21世纪大学英语答案

第一单元
Text Comprehension
II．
1. It was a military campaign in which many soldiers died. The effects on Churchill were () he lost his political position and he was overwhelmed with grief.
2. He felt so inspired to paint that he was distracted from his personal problems.
3. His sister-in-law‟s painting inspired him to try his hand at it; his wife rushed out to buy all the materials he would need; and the wife of Sir John Lavery helped him overcome his fear of the blank canvas.
4. The blank whiteness of the ca nvas made him feel he didn‟t know where to begin. This nervousness was not typical of Churchill, who was known publicly as a brave and strong-willed person.
5. Churchill was comparing the canvas to an opponent in a fight, and he could now see that he need not fear his “adversary”.
6. He meant that Churchill would have been a great painter, just as he was
a great politician.
7. It was his great comfort when the death of his mother was followed quickly by the death of his daughter.
8. Because the judges suspected that it was not painted by an amateur; they were later surprised and delighted because Churchill was not just
a famous political figure but also a talented untrained artist.
9. No, she considers that decade an artistically fruitful one.
10. He meant that painting was like a friend who never betrayed or
abandoned him. This seems to suggest that he often felt lonely, misunderstood and/or disappointed in his relationship with other people.
V ocabulary
III.
1.artistic
2.overcome
3.infinite
4.plunged
5.mission
6.camgpain
7.revived
8.distract
9.accustomed 10.retreat 11.precaution 12. disastrous
IV.
1. delighted with
2. bore fruit
3. kept Clementine company
4. rely on
5. take refuge
6. awaken people to
7. pay the price
8. chanced upon; dated from
9. tried his hand at 10. fell upon; came to her rescue
Word Building
V.
1. broadens the mind
2. weakened
3. sweeten Diet Coke
4.hardens
5. strengthen
6. deepen your understanding of the course materiall
7. sharpen the kitchen knives 8. reddened 9. brighten; quickens
10. lightened
VI.
1. lucky
2. wealthy
3. tasty
4. icy
5. wavy
6. smelly
7. sleepy
8. noisy
(smelly is also plausible) 9. healthy 10. sunny
Structure
VII.
1. Amazed at the great changes that are taking place in shanghai, many foreign visitors leave China with a completely new view of our country.
2. Unpleasantly startled by the appearance of a mouse, we promptly decided to clean our apartment.
3. Tired of their own cooking, they‟ve decided to go to a restaurant for a change.
4. Frightened by the horror film, the little girl was alert to every sound in the house that night.
5. Deeply disappointed with the actress‟s performance, tom soon switched to another channel.
6. Embarrassed about still being in bed at 10 a.m., when my friends came
I pretended to be sick with a terrible headache.
VIII.
1. So I did
2. So did my brother
3. So she was
4. So they do; so do his classmates
5. So am I
Cloze
IX
lonely; overcame; refuge; finally; however; where; delighted;
contemplated; entry; campaign; distract; plunged into; Within a month; rescue; when; overwhelming
Translation
X.
“‘在画画呢!’她大声说道。

