广东工业大学 3051电介质物理学 2016年博士研究生考研真题
广东工业大学考研历年真题
广东工业大学考研历年真题【第一部分:单项填空】1. However, some actors _____ us with the deep feelings they can inspire in us for a character they are playing. [单选题] *A.astonishedB. astonishingC. astonish(正确答案)D. is astonished2. He was a _____ figure in the French film industry. [单选题] *A. dominantlyB. dominant(正确答案)C. dominanceD. dominants3. The morning after your arrival, you meet with the _____ physician for a private consultation. [单选题] *A. residentsB. resident(正确答案)C. residenceD. residences4._____a reply, he decided to write again. [单选题] *A. Not receivingB. ReceivingC. Not having received(正确答案)D. Having not received5.With lots of trees and flowers _____here and there, the city looks very beautiful. [单选题] *A. having plantedB. planted(正确答案)C. have been plantedD. to be planted6. I have bought two ball-pens, _______ writes well. [单选题] *A. none of themB. neither of themC. neither of which(正确答案)D. none of which7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working. [单选题] *A.where(正确答案)B.hatC.whichD.there8.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old. [单选题] *A. to whomB. on whomC. with whichD. with whom(正确答案)9.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill. [单选题] *A. why; that(正确答案)B.that;whyC. for that;thatD.for which;what10. Is _______ some German friends visited last week? [单选题] *A. this schoolB. this the schoolC. this school oneD. this school where(正确答案)11. They are not very good, but we like_______. [单选题] *A. anyway to play basketball with themB. to play basketball with them anyway(正确答案)C. to play with them basketball anywayD. with them to play basketball anyway12. He sent me an e-mail, _______to get further information. [单选题] *A. hopedB hoping(正确答案)C. to hopeD. hope13._____in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. [单选题] *A. Being roundedB it was foundedC. Founded(正确答案)D. Founding14.The ____boy was last seen ______near the East Lake. [单选题] *A. Missing, playing(正确答案)B. missing, playC missed, playedD missed, to play15. Tony was very unhappy for _______ to the party. [单选题] *A. having not been invitedB. not having invitedC. having not invitedD not having been invited(正确答案)【第二部分:完形填空】A new study found that inner-city kids living in neighborhoods with more green spacegained about 13% less weight over a two-year period than kids living amid more concrete and fewer trees. Such __62__ tell a powerful story. The obesity epidemic began in the 1980s, and many people __63__ it to increased portion sizes and inactivity, but that can't be everything. Fast foods and TVs have been __64__ us for a long time. "Most experts agree that the changes were __65__ to something in the environment," says social epidemiologist Thomas Glass of The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. That something could be a __66__ of the green.The new research, __67__ in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, isn't the first to associate greenery with better health, but it does get us closer __68__ identifying what works and why. At its most straightforward, a green neighborhood __69__ means more places for kids to play – which is __70__ since time spent outdoors is one of the strongest correlates of children's activity levels. But green space is good for the mind__71__: research by environmental psychologists has shown that it has cognitive __72__ for children with attention-deficit disorder. In one study, just reading __73__ in a green setting improved kids' symptoms.