英语论文_中西文化差异
文化差异类作文模板英语
文化差异类作文模板英语Title: Cultural Differences。
Cultural differences are a fascinating and complex aspect of human society. They encompass a wide range of beliefs, customs, traditions, and behaviors that vary from one group to another. Understanding and appreciating these differences is essential for fostering mutual respect and harmony among people from different backgrounds.One of the most prominent cultural differences is language. Each culture has its own unique language or dialect, which shapes the way its members communicate and express themselves. Language not only serves as a means of communication but also reflects the values and worldview of a particular culture. For example, the Japanese language has different levels of formality to show respect, while in English, the use of titles and formal language may not be as prevalent. These linguistic nuances can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations, highlighting the importance of cross-cultural communication and language learning.Another significant cultural difference is the concept of time. In some cultures, punctuality is highly valued, and being late is considered disrespectful. In contrast, other cultures have a more relaxed attitude towards time and may not adhere to strict schedules. This can lead to misunderstandings and frustration when people from different cultural backgrounds work or socialize together. Understanding and respecting each other's time orientation is crucial for effective collaboration and relationship-building.Cultural differences also manifest in social customs and etiquette. For example, greetings vary widely across cultures, with some cultures placing a strong emphasis on formal greetings and gestures of respect, while others may have more informal or casual greeting customs. Additionally, dining etiquette, gift-giving practices, and body language can differ significantly from one culture to another. Being aware of these differences and adapting one's behavior accordingly is essential when interacting with people from diverse cultural backgrounds.Religious beliefs and practices are another major source of cultural differences. Different cultures have their own religious traditions, rituals, and ceremonies that play a significant role in shaping their values and behaviors. Understanding and respecting these religious differences is crucial for promoting tolerance and inclusivity in a multicultural society.Moreover, cultural differences can also be observed in gender roles and family dynamics. In some cultures, traditional gender roles are deeply ingrained, with distinct expectations and responsibilities for men and women. In contrast, other cultures may have more fluid or egalitarian views on gender roles. Similarly, family structures and dynamics can vary widely, influencing the way individuals interact with their family members and the broader community.Cultural differences also extend to attitudes towards authority, individualism versus collectivism, and the perception of personal space. These differences can influence how people interact in social and professional settings, as well as their values and priorities in life.It is important to recognize that cultural differences are not inherently good or bad; they simply reflect the diversity of human experience. By understanding and appreciating these differences, individuals can cultivate empathy, respect, and open-mindedness towards others. This, in turn, can lead to more harmonious relationships and effective collaboration in an increasingly globalized world.In conclusion, cultural differences encompass a wide range of beliefs, customs, traditions, and behaviors that vary from one group to another. Understanding and appreciating these differences is essential for fostering mutual respect and harmony among people from different backgrounds. By acknowledging and embracing cultural diversity, individuals can contribute to a more inclusive and interconnected global community.。
跨文化交际论文中外饮食文化差异(英文)
Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 1 IntroductionAs the economy and culture developing rapidly, having dinner is not only for people basic physical need, but also the important skill in social communication. Good manners and courtesy have become increasingly common understanding of the public. With the deepening of reform and opening up policy in China and the strengthening of communication between China and West, people have a great number of opportunities to have dinner with foreigners. A lot of table manners, such as arriving time, seat arrangement, and order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication, reflect different culture and life-style in nations or countries. There are many differences of table manners between China and western countries.It is extremely important for people to understand these differences to avoid making mistakes and promote the development of humanity culture and achieve interpersonal harmony in both countries.1Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 2 Literature ReviewIt is a common sense that different countries have different cultures. Table manners, as a kind of social customs, are deeply influenced by culture and vary in many different kinds of areas. China has characteristic table manners with a long history, and western countries also have their own table manners. To some degree, having good table manners is a symbol of a nation’s civilization and an expression of a person’s moral cultivation.2Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 3 Cultural Differences of Table Manners3.1 Arriving TimeAs we all know that Chinese people often arrive half an hour later than the predicted time and the host also seems to have prepares for that. When they are waiting for other guests, the host always arranges some games so that the guests who come earlier would not feel boring. While in western countries, people do things strictly and all the activities begin on time. People should arrive at the party on time especially the formal banquets. It is considered as impolite and contempt for the host and other guests if one arrives 10 minutes later.3.2 Seat ArrangementIn Chinese table manners, seating arrangement is the most important part. The seat of honor, reserved for the banquet’s master or the highest status’s guest, is in the center facing east or facing the door. And the other higher position guests sit closer tothe master of the banquet. The lowest position guests sit furthest from the seat of honor. If it is a round table, the one facing the door is the guest of honor. The seats on the left hand are second, and then in turn fourth and sixth and so on. The guests on the right hand are the same.While in western countries, it is different. When the hostess announced dinner is ready, male host will lead guests to the table in turn, and the hostess walks behind them. Some host will also place name card on the table to show the seat.3.3 Order of Serving DishesChinese meals usually begin with appetizers. There are often four or five kinds of appetizers, such as, cold meats, preserved eggs, smoked fish and vegetable relishes. All these food are arranged beautifully on separate dishes or on one large platter. Then the hot food should be served. There is an important rule to serve the whole duck, chicken and fish, which is don’t put the head and