北京大学版博士生综合英语词汇教案unit1

北京大学版博士生综合英语词汇教案unit1
Unit One
Text: The Burden of Womanhood
1.mash: v ~ sth (up)将…捣成糊状:
mashed potatoes, turnips, etc土豆泥、萝卜泥
---Mash the fruit up (with a fork) so that the baby can eat it.
（用叉子）把水果戳烂孩子就能吃了.
---Boil the potatoes and then mash them up.
mash: n [U]（由谷物、糠、麸等煮成的）饲料;
糊状物; 土豆泥:
a mash of wet paper and paste湿纸和糨糊的混合
物
bangers and mash香肠和土豆泥
masher: n 捣碎器（用以捣碎马铃薯等的炊具）
2. oleander: (见插图)
3. dollop: n (口) shapeless lump of sth soft, esp
food （软而不成形的）一团, 一块（尤指食物）:
a dollop of cream, jam, mashed potato, etc一团奶油、
果酱、土豆泥等.
4. pregnant: adj 怀孕的, 妊娠的; ~ with sth: 充满着…的,
富于…的; 可能产生某事物的:
---She was six months pregnant, ie had been pregnant
for six months.
---She is/got pregnant by another man.是另一个男
子使她怀孕的.
pregnant with joy, meaning, possibilities
洋溢着喜悦之情的、富有意义的、具有各种可能性的
pregnant with consequences, danger 可能产生重大影响的、造成危险的
a pregnant pause/silence耐人寻味的或意味深
长的停顿/沉默
---There was a pregnant pause before she answered
my question.
她耐人寻味地停顿了一下才回答我的问题.
---His only reaction was a pregnant silence.
他唯一的反应是一阵意味深长的沉默.
---There was a long silence - what I think might be called a pregnant pause.
---Every phrase in this poem is pregnant with meaning.
pregnancy: n怀孕; 孕期; 妊娠期:
discomfort caused by pregnancy因怀孕而引起的不适
a pregnancy test妊娠试验
---These drugs should not be taken during pregnancy.
这些药物在孕期内不得服用.
---She's had three pregnancies in four years. 她在四年中怀孕三次.
---Many women find their skin is at its best during pregnancy.
5. dowry: n [C, U] 嫁妆; 嫁奁;
---I set aside a good dowry and other things for her. 6. condemn: v ~ sb/sth (for/as sth)谴责, 责备; ~ sth (as
sth)官方宣称…有缺陷或不宜使用; ~ sb (to sth/to
do sth)宣告某人要受的惩罚,（尤指死刑）; 使…接
受不好的某事物, 使某人注定:
---We all condemn cruelty to children.我们一致谴责
虐待儿童的行为.
---The papers were quick to condemn him for his
mistake.
报纸及时地指摘他的错误.
---She is often condemned as uncaring. 她常因不关心
别人而受到责难.
---The meat was condemned as unfit for human
consumption.
这种肉已宣布不适宜食用.
---The pool was closed after being condemned as a
health hazard.
condemn sb to death/hard labour判处某人死刑/劳
役
---He was found guilty and condemned to be shot. 他被
判有罪, 处以枪决.
---His nervous looks condemned him. 他神色紧张, 显
出有罪的样子.
---As an old person, one is often condemned to live
alone.
老年人常出于无奈而独自生活.
---His occupation condemned him to spend long
periods of time away from his family.
condemnation: n [U] 谴责; 判罪; 注定
many condemnations of her action对她行为的多方谴责
7. drudgery: n [U] hard boring work 繁重、乏味的工作:
the endless drudgery of housework 无尽无休的、
单调乏味的家务
soulless drudgery 无聊的繁重工作
---Calculators were introduced to relieve students of
the drudgery of pencil-and-paper
number-crunching.
8. gauge: v测量（尤指精确地）; 估计, 判定; 判
断;
precision instruments which can gauge the diameter to a fraction of a millimetre
可测出直径几分之一毫米的精密仪器.
gauging the strength of the wind from the movement of the trees
凭树的摇动估计风力.
trying to gauge reactions/sympathies/sentiments
试图判定各种反应、同情程度、观点
---It was difficult to gauge how people would respond.
大家的反应如何难以估计.
