Iceberg Principle冰山原则
冰山理论-中英
冰山理论-中英
Iceberg Principle
The iceberg principle is a writing theory stated by a famous American writer, Ernest Hemingway, as follows: If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.
A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. （冰山原则是一个写作理论由一位著名的美国作家,海明威,如下:如果一个作家的散文足
够了解他写他可能忽略的事情,会有一种感觉的事情虽然作者说他们一样强烈。冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面。一个好的作家不需要显示一个字符或动作的每个细节）
Now this principle has been applied in various fields. We could regard the small part which can be easily noticed as the 1/8 of an iceberg, and the part can’t be easily noticed as the part under the surface. What can’t be seen is the most important, because it’s the base of an iceberg, what it to the part above water is what the root of a tree to the trunk. We may admire a famous
请根据材料阐释海明威在文学创作时的冰山原则
请根据材料阐释海明威在文学创作时的冰山
原则
材料:
海明威在创作中提出了冰山原则
他强调作品中只展示冰山一角，让读者去想象和感知更深层次的含义
这意味着作品只呈现表面细节，而其中深层含义和情感需要读者去体会和理解
1.冰山原则是海明威在文学创作中的重要原则
The iceberg principle is an important principle in Hemingway's literary creation.
2.他强调作品中只展示冰山一角
He emphasizes that the work only shows the tip of the iceberg.
3.让读者去想象和感知更深层次的含义
Let the readers imagine and perceive deeper meanings.
4.作品只呈现表面细节
The work only presents surface details.
5.其中深层含义和情感需要读者去体会和理解
The deeper meanings and emotions need to be felt and understood by the readers.
6.冰山原则鼓励读者进行深度阅读和理解
The iceberg principle encourages readers to engage in deep reading and understanding.
7.作者不直接解释或展示内在情感
The author does not directly explain or display inner emotions.
冰山理论 中英
Iceberg Principle
The iceberg principle is a writing theory stated by a famous American writer, Ernest Hemingway, as follows: If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. （冰山原则是一个写作理论由一位着名的美国作家,海明威,如下:如果一个作家的散文足够了解他写他可能忽略的事情,会有一种感觉的事情虽然作者说他们一样强烈。冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面。一个好的作家不需要显示一个字符或动作的每个细节）
Now this principle has been applied in various fields. We could regard the small part which can be easily noticed as the 1/8 of an iceberg, and the part can’t be easily noticed as the part under the surface. What can’t be seen is the most important, because it’s the base of an iceberg, what it to the part above water is what the root of a tree to the trunk. We may admire a famous person very much because of his wealth and fame, but how many people know the struggle and sufferings behind it? Are they dispensable? We can use the model of “iceberg principle”. His wealth and fame is the small part we can see, and his sufferings and struggle is the part under water, without it, the person wouldn’t have acquired the fame and wealth he owns today.（现在这一原则已经应用于各个领域。我们可以把这一部分很容易注意到冰山的1/8,和部分不容易注意到的部分表面。什么不可以被认为是最重要的,因为它是一座冰山的基础,它上面的部分水是什么根树的主干。我们可以欣赏一个非常着名的人因为他的财富和名声,但是有多少人知道它背后的挣扎和痛苦吗?他们是可有可无的吗?我们可以用“冰山原则”的模型。他的财富和名声是我们可以看到的一小部分,和他的苦难和斗争是在水下的部分,没有它,就不会获得名誉和财富的人他今天拥有。）
