Unit_6_新视野大学英语教案

Unit_6_新视野⼤学英语教案Teaching Plan for Unit 6 Course：College English
Section A The Trashman
I. Warm-up Activity
1. Topic Discussion
i.Student’s Discussion
1)Why did the man enjoy doing the work of collecting garbage?
Because it was good exercise, and it wasn’t as dirty as he had expected.
ii.Teacher’s Summary
Ever since ancient times, human beings have learned how to deal with large amount of garbage in urban areas. As early as the second century BC, Chinese had established a workforce that gathered garbage in its major cities. In the United States, Benjamin Franklin was the first to implement sanitation services
in the form of street cleaning and some trash removal during the 1700s in
Philadelphia. Today, most governments in the world manage their own waste
management services. The employees who collect garbage are called trashman.
The writer, finally, concludes that society should have respected for both
economist and trashmen; otherwise, they will both leave garbage behind.
2. Questions on the Topic and the Passage
1) Why did the man take the work picking up garbage?
He took the work for money.
2)What did the trashman think he should do when he made the rounds on
Saturday?
He thought there would be more exchanges between him and the people he
offers service.
3)How did people respond in most cases when the trashman said hello to
them?
Most often they either said nothing or stared at him in surprise.
4)How did the trashman think of his job later?
He thought his job was as necessary as that of a police officer or a fire fighter.
5)Why did the trashman change his mind to stay at the job?
Because he thought the job was good for him and necessary for people.
II. Background Information
1. I.Q.stands for intelligence quotient. Intelligence refers to how effective one’s mental ability is, including the abilities to understand, learn, recall, think and reason. Quotient is the figure that results when one quantity is divided by another. The IQ or intelligence quotient is the score that results when a person takes an established test of short tasks designed to measure mental ability. The score at age level or mental age compared to the actual age gives the IQ score. An average IQ score is 100. IQ scores may range from a low of 40 to a high of 160 resulting in the terms low or high intelligence.
2.John William Gardner, (October 8, 1912–February 16, 2002), President of the Carnegie
Corporation, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare under President Lyndon Johnson, was subsequently the founder of two influential national U.S. organizations, Common Cause and Independent Sector, as well as the author of numerous books on improving leadership in American society and other subjects. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964.
Gardner's term as Secretary of HEW was at the height of Johnson's Great Society Domestic agenda. During this tenure, the Department undertook both the huge task of launching Medicare, which brought quality health care to senior citizens, and oversaw a massive investment in education with the passage of the landmark Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 that redefined the federal role in education and targeted funding to poor students. Gardner also presided over the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. In 1970, Gardner created Common Cause, the first non-profit public interest group in the United States.
3. Brooklyn Dodgers: It is a name of one baseball team. In 1955, Brooklyn Dodgers won World Series against longtime rival New York Yankees. In 1957, Dodgers played their last game at Ebbets Field, and then left for California and became L.A. Dodgers.
4. Tashman: People can be especially sensitive about their work, especially if they believe their job is not respected by the society. Trashmen, also called garbagemen or garbage collectors, sometimes prefer to be called “sanitation engineers‖ or
―environmental engineers”. These terms make their work seem more important.
III. Text Structure Analysis
The passage is a first person narrative in form of a diary about the experiences of being a trashman. It is made up of four parts.
Part One (Para 1-3): The introduction. Paragraph 1 tells us who they are and what kind of work they are doing. Paragraph 2 introduces collecting trash as a dull job; Paragraph 3 is what the trashman has thought about the greetings they would receive from the people they serve for.
Part Two (Para 4-11): What the writer and Steve experienced during their exchanges with the local people. Paragraphs 4 to 6 are about what the writer encountered when he greeted other people. He was shocked by the way people responded to his warm greetings.
Here the writer lists some examples to prove his point. Paragraphs 7 to 11 are about what Steve felt about people’s responses to them. More examples are provided to show that people treat trashmen as monsters and look down on them. Parents even tell their children to stay away from trashmen because they think trashmen are dirty.
Part Three (Para 12-13): In this part, the writer explains his attitude in face of the cold responses from the people they served. He will continue to work as a trashman as he thinks that the exercise is great and that he is becoming better at it. He will also continue to greet the people he meets during his work. In addition, he believes he is making his country cleaner every day. .
Part Four (Para 14): By quoting John Gardner, the writer comes to a conclusion that trashmen are important just as economists and that trashmen and economists deserve equal respect from the society.
(Turn to page 141 and do the exercise 11. Now fill in the same kind of chart for paragraph eight and nine, identifying the general statements and the examples to support it.)
IV. Structured Writing
A Paragraph of a General Statement Supported by Examples
The passage is a first person narrative in form of a diary about the experiences of being a trashman. The writer uses examples to illustrate his statements or viewpoints. Exemplification is one of the common ways to support one’s viewpoints/ideas, etc. We have Paragraphs 5 and 6 as a sample of exemplification.
V. Detailed Study of the Text
i. Words & Phrases Study
1. trash: n.waste matter; rubbish垃圾，废物
Now it is a common problem for most big cities how to dispose of their trash properly.
现在，如何妥善处理垃圾的问题成为⼤部分⼤城市的共同难题。