---I gauged that it was not a good moment to speak to her.
---It is difficult to gauge what the other party's next
move will be.
---I looked at Chris, trying to gauge his reaction.
---In Maine, people gauge whether spring has arrived
not by groundhogs, but by skunks.
---It relies on textbooks, repetitive problem-solving
and drills to gauge what students know.
gauge: n. (US also gage) n 标准量度（尤指宽度或厚度）; （火车或电车轨道的）轨距; 计量器;（用
以作出估计或判断的）事实, 环境; 方法; 尺度: the gauge of a sheet of metal金属板的厚度---What gauge of wire should we use for this job?
我们干这活应该用多大号的铅丝?
standard gauge 标准轨距narrow/broad gauge 窄轨/宽轨
a petrol, pressure, rain, speed gauge
汽油量表、压力计、雨量计、速度计---Is a person's behaviour under stress a reliable gauge of his character?
人在受到压力时的行为能作衡量其品性的可靠尺度吗?
---Retail sales are a gauge of consumer spending.
---The tests will give parents a gauge of how their children are doing.
---How hard writing was for each of us was a gauge of how serious we were.
9．mortality: n [U]终有一死; 死亡率; （疾病、灾难等造成的）大量死亡
---Infant mortality (ie The rate at which babies die) was 20 deaths per thousand live births in 1986.
1986年的婴儿死亡率为生育成活率的千分之二
十.
---Mortality from heart disease varies widely across
the world.
---Doctors are reminded of their mortality every day.
mortal: adj 终有一死的; fatal致命的; 不共戴天的;
极大的; 极度的:
---All human beings are mortal.人总有一死.
a mortal wound, injury, etc致命的伤、伤害等
mortal enemies 不共戴天的敌人
---The collapse of the business was a mortal blow to him and his family.
公司倒闭是对他及其家庭的致命打击.
live in mortal fear, terror, danger, etc 生活在极度的恐惧/恐怖/危险等中
---The computer has dealt a mortal blow to traditional printing methods.
---Our health service is in mortal danger.
mortal: n human being 人: (谑)
---They're so grand these days that they probably
don't talk to ordinary mortals like us any more.
他们这些日子神气活现, 大概不再和我们这样的普通人说话了.
---She dines in the executive suite, while we lesser
mortals use the staff cafeteria.
mortally: adv致命地; 极, 很, 非常:
mortally wounded 受致命伤mortally afraid害怕得要命.
immortal: adj不朽的; 永世的; 流芳百世的; 永存的:
---The soul is immortal.灵魂不灭.
the immortal Shakespeare 不朽的莎士比亚
immortal fame/glory不朽的名声/荣耀
immortal: n不朽的人物; 千古流芳之士:
---Beethoven is regarded as one of the immortals of classical music.
贝多芬被认为是不朽的古典音乐大师.
immortality: n [U]不朽; 永存:man's belief in immortality 人类对永生的信念
10. anthropology: n [U] study of mankind, esp of its origins,
development, customs and beliefs 人类学（对人类的
研究, 尤指研究其起源, 发展, 风俗, 信仰）
11. eradicate: v destroy (sth) completely; put an end to (sth)
根除, 消灭; 结束:
---Smallpox has almost been eradicated.天花几乎已
消灭.
attempts to eradicate crime 力图根除罪恶的行动---He spoke about what is necessary to eradicate AIDS.
---The disease has been eradicated from the Western
world through the use of vaccines.
12. ingrained: adj（指习惯、习性等）根深蒂固的, 一成
不变的; （指尘土、污迹等）积深而难于清除的:
ingrained prejudices, suspicions, assumptions, etc
由来已久的成见、怀疑、臆见等
deeply ingrained dirt积聚得很深的污垢.
13.relegate: v [尤用于被动语态] ~ sb/sth (to
sth) 使…降级、降职或降低地位:
---I have been relegated to the role of a mere
assistant.
已经把我降到只任助手的工作了.
relegate old files to the storeroom 把旧文件存入
储藏室
---Will Spurs be relegated to the third division?斯珀
尔斯队会降为丙级队吗?
---Women tended to be relegated to typing and filing jobs.