‘多么有趣。

可你还在等什么呢? 把画笔给我---大的那支。

’她猛地用笔蘸起颜料，还没等我缓过神来，她已经挥笔泼墨在惊恐不已的画布上画下了有力的几道蓝色。

谁都看得出画布无法回击。

我不再迟疑。

我抓起那支最大的画笔，迅猛异常地向我可怜的牺牲品扑了过去。

自那以后，我再也不曾害怕过画布。

”XI
1. When his wife died of a stroke in her sixties, the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief. Life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on.
2. Last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in London. Many people went to see it, including a few celebrated professors.
3. When seven astronauts died in the Challenger disaster in the mid-1980s, it plunged the whole world into shock and grief.
4. After completing her second prime ministry, she remained actively involved in political affairs. She came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty.
5. After his failure in the election campaign, Dr. Smith retired to a small
village, where he tried his hand at farming.
6. As long as you keep working hard all your life, you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction.
7. We must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection now, or it will soon be too late.
8. That official was removed from office for being involved in a political scandal. Had he known this would happen, he might have acted differently.
Reading Analysis
XII.
Major Event:
Life and love and hope slowly revived.
How did the change happen?
(1)Churchill bought a new house.
(2) Another child was born to Churchill.
Structured Writing
XIII. One example, for reference
My sister Stephanie began her love affair with television in the second grade amid highly emotional circumstances. She had had a quarrel with her best friend, and found herself alone and lonely every day after school with nothing to do. That‟s when the miracle of television came toText
第二单元
Comprehension
II．
a 1F 2T 3F 4F 5T 6 F 7T
b. 1I 2I 3 I 4N 5I 6N 7I 8N
V ocabulary
III.
bel
2.converged
3.sacrifices
4.motivate
5.transplanted
6.horrified
7.bond
8.constitute
9.surged 10.prejudice 11.resents
12. recommendations
IV.
NB. these are not the only possible synoms/definitions/translations.
1. carried out; conducted, performed
2. led to; resulted in, caused
3. springs from; arises from, comes from
4. get ahead; make progress in life, achieve more, etc.
5. showed up; appeared, arrived
6. make up; constitute, comprise
7. owes it to; 归功于
8. cope with; find a way of dealing with, manage
9. divided the cake into; 把蛋糕分成……
10. excluded from; 被剥夺了
11. committed to; devoted to, dedicated to
12. make it to; arrive at or on after much effort
V.
1. sense of guilt
2. finally
3. imbued her with
4.offspring
5. horrified, motivated me
6. recommendations, To start with
7. naive
8. by contrast
Word Building
VI.
1. misplaced
2. mismatched
3. misusing
4. mislead
5. misprinted
6. misinformed
7. misspelled
8. misunderstood Structure
VII.
1. After the earthquake the government spent millions of dollars to help the victims rebuild their houses.
2. ill you reconsider your decision? No one wants you to leave.
3. Some of Lu Xun‟s writings were lost for decades, but they were
rediscovered in the mid-80s.
4. I see no need to restate the policy on late homework.
5. The library‟s been rearranged, and I can‟t find any of the books I need.
6. I hope this dictionary will be reprinted soon—I‟d like to buy one.
7. Stevie Wonder‟s earliest albums have been unavailable for several
years, but they‟re being re-released next month.
8. I didn‟t care much for the book the first time, but I enjoyed it when I
reread it.
9. John Harding is best known for reinterpreting Shakespeare‟s plays.
10. You‟ve misunderstood me—let me rephrase what I said.
VIII.
A. gardener calculator receiver container commander remainder hike
inspector steamer processor supervise builder contributor consumer paint teenager
B. 1.superviser 2. inspector 3. remainder 4. processor 5. gardener
6. calculator
7. commander
8. container
9. hiking 10. teenagers Structure
IX
1. It was for the benefit of the old people in the neighborhood that we organized this volunteer group.
2. It is only when we look back that we realize how far we have come.
3. It is his secretary who does all the work.
4. It is through the act of giving that we experience our fullest strength and power.
5. It was gold that led them to undertake the long and risky journey to California.
6. As I recall, it was you who suggested this idea in the first place.
7. It wasn‟t until last week that they finished their report on the project.
8. It‟s her beautiful eyes that I can‟t forget.
X.
1. The elephant weighs about 3,600 kg, whereas the blue whale weighs up to 130, 000 kg.
2.The word …youngster‟ has a cheerful connotation, whereas …offspring‟ sounds rather clinical.
3. Confucianism emphasizes family ties, whereas Protestantism teaches individual responsibility.
4.The earliest mammals appeared on the earth hundred millions years ago, whereas the first evidence of humans dates from only about one million year ago.
5. The aim of the natural science is to predict and control natural process, whereas the aim of the social science is to understand human behavior.
6. He must be about sixty, whereas his wife looks about thirty. Translation
XI.
儒教也为亚洲人的成功提供了另一个要素。