__74__ to grassy areas has also been linked to __75__ stress and a lower body mass index (体重指数) among adults. And an __76__ of 3,000 Tokyo residents associated walkable green spaces with greater longevity (长寿) among senior citizens.Glass cautions that most studies don't __77__ prove a causal link between greenness and health, but they're nonetheless helping spur action. In September the U. S. House of Representatives __78__ the delightfully named No Child Left Inside Act to encourage public initiatives aimed at exposing kids to the outdoors.Finding green space is not __79__ easy, and you may have to work a bit to get your family a little grass and trees. If you live in a suburb or a city with good parks, take__80__ of what's there. Your children in particular will love it – and their bodies and minds will be __81__ to you.16. [单选题] *A) findings(正确答案)B) thesesC) hypothesesD) abstracts17. [单选题] *A) adaptB) attribute(正确答案)C) allocateD) alternate18. [单选题] *A) amongstB) alongC) besideD) with(正确答案)19. [单选题] *A) gluedB) related(正确答案)C) trackedD) appointed20. [单选题] *A) scrapingB) denyingC) depressingD) shrinking(正确答案)21. [单选题] *A) published(正确答案)B) simulatedC) illuminatedD) circulated22. [单选题] *A)atB)to(正确答案)C)forD)over23. [单选题] *A) fullyB) simply(正确答案)C) seriouslyD) uniquely24. [单选题] *A)vital(正确答案)B)casualC)fatalD)subtle25. [单选题] *A) stillB) alreadyC) too(正确答案)D) yet26. [单选题] *A) benefits(正确答案)B) profitsC) revenuesD) awards27. [单选题] *A) outwardB) apartC) asideD) outside(正确答案)28. [单选题] *A) ImmunityB) ReactionC) Exposure(正确答案)D) Addiction29. [单选题] *A)muchB)less(正确答案)C)moreD)little30. [单选题] *A) installmentB) expeditionC) analysis(正确答案)D) option31. [单选题] *A) curiouslyB) negativelyC) necessarily(正确答案)D) comfortably32. [单选题] *A) relievedB) delegatedC) approved(正确答案)D) performed33. [单选题] *A)merelyB)always(正确答案)C)mainlyD)almost34. [单选题] *A) advantage(正确答案)B) exceptionC) measureD) charge35. [单选题] *A) elevatedB) mercifulC) contentedD) grateful(正确答案)【第三部分:阅读理解】Passage 1Will there ever be another Einstein? This is the undercurrent of conversation at Einstein memorial meetings throughout the year. A new Einstein will emerge, scientists say. But it may take a long time. After all, more than 200 years separated Einstein from his nearest rival, Isaac Newton.Many physicists say the next Einstein hasn’t been born yet, or is a baby now. That’s because the quest for a unified theory that would account for all the forces of nature has pushed current mathematics to its limits. New math must be created before the problem can be solved.But researchers say there are many other factors working against another Einsteinemerging anytime soon.For one thing, physics is a much different field today. In Einstein’s day, there were only a few thousand physicists worldwide, and the theoreticians who could intellectually rival Einstein probably would fit into a streetcar with seats to spare.Education is different, too. One crucial aspect of Einstein’s training that is overlooked is the years of philosophy he read as a teenager—Kant, Schopenhauer and Spinoza, among others. It taught him how to think independently and abstractly about space and time, and it wasn’t long before he became a philosopher himself.