14. prostitute: n 卖淫者; 娼妓; 妓女; 男妓.
prostitute: v (贬) ~ oneself卖淫, 当男妓; 作践（自己）, 滥用（自己的才能等）（尤指为图利）:
---She prostituted herself in order to support her children.
她为养活子女而操皮肉生涯.
---Friends from the theater criticized him for
prostituting his talent in the movies.
---But health policy is often prostituted to the
demands of industry and commerce.
15. inherit: v ~ sth (from sb) 继承（财产、头衔等）; 因
遗传而获（特性等）; 从前任接过:
a young man inheriting an estate, a title, etc (from
his father)
继承（父亲的）地产、头衔等的年轻人---She inherited a little money from her grandfather.
她从祖父处继承了一小笔钱财.
---She inherited her mother's good looks and her
father's bad temper.
她生来就有母亲的美貌和父亲的坏脾气.
---This government has inherited many problems from
the previous one.
上届政府遗留给本届政府很多问题.
inheritance: n ~ (of sth) (from sb/sth)继承; 遗传; 遗赠物:
---The title passes by inheritance to the eldest son.
这头衔按世袭传给长子.
the inheritance of good looks from one's parents
(fig 比喻)得自父母遗传的美貌
inheritance tax 遗产税
---When she was 21 she came into her inheritance.
她21岁时获得遗产.
inheritor: n 继承人
legacy: n遗赠产, 遗赠的财物; 先人或过去遗留下来的东西:
the cultural legacy of the Renaissance 文艺复兴时期的文化遗产
---His weak chest was a legacy of a childhood illness.
他那瘦弱的胸脯是儿时患病的后遗症
---The invasion left a legacy of hatred and fear.
---She received a small legacy from her aunt.
16. banish：v ~ sb (from sth) exile放逐; （自心中）排除
（想法等）:
---He was banished (from his homeland) for life. 他
被终生流放（他乡）.
banish fear消除恐惧
---She banished all thoughts of a restful holiday (from
her mind).
她（从心里）打消了过一个宁静假日的想法.
---The study should banish any doubts about women's ability to handle the pressures of business.
banishment: n [U] 流放: lifelong banishment终身流放
17. attorney: n（业务或法律事务上的）代理人; 律师（尤
指有资格代表当事人出庭者）:
power of attorney代理权 a letter of attorney
授权书
18. condone: v 容忍（过失）; 宽恕; 原谅:
condone violence, adultery, fraud, etc 宽恕暴行、奸
情、欺诈行为等
---Not punishing them amounts to condoning their
crime.
不惩罚他们就等于纵容他们的罪行.
---I'm not condoning his behaviour, but I can
understand why he wanted revenge on his
daughter's attacker.
---Some parents feel that making birth control
available to teenagers somehow condones sexual
activity.
---The state has managed both to condone and to condemn prostitution.
19. infanticide: n 1 [U] (a)杀婴（杀害婴儿的罪行）: commit
infanticide 犯杀婴罪.
20. sporadic: adj偶发的; 偶见的; 仅在少数地方发生或见
到的: 同义词：intermittent
sporadic showers 阵雨
sporadic raids, gunfire, fighting 零星的袭击、炮
击、战斗.
---Sporadic gunfire continued through the night.
---Our advertising campaigns have been too sporadic to have had a lot of success.
21. Madras:
22. amniocentesis: ()
23. fetus: foetus n胎儿; 胚胎. Cf 参看
embryo .
--- It was a foetus - a few cells - not yet a baby.
---The main importance of the virus, however, lies in
its capacity to infect the foetus in utero ( ). 24. abortion: n [U]人工流产, 堕胎, 打胎; 已经完全失败
的计划或行动
---Many people are anti-abortion. 很多人反对人工
流产.
---She had an abortion. 她做了人工流产.
miscarriage: n 流产, 小产; (商)（货物的）误送, 误投; （计划等的）失败:
have/suffer a miscarriage流产
miscarriage of goods, freight, letters, etc 商品、货物、信件等的误送
the miscarriage of one's hopes, schemes, etc希望、规划等的落空.
---She had two miscarriages before she had her first
child.