In American English, the words trash and garbage are most commonly used to refer to waste material that is thrown away. 在美国英语中，trash 和garbage 最常⽤来指丢弃的废物。

[扩展] trashman n. 垃圾清运⼯
2. haul: vt. pull or move sth. from one place to another （硬）拖，拉；拖运
A crane had to be used to haul the car out the stream.必须⽤吊车把汽车拉出⼩河。

So many American high officials have pledged to haul Ben Laden into the court. 这么多美国⾼官都已发誓要把本拉登送上法
庭。

3. solid: adj. without breaks, continuous 连续不断的，⽆间断的
He waited three solid hours before Sophie came. 他等了整整三⼩时，索⾮亚才来。

The solid shots of firecrackers split the dead night. 连续不断的爆⽵声撕碎了深夜的宁静。

For the next two hours they worked solidly on his new song.接下来的两个⼩时他们⼀直在为他创作新歌。

3. continuous adj. happening or existing without stopping 连续的，不断的
The continuous rain ruined our holiday and we had to work out a new plan. 淫⾬把我们的假⽇，我们必须重新制定计划。

A continuous stream of phone calls made her upset. ⼀连串不间断的电话搞得她⼼
烦意乱。

[同义辨析] continuous, continual, constant
这组词汇都是形容词，有―连续的‖，―持续不断的‖的意思，但在⽤法上有区别。

continuous 语⽓最强，指连续发⽣，没有中断，但可能持续⼀段时间后才停下来；
也可指空间的连绵不断⽽成⼀⽚。

Everything in the universe undergoes continuous development and change. 宇宙万物不断发展和变化。

The road lay ahead of him, a continuous grey.⼀条灰⽩的⼩路展现在他的⾯前，⼀眼望不到头。

A continuous beach is exposed to the continual beating of the waves. 连绵不断的海岸经受着波浪的频繁冲击。

continual 在相当长的⼀段时期内某事多次发⽣，―时断时续‖，经常重复。

The continual trouble on the frontier has brought great disasters to the two peoples. 边界上屡露出事，给两国⼈民带来了巨⼤灾难。

There have been continual demands to cut
the costs on college education.⼀直有⼈要求消减⼤学教育的费⽤。

constant 可⽤来指某事以同样的⽅式不断出现，⽽在性质上、程度上缺乏变化，―时常发⽣‖。

The signals go to and fro at a very high but almost constant speed. 信号传送速度很快，但稳定不变。

Three days of constant work made us tired. 三天不间断的劳动使我们都累了。

4. wicked adj. extremely bad or evil 极坏的，邪恶的
She described the shooting as a wicked attack. 她认为枪击是邪恶的攻击。

The wicked weather in the earthquake-struck region made the rescue work extremely difficult.地震灾区的恶劣天⽓使得救援⼯作极其困难。

5. occasion n.
1) a time when something happens 时刻，时候
There are occasions when you must not refuse. 有时候你绝对不能拒绝。

I can’t recall the occasion, but I’ve met her before. 我以前碰到过她，但记不起来是
在什么场合。

2）an important event, ceremony, or celebration 重⼤活动（仪式），盛会The Olympic Opening is definitely an important social occasion.⽆疑，奥运会开幕式是⼀次重要的社交聚会。

3）an opportunity for doing something 机会
The Spring Festival is an occasion for all the family to reunion.春节可是全家⼈团圆的好时机。

The girls valued this nature study as an occasion for lazy walk and idle picnics. 姑娘们可把这次博物课看作懒散信步，轻松野餐的好机会。