在孔夫子的哲学中，家庭起着最重要的作用----这种定向引导人们为家庭的荣誉而学习工作，而不仅仅是为了他们自己。

一个人永远无法报答他的父母，而且在亚洲人中间还有一种责任感、乃至负罪感，这是一种如同新教哲学在西方一样的强大力量。

XII.
9. Female students constitute the majority of our class. By contrast, their
class is made up of males only.
10. American children can usually watch TV three hours a day, whereas their Chinese counterparts have to work on their homework during most their after-school time.
11. His development of a series of new research methods led to his huge success. He said he owed all this to his parents‟ encouragement.
12. He resented being excluded from discussions that directly concerned his future.
13. The fact that these problems are continually showing up suggests that this new device has to be readjusted.
14. As one of the many Asian students who have surged into the best American universities in recent years, Zhang Hua says that many of his ideas are based on traditional Chinese philosophy.
15. To start with, it is not merely money that makes Mr. Young work so hard. He is committed to educating the young and tires to motivate them to get ahead in life.
16. As time was running out, we drove even faster in the hope that we could make it to the airport in time.
Cloze
XIII
1. immigrant
2. than
3. obligation
4. motivated
5. widespread
6. however
7. although
8. discrimination
9. but/although 10. One day
11. guilty 12. horrified 13. repay 14. owe
Reading Analysis
XII.
Stevenson offered three recommendations:
To start with, we need higher standards for our kids second, American parents need to become more committed to their children‟s education. And third, our school could be reorganized in simple but effective ways. Structured Writing
XIII. One example, for reference
Students at our university admire their English teachers for three main reasons. To start with, the teachers‟ hard work and dedication are highly inspiring to us. Second, the wonderfully creative lessons they prepare strongly motivate us to study as hard as we should. And third, our teachers‟ warmly human characters create bonds of friendship that will last forever.
第三单元
Text comprehension
II.
1. The author is talking about cultural differences: different ways of doing things in different cultures; different attitudes, traditions, beliefs, etc. she or he says neither side can understand because people are not usually conscious of their deepest cultural attitudes.
2. The American company George worked for started a joint venture with
a Japanese firm, and they needed someone to train the Japanese engineers. George was the most highly qualified employee for the position, and he accepted a two-year contract for temporary transfer to Japan.
3. The Japanese liked George‟s nonassertive nature, his expertise and his willingness to help; it‟s also implied that they liked his efforts to learn Japanese, and that the secretaries liked the fact that he was single. These qualities contributed to his becoming a cultural translator by making the Japanese trust him, feel comfortable with him, and grow accustomed to asking him for all kinds of advice.
4. He had to …reinvent‟ himself because his expertise as an engineer was no l onger needed, but he didn‟t want to leave Japan. The company accepted his …reinvention‟ because they had heard lots of horror stories about cultural conflicts and recognized the value of having someone like George around.
5. The author means that the misunderstandings were not always merely linguistic.
6. The examples imply that there is a strong group orientation in Japanese business, that sentiment can be as important as profit and efficiency, and that employees may be valued for something other than their material contribution to the company. The fact that these examples mystified the US side implies that in American business relations, profit and efficiency
are considered more important than sentiment, and that Americans expect logical explanations for decisions, expenditures, etc.
7. Because the words and actions of the American visitors could be misinterpreted by the Japanese: things that could seem crazy or rude to the Japanese are normal to Americans.
8. Because the author believes that language problems are not a serious barrier, compared with cultural differences.
V ocabulary
III.
1. surpassed
2. approved
3. ensure
4. thriving
5.escalated
6. qualified
7. represent
8. apparent
9. justify 10. conflicts
IV.
1. go along with
2. from the farmers‟ vi ewpoint
3. multitudes of
4. run into
5. come to an end
6. picked up
7. at times
8. gotten into the habit of 9. smooth over 10. the other way around
V.
1. due to
2. thanks to
3. Due to
4. Thanks to
5. due to
6. Thanks to
Word Building
VI.
Interchangeable: that can be used in place of each other
Interface: a place or area where different things meet and have an effect on each other
Intercontinental: between continents
Intersection: a joint where two roads or lines cross
Interdisciplinary: involving two or more disciplines
Interview: an occasion when a person is asked questions by one or more other people
1. intercontinental
2. interface
3. intersection
4. interchangeable
5. interview
6. interdisciplinary
VII.
1. Almost everyone would like to have more money for nonessential goods and services just because they make life a little more pleasant.
2 Mr. Peterson is the chairman of nonprofit charity organization.
3. Hostility towards outsiders is characteristic of both humans and non-humans.
4. Although I‟m a nonsmoker, I don‟t support discrimination against smokers.
5. It would be nonsense to say that all Asian societies are the same.
6. There‟s a difference between using words in a nonstandard way and using them incorrectly.
Cloze
VIII.
1. among
2. conflicts
3. made
4. understanding
5. since
6. conscious of
7. so
8. run into
9. with 10. crazy 11. that is
12. since 13. That‟s is 14. escalating 15. parties
Translation
IX.
从一开始，乔治就被所有的日本雇员欣然接受。

