telling me how to get there.
M3U2
1 While I understand you, I don't agree with you. 2 Can you help me look up the word in the dictionary for me when it is convenient for you? 3 It is said that drinking eight glasses of water a day is good for your skin. 4 The USA made the rose its national flower in 1985. It stands for beauty and love.
5 Contrary to what people think, the desert can become a beautiful place. 6 She is very grateful to her teachers, as they give her so much care and encouragement. 7 By the time he was eighteen years old, he had travelled to most of the countries in Europe. 8 He set his dog loose and it is now nowhere to be seen
高中牛津英语所有模块的Reading和project课文翻译!
必修一Unit 1 School lifeReading英国的学校生活在美国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。
我很喜欢英国中学的作息时间，因为学校每天上午大约9点上课，下午大约三点半放学。
这意味着我每天可以比以往晚一个小时起床，因为在中国学校每天上午8点之前就开始上课了。
开学第一天，所有的新生都要去学校礼堂参加晨会。
我当时坐在一个叫黛安娜的女孩身边。
我们很快就成了最要好的朋友。
在晨会上，校长向我们宣布了校规。
他还告诉我们，赢得尊重的最佳途径就是专心学习并取得好成绩。
这听起来倒是像我在中国就读的学校。
过去的一年里我有许多老师。
海伍德先生，我的班主任，对我的帮助很大。
我最喜欢的老师是伯克小姐——我喜欢她教的英国文学课。
我们班上一共有28个学生。
英国中学的班级差不多也就这么大。
我们上不同的课得去不同的教室，上某些课的时候，我们班上的学生也不一样，所以对我来说记住所有人的面孔和名字，可是一件难事。
我发现这里布置的家庭作业不像我以前在原来学校时那么繁重。
可一开始我还是觉得有些挑战性，因为所有的家庭作业都是英语的。
让我感到幸运的是，所有的老师都给了我很多鼓励，因此我也喜欢我所学的每一门功课:英语、历史、英语文学、计算机、数学、科学、体育、艺术、烹饪和法语。
我天天都在使用英语，每天还花一个小时在图书馆里阅读英文书籍，因此，我的英语有了很大的进步。
午饭休息时间我常去电脑俱乐部，这样我就可以免费给国内的家人和朋友发电子邮件了，我还额外地在每周二的晚上去听法语课。
当我学会如何买菜，配菜和做菜的时候我发现烹饪真是一种乐趣。
学期末我们班开了一个派对，我们每个人都要为派对做吃的，班上所有的同学都喜欢我做的蛋糕，这个真让我高兴。
数学、英语和科学，是该校的必修课，但是，如果不喜欢某些科目是可以中断学习的，如历史和法语。
学生可以选修其他的科目，如艺术、计算机或者是西班牙语、德语之类的语言课。
在艺术课上我做了一件小雕塑，尽管完工之后它看上去并不是分漂亮，但我仍然非常喜欢它。
牛津英语模块三课文原文
Unit 1FogFog warningWhen Polly left home that morning, the city was already covered in a grey mist. At lunch, theradio forecast that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. At four o'clock, Polly leftwork and stepped out into the fog .She wondered if the buses would still be running.No buses to King StreetOnce out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop.‘How far are you going? ’ the bus conductor asked her before he took her fare.‘King Street. ’ said Polly.‘Sorry ，Miss ’ replied the man, ‘ the truth is that it is too foggy for the bus to run that far. Takethe Underground to Green Park. The weather might be better there and you might be able to geta taxi.’As Polly observed the passengers on the train, she had a feeling that she was being watchedby a tall man in a dark overcoat. At last the train arrived at Green Park station. While the rest ofthe passengers were getting out, she glanced at the faces around her. The tall man was nowhere tobe soon.When Polly got to the station entrance, it was empty. Outside, wherever she looked the fog laylike a thick, grey cloud. There was no one in sight. Polly set off towards Park Street. As she walkedalong the narrow street, she heard the sound of footsteps approaching, but by the time she reachedthe corner of the street, the foot steps were gone. Suddenly Polly felt a rough hand brushher cheek, and she heard a man ’ s voice in her ear saying ‘ Sorry. ’ The man moved away. She could feel her heart beating with fear.Then she heard the sound again-soft footsteps behind her. A minute before, she had wished forsomeone to come along. Now she wanted to run, but fear held her still. The footsteps seemed closenow. Then a man’ s voice came out of the darkness.‘ Is anybody there?’Polly hesitated. At last she answered,‘ Hello, I think I’ m lost.’A few seconds later, a hand reached out and grasped her arm. Polly found herself staring up atthe face of an old man with a beard.‘Maybe I can help yo u. Which road do you want? ’ he asked.‘I live at 86 King Street.’ Polly replied.‘Just take my hand.’ said the man.‘Come with me. You’ll be all right.’ He took Polly’s hand.‘ Watch out for the step here.’In his other hand the man carried a stick. Polly h eard it hit the step.‘ I can remember some terrible fogs, but maybe that was before your time. I can’ t see your face, but you sound young. How oldare you?’‘Just twenty. ’ answered Polly.‘Ah, twenty ! A nice age to be. I was young once. Now we’re at the crossroads. Turn left here.’‘I ’m quite lost now. Are you sure you know the way?’ Polly was beginning to feel frightenedagain.’‘Of course. You really shouldn’t feel anxious,’He held her hand more firmly.The grateful helper‘Here we are. King Street.’stoppedHe.‘Thank you so much for coming to my aid.’ said Polly in relief.‘Would you like to come in andrest for a while?’‘It’s very nice of you.’ said the man,‘but I’ll be off. There may be more people lost today, andI ’ d like to help them. You see, afog this bad is rare. It gives me the chance to pay back the helpthat people give me when it’ s sunny. A blind person like me can’ t get across the road without hel except in a fog like this.’Project(P18)Shark attacksThere are nearly 400 different types of sharks, but only about 30 types are known to have attackedhuman beings. Many people know that the most dangerous shark is the great white shark, probablybecause they have seen the film Jaws. However, two other sharks are also rather dangerous: thetiger shark and the bull shark. Contrary to what many people might assume, evidence shows thatsharks seldom attack humans. There are three types of sharkattacks. In the main type, the shark attacks you because it mistakes you for a fish, but when it tasteshuman flesh it decides to give up and swims away. In the second type, the shark pushes you with itsnose to find out if you are fit to be eaten, and then bites you if it thinks you are. In thethird type, the shark waits for you to swim by, and then attacks you suddenly. The last two types ofattack more often result in the death of humans.To reduce the risk of a shark attack, you should follow these suggestions.Do not