“The independence created by philosophical insight is—in my opinion—the mark of distinction between a mere artisan (工匠) or specialist and a real seeker after truth,”Einstein wrote in 1944.And he was an accomplished musician. The interplay between music and math is well known. Einstein would furiously play his violin as a way to think through a knotty physics problem.Today, universities have produced millions of physicists. There aren’t many jobs in science for them, so they go to Wall Street and Silicon Valley to apply their analytical skills to more practical—and rewarding—efforts.“Maybe there is an Einstein out there today,” said Columbia University physicist Brian Greene, “but it would be a lot harder for him to be heard.”Especially considering what Einstein was proposing.“The actual fabric of space and time curving? My God, what an idea!” Greene said at a recent gathering at the Aspen Institute. “It takes a certain type of person who will bang his head against the wall because you believe you’ll find the solution.”Perhaps the best examples are the five scientific papers Einstein wrote in his “miracle year” of 1905. These “thought experiments” were pages of calculations signed and submitted to the prestigious journal Annalen der Physik by a virtual unknown. There were no footnotes or citations.What might happen to such a submission today?“We all get papers like those in the mail,” Greene said. “We put them in the junk file.”36. What do scientists seem to agree upon, judging from the first two paragraphs? [单选题] *[A] Einstein pushed mathematics almost to its limits.[B] It will take another Einstein to build a unified theory.[C] No physicist is likely to surpass Einstein in the next 200 years.[D] It will be some time before a new Einstein emerges.(正确答案)37. What was critical to Einstein’s success? [单选题] *[A] His talent as an accomplished musician.[B] His independent and abstract thinking.(正确答案)[C] His untiring effort to fulfill his potential.[D] His solid foundation in math theory.38. What does the author tell us about physicists today? [单选题] *[A] They tend to neglect training in analytical skills.[B] They are very good at solving practical problems.[C] They attach great importance to publishing academic papers.[D] They often go into fields yielding greater financial benefits.(正确答案)39. What does Brian Greene imply by saying “... it would be a lot harder for him to be heard” (Lines 1-2, Para. 9)? [单选题] *[A] People have to compete in order to get their papers published.[B] It is hard for a scientist to have his papers published today.[C] Papers like Einstein’s would unlikely get published today.[D] Nobody will read papers on apparently ridiculous theories.(正确答案)40. When he submitted his papers in 1905, Einstein _______. [单选题] *[A] forgot to make footnotes and citations[B] was little known in academic circles(正确答案)[C] was known as a young genius in math calculations[D] knew nothing about the format of academic papersPassage 2The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poorcountries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards ofliving.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts - a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discoveredthat illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? Wehave to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10, 000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity's productivity potential increased as well.When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential,they could in tum afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be ableto escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity forthe foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.41. The author holds in Paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor [单选题] * countries[A] is subject to groundless doubts.