本科毕业论文英文摘要撰写
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本科毕业论⽂英⽂摘要撰写
本科毕业论⽂英⽂摘要(Abstract)撰写
⼀、本科毕业论⽂英⽂题⽬的拟订
(⼀)名词性题⽬
英⽂题⽬通常由名词性短语构成,即由⼀个或多个名词加上其前置定语或后置定语
构成,因此标题中⼀般出现名词、形容词、介词、冠词和连词,若出现动词,⼀般是现在分词、过去分词或动名词。
⾼温对产蛋鸡产蛋性能、耗料及体重的影响
Effect of High Temperature on Egg Performance, Feed Consumption, Feed to Egg
Ratio and Body Weight in the laying hens
繁殖技术对南美⾁⽜⽣产的影响
Impacts of Reproductive Technologies on Beef Production in South America
不同断奶⽇龄仔猪对⾎清代谢物⽔平的变化(影响)
Effect of Weaning Age on Serum Metabolite Level in Piglets
撰写英⽂题⽬时⼀个简单有效的⽅法是寻找出⼀个可以反映论⽂核⼼内容的主题
词,依次进⾏扩展成为名词短语,使之包含论⽂的关键信息,并注意词语间的修饰要恰当。
Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS SARS 的实验室诊断
Freezing and storing sperm 冷冻和储存的精⼦
Diseases and Husbandry of Cattle 奶⽜的疾病和饲养
每条标题⼀般是10-12个词,最多不要超过25个词。
如还不能⾜以概括全⽂内容,
可⽤副标题加以补充说明。
First International Conference on Wireless Innovations :New Technologies and
Evolving Policies
⾸届国际⽆线改⾰会议—新技术与进展政策
需要说明的是如果论⽂题⽬是疑问句,句尾⼀般有问号;但如果是完整的陈述句,
句尾没有句号。
How Long Does Frozen Semen Stay Viable
Why Being Bilingual Can Actually Make You Smarter ?
New technique lets you speak language in 10 days Soybean (⼤⾖) silage (青贮饲料) fills feed gap
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(⼆)Study 、Report 、Aim 等词的位置和⾸位冠词的省略
英⽂标题中各个词的顺序安排有个是否符合语⾔习惯的问题。
在英⽂题⽬中如A Study of/on…(of 和on 可互换,意义相
同),
A Report of/on…, The Survey of/on…, The Observation on/of…,The Design of…,
The Research on…等词⼀般放在标题的⾸位。
其中位于⾸位的冠词(The ,An ,A 等)往往可以省略。
Research on Special Surface in 3-Dimensional Space . =The research on…(The 被省
略了)
三维空间中特殊曲⾯的研究
Characteristics of great leaders=The characteristics of …(The 被省略了)伟⼤领袖的特征
The Increase of Endurance of Muscular Strength of Primary and Secondary School
Students. =A study of the increase of …(A study of…被省略了)
对中⼩学⽣肌⾁耐⼒增长趋势的研究。
(三)英⽂题⽬书写的⼤⼩写规则
英语的⼗⼤词类分为实词和虚词:实词包括名词、动词、代词、形容词、副词和数
词,它们在句中可以单独担任某⼀句⼦成分;虚词包括冠词、介词、连词和感叹词,它们在句中不能单独担任某⼀句⼦成分。
本科毕业论⽂英⽂题⽬的⼤⼩写规则如下:
1)实词⼤写虚词⼩写。
如:Body Language and Human Communication