iceberg principle英文解释
iceberg principle英文解释
The iceberg principle is a metaphor for the way that a small visible tip of a much larger problem is often seen. The visible portion of the problem is easily addressed, while the underlying cause is unknown and often difficult or impossible to address. The idea is that when dealing with a problem, the surface-level issues are often easier to identify and address than the root causes that lie beneath the surface. This principle can be applied to many different fields, from business to psychology.。
冰山理论 中英
Iceberg Principle
The iceberg principle is a writing theory stated by a famous American writer, Ernest Hemingway, as follows: If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. （冰山原则是一个写作理论由一位著名的美国作家,海明威,如下:如果一个作家的散文足够了解他写他可能忽略的事情,会有一种感觉的事情虽然作者说他们一样强烈。冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面。一个好的作家不需要显示一个字符或动作的每个细节）
Now this principle has been applied in various fields. We could regard the small part which can be easily noticed as the 1/8 of an iceberg, and the part can’t be easily noticed as the part under the surface. What can’t be seen is the most important, because it’s the base of an iceberg, what it to the part above water is what the root of a tree to the trunk. We may admire a famous person very much because of his wealth and fame, but how many people know the struggle and sufferings behind it? Are they dispensable? We can use the model of “iceberg principle”. His wealth and fame is the small part we can see, and his sufferings and struggle is the part under water, without it, the person wouldn’t have acqu ired the fame and wealth he owns today.（现在这一原则已经应用于各个领域。我们可以把这一部分很容易注意到冰山的1/8,和部分不容易注意到的部分表面。什么不可以被认为是最重要的,因为它是一座冰山的基础,它上面的部分水是什么根树的主干。我们可以欣赏一个非常著名的人因为他的财富和名声,但是有多少人知道它背后的挣扎和痛苦吗?他们是可有可无的吗?我们可以用“冰山原则”的模型。他的财富和名声是我们可以看到的一小部分,和他的苦难和斗争是在水下的部分,没有它,就不会获得名誉和财富的人他今天拥有。）
Iceberg-Principle冰山原则
“你现在不可以进来。”一个护士说。 “不，我可以的。”我说。 “现在你还不可以进来。” “你出去。” 我说， “那位也出去。”
海明威利用了人们所共有的感知方式及规律， 他知道大家都知道的东西。海明威省略的、埋在 水下的部分是经验省略。
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Reprezentative examples
海明威从不写恢弘的长篇巨制，他的小说往往只截取故事的 一个时段或者是一个时间点，以集中反映重大的主题或者历 史事件，至于故事的经过和历史背景，则当做“冰山”的八 分之七隐匿在洋面之下，但有让读者强烈的感受到他的存在。
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Methods
丰富的情感与深刻的思想是海明威冰山原则的“八分之七” 所在，也是他作品的“灵魂”和“精髓”所在。在海明威 的作品中，读者几乎感受不到作者的存在。海明威把情感 压缩到最大限度，在字里行间读者看不到激烈的言辞，看 不到对情感的描述，只能在作者平静的叙述中去领略内在 的情感和思想。
informaHtioenimionfgwthaey'sstocraymuernadeeryeth--e镜b头elie式f t描ha写t omission can
sometimes add strength to a narrative. Hemingway's genre of writing was short, terse, masculine and journalistic. But it