[B] has fallen victim of bias.[C] is conventionally downgraded.[D] has been overestimated.(正确答案)42. It is stated in Paragraph 1 that the construction of a new educational system [单选题] *[A] challenges economists and politicians.[B] takes efforts of generations.(正确答案)[C] demands priority from the government.[D] requires sufficient labor force.43. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that [单选题] *[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined.[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive.(正确答案)[C] the U.S. workforce has a better education.[D] the U.S. workforce is more organized.44. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged [单选题] *[A] when people had enough time.[B] prior to better ways of finding food.[C] when people no longer went hungry.(正确答案)[D] as a result of pressure on government.45. According to the last paragraph, development of education [单选题] *[A] results directly from competitive environments.[B] does not depend on economic performance.[C] follows improved productivity.(正确答案)[D] cannot afford political changes.Passage 3A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations oforganisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host. Parasites are usually smaller than their hosts. An example of a parasite is a tapeworm that lives inside the intestines of a larger animal and absorbs nutrients from its host. Natural selection favors the parasites that are best able to find and feed on hosts. At the same time, defensive abilities of hosts are also selected for. As an example, plants make chemicals toxic to fungal and bacterial parasites, along with ones toxic to predatory animals (sometimes they are the same chemicals). In vertebrates, the immune system provides a multiple defense against internal parasites.At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.In contrast to parasitism, in commensalism, one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other. Few cases of absolute commensalism probably exist, because it is unlikely that one of the partners will be completely unaffected. Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle. It is difficult to imagine how this could affect the cattle, but the relationship may help or hinder them in some way not yet recognized.The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plantsand their pollinators, are examples of mutualistic association. In the first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it. In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only. Another example of mutualism would be the bull's horn acacia tree, which grows in Central and South America. The tree provides a place to live for ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex. The ants live in large, hollow thorns and eat sugar secreted by the tree. The ants also eat yellow structures at the tip of leaflets: these are protein rich and seem to have no function for the tree except to attract ants. The ants benefit the host tree by attacking virtually anything that touches it. They sting other insects and large herbivores (animals that eat only plants) and even clip surrounding vegetation that grows near the tree. When the ants are removed, the trees usually die, probably because herbivores damage them so much that they are unable to compete with surrounding vegetation for light and growing space.The complex interplay of species in symbiotic relationships highlights an important point about communities: Their structure depends on a web of diverse connections among organisms.46.Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1? [单选题] *[A]It excludes interactions between more than two species.[B]It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.[C]Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.(正确答案)[D]Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.47.According to paragraph 2. which of the following is true of the action of natural selection on hosts and parasites? [单选题] *[A]Hosts benefit more from natural selection than parasites do.[B]Both aggression in predators and defensive capacities in hosts are favored for species survival.(正确答案)[C]The ability to make toxic chemicals enables a parasite to find and isolate its host.[D]Larger size equips a parasite to prey on smaller host organisms.48.Which of the following can be concluded from the discussion in paragraph 3 about theAustralian rabbit population? [单选题] *[A]Human intervention may alter the host, the parasite. and the relationship between them.(正确答案)[B]The risks of introducing outside organisms into a biological community are not worth the benefits.[C]Humans should not interfere in host-parasite relationships.[D]Organisms that survive a parasitic attack do so in spite of the natural selection process.49.According to paragraph 3, all of the following characterize the way natural selectionstabilized the Australian rabbit population EXCEPT: [单选题] *[A]The most toxic viruses died with their hosts.[B]The surviving rabbits were increasingly immune to the virus.[C]The decline of the mosquito population caused the spread of the virus to decline.(正确答案)[D]Rabbits with specific genetic make-ups were favored.50.According to paragraph 5. which of the following is NOT true of the relationshipbetween the bull's horn acacia tree and the Pseudomyrmex ants? [单选题] *[A]Ants defend the host trees against the predatory actions of insects and animals.[B]The acacia trees are a valuable source of nutrition for the ants.[C]The ants enable the acacia tree to produce its own chemical defenses.(正确答案)[D]The ants protect the acacia from having to compete with surrounding vegetation.。
2017年华南理工大学研究生入学考试专业课真题846_电介质物理学
二、简答题（共70分）
[1]以NaCl离子晶体为例，试解释温度对介电常数的影响。(10分)
[2]在交变电场作用下，电介质的介电常数为什么用复介电常数？(10分)
[3]在针尖对平板的不均匀电场中，气体介质击穿时，为什么负针极比正针极时的击穿电压高？(10分)
（15分）
dPdT
2、已知CO2在T=300K时，介电常数1.0076，单位体积分子数N2.71025
m3，
折射率n=1.000185，求其固有偶极矩。（真空下的介电源自数8.851012F/m，
玻尔兹曼常数k1.381023J/K）（15分）
[4]非自持放电和自持放电的主要区别是什么？自持放电的条件及物理意义是什么？
(15分)
[5]什么是电畴和畴壁？试用电畴变化解释电滞回线。(15分)
[6]如何判断晶体是具有自发极化的铁电晶体？在钛酸钡和钛酸锶晶体中，哪一种晶体在室温可能具有自发极化？为什么？(10分)
三、综合题（30分）
1、试证明对非极性气体电介质d0，d0，式中P为气体压力，T为气体温度。
是介质在交变电压作用下引起介质损耗的重要来源。
[2]色散是指，色散现象总是同时伴随
着。
[3]当外电场频率足够高，偶极子转向将完全跟不上电场周期变化时，电介质的极化以、为主；与热运动有关的极化形式
有、；极化主要出现在不
均匀电介质中。碱卤晶体是结构最简单的离子晶体，其主要的极化形式只有
和。
[4]判断材料有无铁电性的依据是。当交变电场变化
一周时，铁电体消耗的能量可用来表示。铁电材料只有
广东工业大学812物理化学2000--2010年考研真题／研究生入学考试试题
广东工业大学2004年研究生入学物理化学试题考试科目（代码）：物理化学（423）招生专业：应用化学、化学工艺、环境工程注：试卷封面需填写自己的准考证号，考生必须在答题纸上答题（含填充题、选择题），答完后连同本试题一并交回。
一、选择题（30分，每题2分）1．若系统经历一任意不可逆过程后则该系统的熵变ΔS（）。
A 一定大于零；B一定小于零；C 一定等于零；D 可能大于零也可能小于零。