swim in the dark. Sharks can still see you but you cannot see them.Do not go swimming in the ocean if you have a fresh wound. Sharks can smell blood over a longdistance.Do not wear bright clothing or jewellery, because sharks are attracted to the flash of, coloursand bright objects. Stay in groups, as sharks usually avoid large numbers of people.Recently, shark attacks have been increasing as water sports are becoming more popular. If ashark attacks you, follow the advice below.Keep calm. Do not panic.Hit the shark on the nose with your fist.Stick your finger in the shark's eye.Don't be frightened by sharks: you are 3o times more likely to be hit by lightning than beattacked by a shark.The wonderful world of pigeonsIt is night. All is quiet. The soldiers are asleep while a guard watches for the enemy. There is aflash, and the sound of guns! They are being attacked! Hundreds of enemy soldiers rush towardsthem. They are all going to be killed unless they get help. What should they do?An officer writes a short message quickly on a small piece of paper: 'Being attacked! Hurry!'He rolls up the paper and puts it into a small case, and then reaches into a cage and gets a bird.Attaching the message to its leg, he sets the bird loose. It immediately flies into the air anddisappears in the dark.Will the bird arrive in time? Will they be saved?Though it may seem hard to believe, the bird the officer uses is the same bird often seen in publicparks--the pigeon. Pigeons have a wonderful sense of direction and can find their way home over long distances. Indeed, pigeons have been known to fly home from as far away as 1,800 kilometres. That is why pigeons have been used since ancient times to carry the news or even the mail. However, it was in war that they found their greatest use. During both World War I and II, pigeons were employed by armies to carry messages to and from the front lines, saving the lives of many soldiers and even helping win some important victories.How do pigeons find their way? Pigeons appear to have a compass inside them that tells them which way is north. How this compass works remains a mystery. Of course, since a compass alone is not enough to find one's way, they also appear to use their sight and even their sense of smell to tell them which way they should go. Unlike humans, they never get lost and can always find their way home.Unit 2English and its historyAll through history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary these people broughtto Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.Old EnglishOld English is very different from the English we speak nowadays. In fact, we would not beable to understand it if we heard it today. Before the middle of the 5th century, people in Britainall spoke a language called Celtic. Then two Germanic groups from the European mainland —the Angles and the Saxons — occupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. (Both the English language and the English people are named after the Angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle in Old English.) Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of Old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings, people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England.When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use. This is because English has many words and phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. For example, the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons, while ill came from a word once used by the Norwegians. Middle EnglishMiddle English is the name given to the English used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as mush as the Angles and the Saxons ’victory about 600 years earlier, which led to Old English replacing Celtic. Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled England, French did not replace English as the first language. On the other hand, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer (from Old English) and reply (from Old French). It is interesting to learn how the words for animals and meat developed. After the Norman Conquest, many Englishpeople worked as servants who raised animals. Therefore, the words for most animals raised for food, such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English. However, the words for the meat ofthese animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork and bacon.Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used. For example, they said housen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control, they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an -s to house and shoe. Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such asman/men and child/children.After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter half of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use among all classes in England. In 1399, Henry Ⅳ became King of England. His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events. Modern EnglishModern English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century. Because of this Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end of the changes in the English language.The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.ProjectThe development Chinese charactersThe Chinese language differs from Western languages in that, instead of an alphabet, it uses characters which stand for ideas, objects or deeds. Chinese words are formed by putting together different characters. In many cases, a single character can also make up a word. The history ofthe Chinese language can be examined by looking at how these characters developed.Chinese writing began thousands of years ago. According to an ancient story, a man