日方经理通常不信任任何被派去代表美方业主的人，但乔治生性随和，没有人把他看作是对自己职业的一种威胁。

所以他们喜欢就广泛的各类问题征求他的意见，包括大洋彼岸他们的合作伙伴的古怪行为。

公司上下的工程师们都珍视乔治的专业知识和他友好而技能熟练的帮助，他们已养成了一有问题----任何问题，就找他帮忙的习惯。

办公室里的秘书们都热衷于帮助这个讨人喜欢的单身汉学习日语。

X.
1. When this temporary job came to an end, George was offered a permanent job, which he accepted at once.
2. To ensure that their ventures in Japan are profitable, the American companies need cultural translators even more than language translators.
3. As a cultural translator, George was eager to help the Japanese employees who came to ask his advice on a great many matters, both within and outside of his field of expertise.
4. Somehow or other, George persuaded the American manager to go along with the Japanese accountant‟s decision, thus smoothing over the conflict between the two.
5. Conflicts and arguments do arise at times between the American
managers and their Japanese counterparts. But since both parties have the good sense to compromise, these conflicts are prevented from escalating into big emotional battles.
6. All the Japanese employees, the personnel manager included, app reciated George‟s frequent help with the multitude of problems they run into.
7. My spoken Japanese is not good enough to express myself well. Please don‟t get offended if I sometimes say stupid things.
8. with a solid understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and a good mastery of English, dr. Zhang is highly qualified to train foreign doctors who came to China to study Chinese medicine.
Reading analysis
XI.
General observation: at times something far more important than good English was needed.
Illustration 1: one such case was when the Japanese accountant had to explain the $ 46,534 spent of 874 December- holiday presents. Illustration 2: or there was the time when the Japanese personnel manager had to justify keeping a chemist on the payroll even though the company no longer needed his expertise.
Structured writing
XII. One example, for reference
When foreign visitors come to China for the first time they often run into embarrassing situations. One such case was when some British tourists tried to pay for what they bought at a street market with their credit cards. Or there was the time when they went shopping in small shops without bargaining at all.
第四单元
Text comprehension
II.
1. Vicky didn't know how to cope with rejection or failure because everything had always gone so well for her.
2. She now realizes she was simply not suited for that job, and has another in which she is happy and successful.
3. Two-valued orientation makes us see success and failure as the only two possibilities.
4. Tha t “success” in one area is frequently accompanied by failure in another.
5. Success that‟s too early can mean a person lacks preparation for other things in life; success that comes too easily can mean the person will not know how to deal with real challenges; and success that's achieved at the cost of the total quality of an experience can be a barrier to enjoying life fully and to trying anything new.
6. Lowering standards, shifting blame, offering a consolation prize and
saying “it doesn't matter” are “failure prevention devices” that leave the child unequipped for life in the real world.
7. She learned something from her failure that's been valuable to her in her life ever since.
8. Success encourages repetition of old behavior, whereas failure can motivate us to try something different.
9. “Noble failure” is when a person aims high, tries their best, fails and moves bravely on.
10. Emerson means that fear of failure is a barrier to progress and achievement. You might say it this way: experiencing failure can make a person more confident and effective, because once s/he loses her/his fear of failure s/he can concentrate on achieving her/his aims.
V ocabulary
III.
1. afford
2. preclude
3. emphasis
4. prone
5. applied
6. distinguished
7. obsessed
8. alike
9. enquire 10. impulse
11. practically 12. prompted
IV.
1. We put in a request for a little extra time to finish the project, but the board turned us (or it) down.
2. The politician enjoyed a successful career at the cost of his relationship with his family.
3. The author is of the opinion that early success may eventually prove harmful to a person‟s all -round development in the long run.
4. I took your umbrella by accident—I‟m sorry.
5. The bookshop was on the brink of failure until they branched out into CDs and cassettes.
6. With this out-of-date equipment, you can‟t count on good results.
7. Students sometimes get in the habit of disrupting classes with annoying comments. In such cases, teachers are advised to send to the school psychologist.
8. Ever since she started her own business, she‟s been much more satisfied with her life.
Word building
V.
A. a. departure b. exposure c. pleasure d. pressure e. composure f. enclosure
g. displeasure h. disclosure
B. 1. exposure 2. displeasure (or plea sure, if someone thinks that‟s funny!)
3. departure
4. disclosure; pressure
5. enclosure
VI.
A. 1. d 2. a 3. f 4. g 5. h 6. b 7. c 8. e
B. 1. feedback 2. breakup 3. takeoff 4. setbacks 5. breakthrough 6.
build-up
Structure
VII.
1. a) their laughter an d conversation sound as if they‟re enjoying each
others‟ company.
b) Their laughter and conversation sound as if they were in the same
room with us.
2. a) the secretary has been working in her office late every night this
week, as if her boss is under serious deadline.
b) The secretary has been staying in her office late every night this week,
as if she had no home to go to.
3. a) you‟re so pale! You look as if you‟re getting sick.
b) You‟re so pale! You look as if you had seen a ghost.
4. a) he acts as if he has a very high opinion of himself.
b) He acts as if he were the heir to the throne.
Cloze
VIII.
1 prone
2 in the long run
3 preclude
4 obsessed
5 though
6 distinguishing
7 positive
8 beneficial
9 Even if 10 therapy
Translation
IX.
成功鼓励人们重复过去的行为，因而远不及失败这个老师来得好。