2. 某一化学反应，已知其ΔrC P。
m<0，则该反应的ΔrΗmΘ的数值随温度升高而（）。
A 增大；B 减少；C 不变；D 不能肯定。
3．某气体反应 2A+B C + D 为吸热反应,已知25℃时,其KΘ= 105,则 50℃时其KΘ应( )。
A 大于105；B 小于105；C 等于105；D 不能确定。
4．二组分理想液态混合物的总的蒸汽压（）。
A 与混合物的组成无关；B 介于两纯组分的蒸汽压之间；C 大于任一纯组分的蒸汽压；D 小于任一纯组分的蒸汽压。
5．在描述恒沸混合物时，下列各点中哪一点是不正确的（）。
A 与化合物一样具有确定的组成；B 不具有确定的组成；C 平衡气相和液相组成相同；D 恒沸点随外压的改变而改变。
6．直流电通过一含Cu2+的电解质时，当消耗0.5F电量时，阴极析出12克铜，其电流效率为（）%。
其中M（Cu）=64g/mol.A. 100 ,B. 75 ,C. 50,D. 25 。
7．对给定化学反应A+B 2D,在动力学研究中肯定为（）。
A.二级反应，B. 双分子反应，C. 基元反应。
D. 反应物与产物摩尔数的计量关系。
8．在抽空密闭容器中加热NH４Cl(s),它有一部分分解成NH３(g)和HCl(g)，当系统建立平衡时，其组分数C和自由度F是（ ） A．C＝1，F＝1 B．C＝2，F＝2 C．C＝3，F＝3 D．C＝2，F＝19．对于组成不变的均相封闭体系，在ｗ'＝0的条件下，＝（ ） A B C D11 298K将AgNO3滴入KI（过量）溶液中形成的溶胶，下列电解质中哪种聚沉能力最大？（）A LiNO3B KNO3C CaCl2D Na2SO412．下列性质中哪个不属于胶体的性质（ ） A．布朗运动 B．电导 C．电泳 D．沉降平衡13.气体被液化的必要条件是（ ） A．气体温度低于沸点 B．气体温度低于临界温度 C．气体压力大于临界压力 D．气体温度小于波义尔温度14. 一定体积的水，当分散成许多小水滴，同温度下两种状态相比，以下性质保持不变的是（ ）A．饱和蒸汽压 B．表面积 C．液面下的附加压力 D．表面张力15.将半径相同的三根玻璃毛细管分别插入乙醇水溶液、NaCl水溶液及纯水中，毛细管中液面上升的高度分别为h1、、h2、h3则（）。
华南理工大学846电介质物理学考研真题整理版
846 华南理工大学 2012 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 （请在答题纸上做答，试卷上做答无效，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回） 科目名称：电介质物理学 适用专业：材料学；微电子学与固体电子学 本卷满分：150 分 共 3 页 第 1 页一、 填充题（50分）1. 填写下列定义和概念（40分，每空2分）（1）电导率不为零的介质电容器，在恒定电场作用下，电流由三部分组成：①电容电流（无功电流）②极化电流③传导电流；其中，极化电流是介质在交变电压作用下引起介质损耗的重要来源。
（2）当外电场频率足够高，偶极子转向将完全跟不上电场周期变化时，电介质的极化以①电子位移极化②离子位移极化为主；与热运动有关的极化形式③偶极子转向极化④热离子松弛极化；⑤空间电荷极化主要出现在不均匀电介质中。
（3）依照导电载流子种类的不同，电介质的电导可以分成以下几种形式：离子电导；电子电导；电泳电导。
固体电介质中，在强电场下以电子电导为主，在弱电场下以离子电导为主，电泳电导出现在液体电介质中。
（4）铁电体的极化强度随外施电场E 而变化的性质可用电滞回线来表示，它也是判断晶体是否具有铁电性的依据；当交变电场变化一周时，铁电体所消耗的能量可用电滞回线包围的面积来表示。
铁电材料只有在某一温度范围内具有铁电性，高于居里温度时为顺电相，低于居里温度时为铁电相。
判断材料有无铁电性的依据是能否观察到电滞回线。
2. 写出下列参数的定义式（10分，每空2分）⑴ 电位移D 与电场强度E 之间的表达式为：E D r εε0=⑵ 假设单位体积电介质内导电载流子的数目为N ，每个载流子所带电荷为q ，载流子沿电场方向漂移的平均速度为ν，则单位时间内通过垂直于电场方向、面积为A 平面的电荷，即电流强度可表示为：A Nq I ν=。
⑶ 当介质中只有一种松弛极化时，加上电场，松弛极化强度与时间的关系可近似地表示为：()()τ/1t rm r e P t P --=⑷ 在离子晶体中，考虑本征电导和弱系离子电导时，电导率γ随温度变化的关系式可以写成：T B T B e A e A 2121--+=γ。
华南理工大学电介质物理学考研真题2008—2018
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华南理工大学
2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（请在答题纸上做答，试卷上做答无效，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）
科目名称：电介质物理学
适用专业：微电子学与固体电子学
共 3 页
一、 填充题：（50分）
1.填写下列定义和概念：（30分，每空2分）
⑴电介质在外电场的作用下，将一部分电能转变成热能的物理过程，称为。
⑵若两平行板之间充满均匀的电介质，在外电场作用下，电介质的内部将感应出偶极矩，与外电场垂直的电介质表面上出现与极板上电荷反号的极化电荷，这种现象称为_________________。
电介质极化后，电介质表面的极化电荷将削弱极板上的自由电荷所形成的电场，这种由极化电荷产生的场强被称为____________________。
⑶在离子晶体中，除存在电子位移极化以外，在电场作用下，还会发生正、负离子沿相反方向位移形成__________________。
⑷ 空间电荷极化是_____________电介质在电场作用下的一种主要的极化形式。
极化的起因是电介质中的自由电荷载流子可以在缺陷和不同介质的_____________上积聚，形成空间电荷的局部积累，使电介质中的电荷分布不均匀，产生宏观电矩。
⑸热离子松弛极化是由于电介质中某些弱联系的_____________质点在电场作用下作______________迁移，使局部离子过剩，结果在电介质内部建立起电荷的不对称分布，形成电矩。
⑹依照导电载流子种类的不同，电介质的电导可以分成以下几种形式：①；②；③。
在固体电介质中，在强电场下以为主，在弱电场下以为主；出现在液体电介质中。
物理试题练习题教案学案课件工程电介质物理学练习题.doc
工程电介质物理学练习题李盛涛2002年4月4日第1章习题1-1当离子键能"(X)为离子间相斥作用势能b和库仑势能—_i—47V£0X" 4-TVS Q X 之和时，试表示出为在原子之间距离x=a处形成稳定结合，n所需附加的条件。
1-2如果气体粒子体系的速度分布服从麦克斯韦速度分布，试证明粒子动1 3能的平均值一“帀2 =-kT.2 21-3在波尔理论中，试证明电子轨道的圆周是电子波长的整数倍，并求基态氢原子的电子圆周速度。
1-4试说明化学键的种类。
1-5试说明麦克斯韦一波耳兹曼统计、费米一狄拉克统计以及玻色一爱因斯坦统计。
1-6在室温(kT=0.024eV)中，将比费米能级高0.12eV的状态采用近似式E-E F矿，其误差程度有多少？1-7试从能带理论比较金属、半导体和绝缘体。
(r>/)2- 1半径为a 的球带电量g,电荷密度正比于距球心的距离。
求空间的电位、电场分布。
2- 2电量为q 的8个点电荷分别位于边长为a 的立方体各顶角。
求其 对以下各点的电场：（1）立方体 中心；⑵某一面中心；⑶某一 棱的中点。
若8个点电荷中4个 为正，4个为负，重新计算上述问题。
2- 3设正、负电荷q 分别位于（0,0,%）、（0,0,—%）,如图所示。
求场点P 处的电势。
若用多 项展开式的前两项作为场点P 处 电势计算的近似表达式，试计算 场点（0,0,%）、（0,0,%）处电 势的近似值,并与实际值相比较。