---One in five pregnancies ends in miscarriage.
stillbirth：a birth in which the baby is born dead ---For women who've had previous miscarriages,
abortions or stillbirths, anxiety can be
particularly acute.
abort: v (医)使流产, 使堕胎; （使某事物）中止, 夭折:
abort an expectant mother, a deformed foetus, the pregnancy
为孕妇, 因为胎儿畸形, 为终止妊娠做人工流产
---She aborted after four months.她怀孕四个月后流产了.
abort a space mission中止一次航天任务
abort a computer program中止计算机的程序
25. caretaker:
26. chaste: adj virgin 没有经过性交的; 童贞的;
（性生活）忠于配偶的; （风格）简单的, 不修饰
的; 纯真的; 有道德的:
--- Girls were expected to remain chaste until marriage.
---A woman's chastity is considered as her highest
virtue and all Hindu traditional literature extols
the greatness of a chaste woman.
27. bride: n新娘; 新婚的妇女.
bridegroom: (also groom) n 新郎; 新婚的男子:
---Let's drink (a toast) to the bride and bridegroom!
让我们举杯向新娘和新郎祝贺!
bridesmaid: n女傧相; 伴娘.
best man：
---The bride walked to the church with the best
man with the groom following.
28. lug: v (-gg-) 用力拉或拖:
lugging a heavy suitcase up the stairs拖着沉重的衣
箱上楼
---She had to lug the kids around/about/along all day. (fig infml) 她得整天带着孩子。

lug: n把柄, 把手; (Brit sl) 耳朵
29. sibling: n (fml) 弟姊妹:
---I have two brothers and a sister: three siblings in all.
我有两个哥哥和一个妹妹: 共有三个兄妹.
sibling rivalry同胞兄弟姊妹间的竞争.
---Most young smokers are influenced by their
friends' and older siblings' smoking habits.
---How can siblings, raised in the same family, be so different?
---When siblings are in conflict they need consistent and
caring control plus help in recognizing each
other's needs and feelings.
30. chore: n日常的零星事务,琐事; 讨厌的或累人的工作:
do the chores干杂活儿（如家务活儿）
household/domestic chores, ie dusting, ironing,
making the beds
家务杂活儿（打扫、熨衣、铺床等）---She finds shopping a chore.她认为买东西是烦人
的事.
---Husbands should be prepared to do their share of
the household chores.
31. segregate: v ~ sb/sth (from sb/sth) 将…隔离、分离
或分开:
segregate cholera patients 把霍乱病人隔离开---The two groups of fans must be segregated in the
stadium.
必须把体育场中这两部分球迷隔开.
---Why should the handicapped be segregated from
the able-bodied?
为什么要把伤残人士和身体健康的人分开?
a segregated society 有种族隔离的社会
segregation: n [U] 隔离; 隔离状况:
a policy of racial segregation 种族隔离政策
---We oppose segregation on religious grounds.
我们反对基于宗教不同的隔离状况
32. puberty: n [U] 青春期: reach the age of puberty 到达
青春期
---Fourteen is a fairly normal age for a girl to reach
puberty.
---As you know, a variety of physical and emotional
changes take place during puberty.
33. impetus: n ~ (to sth/to do sth)推动; 刺激; 促进:
---The treaty gave (a) fresh impetus to trade.
这条约使双方的贸易又推进了一步
---The report may provide further impetus for reform.
---The discovery gave fresh impetus to the research.
---Press criticism has been the main impetus behind
the government reforms.
34. bidder: n （拍卖时的）喊价者:
---The house went to the highest bidder. 房子卖给了出
价最高的人。

bid: v出价, 喊价; 投标; 吩咐; 叫（牌）;邀请: ---She bid 500 (for the painting). 她喊价500英镑（买这幅画）.
---We had hoped to get the house but another couple was bidding against us.
我们原希望买下这所房子, 但另一对夫妇不断抬价与我们竞买.
---Several firms have bid for the contract to build the new concert hall.
有几家公司投标, 争取建造新音乐厅的合同.
---Do as you are bidden.按照吩咐你的去做.
---She bade me (to) come in. 她叫我进来.
guests bidden to (attend) the feast 应邀赴宴的宾客.
---He bade farewell (ie said goodbye) to his sweetheart.他向他的情人告别.