冰山理论-中英
Iceberg Principle
The iceberg principle is a writing theory stated by a famous American writer, Ernest Hemingway, as follows: If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. 〔冰山原则是一个写作理论由一位著名的美国作家,海明威,如下:如果一个作家的散文足够了解他写他可能忽略的事情,会有一种感觉的事情虽然作者说他们一样强烈.冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面.一个好的作家不需要显示一个字符或动作的每个细节〕
Now this principle has been applied in various fields. We could regard the small part which can be easily noticed as the 1/8 of an iceberg, and the part can’t be easily noticed as the part under the surface. What can’t be seen is the most important, because it’s the base of an iceberg, what it to the part above water is what the root of a tree to the trunk. We may admire a famous person very much because of his wealth and fame, but how many people know the struggle and sufferings behind it? Are they dispensable? We can use the model of "iceberg principle". His wealth and fame is the small part we can see, and his sufferings and struggle is the part under water, without it, the person wouldn’t have acqu ired the fame and wealth he owns today.〔现在这一原则已经应用于各个领域.我们可以把这一部分很容易注意到冰山的1/8,和部分不容易注意到的部分表面.什么不可以被认为是最重要的,因为它是一座冰山的基础,它上面的部分水是什么根树的主干.我们可以欣赏一个非常著名的人因为他的财富和名声,但是有多少人知道它背后的挣扎和痛苦吗?他们是可有可无的吗?我们可以用"冰山原则"的模型.他的财富和名声是我们可以看到的一小部分,和他的苦难和斗争是在水下的部分,没有它,就不会获得名誉和财富的人他今天拥有.〕
简述冰山原则的主要内容
简述冰山原则的主要内容
冰山原则（TheIcebergPrinciple）是一种对复杂事物的思考方式，它提醒人们只要看到表面，其实下面可能会有很多不被发现的东西。这个概念最早由印刷术发明者十九世纪末的海恩斯尼斯曼提出，他把雪山冰川与不可能立即知道的东西联系起来，于是就有了这个术语。
冰山原则告诉我们，客观事实以及结论往往不能把一个全貌都拿出来，很多时候，我们需要深入了解其中的原因，而不是只面对表面的事实。它提出很多有用的探索性思考，比如，当你观察到某个行为时，问自己：“那么，真正的原因是什么？”
冰山原则能够帮助我们更深入地了解一件事情，这样一来，我们才能够更好地理解，更好地处理，即使是最复杂的事也能被拆分成一个一个有意义的部分，而不是一团糟。
要做到这一点，你可以使用层级分析（hierarchy analysis），也就是把一件事情划分为若干层次，并依次细分出每一层的内容，进而把整体的架构拆分成更小的碎片，一层一层推导出来。
同时，冰山原则还可以帮助我们解决复杂的技术问题，比如建立理解一项复杂系统的目标，把整个技术拆分为更小的任务，并依次完成每一任务，最后整合所有技术任务，实现最终目标。
冰山原则能够帮助我们发现更多看不见的东西，这是一种系统思考方式，它是从宏观的角度去思考一个问题，而不是仅仅考虑一个表面的事物，它让我们可以从根本上去了解和解决问题。
总而言之，冰山原则为我们提供了一种思考与解决复杂问题的方式，它给我们的思考带来了深度，让我们可以更好地去理解和解决问题，拆分解决复杂的技术问题，实现他们的目标。通过学习冰山原则，我们能更加有力地处理复杂的现实问题，更好地获取宏观上的见解。
iceberg principle英文解释
iceberg principle英文解释The iceberg principle, also known as the "tip of the iceberg" principle, is the idea that the visible aspect of a problem or situation is only a small portion of the overall issue. This analogy compares the visible tip of an iceberg to the visible symptoms of a larger, underlying problem. The majority of the iceberg is hidden below the surface, just as the root causes of a problem or situation may not be immediately apparent. The iceberg principle encourages individuals to look beyond the surface level to understand the full scope of a problem, and to address the underlying issues in order to truly resolve it.