tail to the major seat. After the hot dishes, then comes the main course, rice. At last, desserts and fruits are provided to help digestion.In western countries, the first dish is appetizer as well. The second dish is soup. The third dish is fish dish. Meat and poultry dishes is the fourth dish, which also known as the main course. And the most representative is beef and steak. Salad can be a kind of side dish, which can be arranged either after or with the meat dish. The sixth dish is dessert, such as pudding, ice cream, cheese, fruit and so on. The final drink is coffee with cream or tea with sugar.3Differences of Table Manners between China and West3.4 TablewareChinese people mainly use bowl, chopsticks and spoons. Chopsticks are the most important tableware in China. While in serving English meals, they use so much tablewares with different kinds and sizes. There are different kinds of glasses, spoons, plates, bowls and knives. The main tablewares in western are knives, forks, spoons, glass and napkin.3.5 Behaviour and CommunicationWhen on the dinner table, Chinese people talked a lot and enjoy the delicious food at the same time, which means the hospitality and sincere of hostess. Because they believe that the lively atmosphere on the dinner table reflects the cheerful of guests and the warmth of family. While in western, during the dinner, people talked little and cut their own food in the plate quietly.4Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 4 Main Factors Causing the Differences4.1 GeographyThe geographical location and the environment lead to the differences between Chinese and western cultures. People in different places will have differentbehaviours and cultures.4.2 TraditionWith thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture, we believe that we should take care of others and cooperate with others. Chinese people use cheap chopsticks as tableware which can reflect Chinese collective consciousness. In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr. Yi Zhongtian said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is individual consciousness. The western culture, to be self-centered, the boundary between people is very clear and they usually do not allow mutual interference. That makes western table manners without sharing a plate of food. Knife and fork also can reflect individual consciousness, and noble west of life.4.3 CustomPeople from different countries have different cultures and customs, especially in the aspects such as greeting, thanks, apology, flattery, and making telephone calls. When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, the host always picks food for guests and tries his best to make guests eat and drink more. While in western countries, the host would just let their guests help themselves and they would never carry food to their guest’s bowl.5Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 5 Trend of SyncretismNowadays, an increasing number of western restaurants appear in many cities in China and an increasing number of people like to have meals in it. People have gradually learned western table manners in their daily life. It is obvious that the Chinese diet conception is sensible, and the western diet idea is rational. Now, the difference seems to become blurred with the strengthening of communication between China and West and the development of science. Instead of paying attention to the color, flavor and taste of the food, Chinese people, like the westerners, pay more attention to its health and nutrition. This dissemination and development of western style food has unavoidably made great influence on Chinese food and beverage industry, which made Chinese style food trade change in the aspects of managing concept, management mode, productive means, personnel cultivation and so on.6Differences of Table Manners between China and WestChapter 6 ConclusionSocial background, historical and cultural differences lead to the differences between Chinese and Western table manners. To some extent, table manner is a reflection of the kind of lifestyle, and the formation of habits which can not be obtained in a short period of time. It is actually a kind of historical and cultural sedimentation and extension. Knowing the differences, people can easily understandthe culture of each other. In face of these differences, we should comprehend and respect their habits and culture and remember that every culture is equal to the other. Only recognizing cultural differences between China and West and making a reasonable and effective integration, can we establish a social cultural etiquette system of contemporary China and reach the ideal harmonious society.7Differences of Table Manners between China and WestReferences[1] 易中天. 餐桌上的文化[J]. 当代学生, 2004(10).[2] 杨柳,田丹丹,苑富山. 中美餐桌礼仪刍议[J]. 从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异[J]. 硅谷, 2008(18).8。
中西文化差异四级作文
中西文化差异四级作文Title: Contrasts Between Chinese and Western Cultures.Culture plays a significant role in shaping societies and individuals. Chinese and Western cultures, while both rich and diverse, exhibit distinct differences in various aspects such as traditions, values, communication styles, and social norms.One of the fundamental differences between Chinese and Western cultures lies in their emphasis on individualism versus collectivism. Western cultures often prioritize individual achievements, personal freedoms, and self-expression, while Chinese culture tends to value harmony, family, and the collective good.Additionally, communication styles vary greatly between the two cultures. Western communication tends to be more direct and explicit, while Chinese communication often relies on implicit cues, nonverbal signals, and context. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication and collaboration.Moreover, traditions and customs differ significantly between Chinese and Western cultures. From food and festivals to social etiquette and beliefs, each culture hasits unique practices that reflect its history, values, and worldview.Despite these differences, both Chinese and Western cultures have their strengths and beauty. By appreciating and learning from each other's cultural heritage, we can foster mutual understanding, respect, and cooperation on a global scale.标题:中西方文化差异。
中英文化背景对比英语作文
中英文化背景对比英语作文英文:As someone who grew up in both Chinese and English cultures, I have experienced firsthand the stark differences between the two. In terms of writing English essays, there are several key differences between Chinese and English cultures that can affect the way an essay is written.Firstly, Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on memorization and rote learning. This means that many Chinese students are used to simply memorizing information and regurgitating it onto the page, rather than engaging in critical thinking or analysis. This can lead to essays that are formulaic and lack originality.On the other hand, English culture values creativity and individuality. English essays often require students to think outside the box and come up with their own uniqueideas and arguments. This can be challenging for Chinese students who are used to following a set formula.Another key difference is the use of language. English essays often require a more conversational tone, with the use of idioms and colloquial language. This can bedifficult for Chinese students who are used to more formal and structured writing.Finally, cultural differences can also affect the way an essay is structured and organized. Chinese culture values hierarchy and structure, which can lead to essays that are very structured and follow a strict format. English culture, on the other hand, values creativity and flexibility, which can lead to essays that are more free-form and open-ended.中文:作为一个在中英两种文化中成长的人,我亲身体验了两种文化之间的鲜明差异。