---The plan for a new hospital bids fair to succeed.
兴建新医院的计划有希望成功.
bidding: n [U] 吩咐; 命令:
do sb's bidding服从
---At his father's bidding he wrote to his lawyer.
他遵照父亲的吩咐给律师写信.
---Bidding was brisk. 出价很踊跃（一个接一个地竞相喊价）.
---Can you remind me of the bidding?请再说一次谁叫了什么牌
35. exorbitant: adj (fml) unreasonable （指价
格、索价等）过高的,不合理的:
exorbitant rents 过高的租金
---The price of food here is exorbitant. 这儿的食物
价格太高.
36. barter: v ~ sth (for sth); ~ sth (away)以物换物; 进行
易货贸易:
barter wheat for machinery以小麦换机器
barter away one's rights, honour, freedom 出卖自
己的权利、荣誉、自由.
---The prisoners tried to barter with the guards for
their freedom.
囚犯企图跟看守做换取自由的交易.
---In the local market, meat and vegetables are
bartered for electrical goods.
barter: n [U] 易货贸易; 以货易货; 物物交换: --On these islands a system of barter is used.
在这些岛上仍然实行着物物交换的制度. 37. lactation: n [U] (医或生) 泌乳; 泌乳期
38. inhale: v~ sth (into sth)吸入某物; 吸（烟）; 抽（烟）:
inhale deeply 作深吸气
---Inhale! Exhale! 吸气! 呼气!
miners who have inhaled coal dust into their lungs
肺里吸入煤尘的矿工.
---Smokers who inhale are likely to become addicted
to nicotine.
吸烟的人容易对尼古丁上瘾.
---Myra lit another cigarette and inhaled deeply inhaler: n 吸入器（人工呼吸装置）
39. carcinogenic:
40. testimony: n证词（尤指发誓后作出的）;见证或证明:
---According to the witness's testimony, you were
present when the crime was committed.
根据证人证词所示, 案发时你在犯罪现场.
---The pyramids are (a) testimony to the Ancient
Egyptians' engineering skills.
金字塔是古埃及人工程技术精湛的丰碑.
---These results are a testimony to the coach's skill
and hard work.
---All are testimony to a wetter, more benign past.
---I think that the fact that we had a long-distance
relationship was testimony to how strong it was. 41. tedium: n [U] tediousness; boredom 厌倦; 厌烦; 乏味:
two hours of unrelieved tedium烦闷难解的两小时42. intertwine: v ~ (sth) (with sth)缠结在一起; 使缠绕在
一起:
---Their fingers intertwined.他们的手指在一起勾
着.
---His fingers intertwined with hers.他的手指勾着
她的手指.
---They intertwined their fingers.他们把手指勾在
一起.
---He intertwined his fingers with hers. 他用手指勾
着她的手指.
---Our fates seemed inextricably intertwined.
(fig)我们的命运好像紧密相连, 难分难解.
---The problems of crime and unemployment are
closely intertwined.
43. subservient: adj ~ (to sb/sth) (常作贬义)
submissive 必恭必敬的, 低声下气的, 恭顺的; 次
要的; 从属的: 同义词：subordinate
a subservient manner, attitude低三下四的样
子、态度
---Are priests too subservient to their bishops?牧师
对主教是否过于恭顺?
---People should not be regarded as subservient to
the economic system.
不应把人的因素看成是经济体制的附庸.
---His wife refused to accept a traditional subservient
role.
---The waiter had an excessively subservient manner
that made us very uncomfortable.
---What she hated about being a nurse was having to
be so subservient to doctors. 44. nonentity: n (贬) 无专长或成就的人, 庸
人, 不重要的人; 不存在的事物, 想像中的事物:
---How could such a nonentity become chairman of
the company?
这样的庸才怎么能当公司的董事长?
---He's famous in Europe, but a nonentity in the U.S.
---He packed his government with nonentities, who
would never challenge his leadership.
---Next to him, the other dancers seemed like nonentities.
45. pyre: n（火葬用的）大堆供燃烧之木材等.
46. spartan: adj (fml) （指环境）简陋而艰苦的, 清苦的:
lead a spartan life in the mountains 在山里过清
苦的生活
a spartan meal一顿简单的饭.