冰山原则名词解释
冰山原则名词解释
冰山原则（TheIcebergPrinciple）是一种表达方式，是指大部
分的事物只显露出最表面的部分，而最关键的部分却沉淀在最深处。它可以用来形容社会结构、文化精神以及某些事物的本质。
实际上，冰山原则最初是由美国心理学家内斯特萨罗斯提出的，他认为，人类的思维与审美受到自然界的影响，就像冰山只显露一部分，而它的真正实力却深藏不露。因此，冰山原则及其相关的理论普遍应用于社会学、心理学和文学研究中。
在日常生活中，冰山原则可以帮助我们正确处理各种复杂的问题。例如，当我们面对一个复杂的业务决策时，冰山原则可以帮助我们提取关键信息，不断深入挖掘，让我们可以做出正确的决定。另外，冰山原则还可以帮助我们洞悉事物的本质，以更深入的视角把握事物发展的趋势。
同时，冰山原则也可以应用于文学创作。在这种情况下，作者可以把文章内容看作一个冰山，向读者展现文章的局部信息，而深藏其中的信息则留给读者去发现。这样可以帮助作者吸引读者的注意力，激发读者的思考，进而给文章增添更多魅力，从而让文章更容易被读者理解和记忆。
本质上来说，冰山原则是一种整合思维，既可以帮助我们正确处理复杂的问题，又可以促进思维的深度，以及创造性的思考。因此，它是一种可以提升我们的思考能力的有效方法，也是一种教学和心理咨询的重要手段。
总而言之，冰山原则是一种重要的概念，它不仅可以帮助我们处理复杂的问题，还可以给思维带来更大的深度，对提升能力具有重要的作用。尽管冰山原则本质上只是一种表达方式，但它却是我们处理复杂问题以及思考深度的重要指南。
2024年4月自考《外国文学史》名词解释真题(附答案)
2024年4月自考《外国文学史》名词解释真题（附答案）
1. 塞万提斯
西班牙伟大的作家、戏剧家、诗人,他的文学作品深刻地反映了16世纪末西班牙王国封建制度的的黑暗,宣扬了人文主义思想。代表作品是《堂吉诃德》。
2. 塞威克斯小说
19 世纪英国作家哈代现实主义创作的最高成就是一类被他称为性格学环境的小说，因为这些小说都以英国西南郡威塞克斯广大的农村地区为背景，所以又称之为“威塞克斯小说”这类作品的主题一般表现的均是人与社会、性格和环境的对立，特别是通过爱情、婚姻问题的描写，表现个人对抗社会陈规、宗教法律，道德风俗以及神秘力量的悲剧性冲突;代表作品有《德伯家的的苔丝》、《无名的裘德》等。
3. 马克吐温
马克吐温被誉为美国文学的奠基人之一。他的作品至今仍受到世界各地读者的喜爱,并被翻译成多种语言。他的幽默和智慧，以及对社会问题的深刻洞察，使他成为了美国乃至世界文学史上不朽的人物。
4.冰山原则
冰山原则(iceberg Principle)是一个比喻性的术语，最初由海明威(Ermest Hemingway)提出，用以描述他文学创作中的一种技巧，即在文本中只揭示故事的一小部分，而让读者去揣摩和感受故事背后更深层次的内容。这个原则比喻的是冰山在水面上只露出一小部分，而大
部分体积则隐藏在水下，看不见但存在。
5.新感觉派
新感觉派(Neue Sachlichkeit)，直译为“新客观性”,是20世纪20 年代末至30年代初在德国兴起的一种艺术和文学运动。这一运动主张客观地描绘现实，反对表现主义的主观情感表达，强调对现实世界的直接观察和清晰表现。
简述冰山原则的主要内容
简述冰山原则的主要内容
冰山原则是一种常见的管理学理论，它要求把重要的、深层次的目标放在首位，把不重要的、表面上的目标放在末位。其核心思想是把重点放在主要的事情上，空谈不重要的事情，既能节省时间、精力，也能减轻压力、纾解负担。冰山原则可以帮助人们更加精确地分析和识别问题，以求减少时间和精力消耗，提高工作效率。
第一，冰山原则强调要正确判断影响重大的事情和影响不大的事情，不要把重要的事情和不重要的事情混为一谈，而是要正确区分重要的目标和不重要的目标。其核心思想是“想重要的事，不去想不重要的事”。
第二，冰山原则强调力量集中的有效性。一旦确定了目标，应该把各种资源围绕着这个目标而集中，以便更快更有效地针对这个目标来努力，而不是蹒跚地去做一堆不重要的事。冰山原则要求重要的内容放在第一位，不重要的内容放在第二位以后。用冰山原则，不仅能够节省时间精力，还能够确保工作能够顺利进行，从而提高工作效率。
第三，冰山原则坚持先做主要的，后做次要的。任何事情都不能够同重要程度，所以在做事之前要根据其重要性来控制和管理，重要的在前，次要的在后，以便把主要的及时地抓住，以确保重要事情得到第一时间处理，而不重要的可以随时安排，以便顺利完成任务。
在现代社会，冰山原则所提倡的思想已经在各个行业中被广泛的采用。社会上的企业成功者都努力实践冰山原则，认真分析每一项重要事，确保其重要性，并把重要的放在第一位，次要的放在后面，而
不是把重要的和次要的混为一谈，这样可以减少时间和精力对同一件重要事情的重复投入，节省资源，提高工作效率。
冰山原则名词解释
冰山原则名词解释
冰山原则，又叫80/20定律，是一种贝叶斯统计学概念，它指出
一个活动的成功80%要归功于20%的原因。它建立在一个简单的概念上：答案的真正原因通常不在表面上，而在深层的隐藏的现象之下。这个
原则主要涉及到用最小的资源达成最大的效果，让应用者发现解决问
题的核心原因，有助于节省时间、资源。
冰山理论中英
冰山理论中英
Iceberg Principle
The iceberg principle is a writing theory stated by a famous American writer, Ernest Hemingway, as follows: If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. （冰山原则是一个写作理论由一位着名的美国作家,海明威,如下:如果一个作家的散文足够了解他写他可能忽略的事情,会有一种感觉的事情虽然作者说他们一样强烈。冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面。