2)位于⾸位或末尾的虚词也⼤写。
如:On the Principles of Tourism
3)位于标题中冒号之后的副标题的⾸位词⾸字母⼤写。
如:Efficacy of Partial Meal Replacement Products :A Meta and Pooling Analysis (部分饮⾷替代品的效能—汇总合并分析) 4)五个字母以上的虚词通常也⼤写。
如:The People Without a Country
5)由连字符“-”连接的复合词的各词中,实词的⾸字母⼤写。
如:The English-Speaking People in Quebec
6)在科技论⽂的题⽬中,引导动词不定式的“to”字母T 通常⼤写。
如:Compounds To Be Tested
(四)作者署名与通讯地址的英译
中国⼈名按汉语拼⾳拼写,姓与名的⾸字母应⼤写。
双名第⼆个字的第⼆个⾳译字
母需⼩写。
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我们中国⼈是是姓+名。
姓是family name, surname, last name ;名是first name, given
name
赵勇译为 Yong Zhao ;惠⽂靖译为Wen-jing Hui 。
⽑泽东的英语姓名应该写成:Ze-Dong Mao 。
在填表或⽐较正规场合使⽤的时候,可写成Mao, Ze-Dong 。
如简写,可以写成Mao(,)Z.-D.或Z.-D. Mao 。
西⽅⼈⼠的name 是我们汉语姓名的意思,既包括姓,⼜包括名。
西⽅⼈⼠name
书写的顺序与我国姓名正好相反,是名在前,姓在后。
Neil Bruce Hilton, Neil 是first name(第⼀名字, given name),
Bruce 是second name(第⼆名字),Hilton 是last name (surname, familly name),亦称为姓。
西⽅⼈⼠的second name 在⼤部分场合表⽰时⼀般仅⽤缩写。
? George W. Bush; 发⽂章使有时first name 也缩写,即G . W. Bush
如是多个作者,还需注明哪个作者是通信作者,因为通信作者不⼀定是第⼀作者,
⽽是代表作者和杂志编辑部联系的稿件责任⼈。
通信作者往往是研究項⽬的负责⼈(the boss),⽽第⼀作者⼀般是具体负责将该项⽬
完成的科技⼯作者。
在许多单位,第⼀作者及通信作者对论⽂的贡献被等同看待。
按照英⽂地址的书写规范书写, 开头字母及地名⾸字母均⼤写;作者单位位于作者
署名之下,单位名称在前,城市、邮政编码依次在后。
Department of Animal Science Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004(P. R of China )
汉语⼯作单位的英译需要注意如下⼏个带有共性的问题:
(1)某某⼤学(University)、学院(College, Institute, Faculty)的翻译:⼀般是在University 、College 、 Institute 前加名字的汉语拼⾳或其相应的英⽂译⽂。
兰州⼤学 Lanzhou University ? 中国农业⼤学 China Agricultural University
华南农业⼤学 South China Agricultural University
⾏健⽂理学院XingJian College of Science and Liberal Arts ? ⽣命科学学院 College of Life Sciences
Faculty of Life Sciences Life Sciences College School of Life Sciences (2)研究院可译为Academy
中国科学院可译为Chinese Academy of Sciences.
中国农业科学院 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. ? ⼴东农业科学院 Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
福建省农业科学院 Fujian Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences
(2)研究院可译为Academy ,
中国科学院可译为Chinese Academy of Sciences.