named CangJie invented Chinese writing. One winter day while he was hunting, he saw the tracks of animalsin the snow and observed that the appearance of each one was different. Then he had the idea that he could use different shapes to represent different objects. The first Chinese characters were drawings of physical objects. Some characters have been simplified and others have been made more difficult over time.However, as a whole, the characters have developed from drawings into standard forms. The character for a mountain was at first three mountaintops together. This became one mountaintop and three lines, and over time turned into the character used nowadays.Not all characters were developed from drawings of objects. Sometimes to express ideas, some characters were made by combining two or more characters together. For example, 'rest' wasmade up of the characters for a man and a tree. The character 'prisoner' was formed with a 'man' inside a square. Other characters were developed for directions and numbers. It is easy to distinguish their meanings by looking at them, for example, the characters for 'up' and 'down', which are opposites of each other.Though these kinds of characters indicate meanings, one of their shortcomings is that they do notshow how they should be pronounced. Therefore, a method was developed to have one part of acharacter indicate the meaning and the other suggest the pronunciation. Many Chinesecharacters used today were made this way.In the 1950s the Chinese government introduced simplified Chinese characters and now they have widespread use in China's mainland.The story of BrailleUsually, when we talk about reading, we think of using our eyes to see letters written in ink on paper. However, this is not always true. For example, blind people cannot see, but they can stillread books.The man who introduced blind people to reading was Louis Braille (1809-1852). Braille lost hiseyesight at the age of three as a result of an injury. When he was ten, he went to a school for theblind in Paris. In those days, books for blind people used paper pressed against metal wire to form letters. Since the metal wire was heavy, each book weighed as much as 100 pounds. The whole system was not convenient for use. Indeed, the school library only had fourteen such books in it.In 1821, a soldier visited the school and showed the students a system for passing messages at night during times of battle. His system used paper with small, raised dots that could be felt with the fingers. Each letter of the alphabet was represented by a different pattern which consisted of twelve dots. The soldiers would drag their fingers over the raised dots to read the message. While the students found the soldier's idea interesting, the system was too difficult to be of practical use. However, young Louis Braille took the idea and worked on it. At the age of fifteen, he created a system with patterns of six raised dots representing each letter. 'Braille', the system for reading used today by blind people around the world, was thus born.The blind can easily recognize Braille with the fingers. They can also easily write in Braille with a special typewriter. Today, it is the most common system used by blind people for reading and writing, and nearly every language, including Chinese, has its own version of Braille for its people to use.Unit 3Lost civilizationsDay 1, 15 JulyI feel lucky to have won a place on this trip. We are in Italy now, and tomorrow we are visiting Pompeii. Next week we are flying to China, and going to Loulan, which is known as China ’ s Pompeii in the desert. Both Pompeii and Loulan became lost civilizations long ago.Day 2, 16 JulyThis morning we attended a lecture about Pompeii. The city was founded in the 8th century BC. In89 BC, the Romans took over Pompeii. It then became a rich and busy city. Near the city was a volcano. On 24th August AD 79, the volcano erupted and lava, ash and rocks poured out of it onto the surrounding countryside. It continued to erupt for the next two days. Many people were buried alive, and so was the city. How unfortunate!Day 3, 17 JulyToday I saw the ancient Roman city of Pompeii as it was 2,000 years ago. How amazing! The city was forgotten for many years until the 18th century when a farmer discovered a stone with writingon it. People started to dig in the area for treasure, which caused much damage. Thus, in 1860,the area was put under government protection so it could be preserved and studied.When I walked around the city, I saw streets just as they had been, with stepping stones along theroad so you did not have to step in the mud on rainy days! I saw several houses which weredecorated with wall paintings. I also saw the people who had been buried alive. It turns out that afterthe ash covered the people who failed to feel the city, their bodies nearly completely broke down and disappeared, leaving empty spaces in the ash. Years later, researchers were able to use theseempty spaces to produce true-to-life figures of the people who had died in the disaster. You can seethem today in Pompeii, in the same place where the people fell. The volcano is still there,but looks very quiet now. It ’ s hard to imagine how this peaceful volcano destroyed the whole city! Day10, 24 JulyFinally, we arrived in Loulan after several days of travelling. This commercial city was busy andwealthy about 2,000 years ago. It was a stopping point on the famous Silk Road between the Eastand the west. It is believed to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD200 toAD400. I am so excited to be here!Day11, 25 JulyA scholar from the local cultural institute, Professor Zhang, told us that around the year 1900 theEuropean explorer Sven