---It was a spartan existence, with no running water or electricity.
---The accommodation is pretty spartan, so take extra blankets and bedding.
47. stigma: n 耻辱的标记; 羞耻之心; 污名:
---There is less stigma attached to illegitimacy now
than there used to be.
私生子女已不像过去那样见不得人了.
---The stigma of alcoholism makes it difficult to treat.
---There is a social stigma attached to single
parenthood.
---In the US, smoking carries a stigma.
stigmatize: v [通常用于被动语态] ~ sb/sth as sth (fml)将…形容为、视为可耻之物:
stigmatized as a coward and a liar 被指责为胆小鬼和说谎的人.
---Single mothers often feel that they are stigmatized by society.
---Most are concerned that their daughters will be
stigmatized by any association with lesbianism. 48. sari: n 莎丽（印度女子裹在身上的棉布或绸布, 作主
要外衣）.
49. garlic:
50. onion: n洋葱; 葱头:
Spanish onions 西班牙葱spring onions 春葱51. give priority to:
priority: n [U] ~ (over sb/sth)领导地位; 优先权;
优先的事物:
---Japan's priority (over other countries) in the field of microelectronics
日本在微电子学领域中的领先（于其他国家）.
---I have priority over you in my claim.
在要求此事方面, 我比你有优先权.
---Vehicles coming from the right have priority.
从右边驶来的车辆享有优先通行权.
---You must decide what your priorities are. 你应该
分清轻重缓急.
---Housework is low on her list of priorities.
在她那些非做不可的事情中, 家务活并不重要.
---Rebuilding the area is a (top) priority.重建这一地区是当务之急.
---The Government gave (top) priority to reforming the legal system.
政府将改革法制列为工作的重点.
---The search for a new vaccine took priority over all other medical research.
在各种医药研究中, 应首先解决寻找新疫苗的问题.
---Priority cases, such as homeless families, get dealt with first.
重点事项如缺房户问题, 要首先着手解决. 52. be entitled to:
entitle: [尤用于被动语态] ~ sb to sth给予某人获得某事物或做某事的权利; 使某人有资格获得
某事物或做某事:
---You are not entitled to unemployment benefit if you have never worked.
从未参加过工作, 就没有资格领取失业救济金.
---After a hard day's work she felt entitled to a rest.
她劳累了一天, 觉得理应休息一下了.
---This ticket doesn't entitle you to travel first class.
你这张票不能坐头等位.
Words worth Notice in the Text
1.document: v 用文件证实或证明:
---Can you document these claims?你能为这些要求提供证件吗?
a badly-/well-documented report证据不足/充足的报告.
---It is well documented that men die younger than
women.
---The photographs documented the anguish of the
Great Depression.
2. put in: to spend time or use energy working or practising
something; 花费（一段时间）做某事物: She often
puts in twelve hours' work a day. 她常常一天工作十
二小时. | I must put in an hour's gardening this
evening.今晚我得用一个小时干些园艺活儿. put
sth in; put sth into sth/doing sth devote (time, effort,
etc) to sth 用（时间、精力等）做某事: Thank you
for all the hard work you've put in. 谢谢你的这一切
努力. | We've put a great deal of time and effort into
this project.我们为这一项目付出了大量的时间和
精力. | She's putting a lot of work into improving her
French.她正在下功夫进修法语.
---Dorothy had put in a lot of hard work during her
six years as chairperson.
---She usually ends up putting in several extra hours work at weekends.
---When I'm preparing for a tournament I put in
thirty or forty hours of training a week.3. predominant: adj 占优势的; most noticeable; prevailing 极其显着的, 盛行的: ---Which country is the predominant member of the alliance?
哪个国家在联盟中居于支配地位?
---The Socialists were predominant in the last Parliament.
在上届国会中社会党人占优势.
---Her predominant characteristic is honesty. 她最为突出的特点是诚实.
---Immigration is the predominant social issue of the
day.
---When we visited the country, our predominant
impression was one of poverty and hardship.
---Yellow is the predominant color in most of his paintings.
---The city's population is predominantly Irish.
predominantly: adv.
---As a civil engineer, Susan will be competing in a
predominantly male profession.