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中国农业科学院 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. ? ⼴东农业科学院 Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
福建省农业科学院 Fujian Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences
(3)研究所⼀般译为Institute
澳⼤利亚的昆⼠兰医学研究所 Queensland Institute of Medical Research
⼴西⼤学动物繁殖研究所 Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Guangxi
University
中国科学院计算技术研究所Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of
Sciences
(4)研究室⼀般译为Laboratory ,亦可译为Unit 。
系、教研室及科、室⼀般均可译为Department 。
分⼦寄⽣⾍学研究室 Molecular Parasitology Unit. ? ⽣物技术教研室 Department of Biotechnology ? 微⽣物学教研室Department of Microbiology
⼆、本科毕业论⽂英⽂摘要撰写
(⼀)摘要的种类、结构
⼀篇论⽂的摘要在本质上就是⼀篇浓缩的论⽂,它是作者对研究过程、研究⽬的、
研究⽅法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括,其结构与论⽂的主体结构相对应。
摘要的种类与结构:信息性摘要和指⽰性摘要。
当今绝⼤部分的科技期刊和会议论
⽂都要求作者提供信息性摘要。
1、指⽰性摘要(Indicative Abstract ,Descriptive Abstract )
指⽰性摘要即介绍性摘要,指⽰性⽂摘仅指出⽂献的综合内容,适⽤于综述性⽂献、
图书介绍及编辑加⼯过的专著等。
⼀般为100-150 words 为宜。
2、信息性(报道性)摘要(Informative Abstract )
信息性摘要即报道性摘要,也称资料性摘要,它是原⽂内容要点的具体总结,主要
由⽬的、⽅法、结果和结论(四个要素)组成。
(1)研究的⽬的(Objective or Purpose ):主要说明作者写此⽂章的⽬的,或说明本⽂主要解决的问题。
(2)研究的过程与采⽤的⽅法(Process and Method ):主要说明作者主要⼯作过程及所⽤的⽅法,包括条件、使⽤的主要设备和仪器。
(3)结果(Results or Findings ):作者在此⼯作过程最后得出的结果和发现。
(4)结论(Conclusion ):这⾥指的是结果的分析、研究、⽐较、评价、应⽤范围和应⽤情况以及存在的问题等。
有的摘要的第⼀部分还包括背景介绍(Background )。
实际上,信息性摘要是论⽂
的⾼度浓缩,相当于论⽂的简介或概要。
本科毕业论⽂的摘要属于信息性摘要。
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中⽂摘要应简洁明确,⽽英⽂摘要则可⽐中⽂摘要详尽些,内容上不必完全对应。
字数要求250 words 左右。
关键词(Key Words)作为摘要的⼀个有机组成部份⼀般是紧随摘要之后⽽排列。
关键
词⼀般以3-6个为宜,是⽂献检索所必需的。
有的杂志也规定关键词的最多个数。
(⼆)摘要的⽂体要求
本科毕业论⽂的摘要撰写应遵循准确、简明、清楚、完整的原则。
? 准确是指内容上要忠实于原⽂。
简明是摘要⽂体的⼀个重要特征。
在英⽂摘要中要使⽤正规英语、标准术语,避免
使⽤缩写词汇,也不能使⽤图表和表格。
清楚是指使⽤简洁的正规英语将论⽂的论题、实验⽅法、试验结果、结论等⽤有限
的字数表达出来,做到不遗漏、不重复、不带有感情⾊彩和意义不确定的词语,也不使⽤祈使句或感叹句。
摘要的内容要完整,在摘要中应说明论⽂的主要内容,不能使⽤论⽂的导⾔来代替
摘要的内容。
(三)摘要的撰写 1、撰写步骤:
(1)以写摘要为⽬的,阅读全⽂,拟定草稿。
找出引⾔部分的⽬的和讨论部分的结论;
找出⽅法部分包含的关键词的信息,并将其精简为关键词和短语,使之⾜以确定论
⽂所⽤的⽅法;
找出讨论部分或结果部分的结果;
根据以上信息,写出⼀个摘要的草稿。
(2)以准确简练为⽬的,修改草稿。
检查摘要的4要素(⽬的、⽅法、结果和结论)是否齐全,补充忽略掉的重要信息;
重新组织第⼀个句⼦,可以⽤ “this paper”或“this study”开头,使之以论⽂中的新
信息(⽽⾮概括性的主题)开头;
添加适当的过渡词语,改进段落与各句之间的过渡或转折关系,使之成为有机的整
体,提⾼可读性;
校订准确性,以确保数据、量、值、符号等与正⽂中的⼀致。
修订在英语语法、单
词拼写和标点符号中出现的错误。
2、摘要⾸句的撰写
许多摘要在⼀开始的引⾔(introduction )部分对论题提出的背景(background )作
以介绍。
但⼀般的背景信息对于类似研究的论⽂是相同的,同⼀学科的论⽂摘要含有相同的背景信息,所以,当摘要过长时,背景介绍可以写得短些。
摘要的⾸句可以从陈述研究的⽬的(subject or object )开始,⽤“this paper ,”“this
study ,”“this research”引出介绍。
摘要中表⽰研究⽬的的常⽤句型如下:
(1) The (primary) purpose of this study (paper) was to… 本研究(本⽂)的(主要)⽬的是…… (2) The object (aim) of this study (the present research ) was to… 本研究旨在……
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(3) This (The present) study was designed (undertaken) to…本研究旨在……
(4) In this study, an attempt was made to (attempts were made to)… 在本研究中,我们试图……
(5) We (the authors) conducted a study to… 为了…我们进⾏了研究 (6) To determine…,we studied… 为了确定…,我们研究了…
(7)In an attempt to…, in an effort to…或in order to…, we carried out a pilot study… 为了…, 我们进⾏了…的初步研究
表⽰⽬的的常⽤动词有:
evaluate(评价), examine(检查, 观察), determine(确定, 查明), elucidate(阐明), explore(探索), test(测试),
compare(⽐较), estimate(评估), assess(估价), investigate(调查)等。
This paper will explore the relationship between embryonic stem cell research and
the moral implications.