描写中美文化差异的大学英语作文
描写中美文化差异的大学英语作文English:One major cultural difference between China and the United States is the concept of individualism versus collectivism. In the US, individualism is highly valued, with emphasis placed on personal achievement and independence. People are encouraged to express their opinions and pursue their own goals. On the other hand, in China, collectivism is prominent, with a strong emphasis on family and community. Harmony and conformity are valued, and individuals are expected to prioritize the needs of the group over their own desires. This fundamental difference in cultural values can be seen in various aspects of life, including social interactions, decision-making processes, and attitudes towards authority.Chinese:中国和美国之间的一个主要文化差异是个人主义与集体主义的概念。
在美国,个人主义受到高度重视,强调个人成就和独立性。
人们被鼓励表达自己的观点并追求自己的目标。
写一篇谈论东西方文化差异的英语作文
写一篇谈论东西方文化差异的英语作文English: Culture plays a significant role in shaping the beliefs, values, behavior, and norms of a society. When comparing Eastern and Western cultures, there are several key differences that are evident. One major difference is the emphasis on individualism versus collectivism. Western cultures, such as those in the United States and Europe, tend to prioritize individual goals, achievements, and personal success. In contrast, Eastern cultures, like those in China and Japan, place a strong emphasis on collective harmony, family loyalty, and group identity. Another notable difference lies in communication styles. Western culture tends to value direct and assertive communication, while Eastern culture places more importance on implicit and indirect communication. Additionally, Eastern cultures tend to have a more hierarchical structure and value traditions, while Western cultures often emphasize innovation and progress. These cultural differences can impact various aspects of life, including business practices, relationships, social interactions, and even everyday customs and traditions.Translated content: 文化在塑造一个社会的信仰、价值观、行为和规范方面起着重要作用。
中英文化差异论文
中英文化差异论文推荐文章文化差异英语论文热度:关于中西文化英语论文热度:财经新闻论文写作热度:关于中国梦教育论文热度:党课结业论文范文热度:由于居住环境、价值观念、社会习俗、宗教信仰、历史发展等的不同,中英各民族形成了自己的文化规范,这就是文化差异。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于中英文化差异论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考! 中英文化差异论文篇1试谈中英颜色词的文化差异摘要: 颜色是一种视觉效果,人们对色彩的视觉感是相同的。
但是这些描述客观事物的颜色词在人们生活中使人产生的联想,受到各个民族的语言习惯、文化传统、地理环境、风俗习惯、历史背景、宗教信仰等因素的影响而产生差异。
本文就红、黄、白、黑六种基本色探讨了中英颜色词内涵的不同,就其象征意义进行了比较研究。
关键词: 颜色词文化差异联想意义语言应用1.引言人类生活在五光十色的自然界中,在日常的生活、生产中创造了十分丰富的颜色词汇,成为人们传递信息、表达事物和思想的重要工具。
作为表达客观视觉感的词语,颜色词丰富了人类的语言,强化了语言的形象。
从理论上讲,人们对它的感知应该是一致的。
然而,各民族由于语言习惯、文化传统、地理环境、风俗习惯、历史背景等的不同,人们总是按照自己的思维定势和价值尺度描绘事物的颜色,赋予事物以自己的民族文化内涵。
颜色一旦浸入文化的染体,在人们的心目中就会产生特定的含义,引起特殊的联想。
因此,即使是同一种颜色在不同民族的心里所引起的联想意义有时候也是大相径庭的。
这种民族文化内涵一旦形成就不易改变,在中英跨文化交流中,这种由民族的特定文化内涵而引起的文化差异比比皆是,给各民族之间的交流造成了很大的障碍。
本文将着重比较中英语言中的颜色词在两种文化中联想意义和语言应用两方面的差异。
2.颜色词在联想意义上的文化差异2.1红色自古以来,中国人的崇红情结是有目共睹的。
在中国文化传统中,红与太阳与火有关,太阳给万物带来生机与温暖,而火意味着光明与兴旺。
中西方文化差异英语论文
The difference between Chinese culture and westerncultureA Comparative study on school educationAs we all know, there are lots of differences in school education between China and America. Now I want to talk about the differences from primary education to higher education.The reasons why I want to compare these two kinds of education style are very simple. Firstly, if we want to learn about a country, we should learn its educational style to so that we can learn how they cultivate the next generation. Secondly, we can study others’advantages and improve ours’, especially for we developing countries. Third, development of society always relies on science, and science come from education, if we want to be strong, education is the very key.You may ask why the differences exist, yeah, why? In my opinion, differences come so obviously because we have quite different thinking methods, we Chinese prefer to summarize experience after every practice, and we are good at applying our summary into practice. While Americans are used to doing some practice first, they can achieve a lot in these practice. In other words our thinking method is limited in the elder generation's experience seriously, what we do is to apply these summary into application, it will do great harm to our innovation. Now let us compare our different kind of education style from primary education to higher education between the two countries.1, Primary School EducationIt's so common that our children suffer lots of homework after class, what is more, the young have to attend to every kind of extra class to improve their scores, we have to admire that our children grasp better basic knowledge, however, what we lose is far more than what we gain. As is the time should we have a reflection, we put so heavy pressure on the young, but it does not work well, children ought to have a happy childhood.While, children in American have less classes and less homework, teachers prefer to let the young do more activities not exercise they want them to consider more and achieve the interest during their practice. Teachers often let children have free talks to train speaking skills, so today we can see American do better in arguing. During primary education, their students mainly study math and language, teachers usually arrange some activities which need to be finished in group, it not only improves the young's friendship but also does good to their sense of a teamwork. We can see the US children have quite relaxed growing environment. They have a more comfortable childhood I think.2. High School EducationIn Chinese high school, we study for three years, during this period, students have a lot of things to do, most of which is about study, every day we are preparing for college entrance examination, we all want to make good scores and choose an ideal college, so you can imagine this three-year career is a great challenge for us. Every day, we begin our class from 7:00 to 12:00 in the morning and from 2:00 till 5:30 in the afternoon, during a day's study, we mainly have math, physic, chemistry, biology,English and Chinese classes, these are the very subjects we should prepare for college entrance examination. We also have some interesting classes. Each week we have two PE classes, during this time we can do what sports we love and we can also relax ourselves, in my opinion only two PE classes are really not enough for us. We have two psychology classes, in this class teacher will show us some exciting topics that have something to do with us, it really help us a lot when we feel lost and frustrated. In Art class teacher will show us famous pictures and tell us the story of each work, we feel quite relaxed at this moment as we can have a sleep or do some other things. Though study is essential during these three years, yet what is the most important I think is that we develop great friendship during high school life, and our friendship is so pure that we can trust each other without any