一个好的作家不需要显示一个字符或动作的每个细节）Now this principle has been applied in various fields. We could regard the small part which can be easily noticed as the 1/8 of an iceberg, and the part can’t be easily noticed as the part under the surface. What can’t be seen is the most important, because it’s the base of an iceberg, what it to the part above water is what the root of a tree to the trunk. We may admire a famous person very much because of his wealth and fame, but how many people know the struggle and sufferings behind it? Are they dispensable? We can use the model of “iceberg principle”. His wealth and fame is the small part we can see, a nd his sufferings and struggle is the part under water, without it, the person wouldn’t have acqu ired the fame and wealth he owns today.（现在这一原则已经应用于各个领域。我们可以把这一部分很容易注意到冰山的1/8,和部分不容易注意到的部分表面。什么不可以被认为是最重要的,因为它是一座冰山的基础,它上面的部分水是什么根树的主干。我们可以欣赏一个非常着名的人因为他的财富和名声,但是
冰山理论-中英
Iceberg Principle
The iceberg principle is a writing theory stated by a famous American writer, Ernest Hemingway, as follows: If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. 〔冰山原则是一个写作理论由一位著名的美国作家,海明威,如下:如果一个作家的散文足够了解他写他可能忽略的事情,会有一种感觉的事情虽然作者说他们一样强烈.冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面.一个好的作家不需要显示一个字符或动作的每个细节〕
Now this principle has been applied in various fields. We could regard the small part which can be easily noticed as the 1/8 of an iceberg, and the part can’t be easily noticed as the part under the surface. What can’t be seen is the most important, because it’s the base of an iceberg, what it to the part above water is what the root of a tree to the trunk. We may admire a famous person very much because of his wealth and fame, but how many people know the struggle and sufferings behind it? Are they dispensable? We can use the model of "iceberg principle". His wealth and fame is the small part we can see, and his sufferings and struggle is the part under water, without it, the person wouldn’t have acqu ired the fame and wealth he owns today.〔现在这一原则已经应用于各个领域.我们可以把这一部分很容易注意到冰山的1/8,和部分不容易注意到的部分表面.什么不可以被认为是最重要的,因为它是一座冰山的基础,它上面的部分水是什么根树的主干.我们可以欣赏一个非常著名的人因为他的财富和名声,但是有多少人知道它背后的挣扎和痛苦吗?他们是可有可无的吗?我们可以用"冰山原则"的模型.他的财富和名声是我们可以看到的一小部分,和他的苦难和斗争是在水下的部分,没有它,就不会获得名誉和财富的人他今天拥有.〕
冰山理论 中英
Iceberg Principle
The iceberg principle is a writing theory stated by a famous American writer, Ernest Hemingway, as follows: If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. （冰山原则是一个写作理论由一位着名的美国作家,海明威,如下:如果一个作家的散文足够了解他写他可能忽略的事情,会有一种感觉的事情虽然作者说他们一样强烈。冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面。一个好的作家不需要显示一个字符或动作的每个细节）
Now this principle has been applied in various fields. We could regard the small part which can be easily noticed as the 1/8 of an iceberg, and the part can’t be easily noticed as the part under the surface. What can’t be seen is the most
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海明威的“冰山原则”创作理论
Outline
1 2 3 4
Origin and Definition
Background Methods and Representative examples Development and Influence
1
Origin and Definition
those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.