本⽂将探讨胚胎⼲细胞的研究和伦理道德意义之间的关系。
The object of this paper is to focus on key systems for the retail chain customer; to
define what the customer is looking for; and to describe each system in detail.
本⽂⽬的是专注于零售连锁客户的关键系统,定义什么是正在寻找的客户;描述每个系统的细节。
3、摘要中表⽰研究⽅法与结果部分的撰写
研究的过程与⽅法这部分内容依赖于论⽂的创新性和重要性,重点是介绍新的重要
材料与⽅法:新设备、新程序、新化合物、新分析⽅法以及对⽼设备程序分析⽅法的改进等等。
结果是研究同⾏最关注的部分,因⽽结果部分常常占摘要的主要部分。
?
1) 表⽰研究⽅法的常⽤句型如下: (1) The method used in our study is… 我们的研究使⽤的⽅法是…… (2) The technique we have applied is… 我们使⽤的技术是……
(3) The procedure can be briefly described as… 这⼀步骤可以概括描述为……
(4) The experiment, consisted of three steps, is described in… 这⼀试验有三个步骤, 在……给以描述
(5) The fundamental features of this theory are as follows… 这⼀理论的基本特征如下……
(6) Using…(technique), we studied… 我们⽤…(技术)研究了… (7) Using…, it was found that… (我们)⽤…发现了… (8) …was (were) measured using… (我们)⽤…测定了…
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(9)…was (were) analyzed (reviewed) by… (我们)⽤…分析(回顾)了… (10)…was (were) treated with… (我们)⽤…治疗了 (11)…measurements were made of… 测定了…
常⽤的动词还有:
study, measure, determine, investigate, isolate, demonstrate, examine, identify 等。
表⽰分组的句型(主语通常为subjects, animals)
(1)…were randomly divided (grouped) into…groups … 被随机分成…组
(2)…were separated into…groups based on… 根据…,将…分成…组
(3)The groups were as follows: 分组如下:
2) 表⽰研究结果的常⽤句型如下: A ⼀般句型
(1) The results showed (demonstrated) that… 结果表明…
(2) It was found that… (我们)发现…
(3) It was observed that… (我们)观察到…
第(2)和(3)句也可改为第⼀⼈称:We found that…和We observed that…。
B 增加或减少
(1)…decreased by(40%)…降低(40%)…
(2)…(a 70%) reduction in…was observed …观察到…降低(70%) (3)There was a(15%) elevation in……增⾼(15%)
(4)…resulted in (a marked) increase in… …导致…(明显)增⾼
(5)…was lowered from…to… …从…下降到… 表达增加或减少的常⽤动词还有rise, raise, decline, drop, fall, lower 等。
可⽤by 表⽰是净增减的数或倍数, 例如“…increase by 40%”, 表⽰“增加40%”; ⽽to 表⽰增加或减少到某个具体数值。
C 相关与差别
(1) There was a significant linear correlation between…and… …与…有显著的线性相关性 (2)…showed no strong correlation between…and… …显⽰…与…⽆密切相关性 (3)…correlated positively with… …与…呈正相关
(4) A negative correlation was found between…and… 发现…与…呈负相关
(5) There was (were) (no) significant difference(s) or (No) significant difference(s) was found (observed) between…and… …与…之间…(⽆)有显著差别 P value P 值(需写出具体数字) (6)…was closely related to… …与…密切相关
表⽰相互关系的常⽤词: relationship(关系), association(联系), regression(回归)
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D 表⽰改善或保持
(1)…demonstrated a significant improvement in… …⽅⾯呈明显改善 (2)…values returned to (before) levels …值恢复到(之前)⽔平 (3)…remained at a mean of… …保持在…平均值⽔平
4、结论部分的撰写
In view of the above, it is concluded that the impact of any measure on the situation
of the chemical industry is not likely to be significant.