你
可以从一次极糟的晚会中学会如何举办一次成功的晚会，从第一次不当的选房中学到下次选房时要注意些什么。

即使一次看似彻底的失败也能激发新的思路，引起方向的改变。

X．
1. Protecting children from the knowledge that they have failed is anything but beneficial to their growth and development.
2. Emerson does not think there is a world of difference between success and failure.
3. A mature person is one who is good at turning failure into success.
4. She was so obsessed with becoming a success in ice skating that she never prepared herself for challenges of the real world.
5. He suffered a complete nervous breakdown when he learned that his company had gone bankrupt.
6. When talking about his success, Mr. Smith is very prone to exaggeration.
7. The company started by selling radios but now has branched out into selling computers as well.
8. In fact, failure is nothing to be afraid of. Once we learn how to use it, it can make a positive contribution to our growth and development. Reading analysis
XI.
Presentation of one point of view: people are generally prone to what
lan guage expert S. I. Hayakawa calls …the two-valued orientation.‟ We talk about seeing both sides of a question as if every question had only two sides. We assume that everyone is either a success of a failure. Presentation of a contrasting view:in fact, infinite degrees of both are possible.
Support for the contrasting view: as Hayakawa points out, there‟s a world of difference between …I have failed three times‟ and …I am a failure.‟ Indeed, the words failure and success cannot be reasonably applied to a complex, living, changing human being. They can only describe the situation at a particular time and place.
Structured writing
XII. one example, for reference:
People are generally to the belief that a silent room is the best place to study. We act as if quiet surroundings were crucial to concentration. But in fact, noisy rooms can be more educational than quiet ones. When I study in my dorm room, for example, the constant noise my roommates make actually helps me think.
第五单元
Text comprehension
II.
A. 1. f 2. t 3. f 4. t 5. f 6. f 7. t 8. t 9. f 10. f
B. 1. N 2. N 3. I 4. I 5. N 6. I
V ocabulary
III.
1. sponsor
2. determination
3. claim
4. prospective
5. minimum
6. ultimately
7. eligible
8. employment
9. setting 10. loans
11. exhibit 12. priority
IV. The exact translations, definitions and synonyms may, of course, vary somewhat, but here are some answers for reference.
1. come up with; translation:筹划
2. take some time off; definition: arrange for a break/ a vacation/ some free time
3. throws herself into; definition: participates very enthusiastically, wholeheartedly, etc. in
4. get by; synonym: make ends meet, manage to survive
5. on his own; synonym: independent adjust to; synonym: get used to
6. tired of; translation: 厌倦了
7. stay up; translation: 熬夜
8. ended up; definition: finally and unexpectedly (won)
9. as of; synonym: starting from
10. get put down; definition: run into setbacks, barriers, etc.
V.
1. gets off (work)
2. couldn't take it
3. dependents
4. postpone
5. make your dream come true
6. alongside
7. look back on
8. end up with a cold
Word building
VI.
1. I missed the train this morning because I overslept again.
2. don't pay any attention to his crazy stories- he just has an overactive imagination.
3. the company ended up with 20, 000 unsold copies of the book because their sales director overestimated the demand.
4. as a result of the crowds of people coming from the surrounding countryside looking for work, the city has become overpopulated.
5. I‟ve been overeating lately and have d ecided to go on a diet.