[扩展] occasional adj. 偶然的，并⾮经常的
occasionally adv. 偶然；偶尔
on occasion 有时
[同义辨析] occasion, chance, opportunity
三个词汇都表⽰―机会‖，―机遇‖，但各词都有其侧重点。

occasion 属⼀般⽤语，指社交活动的时机合适，着重某个明确的时机所提供的―良机‖，如节⽇、盛典等。

The nation flag are hung out on suitable occasion. 在适当的时候，国旗会悬挂起来。

On the occasion of the Spring Festival, may you enjoy health, happiness and every success！值此春节之际，谨祝您健康、幸福、万事如意！6.tremble vi. shake slightly 颤抖，发抖
She trembled continuously as she went into the dark house in the woods.她⾛进林中⿊漆漆的房⼦，⼀直颤抖着。

He felt the earth tremble under him. 他感觉到脚底下在摇晃。

The old lady’s hands trembled as she produced her passport. ⽼太太出⽰护照的时候两⼿颤颤微微。

[同义辨析] tremble, shake, quiver, shiver
tremble 指⼀种不能控制的、轻微的、快速的、连续不断的颤抖，可以指⼈因寒冷、愤怒、恐惧等引起的⾝体、声⾳振颤，发抖。

Her voice was trembling with anger.
由于愤怒，她讲话时声⾳颤抖起来。

The boy trembled with fear when he saw the bear.
那男孩看到熊时吓得直抖。

shake 是常⽤词，指任何⼀种剧烈的、不规则的摇动，可以指⼈由于感情激动、寒冷、惧怕⽽⾝体颤抖。

Every once in a while in some part of the world or another the ground suddenly shakes. 每隔⼀段时间，在世界上的某个地区，⼤地会突然发⽣震动。

She shook sand out of her shoes after walking across the sand.她⾛过沙滩后，抖
掉了鞋⼦⾥的沙⼦。

quiver 指类似琴弦震动那样不易察觉的抖动，较快速，可指⼈由于激动或兴奋⽽颤抖。

He tried to steady his fingers, but they quivered uncontrollably.他想稳住⼿指，可它们不听使唤，还在颤抖。

The leaves quivered in the breeze. 树叶在微风中抖动。

shiver 指⾃主的肌⾁颤抖，短暂⽽轻微，尤其是指因为体弱多病、寒冷、惧怕引起的颤抖。

常和with, at等搭配。

She shivered at the thought of going into the dark house alone.想到要独⾃⾛进那⿊房⼦，她不寒⽽栗。

He was shivering with his face white, and he walked slowly as though it ached to move.他全⾝哆嗦，脸⾊苍⽩，步履缓慢，好像⼀动就会引起疼痛。

7. dump: vt. drop carelessly, throw away 倾倒
Just dump everything useless over there. I'll sort it out later. 先把没⽤的东西都堆在那边，我等会⼉再整理。

The truck dumped its load of sand on the driveway. 卡车将沙⼦卸在车道上
8. route n. a way from one place to another 路线
The police have cut off all the escape routes from the city and they will capture the suspect soon.警察已经切断这座城市的所有逃跑路线，他们很快就会捕获嫌疑⼈。

My son has a newspaper route. He delivers the morning paper. 我⼉⼦有划定的送报区域，他送晨报。

[扩展] routine n. ⽇常⼯作，例⾏公事，惯例；⽼⼀套
He started the daily routine at once when he entered the office. ⼀进办公室，他就照常⼯作。

Don’t give me that brotherly-love routine. 别跟我奢谈兄弟般情谊的⽼话。

9. exchange: n.a short conversation 交谈
The boy would wait quietly when his mother makes exchanges with neighbors. 妈妈和邻居交谈的时候，这⼩男孩能静静等待。

Congressional exchanges are sometimes angry and heated. 国会辩论有时怒⽓冲冲，⾔词激烈。

He became involved in an ugly exchange with Simon. 他和西蒙⼤吵了⼀场。

10. outdoors: adv. outside; in the open air 在户外；在野外
It is good to you to do some exercise outdoors in the fresh air. 在室外运动运动，呼吸新鲜空⽓，对你有好处。

It was warm enough to be outdoors all afternoon. 天⽓很暖和，在外⾯呆⼀下午也没关系。

11. approach
1) v. come near 靠近，接近
Something approaching intergeneration warfare could break out. 有可能爆发某种类似⾮同代⼈之间⽃争的冲突。