hesitation. Though these three years is the busiest period, it really gives us an valuable memory.When we come to American high school, we can see they have a relaxed study life, as is seen, their high school life is similar to our college life, they commonly study for four years during high school, they need not to pay too much attention to college entrance examination, in American, people prefer your ability than your scores, so students work hard to improve their all kinds of abilities. They go to class from 7:30 to 2:15 from Monday to Friday and only six classes every day, maybe you do not believe, but it is really true. They also have more interesting classes such as pottery class, theatre class and legal class, what the school wants is to strengthen students' practical skills. American students go to class in different classroom while we Chinese have permanent classroom, what is more, they are free to develop themselves andmajor in the subjects they like. As long as they get enough credits they can get graduated, so we can conclude that their style is like our college style.And our class atmosphere is also different, Chinese students should sit rightly and answer the teacher's question carefully, we consider that shows our respect to our teacher, however, American students prefer to sit as comfortable as they feel, they think it is good for study efficiency.3. College EducationIn this part we will continue to introduce the difference between two kinds of education styles.In China, having entranced college, students finally have the chance to lead a relaxed life after so many years study life. Many of them pursuit not to fail in every term's final examination, considering that is enough. And after these four years, students both can get a job and go for further study, it mainly depend on your personal desire. In the four year's life we have to get enough credits to get graduated, we need to attend to required courses and elective subjects. In college you may not go to every class, it is so common that every student have ever escaped from classes. And during these four years we can join all kinds of organizations and that is a good way to improve our communication skills and we can meet more people, maybe one or more among them will do us a favor in the future. We also take part in many kinds of national examinations, among which are CET4, CET6, and NCRE2. If you get the certification. It will help you a lot when you attend a job interview after graduation.Now let us have a look at American college life. In the front of this article weknow their students have a very relaxed life as they do not need to worry about entering college, they can go to college though their score is low, of course, if you want to choose famous college you should have good score. After American students entering college, many of them begin to work harder than they ever did, they may stay in the library all day long, they think it is time for their effort, or they will not get satisfied job after graduation.And on the way I want to say something not so important. In China a student can go to famous university as long as he have good social relationship, and he will get a gradual certificate. While if you study in America, you should pay attention, getting in by the back door is impossible, if you do not work hard you will never graduate successfully, and no satisfied job is waiting for you.In general, Chinese educational style pays more attention to basic knowledge, especially to math physic and chemistry. Our students really have steady basic knowledge that the US students admire very much. When we turn to see US students, we can easily find they prefer to improve social skills, including arguing, social work and teamwork, this difference lead to a phenomenon that if Chinese and American both work in a company most of the Americans will work as manager, and most of we Chinese will work as technical staff who work for the manager.When asked what bring this difference, American say "Chinese have very good knowledge standard but they are not willing to talk about their opinions in meetings, they are used to work along with former experience and lack innovation spirit."4. Different education systemIn China the majority of young people will get the opportunity to enjoy the 9 years' mandatory education, and very few people can go to high school or college, so the proportion of people get educated to the whole people is quite low. The reason why our government puts so many efforts to encourage the young to get further study is mainly to improve our nation's quality.In American, education attract great attention from the government, compulsory education is 12 years, 3 years longer than ours, the students not only enjoy free books but even have free lunch, from this you can see how American care about education. What is more, most of the people will not get satisfied with 12 years education, if so, they can hardly get a job. Many of them will go for further study. They study more forwardly and more self-conscious, and these two kinds of good behavior also bring a good social atmosphere.Chinese teachers are used to divide students in different level based on they marks in the exam, and students will be divided into different classes.While American teachers prefer to use "ABCD" instead of Arabic numerals to evaluate the students, in their eyes every student is good, so teachers will not grudge praise for the students, maybe appreciative education is enlightened from this.That is the whole content I want to share with you to learn the difference between American and Chinese school education, we can see that we really have a lot of things to solve in our education, why our people can not get Nobel prize, maybe there is something wrong with our education system. What we should do is to learn other's advantages and decrease the gap. Maybe years later our students will get theworld's attention.。
文化差异怎么写英文作文
文化差异怎么写英文作文英文:Culture differences are something that we encounter every day, whether it's through interactions with people from different backgrounds or through exposure to different customs and traditions. These differences can be both fascinating and challenging, and they often shape the way we view the world and interact with others.One of the most significant culture differences I have encountered is the concept of time. In Western culture, time is often seen as something to be managed and utilized efficiently. Punctuality is highly valued, and being late for appointments or meetings is considered disrespectful. On the other hand, in some Eastern cultures, time is viewed more fluidly, and being a few minutes late is not a big deal. This has led to some misunderstandings and frustrations in my interactions with people from different cultural backgrounds.Another culture difference that I have noticed is the approach to communication. In some cultures, direct and assertive communication is valued, while in others,indirect and subtle communication is preferred. For example, in Western culture, it is common to express opinions and feedback openly and directly, while in some Asian cultures, it is more common to communicate indirectly to avoidcausing embarrassment or conflict. This has led to some misunderstandings and conflicts in my personal and professional relationships.Despite these challenges, I have come to appreciate and value the richness that culture differences bring to our lives. They provide us with the opportunity to learn from one another, broaden our perspectives, and become moreopen-minded individuals. By embracing and understanding culture differences, we can build stronger and moreinclusive communities.中文:文化差异是我们每天都会遇到的事情,无论是通过与不同背景的人交往,还是通过接触不同的习俗和传统。