---Our economy is predominantly capitalist.
predominate: v ~ (over sb/sth)支配, 统治, 左右;
（在数量、力量等上）占优势:
---A small group has begun to predominate in policy-making.
一小撮人在制定政策中已开始起主导作用.
---Oak-trees predominate in this forest.这片森林以橡树居多.
---In the summer, blue and pink flowers predominate,
but there are white flowers, too, for contrast.
---This is a district where Democrats predominate. 4.norm: n 1 (作单数时通常与the连用) standard or
pattern that is typical (of a group, etc) 标准, 规范; （在某些工业中）每一工作日的标准工作量:
--Criminal behaviour seems to be the norm in this neighbourhood.
犯罪行为似乎是这一带的正常现象.
---You must adapt to the norms of the society you live in.
在社会中生活就要遵循社会行为准则.
---There's a production norm below which each worker must not fall.
每个工人的产量都不得低于生产指标.
---Short term contracts are now the norm with some
big companies.
---Joyce's style of writing was a striking departure
from the literary norm.
---Yet, again there is the contrast between personal inclinations and social norms.
5.demeaning: adj degrading 降低身分的; 卑微的; 堕落
的:
---He found it very demeaning to have to work for his former employee.
他觉得要为他以前的雇员工作很失身分.
---In practical fact, much work is repetitive, tedious,
painfully fatiguing, mentally boring or socially
demeaning.
---They were incredibly sarcastic and mocking, and
their general treatment of you was so demeaning.
demean:~ oneself降低自己的身分; 失去别人的尊重; 贬低自己: ---Don't demean yourself by telling such obvious lies.
你不要用这种明显的谎言自贬人格.
---I wouldn't demean myself to ask for favours from them.
我不会降低身分向他们求情.
---I wouldn't demean myself by begging him for a
job.
我不会低声下气的求他给我一份工作。

---Students should not demean the graduation
ceremony with inappropriate behavior.
6.rite: n [C]（宗教等的）隆重的仪式或典礼:
marriage/funeral rites结婚/丧葬仪式
initiation rites入会仪式（如秘密社团为新会员举行的）
7.resort: n ~ to sth可求助的人或事物, 应急手段或对策;
度假胜地:
---Our only resort is to inform the police. 我们唯一的办法就是向警方报案.
talk calmly, without resort to threats 心平气和地说, 不取威胁手段
---Brighton is a leading south coast resort. …是南部地区最著名的海滨胜地.
resort: v ~ to sth求助于,诉诸; 采取某手段作为对策; 常去, 常到: ---If negotiations fail we shall have to resort to strike action.
假若谈判失败, 我们就采取罢工行动.
resort to violence, deception, trickery, etc 靠暴力、欺骗、欺诈等.
---The police watched the bars which he was known to resort.
警方监视着他常去的酒吧.
8. afire: burning
---One of the boats had been set afire.
---The oil tanker was afire.
以a开头的表语形容词：afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake , ashamed , afloat (飘浮的), aware
---I moved my hands and feet slightly to stay afloat.
9. drain: n 下水管, 阴沟; 浪费, 白费:
---We had to call a plumber to unblock the drains.
---A single mistake and all that time and money would go down the drain.
只要发生一个错误, 全部的时间和金钱就将尽付东流.
---Military spending is a huge drain on the country's resources.
军费开支是国家资源的一大消耗.
---The war was an enormous drain on the country's
resources.
---Owning this car is a big drain on my finances.
drain: v. v ~ (sth) (from sth); ~ (sth) (away/off)（使）流走,（使）流干; 喝光;消耗或耗尽某人/
物的精力、金钱等; 逐渐消失或消:
---All the blood drained from his face, eg on hearing bad news.
他面无人色（如听到坏消息）.
---The bath-water slowly drained away. 浴池的水慢慢排走.
---The mechanic drained all the oil from the engine.
机械工将发动机中的油全部放走.
drain one's glass dry把杯中饮料喝光.
---Leave the dishes to drain. 让碟子控干. |
---Land must be well drained for some crops.
某些作物要求土地有良好的排水性能.
feel drained of energy觉得精疲力竭
a country drained of its manpower 耗尽人力的
国家.