As winter approaches the weather is becoming colder.冬天渐进，天⽓冷起来了。

2) n. way, path, road 道路，通道；⽅法
All the approaches to the Palace were guarded by soldiers. 所有通往王宫的道路都有⼠兵把守。

We can see two basic approaches to the problem: positive or negative.我们发现有解决这个问题的两种基本⽅式：要么积极的，要么消极的。

[扩展] approachable adj. of the quality to be approached 可接近的，和蔼的The house on the mountain is approachable only on foot. ⼭上的那座房⼦只能靠步⾏才能到达。

She impressed us with her modest and approachable manner. 她谦虚和蔼的态度给我们印象深刻。

12.lengthy: adj. too long 冗长的
They solved the problems after several lengthy talks. ⼏经长时间交谈，他们才解决了问题。

His answer fell into a lengthy explanation. 他的回答演变成了冗长的解释。

13.civilize vt. make somebody behave in a more polite way 使有教养，使⽂明
What does the play do to civilize the audience? 这出戏如何教化观众？
Columbus discovered the New World while the Puritans civilized the continent. 哥伦布发现新⼤陆，清教徒在那传播⽂明。

The rough husband has been civilized by his wife. 粗鲁的丈夫已由妻⼦教育得⽂雅了。

14. case: n. a situation that exists 事实；事例；情景
The reporter offered a series of concrete cases to make him understood. 报告⼈列举了系列实例，让⼤家明⽩他的意思
He is lying! Actually, that is not the case. 他撒谎！事实不是那样的。

[扩展] in case of 如果
in any case 不管怎样
15. register v.
1) realize or notice something 意识到；注意到
Her beauty was registered much in the guests’ memory at the party. 她的美貌给晚会的宾客印象深刻。

He told me he was married but I'm afraid it didn't register. 他告诉我他已经结婚了, 不过我想当时我并未把这事记在⼼上。

2) put one’s name on a list 登记，注册，记录
I have registered three English classes for next term. 下学期我已注册选读三门英
语课。

Foreign visitors must with the state officials on entering the country. 外国旅客⼀⼊境就必须办理登记。

16. normal adj. in agreement with what is representative, usual, regular 正常的
It demands great wits to maintain normal diplomatic relations between powers in this complicated situation. 在如此复杂的形势下，要维持⼤国间的正常外交关系需要⼤智慧。

She braced herself to lead a normal life. 她振作起来去过正常⽣活。

He received four years of normal education at college. 他在⼤学受了四年正规教育。

[扩展] abnormal adj.畸形的
17. human adj. having, showing the qualities that distinguish man 有⼈性的，有⼈情味
的
His cruelty suggests that he is less than human. 他的残忍表明他缺乏⼈性。

To err is human. 犯错误，⼈皆难免。

（凡夫俗⼦，孰能⽆过。

）
18. response n.
1) answer 回答，回应，回复
My letter of inquiry brought no response. 我的询问信始终没有回⾳。

The teacher made a quick response to the inquiry from the freshmen. ⽼师很快就回复了新⽣们的咨询。

2）reaction 反应
Mary’s appeal to her pity met with no/little/some response. 玛丽向她求情，可她没有（很少、有点）反应。

My words called forth no response in the students’ breast. 我的话没在学⽣⼼⾥产⽣反应。

[扩展] respond v.回答，作答，答复，回应
responsible adj.应负责任的，有责任的
responsibility n. 责任，职责，任务
19. startle vt. give a shock of surprise to; cause to move or jump：使惊愕，使吃惊
She was startled to see him looking so ill. 看到他病倒这地步，她⼤为震惊。

I yelled in my dream, which startled my roommate out of his sleep. 我梦中的喊叫
声惊醒了同屋伙伴。

20. tight adj. fastened, fixed, fitting, held, closely 紧的
I can’t get the cork out of the bottle—It’s too tight.我拔不出瓶塞，太紧了。

These shoes are so tight that they hurt. 这鞋太紧，挤脚。

21.retreat vt. & n.
vt. move back or away后退；撤离
The enemy was in full retreat on the west bank of the river. 敌⼈在西线全部放弃。

He retreated to the kitchen to consider their quarrel. 他躲进厨房，思考他们的争吵。

n. the act of retreating 后退，撤离
The French., suddenly outnumbered, were forced to retreat from Russia. 由于敌军突然超过⾃⼰，法军被迫撤离俄罗斯。