英语论文-中西文化差异对英汉比喻的影响及其翻译
中西文化差异对英汉比喻的影响及其翻译摘要语言与文化密切相关,不同的文化背景赋予不同语言中的比喻不同的文化内涵。
因此在学习英语比喻的过程中,比喻的文化差异必须引起高度重视。
本文通过举例从词汇多方面分析比较英汉比喻的文化差异,进而总结英汉互译的方法。
关键词:语言与文化;英汉比喻;文化差异;翻译。
AbstractLanguage and culture are closely related. Differences in culture always influencethe features of language. As significant parts of language, figures of speech havedifferent connotations under different cultural background. Hence, while learningfigures of speech in English , we must pay highly attention to the culturaldifferences. This article is about contrast on the cultural differences of figures ofspeech between English and Chinese by exemplification,then some methods oftranslation concerning figures of speech .Key Words: Language and culture;figures of speech;cultural differences; translation引言语言与文化息息相关,由于英汉民族文化上的差异,造成比喻中蕴含着不同的文化内涵,即使是同一喻体,也不能唤起相似的情感,不能产生同样的效果。
中外饮食文化冲突英语作文
中外饮食文化冲突英语作业从这几篇英语作文中,可以适当了解到中西饮食文化的巨大差异。
接下来跟随小编一起来看看吧。
中西饮食文化差异英语作文篇1The Food Culture Difference Between China and West Studying food cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives. It has special status in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west. As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic.Differences in ConceptsChinese diet is a sense of beauty diet and pays attention to the "color, flavor, taste " regardless of the nutrition . Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood”that is difficult for one to say anything. Evenusing the "color, flavor, shape and implement "which people often said to make the" realm "reification, is still difficult to crown all.中西饮食文化差异英语作文篇2The major differences of eating culture between the West and Chinaa.The use of tablewareAs we all know, chopsticks is our traditional tableware. We use chopsticks and spoon mostly and cups,plates,bowls and saucers are essential.The western use knife and fork.to eat..Their knifes can be divided into consumption knife, meat knife, friet knife, butter knife, fish knife and so on. The also have many kinds of forks like consumption fork, fish fork, and lobster fork.b.The way to cookChina has very rich kind of cooking methods, such as braising, quick boiling, scaling, stewing, gradual simmering, slow red cooking, steaming, decoction and so on, up to more than thirty kinds. Besides, the dishes cooked with these methods are numerous. That is why Chinese feel it is very interesting to cook, while the Westerners emphasize too much on scientific diet and the collocation of nutrition. They cook according to scientific disciplines all the time, which is mechanized and monotonous, therefore without any joy.c.The order of saving dishesIn a Chinese banquet cold dishes are the first served, next the hot dishes and the main course come with the following of soup, then follows the main food or desserts. Fruits often come the last. In a western banquet the serving order is different. The first course of Western dinner is appetizer. Appetizers have specific flavors, mainly salty or sour. They are few in amount but high in qualities. Different from Chinese dinners, the second course of Western dinner is soup. Western soup can be divided into four kinds, clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cool soup which can be divided into more kinds. The third course of a Western dinner is non-stable dish. Usually, aquatic products, eggs, bread is called non-stable dish. The fourth course of Western dinner is the main course, which contains meat and bird species. The fifth course of Western dinner is dishes made of vegetables. Westerners often eat raw vegetables, so vegetables are often made into salad. The six course of Western dinner is dessert, such as pudding, pancakes, ice cream, cheese and fruits. The last course contains beverage, coffee or tea.中西饮食文化差异英语作文篇3The Western diet culture differenceWestern diet due to geographical characteristics, influence ofclimate factors such as environment, customs, appears in the ingredients, flavors, cooking methods, different degrees of differences in eating habits. It is because of these differences, diet has a strong regionalcharacter. Differences between Chinese and Western culture makes a difference of Chinese and Western food culture, and this difference from the West in ways of thinking and policy. Chinese focus on "Heaven", Westerners focus on "people-oriented".Nutrition and delicious(营养与美味)Due to West philosophy thought of different, Westerners Yu diet heavy science, heavy science is emphasizes nutrition, so Western diet to nutrition for highest guidelines, eating like for a bio of machine added fuel, special emphasizes food of nutrition components, protein, and fat, and carbohydrates, and vitamin and the various inorganic elements of content is match expedient, calories of supply is right, and these nutrition components is can for eating who full absorption, has no other side effects. Knowledge of these problems are cooking, and how color, fragrance and taste of the dishes, it is first requested. Sanhedrin Premier diet in Western countries--France, its food culture in many ways and weapproximate, but access to nutritional problems, will open the distance between the two sides.Five flavors mixed with the operation aimed at the pursuit of delicious cooking in China, during the processing of the hot frying and slow fire attack for a long time may cause destruction of the nutritional components of food. France is also the pursuit of delicious cooking, butat the same time not forgetting "nutrition" that premise, consistently delicious is that they do not care nutrition for the taking. Especially modern cooking trends occurred in the 1960 of the 20th century, with special emphasis on health, diet, to the pursuit of light oil, emphasized the use of fresh raw materials, stressed during the cooking process to maintain original nutrition and taste, so vegetables are eaten raw. So that the Western diet nutrition is universal。
文化差异类英文文章作文
文化差异类英文文章作文英文:Culture differences can be a source of fascination and frustration at the same time. I remember when I first moved to China, I was surprised by how different the culture was from what I was used to in my home country. For example, the concept of "saving face" was something I had to learn quickly. In Chinese culture, it's important to avoid causing embarrassment or shame to others, so people often go to great lengths to maintain harmony and save face in public. This was very different from the moreindividualistic culture I was used to, where people are often more direct and open about their feelings.Another cultural difference I encountered was the way people communicated. In China, it's common for people to speak indirectly and use nonverbal cues to convey their meaning. This was a big adjustment for me, as I was used to more direct communication styles. For example, in my homecountry, if someone doesn't like something, they might sayit outright, whereas in China, people might use nonverbal cues or speak in a more indirect way to convey their feelings.中文:文化差异可以是一种令人着迷和令人沮丧的源泉。