The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A writer who omits things because he dose not know them only makes hollow places in his writing. --Ernest Hemingway in the Death in the Afternoon
身的经验及情感来填充作品的解读空间。
海明威从不写恢弘的长篇巨制，他的小说往往只截取故事的 一个时段或者是一个时间点，以集中反映重大的主题或者历
史事件，至于故事的经过和历史背景，则当做“冰山”的八
分之七隐匿在洋面之下，但有让读者强烈的感受到他的存在。
Methods
丰富的情感与深刻的思想是海明威冰山原则的“八分之七” 所在，也是他作品的“灵魂”和“精髓”所在。在海明威 的作品中，读者几乎感受不到作者的存在。海明威把情感 压缩到最大限度，在字里行间读者看不到激烈的言辞，看 不到对情感的描述，只能在作者平静的叙述中去领略内在 的情感和思想。 海明威“冰山原则”运用还突出的表现在有节制的使用象 征。海明威用简洁的文字把抽象的情感、思想具体化为可
Origin
If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of
节号的作用，它省略的是情味和韵致；而海明威省略的则是完
全不同质的东西——实体经验。这种“经验省略”涉及的决不 仅仅是个“简洁”的问题，它还关涉着对世界的认知与呈示问
题，关涉着小说家对生活中的情境和境遇的传达方式问题，从
中有可能生成一种小说的情境美学。
Influence
Hemingway pioneered a new style of writing that is almost
Reprezentative examples
“我说我们本来可以舒舒服服享受生活中的一切 。 ”
“我们能够做到这一点的 。 ” “不 , 我们不能 。 ”
“我们可以拥有整个世界 。 ”
“不 , 我们不能 。 ” “我们可以到处去逛逛 。 ”
“不 , 我们不能 , 这个世界不再是我们的 。 ”
“我觉得好极了。”她说，“我又没有什么毛病罗。我觉得好极了”
beings. Wars contributed to Hemingway’s basic
views on the human society and as well set a dull
and gloomy tone for his early works.
Background
Being a reporter laid a good foundation for
情感和思想的含蓄性。
2ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Background
Background
The need to completely change the florid style of
literature in the 19th century Victorian era.
Hemingway’s years’ life experiences and his way of thinking about lives. In Hemingway’s point of view, wars, succeeded by an unstable society, brought about unprecedented disasters to human
感的形象，使读者通过形象的东西，依靠文学的可思性和
可感性完成对作品的解读。使得海明威的作品意蕴深刻而 不隐晦，同时又深化了主题。
Reprezentative examples
《永别了，武器》结尾： “你现在不可以进来。”一个护士说。
“不，我可以的。”我说。
“现在你还不可以进来。” “你出去。” 我说， “那位也出去。” 海明威利用了人们所共有的感知方式及规律， 他知道大家都知道的东西。海明威省略的、埋在 水下的部分是经验省略。
of his works, in which he would leave out essential
information of the story under the belief that omission can Heimingway's camera eye-镜头式描写
sometimes add strength to a narrative. Hemingway's genre of writing was short, terse, masculine and journalistic. But it conveyed naturalism than any other writer.
feel something more than they understood."