22. peculiar adj.
1) strange，often in an unpleasant way 奇怪的，罕见的
That man seems a little peculiar but his wife approachable. 那位男⼦怪怪的，⽽他妻⼦和蔼可亲。

We got surprised at his peculiar behavior on this occasion. 我们对他在这个场合的古怪举⽌感到惊讶。

2）typical of a particular person, place, etc. 独特的，奇异的，别样的
Everyone should respect others’ customs, especially those peculiar to them.⼈⼈应当尊重别⼈的风俗，特别是他们感到奇特的。

The peculiar value of the book attracts me. 这本书的独特价值吸引了我。

[同义辨析] peculiar, particular
peculiar 强调特点与众不同，在同类事物中与其它相异⽽⼜⾮同寻常。

Language is peculiar to mankind.语⾔是⼈类特有的。

I prefer the peculiar taste of the wine. It is unique。

我⽐较喜欢这酒特有的⽓味，独⼀⽆⼆。

particular 着重指事物作为个体所具有的不同点或差别，即其它事物所不具备的特点、特征。

There was nothing in the letter of particular importance. 信⾥没什么特别重要的内容。

I went along thinking of nothing in particular, only looking at things around me. (2004年六⽉四级真题）我⼀路⾛着，什么也没想，只是看着周围的事物。

23. rage
1）v. shout angrily at someone ⼤怒，怒吼
He began to rage against his bad luck.他开始为⾃⼰的霉运⽽恼⽕。

He raged and fumed against me for not letting him have his own way. 他对我怒吼是因为我没让他⾃⾏其道。

2）n. violent, uncontrollable anger 愤怒
He flew into a rage when he heard that his son had disobeyed the teacher’s instructions. 听说⼉⼦不听⽼师的教导，他⼤发雷霆。

He is beside himself with rage. 他⽓得要发疯了。

In his rage at being publicly punished, he broke the boss’s favorite vase. 当众被罚，他怒不可遏，就把⽼板⼼爱的花瓶给砸了。

24. spontaneous adj. happening by itself without being planned ⾃发的；即时的
I joined in the spontaneous applause, at the sight of the performer. 看到那位演员，
我也不由⾃主地⿎掌。

Can you offer a spontaneous answer to the questions in class? 课堂上你对⽼师的问题能脱⼝⽽出地回答吗？
25. ashamed adj. feeling embarrassed or guilty 惭愧的；羞愧的；害臊的
I felt incredibly ashamed of myself for getting so angry. 为⾃个⼤发脾⽓，为此我感
到⽆地⾃容。

Women are often ashamed to admit they are being abused. 妇⼥往往羞于承认⾃⼰在遭受虐待。

She was ashamed that she looked so shabby. 她⾐衫褴褛，感到不好意思。

26. boast v. speak too proud ly about one’s abilities, achievements, etc. 夸⼝，吹嘘
It is bad to do evil, but worse to boast of it. 作恶是坏事，扬恶恶更甚。

He boasted that he had never had a serious illness. 他⾃夸从未得过⼤病。

A fishing village 30 years ago, it now boats 150 major hotels. 那地⽅30年前还是
27. yell v. shout ⼤喊，⼤叫
She yelled out for help, but no one came. 她⼤喊求救，可⼀个⼈也没来。

Happily，they yelled goodbye to each other after the party. 开完晚会，他们⾮常⾼兴，相互⾼声喊着再见。

Will you boys stop yelling your heads off just outside my window! 嗨，⼩伙⼦，别在我窗外那么⼤喊⼤叫的！
28. sympathy n. sharing the feelings of others, feeling pity and tenderness 同情，怜悯；
同感；赞赏；同情⼼
I have some sympathy with their views. 我对他们的意见略有同感。

She had very little help from doctors and no sympathy whatsoever. 她没有得到医⽣的⼀点点帮助和丝毫同情。

We expressed our sympathy for her loss. 我们对她的失利表⽰同情。

She began to feel sympathy for the slightly mysterious man.她开始同情起这位有些神秘的男⼦。

29. original adj.
1) first; earliest 原先的，最初的
The original inhabitants of the Americas have restored the house to its original condition. 美洲的原著民已把房⼦恢复到原先的样⼦。