2-4试证明位于（0,0,/）的电偶极子（方向沿Z 轴方向）〃在场点戸的电位0的厂展开式为co 严-1 0（"）= 翫 £"〒此（心0）T ■〃乙 o n=0 1 2- 5⑴试证明电偶极子〃（=/）在 电场左中的转矩叼和势能“分 别为 M =/jx E ； u = -/j- E ;（2） 指出偶极子在电场中的平衡 位置、稳态平衡位置；（3）当〃和左的夹角从01变到仇 时，求电场力所做的功和偶极子势能的变化。
广东工业大学半导体物理试卷
)(10310-⨯cm广东工业大学考试试卷课程名称: 考试时间题 号 一评卷得分 评卷签名复核得分 复核签名一、（20分）名词解释（每题布喇菲格子，离子晶体，费仑克尔缺陷，施主能级，间接复合。
二、（10分）硅晶体为金刚石结构，晶格常数为位面积上的原子数。
三、（10分）已知一维晶体的电子能带可以写成 )(22a m h k E o =其中a 为晶格常数。
求能带的宽度。
四、（10分）晶格常数为场时，试分别计算电子自能带底运动到能带顶所需的时间。
五、（10分）设E 计算电子占据该能级的概率。
由此可以计算出单位面积上的原子数为四、晶格常数为0.25nm 的一维晶格，当外加102V/m ，107V/m 的电场时，试分别计算电子自能带底运动到能带顶所需的时间。
[解] 设电场强度为E ，∵F =h dt dk=q E （取绝对值） ∴dt =qE h dk∴t=⎰t dt 0=⎰a qE h 21dk =a qE h 21代入数据得：1、金刚石型结构：金刚石结构是一种由相同原子构成的复式晶体，它是由两个面心立方晶胞沿立方体的空间对角线彼此位移四分之一空间对角线长度套构而成。
每个原子周围都有4个最近邻的原子，组成一个正四面体结构。
2、闪锌矿型结构：闪锌矿型结构的晶胞，它是由两类原子各自组成的面心立方晶格，沿空间对角线彼此位移四分之一空间对角线长度套构而成。
3、有效质量：粒子在晶体中运动时具有的等效质量，它概括了半导体内部势场的作用。
有效质量表达式为： 4、迁移率：单位电场作用下，载流子获得的平均定向运动速度，反映了载流子在电场作用下的输运能力，是半导体物理中重要的概念和参数之一。
迁移率的表达式为：μ=q τ/m* 。
可见，有效质量和弛豫时间（散射）是影响迁移率的因素。
5、施主能级：通过施主掺杂在半导体的禁带中形成缺陷能级，被子施主杂质束缚的电子能量状态称为施主能级。
9、受主能级：通过受主掺杂在半导体的禁带中形成缺陷能级，被受主杂质束缚的空穴的能量状态称为受主能级。
2015年空军工程大学考博初试真题3081电介质物理学
空军工程大学2015年博士研究生入学试题
考试科目：电介质物理学（A卷）科目代码 3081 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分; 考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。
一、解释名词 (6小题，每小题5分，共30分)
1.电致伸缩效应
2. 克尔效应
3. 电介质的雪崩击穿
4. 弛豫铁电体
5. 极化强度
6. 压电效应
二、简答题(6小题，每小题5分，共30分)
1. 试画出压电晶体的xy切和yzw-50 切型。
2. 什么是瞬间极化、缓慢式极化？它们所对应的微观机制各代表什么？
3. 简单描述铁电体的极化反转过程，影响铁电体电畴结构的主要因素？
4. 钙钛矿结构的容忍因子的定义和物理意义是什么？
5. 晶体的什么性质分别需要零阶、一阶、二阶、三阶、四阶张量来表示？
6. 复介电常数是如何定义的？有什么物理含义？
三、计算题 (2小题，每小题15分，共30分)
1．在标准状态下，氖的电子位移极化率为2101043.0m F ⋅⨯- 。
试求出氖的相对介电常数。
2. 简述电介质极化的种类，然后使用电子位移极化的经典理论计算电子极化率（以氢原子为例）
四、证明题(1小题，共10分)
1. 证明：从机械功出发，从数学上严格证明对于各项异性的弹性介质材料的弹性柔顺常数是对称的，即有如下关系：ji ij S S =。
广东工业大学物理2考试试题考试试卷
广东工业大学试卷用纸，共 页，第 页学 院： 专 业： 学 号： 姓 名：装 订 线广东工业大学试卷用纸，共 页，第 页5 面积为S 的空气平行板电容器，极板上分别带电量±q ，若不考虑边缘效应，则两极板间的相互作用力为(A)Sq 02ε． (B) S q 022ε．(C) 2022S q ε． (D) 202S q ε． ［ ］6 两个薄金属同心球壳，半径各为R 1和R 2 (R 2 > R 1)，分别带有电荷q 1和q 2，二者电势分别为U 1和U 2 (设无穷远处为电势零点)，现用导线将二球壳联起来，则它们的电势为(A) U 1． (B) U 2．(C) U 1 + U 2． (D) (U 1 + U 2) / 2． ［ ］7 四条皆垂直于纸面的载流细长直导线，每条中的电流皆为I ． 这四条导线被纸面截得的断面，如图所示，它们组成了边长为2a的正方形的四个角顶，每条导线中的电流流向亦如图所示．则在图中正方形中心点O 的磁感强度的大小为 (A) I a B π=02μ． (B) I aB 2π=02μ． (C) B = 0． (D) I aB π=0μ． ［ ］8 对于单匝线圈取自感系数的定义式为L =Φ /I ．当线圈的几何形状、大小及周围磁介质分布不变，且无铁磁性物质时，若线圈中的电流强度变小，则线圈的自感系数L (A) 变大，与电流成反比关系． (B) 变小． (C) 不变．(D) 变大，但与电流不成反比关系． ［ ］9 在圆柱形空间内有一磁感强度为B 的均匀磁场，如图所示．B的大小以速率d B /d t 变化．在磁场中有A 、B 两点，其间可放直导线AB 和弯曲的导线AB ，则(A) 电动势只在AB 导线中产生． (B) 电动势只在AB 导线中产生． (C) 电动势在AB 和AB 中都产生，且两者大小相等．(D) AB 导线中的电动势小于AB 导线中的电动势． ［ ］10 在康普顿效应实验中，若散射光波长是入射光波长的1.2倍，则散射光光子能量ε与反冲电子动能E K 之比ε / E K 为(A) 2． (B) 3． (C) 4． (D) 5． ［ ］I Ia广东工业大学试卷用纸，共 页，第 页11 以下一些材料的逸出功为铍3.9 eV 钯5.0eV 铯1.9 eV 钨4.5 eV今要制造能在可见光(频率范围为3.9×1014 Hz —7.5×1014 Hz)下工作的光电管，在这些材料中应选(A) 钨． (B) 钯． (C) 铯． (D) 铍． ［ ］二． 填空题：（共37分）12图示的曲线分别表示了氢气和氦气在同一温度下的分子速率的分布情况．由图可知，氦气分子的最概然速率为_________，氢气分子的最概然速率为__________．13 一热机从温度为 727℃的高温热源吸热，向温度为 527℃的低温热源放热．若热机在最大效率下工作，且每一循环吸热2000 J ，则此热机每一循环作功_________ J ．14在静电场中,任意作一闭合曲面,通过该闭合曲面的电场强度通量⎰∙S Ed 的值仅取决于 ,而与 无关.15 一平行板电容器充电后切断电源，若使二极板间距离增加，则二极板间场强_________________，电容____________________． (填增大或减小或不变) 16 有一同轴电缆，其尺寸如图所示，它的内外两导体中的电流均为I ，且在横截面上均匀分布，但二者电流的流向正相反，则 (1) 在r < R 1处磁感强度大小为________________． (2) 在r > R 3处磁感强度大小为________________． 17 若电子在垂直于磁场的平面内运动，均匀磁场作用于电子上的力为F ，轨道的曲率半径为R ，则磁感强度的大小应为______________________．18 载流平面线圈在均匀磁场中所受的力矩大小与线圈所围面积________；在面积一定时，与线圈的形状_______；与线圈相对于磁场的方向_______．