--Ernest Heimingway The Art of the Short Story
Development
小说家马原认为“冰山理论”的更内在的质素可以概括为 “经验省略”。他指出开始许多评论家把海明威的省略与传统 的留空白理论等同起来，以为这是一种含蓄手法的运用，言有 尽而意无穷，这是一个大的失误。传统的省略方法很类似于删
commonplace today. He did away with all the florid prose of the 19th century Victorian era and replaced it with a lean,
clear prose based on action rather than reflection. He also
Reprezentative examples
《白象似的群山》：
小说讲述一对男女恋人在车站酒巴等火车时 , 两人之 间的一些对话 。 最初从他们的对话中 , 我们看到这一对 男女青年之间并没有什么隔阂 , 甚至是很友好 。姑娘说 要喝啤酒 , 男人马上吩咐要两大杯 ; 姑娘想尝尝掺了水 的茴香酒 , 男人马上让酒保照办 。在之后的对话中 , 我 们似乎感到了男女的分歧 : 女人总是眺望远方 , 看到远 处的群山像一群白象 ; 而男人更关心的是让女人去手术 。 这种分歧只是在平平淡淡中发生的 , 好象也没有什么真正 的矛盾冲突 。
的思想是构成”冰山原则”的四个基本要素。具体 地说，文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”，而情感 和思想是所谓的“八分之七”。前两者是具体可见 的，后两者是寓于前两者之中的。文字塑造了形象，
形象包含了情感，而情感之中蕴涵着思想。诚然，
就一般文学作品而言，这四个要素都是必不可少的，
但在海明威的作品中显得尤为突出，因为他强调了
“完全哲理化人类形象和人类精神。”这些渲染人
类社会的生存氛围，凸显了《老人与海》的主题。
3
Development and Influence
Development
“A few things I have found to be true. If you leave out important things or events that you know about, the story is strengthened. If you leave or skip something because you do not know it, the story will be worthless. The test of any story is how very good the stuff that you, not your editors, omit." "You could omit anything if you knew that you omitted and the omitted part would strengthen the story and make people
Definition
所谓“冰山原则”，就 是用简洁的文字塑造出鲜明 的形象，把自身的感受和思 想情绪最大限度的埋藏在形 象之中，使之情感充沛却含 而不露、思想深沉而隐而不 晦，从而将文学的可感性与 可思性巧妙的结合起来，让 读者对鲜明形象的感受去发 掘作品的思想意义。
Definition
简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和深刻
employed a technique by which he would leave out essential information of the story under the belief that omission can sometimes add strength to a narrative. It was a style of subtlety which contrasted greatly (and in a way enhanced) the themes he wrote about...war, blood sports like owe a debt of influence to Hemingway. bullfighting or boxing, crime, etc. It is hard to find anyone writing today who doesn't
his own special language style.
3
Methods and Reprezentative Examples
Methods
Symbolism-象征手法 He emphasizes the role of implication, which is, in fact, the basis
Hemingway’s “iceberg principle”. His terseness
and accuracy had some in common with the language used in news report. Nevertheless, he didn’t lose his personality in such a strict regulations of words, on the contrary he created
Manmore with an axe--拿着板斧的人（简练文风） direct emotion, sincerity, realism and
简洁直白的文字塑造了形象，白描式的形象包含
了丰富的情感，而情感之中蕴涵着深刻的思想。
Methods
海明威的“冰山原则”首先表现在对语言的运用上，即简约 的文字。在容易被读者察觉的“八分之一”的文字表达里， 客观的叙述，直观的描写，将文字节俭到吝啬的地步。在海 明威的作品中，我们见不到过多的形容词、副词等修饰性言 辞。他总是用近乎直白的描述，展示人物及人物的处境，利 用名词的准确性和动词的生动性刻画其人物，使读者根据自
战后青年对人生万念俱灰，及时行乐的主题凸现出来
Reprezentative examples
《老人与海》:
海明威对象征手法的运用在这里已经成为一
种自觉。如：大海象征着所有人面临的变化无常的 神秘处境，马林鱼象征着人生的目标，鲨鱼象征着
永远无法摆脱的暴力与悲剧，多次出现于老人梦中
的狮子象征着勇气与力量，老人桑迪亚哥则象征着