Hedin discovered the ruins of the Loulan Kingdom. Seven found theremains of buildings buried beneath the sand, together with a lot of treasures, including coins,painted pots, materials such as silk, documents and wall paintings. When we went to the city, wesaw the city walls, palaces, temples, workshops and towers. We found the ruins most interesting.There was an ancient water system that ran through the middle of the city. The desert was once agreen land with huge trees, but they were cut down and that resulted in the city from being buried by sand— what a pity!ProjectAncient Greek statue found in XinjiangResearchers announced the discovery of a small statue in northern Xinjiang, China, recently. Themetal statue is of a Greek soldier. When asked how a statue from distant Greece could haveappeared in China, researchers explained that no doubt this was a result of Alexander the Great influence.Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) was the son of a Greek king who defeated many Greek cities inbattle. At the age of twenty, Alexander himself became king after his father died. However, manycities rose up against Alexander, so he led an army to take them back. Though his army had only3,000 troops, he won every battle and many enemy soldiers joined him.In 334 BC, he took his army, now with 42,000 men, into the Middle East and then Egypt, defeatingevery army that stood in his path. Then he turned his eyes east, and marched all the way to India,finding victory wherever he went. It seemed that nothing could stop him from taking control of theentire world. However, his own army grew tired of endless battles and refused to go any further, sohe had to turn back. By the age of thirty, he had already occupied more land than anyone before,and it seemed that more glory was waiting ahead of him. Yet, in 323 BC, he came down with a feverand died. Since he had no son, his generals divided his vast kingdom among themselves. Alexanderthe Great spread the Greek culture from Europe to Africa and Asia, influencing the world forcenturies to come. The statue of the Greek soldier found in northern Xinjiang probably came toChina in the 4th century BC as a result of trade. Like many other ancient objects that show a Greek influence, it can now be seen in a museum in Urumqi.The father of Western philosophyThe word 'philosophy' means 'love of wisdom'. Philosophy can be thought of as a way of lookingat the world around us, or of answering the great questions of life, such as 'Why are we here?' and'What is truth?'The father of Western philosophy was Socrates (469-399 BC). Socrates was from Athens, in Greece. When he was young, he was a brave soldier. Later, he became a teacher, but he taught for free and earned his salary from being a common worker. Aside from this, we know very little about him. Since he never wrote a book, we also know very little about his philosophy. Yet, Socrates has had a deep influence on Western thought and science. To understand how this can be true, we must understand how Socrates taught. Socrates taught by asking questions. Through this, he challenged his students to develop and explain their own arguments. In many cases, his questions made his students aware of their own errors. Many students got embarrassed and even angry when this happened, while others changed their opinions. Socrates' way of approaching the truth is now called the Socratic Method. The idea of asking questions until you reach the right answer is the basis of modern philosophy and science.Unfortunately for him, Socrates questioned too much. He always asked challenging questions to everyone he met, upsetting many people in Athens. Finally, some people had had enough of him,so they took him to court for questioning the existence of the Greek gods and for corrupting the young people of Athens. At his trial, he defended himself by asking his judges yet more questions. This just made a bad situation worse. Finally he was put to death by being forced to drink poison. Through his death, Socrates became the hero of all people who search for the truth.。
牛津高中英语模块3reading,project课文
13. M3U1. Reading—FogFog warningWhen Polly left home that morning, the city was already covered in a grey mist. At lunch, the radio forecast that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. At four o’clock, Polly left work and stepped out into th e fog. She wondered if the buses would still be running.No buses to King StreetOnce out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop.‘How far are you going?’ the bus conductor asked her before he took her fare.‘King Street,’ said Polly.‘Sorry, Miss,’ replied the man, ‘the truth is that it is too foggy for the bus to run that far. Take the Underground to Green Park. The weather might be better there and you might be able to get a taxi.’A tall manAs Polly observed the passengers on the train, she had a feeling that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark overcoat. At last the train arrived at Green Park station. While the rest of the passengers were getting out, she glanced at the faces around her. The tall man was nowhere to be seen.FootstepsWhen Polly got to the station entrance, it was empty. Outside, wherever she looked the fog lay like a thick, grey cloud. There was no one in sight. Polly set off towards Park Street. As she walked along the narrow street, she heard the sound of footsteps approaching, but by the time she reached the corner of the street, the footsteps were gone. Suddenly Polly felt a rough hand brush her cheek, and she heard a man’s voice in her ear saying ‘Sorry.’ The man moved away. She could feel her heart beating with fear.The helpful strangerThen she heard the sound again - soft footsteps behind her. A minute before, she had wished for someone to come along. Now she wanted to run, but fear held her still. The footsteps seemed close now. Then a man’s voic e came out of the darkness. ‘Is anybody there?’Polly hesitated. At last she answered, ‘Hello, I think I’m lost.’A few seconds later, a hand reached out and grasped her arm. Polly found herself staring up at the face of an old man with a beard.‘Maybe I can help you. Which road do you want?’ He asked.‘I live at 86 King Street,’ Poly replied.‘Just take my hand,’ said the man. ‘Come with me. You’ll be all right.’ He took Polly’s hand. ‘Watch out for the step here.’In his other hand the man carried a stick. Polly heard it hit the step. ‘I can remember some terrible fogs, but maybe that was before your time. I can’t see your face, but you sound young. How old are you?’‘Just twenty,’ answered Polly.‘Ah, twenty! A nice age to be! I was young once. Now we’re at the crossroads. Turn left here.’‘I’m quite lost now. Are you sure you know the way?’ Polly was beginning to feel frightened again.‘Of course. You really shouldn’t feel anxious.’ He held her hand more firmly.The grateful helper‘Here we are. King Street.’ He stopped.‘Thank you so much for coming to my aid,’ said Polly in relief. ‘Would you like to come in and rest for a while?’‘It’s very nice of you,’ said the man, ‘but I’ll be off. There may be more people lost today, and I’d like to help them. You see, a fog this bad is rare. It gives me the chance to pay back the help that people give me when it’s sunny. A blind person like me can’t get across the road without help, except in a fog like this.’14. M3U1. Project (1)—Shark attacksThere are nearly 400 different types of sharks, but only about 30 types are known to have attacked human beings. Many people know that the most dangerous shark is the great white shark, mainly because they have seen the movie Jaws. However, two other sharks are also rather dangerous: the tiger shark and the bull shark.Contrary to what many people might assume, evidence shows that sharks seldom attack humans. There are three types of shark attacks. In the main type, the shark attacks you because it mistakes you for a fish, but when it tastes human flesh itdecides to give up and swim away. In the second type, the shark pushes you with itsnose to find out if you are fit to be eaten, and then bites you if it thinks youare. In the third type, the shark waits for you to swim by, and then attacks yousuddenly. The last two types of attack more often result in the death of humans.To reduce the risk of a shark attack, you should follow these suggestions.Do not swim in the dark. Sharks can still see you but you cannot see them.Do not go swimming in the ocean if you have a fresh wound. Sharks can smellblood over a long distance.Do not wear bright clothing or jewellery, because sharks are attracted tothe flash of colors and bright objects.Stay in groups, as sharks usually avoid large numbers of people.Recently, shark attacks have been increasing as water sports are becoming morepopular. If a shark attacks you, follow the advice below.Keep calm. Do not panic.Hit the shark on the nose with your fist.Stick your finger in the shark's eye.Don't be frightened by sharks: you are 30 times more likely to be hit by lightningthan be attacked by a shark.15. M3U1. Project (2)—The wonderful world of pigeonsIt is night. All is quiet. The soldiers are asleep while a guard watches forthe enemy. There is a flash, and the sound of guns! They are being attacked! Hundredsof enemy soldiers rush towards them. They are all going to be killed unless theyget help. What should they do?An officer writes a short message quickly on a small piece of paper: 'Beingattacked! Hurry!'He rolls up the paper and puts it into a small case, and then reaches into acage and gets a bird. Attaching the message to its leg, he sets the bird loose. Itimmediately flies into the air and disappears in the dark.Will the bird arrive in time? Will they be saved?Though it may seem hard to believe, the bird the officer uses is the same birdoften seen in public parks—the pigeon. Pigeons have a wonderful sense of direction and can find their way home over long distances. Indeed, pigeons have been known to fly home from as far away as 1,800 kilometres. That is why pigeons have been used since ancient times to carry the news or even the mail. However, it was in war that they found their greatest use. During both World War I and II, pigeons were employed by armies to carry messages to and from the front lines, saving the lives of many soldiers and even helping win some important victories.How do pigeons find their way? Pigeons appear to have a compass inside them that tells them which way is north. How this compass works remains a mystery. Of course, since a compass alone is not enough to find one's way, they also appear to use their sight and even their sense of smell to tell them which way they should go. Unlike humans, they never get lost and can always find their way home.16. M3U2. Reading—English and its historyAll through history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary these people brought to Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.Old EnglishOld English is very different from the English we speak nowadays .In fact, we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today. Before the middle of the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language called Celtic. Then two Germanic groups from the European mainland—the angles and the Saxons—occupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. (Both the English language and the English people are named after the angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle in old English.) Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings, people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England.When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words orphrases to use. This is because English has many words and phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. For example, the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons, while ill came from a word once used by the Norwegians.Middle EnglishMiddle English is the name given to the English used from around the 12th to the15th centuries. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as m uch as the Angles and the Saxons’ victory about 600 years earlier, which led to old English replacing Celtic. Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled English, French did not replace English as the first language. On the other hand, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer (from Old English) and reply (from Old French). It is interestingto learn how the words for animals and meat developed. After the Norman Conquest, many English people worked as servants who raised animals. Therefore, the words we use for most animals raised for food such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English. However, the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork and bacon.Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used. For example, they said housen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an –s to house and shoe. Onlya few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men and child/children.After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter half of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use among all classes in England. In 1399, Henry IV became King of England. His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events.Modern EnglishModern English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century. Because of this, modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also wentthrough huge changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end of the changes in the English language. The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.17. M3U2. Project (1)—The development of Chinese charactersThe Chinese language differs from Western languages in that instead of an alphabet, it uses characters which stand for ideas, objects or deeds. Chinese words are formed by putting together different characters. In many cases, a single character can also make up a word. The history of the Chinese language can be examined by looking at how these characters developed.Chinese writing began thousands of years ago. According to an ancient story, a man named Cang Jie invented Chinese writing. One winter day while he was hunting, he saw the tracks of animals in the snow and observed that the appearance of each one was different. Then he had the idea that he could use different shapes to represent different objects. The first Chinese characters were drawings of physical objects. Some characters have been simplified and others have been made more difficult over time. However, as a whole, the characters have developed from drawings into standard forms. The character for a mountain was at first three mountaintops together. This became one mountaintop and three lines, and over time turned into the character used nowadays.Not all characters were developed from drawings of objects. Sometimes to express ideas, some characters were made by combining two or more characters together. For example, ‘rest’ was made up of the characters for a man and a tree. The character ‘prisoner’ was formed with a ‘man’ inside a square. Other character s were developed for directions and numbers. It is easy to distinguish their meanings by looking at them, for example, the characters for ‘up’ and ‘down’, which are opposites of each other.Though these kinds of characters indicate meanings, one of their shortcomings is that they do not show how they should be pronounced. Therefore, a method was developed to have one part of a character indicate the meaning and the other suggest the pronunciation. Many Chinese characters used today were made this way.In the 1950s the Chinese government introduced simplified Chinese characters and now they have widespread use in China’s mainland.18. M3U2. Project (2)—The story of BrailleUsually, when we talk about reading, we think of using our eyes to see letters written in ink on paper. However, this is not always true. For example, blind people cannot see, but they can still read books.The man who introduced blind people to reading was Louis Braille (1809-1852). Braille lost his eyesight at the age of three as a result of an injury. When he was ten, he went to a school for the blind in Paris. In those days, books for blind people used paper pressed against metal wire to form letters. Since the metal wire was heavy, each book weighed as much as 100 pounds. The whole system was not convenient for use. Indeed, the school library only had fourteen such books in it.In 1821, a soldier visited the school and showed the students a system for passing messages at night during times of battle. His system used paper with small, raised dots that could be felt with the fingers. Each letter of the alphabet was represented by a different pattern which consisted of twelve dots. The soldiers would drag their fingers over the raised dots to read the message.While the students found the so ldier’s idea interesting, the system was too difficult to be of practical use. However, young Louis Braille took the idea and worked on it. At the age of fifteen, he created a system with patterns of six raised dots representing each letter. ‘Braille’, the system for reading used today by blind people around the