The police has began to carry out the original investigation. 警⽅已展开初步调查。

2) new and different 新颖的，与众不同的
His daring and original idea won the valuable support from those experts. 他的主意⼤胆⽽新颖，赢得专家们的宝贵⽀持。

The inventor had an original mind. 那个发明家具有创新思维。

[扩展] originally adv. 起初；原来；独创性；新颖性
origin n. 起源；源头；由来
30. employment: n. paid work 职业；⼯作；就业
He was thrown out of employment recently and got depressed. 他新近被解雇了，精神不振。

Now it is a thorny issue how to increase the employment of college educators. 如何提⾼⼤学⽣的就业可是个棘⼿的问题。

[扩展] employ v. 雇佣；使⽤
unemployed adj. 未⽤的；没⼯作的
unemployment n. 失业
31. sore: adj. (of a part of the body) tender and painful; hurting when touched or used (⾝体
的某部位)敏感⽽痛的；疼痛的
My sore throat demands me not to speak much today. 我嗓⼦疼，今天不能多讲。

Have you also got something suitable for sore lips? 你们有什么给嘴唇肿痛的药吗？
32. contrary: adj. opposite相反的
I found them in tears contrary to my expectation. 我出乎意料地发现他们在哭。

The decision was contrary to my wishes. 决议与我的愿望相反。

[扩展] on the contrary 正相反
to the contrary 相反的
On the contrary, I have only just begun my work.正相反，我才刚刚开始⼲活。

If you don’t hear to the contrary, I’ll visit you on Tuesday. 如果没有另外通知，
我就在星期⼆去看你。

33. harm
1) n. damage or hurt 伤害，损害
Her film was a complete failure, and this did her reputation a lot of harm. 她这部电影是彻底的失败了, 使她的名声受到很⼤的损害。

He means no harm by saying what he thinks. 他说出⾃⼰的想法，并⽆什么恶意。

2）vt. hurt; cause damage to 损害，伤害
We have done nothing to harm you. 我们每做对不起你的事。

The national interest was gravely harmed by this attack. 这次攻击使国家利益受到严重损害。

[同义辨析] harm, hurt
harm 是通俗⼝语，带来疼痛或损失；可指⼈⾝⾁体的疼痛，也可指精神、道德或思想上的伤害。

There was an unexpected explosion in our street, but our building wasn’t harmed at all. 我们住的街道发⽣了⼀次意外爆炸事故，但我们的⼤楼却丝毫没有受损。

The captain of the guard seized six of the men and gave them to Guilliver but he did not harm them. 卫兵队长抓住了六个⼩⼈，交给了格⾥佛，⽽他却没有伤害他们。

hurt 常⽤于⼝语，主要是有⽣命的东西。

指⼈受伤时，⼀定要⽤被动式。

也可借指精神或感情上的伤害。

Many people were hurt when a bus and a truck collided.
⼀辆公共汽车和⼀辆卡车相撞，许多⼈受了伤。

Pardon me. I didn’t mean to hurt you.原谅我，我本⽆意伤害你。

34. frank: adj. open and direct in speech or manner 坦诚的，直率的
If you want my frank opinion, I don't think the plan will succeed. 你如果要我坦诚相告, 那么我认为这个计划不会成功。

A frank discussion can help to clear the air. 坦率的谈论有助于消除疑虑。

A frank sincerity and warm-heartedness welled from his music. ⼀种坦率真诚和
温暖⼈⼼的感情从他的⾳乐中奔涌⽽出。

[扩展] frankly adv. 坦诚地，直率地
Frankly, the design is far from perfect. 说实话，这个设计⽅案远够不上完美。

35.essential: adj.necessary, most important, indispensable 必不可少的, 绝对必要的;
⾮常重要的；本质的, 实质的, 基本的
Exercise, fresh air, clean water, and enough sleep are essential for life.运动、新鲜空⽓、净⽔、⾜够的睡眠对⽣命⾄关重要。

There are essential differences between the two. 这两者之间有本质的区别。

Without question, trade is essential to our growth. 毫⽆疑问，贸易对经济增长⾄为重要。

A good dictionary is essential to a language student. 对于学语⾔的学⽣来说，⼀部
好的词典是不可缺少的。

36. economist: n.a person who studies economics 经济学家
The growth speed of China in the last thirty years are beyond most economists’ expectation. 中国经济过去三⼗年的发展速度超出了绝⼤多数经济学家的预期。