鉴于上述情况,得出这样的结论,任何标准衡量化学⼯业情况的影响不⼤。
The study suggests that playing sports, socializing, going to museums or art
performances, cooking, sewing, and playing computer games all have little impact on career.
A 常⽤提⽰句型
(1) These results suggest that…结果提⽰…
(2) These findings indicate that… 这些发现表明…
(3) The data (study) show the need for… 数据(研究)表明需要… (4) The results support the concept that… 结果⽀持…的概念
(5) Our observations confirm that… 我们的观察证实… imply(提⽰), demonstrate(证明)和illustrate(说明)
B 做出结论或建议
(1) We conclude that… 我们的结论是… (2) We suggest that…我们建议… (3) We believe that… 我们认为… (4) We postulate that…我们设想… (5) It is concluded that… 结论是…
(6) It is suggested (proposed) that… 结果提⽰…,建议…(虚拟语⽓) (7) It is recommended that… 建议…
(8) It is estimated that… 估计… …is (are) suggested (recommended) …propose …as
C 表⽰⼀致性
(1) These results accord with… 结果与…⼀致
(2) The results are concordant with…结果与…⼀致 (3) The results agree well with…结果与…⼀致 be consistent with, in accordance with(…与…⼀致) to parallel(与…相平⾏)
D 结果转向结论
(1) Thus, therefore, hence …因此,… (2) In conclusion.…最后, …
(3) From this study, we conclude that…根据本项研究,我们的结论是…
(4) These findings, coupled with the observation that…, suggest that…这些发现连同对…的观察结果⼀起,提⽰…
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(5) In the light of this experience we therefore conclude that… 根据这个经验,我们得出…的结论
E 表达今后⽅向
(1) The mechanisms by which…remain to be investigated 关于…的机制仍需研究 (2) Further studies are necessary to (evaluate)… 有必要进⼀步研究, 以(评价)…
5、语态和时态1)语态
学术论⽂的英⽂摘要主要是说明事实,被动语态使⽤较多。
但由于主动语态⽐被动
语态语感强,表达有⼒,可能情况下可尽量使⽤。
但是,由于摘要⼀般很短,尽量不要混⽤各种语态,特别不要在⼀个句⼦中混⽤语
态。
在论⽂英⽂摘要中需要表达“我”或“我们”这⼀要求时,可作如下处理: (1) ⽤第⼀⼈称复数we 来表⽰“我们”这⼀概念。
- Our experience with the large-scale purification of recombinant proteins was helpful in developing efficient methods for the recovery of relatively dilute antibody from the harvest culture fluid.
(2) ⽤the author 代表“我”“作者”,⽤the authors 代表“我们”“作者们”。
- The authors review risk and protective factors for drug abuse, asses a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups, and make recommendations for research and practice.