world, was thus born.The blind can easily recognize Braille with the fingers. They can also easily write in Braille with a special typewriter. Today, it is the most common system used by blind people for reading and writing, and nearly every language, including Chinese, has its own version of Braille for its people to use.19. M3U3. Reading—Lost civilizationsDay 1,15 JulyI feel lucky to have won a place on this trip. We are in Italy now, and tomorrow we are visiting Pompeii. Next week we are flying to China, and going Loulan, whichis known as China's Pompeii in the desert. Both Pompeii and Loulan became lost civilizations long ago.Day 2,16 JulyThis morning we attended a lecture about Pompeii. The city was founded in the 8th century BC. In 89 BC, the Romans took over Pompeii. It then became a rich and busy city. Near the city was a volcano. On 24 August AD 79,the volcano erupted and lava, ash and rocks poured out of it onto the surrounding countryside. It continued to erupt for the next two days. Many people were buried alive, and so was the city. How unfortunate!Day 3,17 JulyToday I saw the ancient Roman city of Pompeii as it was 2,000 years ago. How amazing! The city was forgotten for many years until the 18th century when a farmer discovered a stone with writing on it. People started to dig in the area for treasure, which caused much damage. Thus, in 1860,the area was put under government protection so it could be preserved and studied.When I walked around the city, I saw streets just as they had been, with stepping stones along the road so you did not have to step in the mud on rainy days! I saw several houses which were decorated with wall paintings. I also saw the people who had been buried alive. It turns out that after the ash covered the people who failed to flee the city, their bodies nearly completely broke down and disappeared, leaving empty spaces in the ash. Years later, researchers were able to use these empty spaces to produce true-to-life figures of the people who had died in the disaster. You can see them today in Pompeii, in the same places where the people fell. The volcano is still there, but looks very quiet now. It's hard to imagine how this peaceful volcano destroyed the whole city!Day 10,24 JulyFinally, we arrived in Loulan after several days of travelling. This commercial city was busy and wealthy about 2,000 years ago. It was a stopping point on the famous Silk Road between the East and the West. It is believed to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms form AD 200 to AD 400. I am so excited to be here!Day 11,25 JulyA scholar from the local cultural institute, Professor Zhang, told us that aroundthe year 1900 the European explorer Sven Hedin discovered the ruins of the Loulan Kingdom. Sven found the remains of buildings buried beneath the sand, together with a lot of treasures including coins, painted pots, material such as silk, documents and wall paintings. When we went to the city, we saw the city walls, palaces, temples, workshops and towers. We found the ruins most interesting. There was an ancient water system that ran through the middle of the city. The desert was once a green land with huge trees, but they were cut down and that resulted in the city being buried by sand——what a pity!20. M3U3. Project (1)—Ancient Greek statue found in XinjiangResearchers announced the discovery of a small statue in northern Xinjiang, China, recently. The metal statue is of a Greek soldier. When asked how a statue from distant Greece could have appeared in China, researchers explained that no doubt this was a result of Alexander the Great’s influence.Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) was the son of a Greek king who defeated many Greek cities in battle. At the age of twenty, Alexander himself became king after his father died. However, many cities rose up against Alexander, so he led an army to take them back. Though his army had only 3,000 troops, he won every battle and many enemy soldiers joined him.In 334 BC, he took his army, now with 42,000 men, into the Middle East and then Egypt, defeating every army that stood in his path. Then he turned his eyes east, and marched all the way to India, finding victory wherever he went. It seemed that nothing could stop him from taking control of the entire world. However, his own army grew tired of endless battles and refused to go any further, so he had to turn back. By the age of thirty, he had already occupied more land than anyone before, and it seemed that more glory was waiting ahead of him. Yet, in 323 BC, he came down with a fever and died. Since he had no son, his generals divided his vast kingdom among themselves.Alexander the Great spread the Greek culture from Europe to Africa and Asia, influencing the world for centuries to come. The statue of the Greek soldier found in northern Xinjiang probably came to China in the 4th century BC as a result oftrade. Like many other ancient objects that show a Greek influence, it can now be seen in a museum in Urumqi.21. M3U3. Project (2)—The father of Western philosophyThe world 'philosophy' means 'love of wisdom'. Philosophy can be thought of as a way of looking at the world around us, or of answering the great questions of life, such as 'Why are we here?' and 'What is truth?'The father of Western Philosophy was Socrates (469-399 BC).Socrates was from Athens, in Greece. When he was young, he was a brave soldier. Later, he became a teacher, but he taught for free and earned his salary from being a common worker. Aside from this, we know very little about him. Since he never wrote a book, we also know very little about his philosophy. Yet, Socrates has had a deep influence on Western thought and science.To understand