6. Most teenagers agree that their parents are overprotective.
7. I didn't mean anything unkind. Jane‟s simply being oversensitive.
8. A cliché is an expression that‟s become uninteresting because it‟s overused.
VII.
1. novelist
2. nationalist
3. activist
4. idealist
5. psychologist
6. economist
7. terrorists
8. Sociologist
9. typist 10. marxist
VIII.
A. affection calculation collection combination introduction declaration
election invitation interruption plantation projection sensation donate negotiate generate organize
B. 1. negotiate 2. sensation 3. projection/calculation 4. combination 5.
donate 6. affection 7. calculation 8. generate
Structure
IX.
1. If only you could say longer in Britain- your English might improve.
2. children may enter the club only if they are accompanied by adults.
3. if only you told me you had a spare ticket for the show.
4. you can go to the sky-diving exhibition only if you promise you won‟t try if yourself.
5. the students at this university are allowed to take up part-time employment only if it doesn‟t interfere with their studies.
6. If only she hadn‟t told my mother, everything would have been all right.
X.
1. having traveled a lot, he knows a great deal about other culture.
2. having finished all her housework, she decided to see what was on TV.
3. having spent nearly all our money, we couldn‟t afford to stay in a hotel.
4. having forgotten his telephone number, she didn‟t know how to get in touch with him.
5. having cleaned the windows, he started to mop the floor.
6. having taken the medicine you gave me, I feel much better.
XI.
1. Seeing so many people around her living in poverty
2. Bringing up the subject at the meeting
3. Looking back on the past
4. Staying up late studying before an examination
5. Working full-time and being a full-time student
6. Living at home rent-free
Translation
XII．
要做到工作学习两不误很困难。

“我要一直熬夜学习，每天一大早又要去上班。

我上课时很难集中思想，上班时也很难受，因为我实在太累了，”她说。

不过她第一学期最后还是得了两个A。

XIII.
1. The university offered Priscilla only a small loan and she had to come up with the rest of the money herself.
2. With small income from her restaurant job, marry could barely make (both) ends meet. That‟s why she found some cleaning work to do in the apartment building where she lived.
3. During her first semesters, she often stayed up late studying because she knew she had to get the highest GPA in her class to qualify the scholarship.
4. Anyone who wants to find employment in/ with that company must have at least a master‟s degree; if not a Ph. D. otherwise he or she will not
be accepted.
5. Only if you completely throw yourself into your studies will you ultimately achieve your long-term goal of becoming an archaeologist.
6. In the office Beth always looked happy and had a ready smile. But deep down, she was tired of being a secretary. She wanted to do something more creative.
7. A migrant farm laborer from Mexico, my father was overjoyed when I was accepted by the University of Washington and became the first person in my family to attend college.
8. When Priscilla looked back on her years of hard struggle, she said that it was no easy job to balance work and study.
Cloze
XIV.
1. knowing
2. out
3. inquired
4. stunned
5. priority
6. stunning
7. available 8. As 9. up 10. make 11. on 12. get 13. ultimately 14. first 15. assume
Reading analysis
Cause 1: Priscilla soon found that her restaurant job just didn‟t pay enough for her to mand ends meet.
Effect 1: so I went the landlord of my apartment building and asked if there was any cleaning work I could do.
Cause 2: since he felt sorry for me.。