⽤不带动作执⾏者的被动语态来表达动作执⾏者是作者本⼈,这⼀结构尤为常⽤。
Studies of nutritional requirements for the growth of higher plant cells in suspension culture were carried out in this work.
2)时态
(1)介绍背景资料时,如果句⼦的内容为不受时间影响的普遍事实,应使⽤现在时。
如果句⼦的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述,则使⽤现在完成时。
(2)在叙述研究⽬的或主要研究活动时,⼀般多如果采⽤“研究导向”,则多使⽤过去时(如:We investigated…)。
(3)介绍研究过程中所进⾏的活动,介绍研究的⽅法和结果时,⼀般都⽤过去时态。
这是因为作者在撰写论⽂时,研究⼯作业已结束,研究过程中所作的⼀切已成为过去,即“研究导向”。
(4)介绍本⽂的内容⼀般⽤现在时。
介绍作者的结论,提出的建议或讨论时要⽤⼀般现在时,因为科学的结论往往具有普遍真理的性质。
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(四)范⽂讲解
标题:外源性前列腺素F2a 对产后⽜⽣育⼒的影响
Title: Effect of exogenous prostaglandin F2a on Fertility of postpartum cows
(⽬的和⽅法)本实验⽤25mg 前列腺素F2a 给产后6h 内的20头奶⽜肌⾁注射,借以研究前列腺素F2a 对产后⽜⽣育⼒的影响。
Twenty-five mg (25 mg) of Prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) was injected intramuscularly to each of the 20 dairy cows within 6 hours after calving , which is to study (investigate) the effect of PGF2a on fertility of postpartum cows.
(结果)和对照组相⽐,注射PGF2a 的⽜,从分娩到⼦宫复旧,以及从分娩到再妊娠的间隔时间都缩短。
The cows with PGF2a injections had shorter intervals both from calving to involution of uterus and to the subsequent (following) conception (pregnancy) as compared with the control group.
Comparing with the control group ,…
(结论)本研究表明,25mg 外源性PGF2a 能提⾼产后⽜的繁殖⼒。
Results suggest that 25mg of exogenous PGF2a can improve the fertility of the postpartum cow.
In conclusion.…
From this study, we conclude that…
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The Study on Cattle × Yak in vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer
Sun Yong-gang, Xu Jing-tao, Cairang Dong-zhi, Ma Zhi-jie
Qinhai Provincial Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, 810086)
Abstract: The study is aim to explore the efficience of in vitro fertilization and embryo development of the cattle-yak. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of in vitro maturation time, oocyte grades, different treatment methods of the semen, in vitro culture system and embryo vitality and development after freezing and thawing on in vitro fertilization (IVF) cattle x yak. Cleavage rate with BO fluid washing centrifugal process group is significantly higher than that of that of Percoll group, but (there were) no significant differences on the blastocyst rate. Two kings of IVF cattle-yak embryos (cattle ♀x yak
♂vs. yak ♀x cattle ♂) co-culture with oviductal epithealial cells, cumulus cells and SOF medium and there was no significant difference in cleavage rate, but blastocyst rate and hatched blastocyst rate of co-culture group were significantly higher than that of SOF medium group. The rate of normal morphology embryo (90.52%±5.94% vs .91.53%±7.34%), survial rate within 24h (61.45 %±8.44%vs .64.72%±11.82%) or 48h (44.81%±6.21
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%vs .48.47%±10.04%) of the embryos after thawing was no significant difference. IVF embryos (cattle ♀×yak ♂) were transplanted into 4 yellow cattle and 3 yaks when they are in natural estrus. 4 bovines were pregnant, and calved. The pregancy rates were 57.14%, and the length of average pregancy was 258 days.
Key words: in vitro maturation(IVM), heterologous fertilization; cattle ×yak embryo ;embryo transplantation
(五)本科毕业论⽂英⽂摘要常⽤句型(⾃学)
Group 1-12
句型中斜线连接的词是可以替换的同义词或近义词,使⽤时应从中选取⼀词。
以下
同,不再说明。
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