how this can be true, we must understand how Socrates taught. Socrates taught by asking questions. Through this, he challenged his students to develop and explain their own arguments. In many cases, his questions made his students aware of their own errors. Many students got embarrassed and even angry when this happened, while others changed their opinions. Socrates' way of approaching the truth is now called the Socratic Method. The idea of asking questions until you reach the right answer is the basis of modern philosophy and science.Unfortunately for him, Socrates questioned too much. He always asked challenging questions to everyone he met, upsetting many people in Athens. Finally, some people had had enough of him, so they took him to court for questioning the existence of the Greek gods and for corrupting the young people of Athens. At his trial, he defended himself by asking his judges yet more questions. This just made a bad situation worse. Finally he was put to death by being forced to drink poison. Through his death, Socrates became the hero of all people who search for the truth.。
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牛津英语模块3译文Appendix I: TranslationUnit 1Reading雾比尔·洛浓雾警报那天早晨波莉离家时，整个城市已笼罩在灰色的薄雾中。
午餐时分，收音机预报说，薄雾将会在下午变成浓雾。
下午四点，波莉下了班，步入了浓雾中。
她不知道公交车是否还会照常运行。
没有到国王大街的巴士一走到街上，她就快步向平常乘车的公交车站走去。
“您要坐多远？”巴士售票员收下她的车费前问道。
“国王大街。
”波莉答道。
“对不起，小姐，”售票员回答说，“现实情况是雾太浓了，公交车跑不了那么远。
乘地铁到格林公园吧。
那里的天气可能好一点，您也许能叫到一辆出租车。
”高个子男人当波莉打量地铁车厢里的乘客时，她感到她正被一个穿着黑色大衣的高个子男人注视着。
地铁终于到达了格林公园站。
当其他乘客走出车厢时，她扫视了一下她周围的一张张面孔。
那个高个子男人不见了。
脚步声当波莉到达车站入口处时，那里空无一人。
外面，她目光所及之处，雾像浓密的灰云一样聚积着。
什么人也看不见。
波莉朝着公园大街走去。
当她沿着狭窄的街道行走时，她听到了由远及近的脚步声，但当她走到街道拐角处时，脚步声却消失了，突然，波莉感到有一只粗糙的手拂过她的脸颊'并且她还听到了一个男人在她耳边说“对不起”的声音。
那个男人走开了。
她能感到她的心脏因害怕而怦怦地直跳。
热心的陌生人然后，她又听到了那种声音——在她身后响起的轻柔的脚步声。
一分钟前，她曾希望有人跟着来。
现在她则想跑开，可恐惧让她挪不动脚步。
脚步声这会儿似乎很近了。
接着，一个男人的声音从黑暗中传来：“有人吗？”波莉犹豫了。
最终她还是回答道：“你好，我想我是迷路了。
”几秒钟后，一只手伸过来抓住了她的胳膊。
波莉抬头看去，发现是一位长着络腮胡子的老人。
“也许我能帮你。
你想去哪条路？”他问道。
“我住在国王大街86号，”波莉答道。
“只要拉着我的手就成，”老人说，“跟着我走，不会有事的。
”他拉住波莉的手。
“小心这里的台阶。
”老人的另一只手里攥着一根手杖。
波莉能听见它敲击台阶的声音。
“我还记得几次糟糕的大雾，不过那可能都是在你出生之前的事了。
我看不见你的脸，但你听起来挺年轻。
你多大了？”“刚20岁，”波莉答道。
“啊，20岁，多好的年纪啊。
我也年轻过。
现在我们到了十字路口了。
这里向左转。
”“我是彻底迷路了。
您肯定你认识路吗？”波莉又开始感到害怕了。
“当然肯定，你真的不用担心。
”老人将她的手握得更紧了。
感恩的帮助者“我们到了。
国王大街。
”老人停住了脚步。
“非常感谢您帮忙，”波莉如释重负地说道，“您愿意进屋休息会儿么？”“你真客气，”老人说道，“不过我还是得走了，可能今天还会有更多人迷路，我想帮帮他们。
你瞧，像今天这么大的雾是很少见的。
这给了我一个机会，来回报晴天时人们给我的帮助。
像我这样的盲人没人帮助是根本过不了马路的，除非是在这样的浓雾里。
”Project鲨鱼攻击有将近400种不同种类的鲨鱼，但我们知道只有约30种鲨鱼攻击过人类。
许多人知道最危险的鲨鱼是大白鲨，也许是因为他们看过电影《大白鲨》吧。
然而，另外两种鲨鱼也相当危险：虎鲨和牛鲨。
和许多人可能会认为的正好相反，证据显示鲨鱼极少攻击人类。
鲨鱼攻击人类的情形有三种。
在主要的情形中，鲨鱼攻击你是因为它把你错当成了一条鱼，但当它尝出人肉的味道时，就会决定放弃并游开。
在第二种情形中，鲨鱼会用鼻子推搡你，以弄清你是否适合被食用，如果它觉得适合，便会咬你。
而在第三种情形中，鲨鱼会等待你游过，然后突然攻击你。
后两种攻击类型对人类来说往往是致命的。
遵循这些建议，以降低被鲨鱼攻击的风险：不要在黑暗中游泳。
在黑暗中，鲨鱼仍能看得见你，而你却看不见它们。
如果你有刚受伤的伤口，不要在海洋中游泳。
鲨鱼在很远处便能嗅到血腥味。
不要穿鲜亮的衣服或佩戴珠宝首饰，因为鲨鱼会被颜色或明亮物体的闪光吸引。
集体行动，因为鲨鱼通常会避开人群。
最近，随着水上运动更加普及，鲨鱼攻击事件也在持续增多。
如果鲨鱼攻击你，遵循以下建议：保持冷静。
不要慌张。
用你的拳头击打鲨鱼的鼻子。
用你的手指戳鲨鱼的眼睛。
不要害怕鲨鱼：你被闪电击中的几率要比受到鲨鱼袭击的几率大三十倍。
鸽子的奇妙世界万籁俱寂的夜晚。
除了一名哨兵在站岗放哨，所有士兵都在梦乡。
突然一道闪光，枪声四起！他们遭到攻击了！数百名敌军士兵冲向了他们。
除非获得救援，否则他们全都会被杀死。
他们该怎么办？一名军官飞快地在一张小纸片上写道：“受袭！速援！”他把纸片卷起来，放进一个小盒子里，然后伸手探入一个笼子，捉出一只鸟来。
他将信系在它的腿上后，便松开鸟儿。
它立刻飞向天空，消失在黑暗中。
这只鸟会及时到达吗？他们会得救吗？虽然这似乎令人难以置信，但是那名军官所用的鸟儿和我们常在公园里看到的一种鸟是同样的——鸽子。
鸽子有着极强的方向感，能从很远的地方找到回家的路。
确实，据知鸽子能飞行远达1800公里回到家。
因为这个缘故，鸽子自古以来就被用于携带消息甚至邮件。
然而，它们的最大用途却是在战争中发现的。
在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战期间，鸽子被军方用来和前线往返传递消息，挽救了许多士兵的生命，甚至帮助赢得了一些重要的胜利。
鸽子是怎么认路的呢？鸽子体内似乎有一只罗盘，告诉它们何处是北。
这个罗盘是如何，工作的仍然是个谜。
当然，由于仅靠一只罗盘不足以认路，它们似乎也使用视觉乃至嗅觉去辨明应该走哪条路。
和人类不同，它们从不迷路，总是能找到归家的路。
Unit 2Reading英语及其历史有史以来，在不列颠共同生活着来自许爹不同国家和文化背景的人们。
英语就是由这些人带来的语法和词汇构成的。
那就是为何英语有这么多使人困惑的不解规则。
古英语古英语和现今我们说的英语完全不同。
事实上，如果现在听到古英语，我们会听不懂。
公元5世纪中叶前，生活在不列颠的人都说一种叫凯尔特语的语言。
然后，来自欧洲大陆的两个日耳曼部族——盎格鲁人和撒克逊人——占领了不列颠。
古英语是他们的语言混合而成的。
（英语及英国人都是从盎格鲁这个词而来的；Angle这个词在古英语里拼作Engle。
）除了像伦敦这样的地名外，极少数的凯尔特单词成了古英语的一部分。
在9世纪末，来自北欧诸国（如丹麦和挪威）的维京人开始向不列颠移居。
他们带来了他们的语言，这些语言也与古英语交汇在了一起。
到了十世纪，古英语已是英格兰的官方语言。
现在当我们讲英语时，我们有时会对用哪些单词或短语而感到困惑。
这是因为英语有着许多来自不同语言的单词和短语，这些单词和短语有着相似的意思。
比如，sick-词就是来自由盎格鲁和撒克逊人曾经用过的一个词，而ill则来自曾经被挪威人用过的一个词。
中古英语中古英语是给大约12世纪到15世纪期间使用过的英语起的名字。
在这一新型英语的发展中，许多东西起了作用。
最大的贡献来自于讲法语的诺曼人，他们于1066年击败英格兰并控制了这个国家。
然而，诺曼征服对英语的影响并不及约600年前盎格鲁人和撒克逊人的胜利对英语产生的影响，那场胜利导致古英语替代了凯尔特语。
尽管诺曼人在统治英格兰的整整250年间一直讲法语，但是法语并没有取代英语成为第一语言。
但另一方面，英语也确实借用了许多法语单词，因此产生了更多意思相近的单词，比如answer（来自于古英语）和reply （来自于古法语）。
了解有关动物和肉的词汇是怎么演变而来的，是件挺有趣的事。
诺曼人征服英格兰之后，许多英国人以仆人的身份从事饲养动物的工作。
因此，我们现在所用的大多数表示专为肉食而饲养的动物的单词，比如cow（母牛）、sheep（羊）和pig（猪），来自于古英语。
然而，由于这些动物的肉是供应给话曼人的，所以指代这些动物的肉的词来自于古法语，如beef（牛肉）、mutton（羊肉）、pork（猪肉）和bacon（熏猪肉，成猪肉）。
古法语也为中古英语做出了其他贡献。
在古英语中，单词变复数采用了日耳曼语中单词变复数的方法。
比如说，他们说housen而不是houses，说shosen而不是shoes。
当诺曼人控制英格兰之后，他们开始使用法语的复数构成形式，在house和shoe后面加s。
只有很少的单词保留了日耳曼语的复数形式，如man/men和child/children。
诺曼征服之后，上层社会的人讲法语，而普通人则讲英语。
但是到了14世纪后半叶时，英语已被英格兰所有社会阶层广泛使用。
1399年，亨利四世成了英格兰国王。
他的母语是英语，他在所有正式场合都使用英语。
现代英语现代英语是在16世纪的文艺复兴时期出现的。
由于这个原因，现代英语中含有许多拉丁语及希腊语单词。
在此期间，英语发音也经历了巨大的变化。
当然．这并不是英语语言变化的终结。
英语在未来是否会继续变化，这一问题是很容易问答的。
可以肯定的是，这一变化过程将会继续，人们将会不断地发明新的单词和新的表达方式。
Project汉字的发展汉语与西方语言不同，区别在于它不使用字母，而是用汉字表示思想、物体和行为。
中文的词语是通过把不同的汉字放在一起而组成的。
在许多情况下，一个单字也能构成一个词。
通过研究这些汉字是如何发展的就可以考察汉语的历史了。
汉字起源于数千年前。
根据古代传说，一位名叫仓颉的人发明了汉字。
他在某个冬日打猎时，看到各种动物留在雪中的足迹，他发现足迹的形状各不相同。
于是他想到可以用不同的形状来代表不同物体。
最初的汉字只是表现有形物体的图画。
随着时间的推移，一些汉字被简化了，而另一些则变得更加复杂。
不过总的来说，汉字从图画发展成了标准形式。
表示“山”的汉字最初是三座山峰并列，继而变成了一座山峰和三条线，随着时间的推移，最终演变成了现在使用的字形。
并非所有的汉字都从物体的图画演变而来。
有时候为了表达概念，某些汉字由两个或多个汉字组合而成。
比如，“休”是由表示“人”和“树”的汉字组合而成的，“因”字则是由人字位于框中构成的。
另一些汉字则用于表示方向和数字。
只要看它们的字形，就可以很容易区别它们的意思，比如汉字“上”和“下”，其字形恰好相反。
虽然这几种类型的汉字能够表意，但是它们的缺点之一是其字形不具有表音的功能。
因此便出现了一种应对之策，即汉字的一部分表意，另一部分表音。
今天使用的许多汉字便是用这种方式创造出来的。
20世纪50年代，中国政府推广简化汉字，现在它们已在中国大陆全面普及。
布莱叶盲文的故事通常，当我们谈到阅读时，我们会想到用眼睛去看纸上墨水写成的字母。
然而，情况并不一定总是这样。
比如，盲人无法看到东西，但他们仍能阅读书籍。
将盲人领入阅读世界的人是路易斯·布莱叶(1809-1852)。
布莱叶在三岁时因为受伤而失明。
十岁时，他进入巴黎一所盲人学校就读。
那时候，供盲人阅读的书籍是用纸压在金属丝上来形成字母。
因为金属丝很重，所以每本书都会重达100磅，整个系统使用起来非常不方便。