浅析中西方文化差异与英语翻译论文
浅析中西方文化差异与英语翻译论文无论是在学习还是在工作中,大家都经常接触到论文吧,通过论文写作可以培养我们独立思考和创新的能力。
相信很多朋友都对写论文感到非常苦恼吧,下面是店铺精心整理的浅析中西方文化差异与英语翻译论文,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助!浅析中西方文化差异与英语翻译论文篇1摘要:翻译的本质是两种文化的交流。
文化的差异是一个译者必须要处理好的问题,如果处理不当就容易让读者产生歧义。
分析了中西方主要的文化差异,并对主要的差异进行了举例说明。
介绍了对于这种差异的基本翻译方法,它们分别是:异化法、归化法和音译法。
并对这些方法进行了解释。
关键词:文化差异;处理方法;异化法;归化法;音译法1、语言是社会的产物,是人类历史和文化的结晶它凝聚着一个民族世代相传的社会意识,历史文化,风俗习惯等各方面人类社会所有的特征。
不同的文化需要沟通。
沟通离不开翻译,可见文化及其交流是翻译发生的本源,翻译是文化交流的产物。
翻译教学和研究的经验表明:翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析的基础上。
翻译之所以困难,归根结底是语言差异和文化差异。
英汉两种语言在表达方式上有相似之处,但2012年02月13日09时09分,《英语学习:英语论文:简析中西方文化差异与英语翻译[1]》由出国英语编辑整理。
2、译法汉语文化中特有的事物在英语文化中完全空缺,这时可采用音译法将具有特殊文化内涵的词语“移植”到英语文化中去。
如:“功夫”kong fu、“乌龙茶”oolong等。
许多采用音译法翻译的词语已成为英语中的外来词,被西方大众广泛接受。
3、结语语言是文化的一部分,也是文化的传承者。
文化依靠语言进行传播、交流。
东西方文化的差异对英汉互译产生了深远的影响。
因此对于译者来说熟悉中英两种文化甚至比掌握这两种语言更为重要。
翻译离不开文化,没有基于文化的翻译是达不到交流的目的的。
本文只列举了三种基本的翻译方法,对于文化意象处理的问题,并没有统一的翻译方法和公式,译者应根据上下文灵活处理。
英语论文 文化差异 Culture Difference
Culture Difference Exhibited in Daily Life between East and WestXU YushiF02030035020339055ContentsAbstraction P2 Introduction P3 Part I What leads to the culture difference? P3 Part II How differently do people behave in daily life? P Section 1 Greeting PSection 2 Expressing gratitude PSection 3 Dining PSection 4 Symbolizing P Part III What can we do to treat the cultural gap? PABSTRACTIONThe cultures between East and West are distinguished by a rather large scale. This doesn't not only mean the opinions or ways of thinking are different. Actually, how do people behave in daily life is also not the same, sometimes even the opposite. This research will show some of the typical examples.KEYWORDSCultural differences, the East, the WestIntroductionIn many aspects of our life, we often divide the world into two parts: the eastern one and the western one. The former usually refers to Asia and the latter includes mainly Europe, North Africa and America. We divide like this not only because of the geographical location differences, but also due to the cultura l differences to a large extent. In the following parts, you’ll see such differences, from the causes to the customs of the two sides nowadays.Part I What leads to the cultural difference?The cultures of the East and the West really distinguish each other a lot. This is because the culture systems are two separate systems on the whole.The origin of the eastern cultures is mainly from two countries: China and India. Both of the two cultures are gestated by rivers. In China, the mother river is the Yellow River while the Indian one is the Hindu River. These two cultures were developed for several thousand years and formed their own styles. Then in Dang Dynasty of China, the Chinese culture gradually went overseas to Japan, mixed into the Japanese society and shaped the Japanese culture nowadays. Though a bit different from the Chinese one, it belongs to the same system.When the two mother rivers gave birth to the eastern culture, another famous culture was brought up on the Mesopotamian Plain ---- the Mesopotamian Civilization. This civilization later on developed into the cultures of the Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. And these two are well-known as the base of the European culture. Like the Chinese culture, the European one also crossed waters. When the colonists of England settled down in America, their culture went with them over the Atlantic Ocean. So the American culture doesn't distinguish from the European one a lot.At the same time, the difference of the language systems adds to the cultural differences. In the East, most languages belong to the pictographic language (see the picture below) while the Western languages are mostly based on the Latin system, for example, the one I’m using to write this paper.Other factors like human race differ ence counts as well. But what’s more, due to the far distance and the steep areas between the East and West, the two cultures seldom communicate until recent centuries. So they grew up totally in their own ways with almost no interference from the other.Pictographic charactorsPart II How differently do people behave in daily life?The differences are everywhere. They affect people’s ways of thinking and their views of the world. Even in everyday life, the cultural differences show up from the moment the eyes are opened to the minute the dreams are invited.In the following, I’ll give some typical example of the differences.Section 1: GreetingGreeting is the first step to form a culture, because people begin to communicate with others. The individuals become a community.How do we Chinese greet each other? Informally, if we meet an friend in the street, we are used to say: “Hi, have you had your meal?” or “Where are you going?”. When it is the case of two gentlemen, they tend to shake hands.However, in the western countries, the above questions are just questions, not greeting at all. They may think you’re inviting them to dinner if you ask about their meals. Usually, they’ll just give each other a smile or greet with a “Hi.”. They’ll shak e hands only in some formal situations. By the way, Westerners can leave a party or meeting halls without a formal conge, nor should they shake hands with every attendee like most of us will do here.Section 2: Expressing gratitudeThink of the situations below. Your mother is busy in the kitchen. She suddenly asks you to fetch a bowl for her. You do so. What’ll your mother’s response be? Probably she’ll just continue doing the cooking. After a while, the dinner is ready. Your mother hands you your bow l of rice. What’s your response? Probably just begin to eat.That’s what I want to say. In Chinese families, we rarely say “Thank you” to other family members for receiving help or service. Neither will we say so between good friends. It’s such an unpopular response that if you say it, the counterpart will think you are treating him as a stranger, otherwise you are lacking of intimacy.But in the West, "thank you" is one of the most frequently used sentences. Teachers will thank a student for answering a question; husbands will thank his wife for making a coffee.However, as an interesting phenomenon, it’s a custom to say "thank you" in Japan. Nomatter in family or among friends, Japanese chronically use it all the day. This is probably the aberrance of the culture.Section 3 DiningThe ways people eat, that is, the table manner, really distinguish a lot. The reason for this is probably because of the different dining tools and menus.Easterners use chopsticks, or sometimes even grasp rice straightly with hands as Indians do. The thin and long chopsticks cannot be used to cut food, so we usually use our teeth to act as knives. We hold our food, meat or vegetable, with the chopsticks, send them to the mouths, bite off a part of it and remain the other pa rt on the chopsticks. That’s the usual way we eat.We are also used to hold up our bowls when having rice or soup. Japanese hold bowls to have miso soup without spoons. But all these habits are considered rude in the Western countries.The etiquette in the West requests that when eating, bowls and plates cannot leave the tables. Food should be cut by knives to fit into the mouths. Of course your mouth cannot touch the plates or bowls. So the regular process is like this. You cut your steak on the plate with fork and knife, send the meat cube