---Her life was slowly draining away, ie She was dying.
她的生命力在慢慢枯竭（她快死了）.
---Huge imports were draining the country's currency reserves.
Reading Enjoyment: Gore’s Speech after the Defeat N otes on the Text:
1. call sb. back:
(1) to telephone someone again, for example because they
were not at home when you telephoned last time
---I'll call back later. Can you ask John to call me back when
he gets in?
(2) British English to return to a place you went to earlier
---You could call back to collect her at noon.
---"Does Jake want me to call him back?'' "No, he said to meet him at eight o'clock.''
---"Would you like to leave a message?" "No, that's okay. I'll call back later."
8.division: n分割; 除法; （组织或机构的）单位, 部门;
分界线; 差别, 分化:
the division of wealth 财产的分配a fair/unfair division of money
---Are you any good at division?你的除法好吗?
the sales division of our company 本公司的销售部
---Our team plays in the first division (of the football league).
本队在（足球联赛）甲组参赛.
---A hedge forms the division between her land and mine.
有一道树篱在她的土地和我的土地之间形成了分界线.
the deep/widening divisions in society today 当今社会中巨大/日益加大的差距
---Can he heal the deep divisions among Republican ranks?
---The old class divisions had begun to break down.
---The Army was plagued by internal divisions.
3. partisan: n （对某人、团体或事业）热心的而常为盲
目的拥护者 a media campaign to represent
Democrats as angry partisans
partisan: adj uncritically supporting a person, group
or cause; biased 盲从的; 帮派性强的; 偏袒的: partisan attitudes, feelings, thinking, etc 朋党的看法、情绪、见解等
---You must listen to both points of view and try not to be partisan.
你必须兼听双方观点, 尽量做到不偏不倚.
---British newspapers are highly partisan.
---Gore was speaking before a partisan crowd of about 500 Democrats.
partisanship: n [U].
4.rancor: n [U] spite 深仇; 积怨; 怨恨:
feel full of rancour against sb对某人怀有深仇大恨.
---He spoke openly about the war without a trace of
rancour.
---He observed with simmering rancour as she began
to tell about her life in the poisoner's house.
---You could hardly say they had been reconciled, but
there seemed no rancour between them.
5. stewardship: n [U] (fml) position and duties of a steward
管理员、服务员、筹备人的职位和职责.
---Some critics have doubts about his stewardship of the nation.
---The farm was quite a different place under Mom's stewardship.
---The advance of the laboratory sciences depended
essentially on stewardship of money: that is, on
financial support.
---President Nixon created the Environmental
Protection Agency, crucially acknowledging
environmental stewardship as necessarily a federal
task.
---Some are ambivalent about Bill Clinton and his stewardship of the nation.
steward: n管理员, 管家（尤指巨宅或地产的）;
（大学、俱乐部等的）膳食管理员;（轮船、飞
机或火车上的）服务员; （舞会、赛马大会、表
演、公共集会、示威活动等的）组织者, 筹备人: the baggage/cabin/deck steward负责行李/客舱/舱面的服务员an air stewardess 空中小姐.
---The stewards will inspect the course to see if racing is possible.
那些干事将检视赛马场看是否适宜比赛.
6. deliberation: n仔细的考虑或商议; 缓慢, 从容:
---After long deliberation, they decided not to buy.
他们商量了很长时间后, 决定不买了.
---What was the result of your deliberation(s)?你仔细考虑后结果如何?
speak, take aim, walk with great deliberation从容不迫地说、瞄准、散步
---After much deliberation, first prize was awarded to
Derek Murray.
---They are still in the process of their deliberation on that aspect.
deliberate: v ~ (about/on/over sth)(fml)仔细考虑或谈论:
---We had no time to deliberate (on the problem).
我们没有时间仔细思考（这个问题）.
deliberate what action to take仔细考虑要采取的行动
deliberate whether to leave or not 认真琢磨是否离开.
---The jury deliberated for five days before finding
the accused guilty on all counts.
---There was silence while she deliberated on his
words.
deliberate: adj intentional 故意的; unhurried不慌不忙的:
a deliberate insult, lie, act蓄意的侮辱、存心编
造的谎言、故意的行为。