(填： 有关、无关)(m/s)f (v )广东工业大学试卷用纸，共 页，第 页19 线圈中通过的电流I 随时间t 变化的曲线如图所示．试定性画出自感电动势εL 随时间变化的曲线．(以I 的正向作为ε的正向)20一个中空的螺绕环上每厘米绕有20匝导线，当通以电流I =3 A 时，环中磁场能量密度w =____________ ．(μ 0 =4π×10-7 N/A 2)21 光子波长为λ，则其能量=_________；动量的大小 =__________；质量=_________ ．三．计算题：（共25分）22 一定量的理想气体，从A 态出发，经p －V 图中所示的过程到达B 态，试求在这过程中，该气体吸收的热量．23 电荷以相同的面密度σ 分布在半径为r 1＝10 cm 和r 2＝20 cm的两个同心球面上．设无限远处电势为零，球心处的电势为U 0＝300 V ．(1) 求电荷面密度σ．(2) 若要使球心处的电势也为零，外球面上应放掉多少电荷？ ［ε0＝8.85×10-12 C 2 /(N ·m 2)］24 如图所示，有一根长直导线，载有直流电流I ，近旁有一个两条对边与它平行并与它共面的矩形线圈，以匀速度v沿垂直于导线的方向离开导线．设t =0时，线圈位于图示位置，求(1) 在任意时刻t 通过矩形线圈的磁通量Φ．(2) 在图示位置时矩形线圈中的电动势．25 当电子的德布罗意波长与可见光波长( λ =5500 Å)相同时，求它的动能是多少电子伏特？ (电子质量m e =9.11×10-31 kg ，普朗克常量h =6.63×10-34 J ·s, 1 eV =1.60×10-19 J)四．错误改正题：（共5分）26 摩尔数相同的氦气和氮气(视为理想气体)，从相同的初状态(即p 、V 、T 相同)开始作等压膨胀到同一末状态．下列有关说法有无错误？如有错误请改正． 1．对外所作的功相同； 2．从外界吸收的热量相同；3．气体分子平均速率的增量相同．I tLtO53)I。
华南理工大学电介质物理学2004-2018年考研初试真题
[2] 在交变电场作用下，电介质的介电常数为什么用复介电常数？(10 分)
[3] 在针尖对平板的不均匀电场中，气体介质击穿时，为什么负针极比正针极时的击
穿电压高？(10 分)
[4] 非自持放电和自持放电的主要区别是什么？自持放电的条件及物理意义是什么？
(15 分)
[5] 什么是电畴和畴壁？试用电畴变化解释电滞回线。(15 分)
折射率 n=1.000185，求其固有偶极矩 0 。（真空下的介电常数 0 8.851012 F / m ， 玻尔兹曼常数 k 1.381023 J / K ）（15 分）
第2页
446 华南理工大学
2004年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）
和
。
[4] 判断材料有无铁电性的依据是
。当交变电场变化
一周时，铁电体消耗的能量可用
来表示。铁电材料只有
在某一温度范围内具有铁电性，高于居里温度时为
，低于居里温度时
为
。
[5] 根据碰撞电离理论，固体电介质发生电击穿的判断依据是
。
[6] 电 子 位 移 极 化 率 为
；离子位移极化率
为
；偶极子转向极化率为
特征及原因。（12 分）
5、固体电介质的热击穿原因是什么？固体电介质的热击穿电压与哪些因素有关？关
系如何？如何提高固体电介质的热击穿电压（15 分）
6、为什么静态下无法测量自发极化？什么是晶体的热释电性？热释电晶体和铁电晶
体的区别是什么？（15 分）
三、综合题（30 分）
备用参数：真空介电系数0=8.85×10-12 F/m；阿伏加德罗常数 N0=6.023×1023 1、已知聚苯乙烯的介电常数=2.5，线膨胀系数l=10-4/oC，求金属化聚苯乙烯薄膜电 容器的电容温度系数。（13 分）
广东工业大学2006-2018年自控原理初试真题
⼴东⼯业⼤学2006-2018年⾃控原理初试真题其开环传递函数为：()()41G s s s =+20分）某系统的开环传递函数是7分）设弹簧与阻尼器构成的机械系统如图2所⽰，其中x为输⼊位移，-40 -20Ⅱr/s Ⅰ-40 -60⼴东⼯业⼤学2008年攻读硕⼠学位研究⽣⼊学考试试题考试科⽬（代码）名称：（827）⾃控原理满分150使⽤专业：电机与电器、控制理论与控制⼯程、检测技术与⾃动化装置、系统⼯程、模式识别与智能系统(考⽣注意：答卷封⾯需填写⾃⼰的准考证编号，答完后连同本试题⼀并交回！）1.（18分）某RLC 电路如图1所⽰，其中0u 和i u 分别是该电路的输出量和输⼊量。
试（1）画出RLC 电路的结构框图；（2）求出传递函数()()/i U s U s .o Li 图12.（21分）设控制系统如图2所⽰。
要求（1）取120,0.1ττ==，T=0.1，写出开环传递函数，计算速度反馈系统的超调量和速度稳态误差；（2）取120.1,0ττ==，写出开环传递函数，定性分析⽐例⼀微分校正系统的超调量，计算速度稳态误差；（3）从超调量和稳态误差⽅⾯，分析这两种结构⽅案产⽣以上结果的原因。
图23（21分）某卫星⾼度控制系统的⽅框图如图3（）所⽰。
试：（1）绘制图3（a ）所⽰系统的根轨迹，说明系统是否稳定？（2）为改普系统性能，增加⼀反馈通道和控制器，如图3（b ）所⽰。
若取控制器的参数1,5a b ==，绘制图3（b ）所⽰系统的根轨迹，分析此时系统的稳定性。
（3）求使图3（b ）所⽰系统稳定的K 的取范围。
图3(a)图3(b)4（21分）设有单位反馈的⽕炮指挥仪伺服系统，其开环传递函数为 ()()()0.2s 10.51KG s s s =++若要求系统最⼤速度为12/s 时，输出位置的允许误差⼩于2，试：（1）确定满⾜上述指标的最⼩K 值；（2）绘制该K 值下的对数频率特性渐近曲线，并计算系统的相⾓裕度；（3）若在前向通道中串接⼀相位超前校正装置()0.410.081c s G s s +=+ 在同⼀坐标中画出校正装置和校正后系统的对数幅频特性和相频特性，计算校正后系统的相⾓裕度，并说明相位超前校正对系统动态性能的影响。
2016广工研究生测试技术复习提纲答案..
1.简答题（每小题8分，5道小题，共40分）2.分析和设计题（2道小题，共30分）3.计算题（每小题15分，2道小题，共30分）第一部分：1. 信号与信息的区别，测量、计量、测试的区别。
答：信息 消息、情报或知识，信息是物质世界的运动状态与转换方式，是物质的本质属性。
信号物理量，物质，具有能量。
信号是信息的载体，信息总是蕴涵在信号之中，并依靠信号来传输。
测量确定被测对象量值的实验过程。
计量单位统一和量值准确的测量一般称为计量。
测试具有试验性质的测量或者说测量和试验的结合。
2．测量方法和测量误差的分类。
测量方法分为：a 按是否直接测定被测量的原则，测量方法可分为直接测量和间接测量；b 按被测量是否直接和已知的同种量进行比较的原则，可分为直接比较测量和间接比较测量； c 按传感器是否和被测物体产生机械接触，可分为接触测量和非接触测量；d 按测量条件，可分为等精度测量和不等精度测量。
F 按被测量是否随时间变化的原则可分为：动态测量和静态测量。
测量误差的分类 ：根据测量误差的统计特征不同，可分为系统误差、随机误差和粗大误差； 按照误差的产生原因不同，可分为器具误差、方法误差、调整误差、观测误差和环境误差和测量对象误差； 按照误差的表示方法不同，可分为绝对误差、相对误差、引用误差和分贝误差。
3．测量结果如何表达？计算○1基于误差极限的表达式为：max 0δ±=x x ，max δ为极限误差○2基于t 分布的表达式：如果测量值x 服从正态分布N （u ， ），则测量样本x 的基于t 分布的测量结果的表达式为：∧±=x t x x δβ0 （置信概率为β），该表达方式受到测量值所服从的概率分布的限制。
○3基于不确定度的表达方式：测量结果=样本平均值±不确定度 n s x x x x ±=±=∧δ0 不确定度可用样本平均值x 的标准偏差x δ来表征4.信号的分类，非电量电测法的定义和优点。