into the mouth with fork and nothing will be returned back but the fork alone.Section 4 SymbolizingSymbolization is how people imagine or regard something. It actually reflects the way people think. Here I’ll only discuss some symbolization that frequently appears in daily life.First is about the colors. We often give each color some meanings, because we feel differently when facing different colors. So people always have preference when choosing colors of clothes, decorations, etc. In the APEC summit held in Shanghai several years ago, in the last day, the presidents from all over the world wore the traditional Chinese Dang suits and took a photo together. The colors of the suits were chosen by themselves freely. However, it’s quite interesting to find that most Easterners chose red while most of the westerners preferred blue. To explain this, it’s easy to realize that what red means is almost opposite in the East and the West. Red means luck, fortune here. We Chinese often use this color to decorate in festivals, such as red lanterns, red Chinese nodes, red bangers. But red stands for blood, revolutions in the West. So the presidents avoided wearing this unlucky color.Another interesting discovery is about the dragons. In the East, dragons are imagined as something like snake and are flowing in the sky for most of the time. The dragon is said to have the face of the horse, the horns of the deer, the ears of the ox, the body of the snake, the claws of the eagle and squama of the fish. We regard dragon as God and say that we Chinese are the offspring of the dragon. The God of Dragons of the four seas can charge the rainfalls, so we sometimes also call them the God of the water or rain. But in the West, people think dragons as dinosaurs, which can stand on the ground with feet and fly with huge wings. They lay eggs just like dinosaurs. The dragons of the West have the ability to erupt fire, instead of water. The fire can destroy everything so the dragons are not welcomed at all. They even become the symbol of the Devil.Dragons Imagined by ChineseDragon Imagined by the WesternersPart III What can we do to treat the culture gap?Now we have seen that there exists such a huge gap between eastern culture and western one. Then what should we do to face this gap in the gradually globalizing world?Firstly, we cannot deny any of the cultures. Every nation has its own characteristics and it’s mainly through its culture that we first begin to know the nation and its characteristics. So we cannot say that this culture or custom is right and that is wrong. Equal respect should be attached to every culture in the world, even to those that are not in existence any more.Next, we should get to learn how to coordinate the different cultures. We say the world is becoming smaller and smaller. More foreigners come and go everyday. When it is in the same country, the same city, the same neighborhood, the cultural collision is expected to be more serious. So we should try to avoid this happening. One important thing is to get some basic knowledge about the other cultures so as not to misunderstand some actions or habits of the foreigners.When the above two is done, we can start to communicate. I mean we can take in some strong points from the foreign cultures. Though there doesn’t exist correctness in terms of culture, it does have the terms of more advanced or more suitable for the world nowadays. Of course, we cannot throw away our own culture and accept another one totally. Every culture is a treasure to the history of the Earth, so we should only pick out those we lack to perfect our own.Different cultures add the most colorful element to the world of 21st century. The cultural gap should not be the obstacle to the civilization of human being. It ought to be the motivation of our going farther.~ End ~。
【英语论文】中英文化差异对商务谈...
毕业论文中英文化差异对商务谈判的影响Impacts of Chinese-English Cultural Difference on Business Negotiation学院(直属系):外国语学院年级、专业:商务英语学生姓名:学号:指导教师:完成时间:Impacts of Chinese-English Cultural Differenceon Business NegotiationAbstract: Nowadays, as the rapid movement toward a global economy international business negotiation activities have become increasingly important and frequent. In view of the present world economic situation, people around the world have gradually recognize the importance of international business negotiation. Therefore, it’s obvious imperative for negotiators to learn about other countries’ culture before business negotiation in order to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding and make the negotiation develop smoothly. China, as the largest developing country in Asia, has played a more and more important role in the business contact with western countries after joining the World Economic Organization. However, China’s business corporation with western countries is not always so successful because of a lack of full understanding of cross-cultural knowledge. This thesis makes an effort to highlight the impacts of Chinese-English cultural difference on business negotiation. As it is known that China and English represent the typical eastern culture and western culture, which vary in many aspects such as religion, politic, education and so on, to some degree, they represent totally different culture. So it’s of high significance to study both countries’culture. By analyzing the causes of the cultural difference between the two countries and contrasting their negotiation styles, the author makes it clear that successful international business is based on full understanding of cross culture. Besides, the thesis finally put forward some suggestions to overcome problems rising by cultural difference.Key words: impacts,Chinese-English cultural difference,business negotiation.摘要:随着全球经济和贸易的飞速发展,国际商务谈判活动已显日益重要和频繁。
英语论文中西方饮食文化差异
英语论文中西方饮食文化差异AbstractWith the continuous development of globalization, cultural exchanges between the East and the West have become increasingly frequent. Food, as an important part of culture, reflects the differences between Eastern and Western cultures to a large extent. This paper aims to explore the differences in food culture between Eastern and Western countries, including the historical background, dietary habits, ingredients, cooking methods, and table manners. By examining the cultural factors behind these differences, we can gain a deeper understanding of the rich diversity and uniqueness of Eastern and Western food cultures.IntroductionFood is not only a source of nutrition but also a carrier of culture. It reflects the values, beliefs, and customs of a society. The cultural differences between Eastern and Western countries are evident in their respective food cultures. In this paper, we will examine the differences in food culture from various aspects, ranging from historical factors to table manners.A. Historical BackgroundThe development of food culture in Eastern and Western countries is closely related to their historical background. Eastern countries, such as China and Japan, have a long history of agriculture, which shapes their food culture characterized by rice as a staple food and the use of chopsticks for eating. In contrast, Western countries, such as France and Italy, have a long history of animal husbandry and the cultivation of wheat. This influencestheir food culture characterized by bread and pasta as staple foods and the use of