The increasing army of the unemployed has attracted the attention of the economist.
不断增长的失业⼤军引起了这名经济学家的关注。

[扩展] economics n.经济学
economical adj.节约的，节俭的
economic adj.经济（学）的，有经济效益的
economy n. 经济体，经济制度；节约
37. head to: go to去；赶往
It is not clear how many of them will be heading back to Xi’an. 不清楚他们中间有多少⼈会掉头回西安。

That country is heading to a grave economic depression.那个国家正进⼊经济⼤萧条的通道。

38. fly by：pass quickly（时间）飞逝；飞过
When I settled down, forty minutes had flew by.当我静下⼼来，已经过去了四⼗分钟。

A bullet just flew by, but missed the president. ⼀颗⼦弹飞过，但没打中总统。

39. make the rounds: go around from one place to another 逐⼀巡查、访问
Every morning the doctors and the nurses come to make their rounds of the ward. 每天早上⼤夫和护⼠都要查病房。

The young widow makes the rounds to deliver milk and newspaper in the this quarter from 6 every morning. 每天早上六点，那位寡妇就开始在这⽚住宅区投放⽜奶和报纸。

40. go with: match, suit 匹配；相称
A yellow blouse goes with her blonde hair. 黄⾊短上⾐和她的⾦发很相称。

You don’t have to make your lipstick exactly go with your outfit.你不必使你的⼝红颜⾊完全同套装相配。

41. at the sound of: as soon as one hears⼀听到
At the sound of the horn, the villager lost his head.听到喇叭声，那位⽼乡不知所措。

At the sound of the key in the door, the boy dashed to the television and turned it off.
听到钥匙开门的声⾳，那男孩猛冲过去，关了电视。

42. nothing but: only 仅仅
He is nothing but a liar. Actually, that’s not the case. 他就是个骗⼦，情况根本就不是那样的。

They all thought that her expressions of grie f at her husband’s funeral w ere nothing but show. 他们都认为她在丈夫葬礼上的痛苦表情只是装装样。

43. go around: move or travel round (a place) 四处⾛动；绕道
The girl went around telling lies. We are already tired of her. 那⼥孩到处说谎, 我们已经讨厌她了。

Going around the corner, we were met by a cruelly cold wind. 过那拐⾓时，我们遭遇⼀股刺⾻寒风。

The quickest way to go around the city is by underground train. 绕过这座城市的最快办法就是乘坐地铁。

44. stay at: remain behind at 守护，坚守
I’ll stay at the bus stop while you go to see if there’s a bus coming. 你去看有没有车来，我就在公共汽车站等你。

Don’t you w ant to do something better with your life than just stay at home doing nothing? 你成天呆在家⾥⽆所事事，难道不想做点什么使⽣活更有意义？
The guard had orders to stay at his post whatever happened. 卫兵有命令在⾝：不管发⽣什么事，必须坚守岗位。

45. look down on: think that one is better or more important than someone else; overlook
看不起，瞧不起，看不上；俯瞰
You failed, but no one looked down on you as you tried. 你没成功，没⼈看不起你，因为你努⼒了。

When she married the boss, she looked down on the office girls she had worked with.
她嫁给⽼板后，就看不起曾和他共事的⼥职员了。

The church stands on a hill, looking down on the village. 教堂位于⼀座⼩⼭上, 俯瞰着村⼦。

From my study window I looked down on the bay. 从我书房的窗⼝，我可以俯瞰海湾。

46. be in for: be going to experience something unpleasant 必定会遭到; 定要受罚
Whoever breaks the school windows will be in for trouble! ⽆论谁打破了学校的窗⼦, 都要受罚。

It looks as if we are in for a big storm. 看来我们⼀定会碰上⼀场暴风⾬的。

47. hold water: be true or reasonable 真实的，经得起推敲的；令⼈信服的
Your views are absurd and don't hold water.你的看法荒唐，根本站不住。

The witnesses' conflicting stories held no water. 证⼈互相⽭盾的证词站不住脚。

48. call for: demand, ask for 呼吁，号召；需要
Many countries call for a new round of WTO talks. 许多国家倡导新⼀轮的世贸会谈。

More work doesn't necessarily call for more men. 增加⼯作不⼀定要增加⼈员。

49. leave behind: not take somebody or something when leaving a place 忘记带；留下；遗
留
The plane is about to leave, and I’ve left my ticket behind. 飞机要起飞了，我却没带票。

The wounded had to be left behind when the defeated army left the battlefield. 部队战败了，要撤离战场，伤员只能留下了。

The last government has left behind a terrible debt. 上届政府留下了⼀笔烂债。

ii. Language Points
1.Steve and I hauled trash for four solid hours continuously, except for about five
minutes when we stopped to talk. (Para. 1)
Meaning: Steve and I carried trash for four full hours without breaks, during which we only stopped to have a chat for about five minutes.
except for：It is used to introduce a fact that prevents a statement from being completely true or good.
Your essay is good except for some spelling mistakes. 你的⽂章很好只是有⼀些拼写错误。

The arrangement for the meeting has been made, except for a few loose ends. 会议已经安排就绪，只有少数零碎事需要扫尾。

2.My shoulder hurt wickedly each time I put another full barrel on it. (Para.1)
Meaning: Every time when I put another full barrel of trash on my shoulder, it hurt me badly.
each time: every time, when 每当
A photo’s taken each time that button is pushed. 每按⼀次按钮拍下⼀张照⽚。

Each time I traveled by boat, I got seasick. 我每次乘船都晕。

3.…but the rest of me said, “Go, trashman, go.” (Para. 2)
Meaning：… but my mind told me, ―Keep going, garbage man. Don’t stop.‖
4.Dump. Lift. Walk. Lift. Walk. (Para. 2)
Please notice the mechanic repetition is used to indicate the dullness of the work.
5.Saturday meant most adults were at home on the route. (Para. 3)
Meaning: On Saturdays most adults who live in the area where I picked up trash were at home.
6.I thought this might mean more exchanges as I made the rounds today. (Para 3)
Meaning: I thought their staying at home might provide more chances for exchanging greetings as I went around collecting trash from door to door today.
7.There wasn’t time for lengthy talks but enough to exchange gree tings that go with
civilized ways. (Para. 3)
Meaning: There was not enough time to talk for long, but enough time to exchange some warm greetings as to show you have good manners.
8.I said hello I quite a few yards before the message registered that this was n’t
normally done. (Para. 5)
Meaning: Before I understood that saying hello wasn’t something that was commonly done I said hello to many people.
“The message” here refers to “that this wasn’t normally done”. The response the greeted people made to his greetings helped him to understand that he was doing something other trashmen never did and were not e xpected to do. This can be seen from the following sentences and paragraphs.
9.…who looked me in the eye... (Para. 5)
Please notice that the phrase here shows t hat people are cold in their attitudes toward ―I‖ regarding ―I‖ as a very strange person.
10.At the sound of my greeting, she gathered her housecoat tightly about her and
retreated quickly indoors. (Para. 6)
Meaning:When she heard my greeting, she was in a sort of confusion, pulling her housecoat tightly around her and quickly going back into the house.
11.Steve raged spontaneously about these things on the long ride to the dump. (Para. 7)
Meaning: As an immediate and natural reaction to his experience, Steve talked angrily about these things on the long way to the dump.
12.The way most people look at you, you’d think a trashman was a monster. (Para. 8)
Meaning: Judging from the way most people look at you, you would think that a trashman wasn’t even human but rathe r a monster.
13.Who are you to say what goes?(Para. 9)
Meaning: How dare you say I should not put the ashes in the trashman?
Who are you to say…: What right do you have to say…
Who are you to say what I should do? 你有什么权利说我该⼲什么？
Who are you to say I must stay at home？你有什么权利说我必须带在家⾥？
14.I graduated near the top of my high school class. (Para. 9)
Meaning：…and when I graduated I was among the best of my high school class.
15.I left this country a little cleaner than I found it this morning. (Para. 13)
Meaning: When I finished my job in the evening, I found the country was cleaner that it had been in the morning.
Notice: the structure “leave + n. + adj. (or V- ing / V-ed)”
He left the house clean. 他离开时房⼦⼲⼲净净。

She always thinks she left the room unlocked. 她总觉着⾃⼰没锁门。

Mary left John waiting at the gate of the school. 玛丽让约翰在校门⼝等⾃⼰。

16.…a society, which praises its philosophers and looks down on its plumbers, is in for
trouble. (Para. 14)
Meaning: …a society which speaks highly of its philosophers and does not value its plumbers will certainly have trouble.
17.Neither its pipes nor its theories will hold water…(Para.14)。