forks and knives.B. Dietary HabitsThe dietary habits of Eastern and Western countries also differ significantly. Eastern countries emphasize balance and harmony in their meals. They believe in the concept of yin and yang, and their meals typically consist of a combination of grains, meat or fish, vegetables, and soy products. In contrast, Western countries tend to have more varied and individualistic eating patterns. They often have three main meals a day, with a focus on meat, dairy products, and a wide range of fruits and vegetables.C. IngredientsThe choice of ingredients in Eastern and Western cuisines is another area where differences can be observed. Eastern cuisines heavily rely on soy sauce, soybean oil, and various fermented products, such as miso and soybean paste. These ingredients contribute to the umami taste that is prominent in Eastern dishes. In contrast, Western cuisines commonly use butter, cream, and various cheeses to enhance flavors. Moreover, the use of herbs and spices, such as basil, thyme, and oregano, is prevalent in Western cuisines, adding depth and complexity to dishes.D. Cooking MethodsThe cooking methods employed in Eastern and Western cuisines also differ significantly. Eastern cuisines often involve stir-frying, steaming, and boiling, which are quick and efficient methods that retain the natural flavors and textures of ingredients. In contrast, Western cuisines often involvebaking, grilling, and roasting, which allow flavors to develop through caramelization and browning. Slow cooking methods, such as stewing and braising, are also commonly used in Western cuisines to tenderize meats and enhance flavors.E. Table MannersTable manners and etiquette also vary between Eastern and Western cultures. Eastern cultures, such as China and Japan, emphasize the importance of communal dining and the sharing of dishes. Meals are often served family-style, and it is considered polite to take small portions and try a bit of everything. In Western cultures, individual plates are more common, and each person's meal is often separate and portioned individually. Additionally, the use of utensils differs, where chopsticks are used in Eastern cultures and forks, knives, and spoons are used in Western cultures.ConclusionIn conclusion, the differences in food culture between Eastern and Western countries can be attributed to their historical background, dietary habits, choice of ingredients, cooking methods, and table manners. These differences reflect the values, beliefs, and customs of each culture. By understanding and appreciating these differences, we can promote cultural exchange and enhance mutual understanding between Eastern and Western societies.。
英语论文-在礼貌的语言,中西文化差异的影响
The Influences of Differences between Chinese and Western Cultures on Polite Language[Abstract] Language is the most important communication tool for human beings. And in it is loaded the profound national cultural connotation. Since mankind headed into the era of civilization, polite language has been highly valued in each culture, community and group. On one hand, polite language is an indication of being elegant and civilized, and on the other hand, it is helpful to establish and maintain a good relationship between people. As an observable phenomenon, politeness is something superficial and is recognized as a norm in all societies. People in every culture are trying to be polite when communicating. Furthermore, politeness is culture-specific to some extent and a reflection of specific cultural values in the language. Due to the influence of cultural value orientations, the actual manifestations of politeness and the standards for its judgment differ substantially from culture to culture. Therefore, misunderstandings or even breakdown may occur if the cultural differences of politeness are neglected in cross-cultural communication. This thesis aims to make a contrastive study on polite language between Chinese and the West in cultural perspectives and the points that people should be aware of in communication between different cultural groups.[Key Words] polite language; cultural trait; cultural value; cross-cultural communication; cultural difference中西文化差异对礼貌用语的影响【摘要】语言是人类最重要的交际工具。
中西方节日文化差异英文作文
中西方节日文化差异英文作文Culture Differences of Chinese and Western TraditionalFestivalAbstractTraditional festivals are the historical products of a nation’s development. Whether in China which has a long history of more than five thousand years or in the newborn America, the origination of traditional festivals in the two countries is similar. Most traditional festivals originated from people’s expectation for harvest in the agricultural production, the worship towards the gods and the nature, sacrifices to the historical characters and etc. After the long-term evolution, traditional festivals have become an indispensable part of the national culture. Through traditional festivals, the distinct cultural characteristics of a people and the national spirits can be observed. Since the ancient time, China has been a large agricultural country, the small-scale economic mode known as ―The men plough and the women weave‖initiated the agriculturalcivilization of Chinese characteristics. Chinese traditional festivals are deeply rooted in the agricultural civilization and greatly influenced by Confucianism. T o some extent, Chinese traditional festivals have relieved from the primitive taboos and tended to be happy festivals which reflect the concept of harmony and integration in Confucianism. In America, religion plays a very important role in people’s life. With various branches, the religious system of America is quite complicated, among which Christianity is of the greatest importance. Some American traditional festivals are the direct products of Christianity and most festivals have evolved into the religious festivals later. This paper is designed to discuss the differences in customs, origins and other aspects of traditional festivals with the similar cultural connotation, then analyze the reasons lying behind the differences and finally reflect the cultural differences of the two nations. The paper also analyzes the mutual fusion in tradtional holidays between China and the west.Key words: Traditional festivals; Chinese and American culture; cultural differences; causes; mutual fusion.中西方传统节日文化的差异摘要传统节日是一个民族发展的历史产物。
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文化在一个社会中是无可替代的。因为社会发展进程不可能被中断,然后被设计构造出来。社会发展是一个自然演进的不可终止,无可选择的过程。中国如何进步,就是应该鉴别正确且适合自己的传统,把他们由文化上升为规则,同时利用自己的智慧,从实践中获得新的真知,并使之与传统一起共同成为社会建立的基础制度。
中美文化之对比
义务 在中国人之间,与他人的关系通常意味着彼此之间的义务。 与此相反,美国人倾向于回避相互依赖的关系以及可能导致长期义务的局面。
任务取向与关系取向:中国人侧重于关系取向。保持和谐的关系比完成任务更重要。 相比之下,美国人侧重于任务取向。完成工作通常比关系更重要。
和谐与“事实”:中国人所受的教育通常是避免直接冲突、公开批评和具有争议的话题。他们希望在周围的人中保持和谐,给别人留“面子”。相反,美国人通常愿意直接面对问题、提出批评、讨论具有争议的问题,并坚持自己认为是“事实”的意见。他们对“面子”并不在意。
中国的智慧来自自然环境以及人文环境的恩赐。中国的自然环境是世界上唯一一个相对独立,又能够不断吸纳新鲜力量的大陆。从地理上说三面环山,一面环水,周围大多是不毛之地,而中原地区独享最佳的地理位置,因而自然形成趋于中央的向心力。从气候上说,中国的温带气候最适合人类居住发展,而且充分表现出气候循环反复周而复始的规律,体现出整个大陆相对一致的气候环境,这使得各个部族之间容易对自然和社会的认识产生共识,利于融合与迁移。在融合中不同部落各自的鬼神崇拜已经不再重要,也无法存在下去,代之以祖先崇拜,文化崇拜,智慧崇拜。这些才是中国文化的根。
法律、规章和条例的作用: 在交往方面,中国人通常更信任人际关系,而不太信任书面规则和程序。 而美国人一般认为书面规则适用于每一个人,并且能够产生公正、合理的程序和决定。
时间观念:中国人比较怀旧,也比较注重未来。 美国人通常对过去不太感兴趣,他们注重的是眼前的情况。
指定身份与获取身份:在中国的传统中,个人在社会中的地位很大程度上基于继承特征,例如年龄、性别和家庭,但这种情形正在发生变化。 对于大多数美国人,个人地位主要基于自己的成就,包括受教育程度和事业上的成功。
从历史上看,美国不是一个传统意义上的国家,只是一个新兴的利益的联邦,而且由于历史短仍然处于发展过程,社会的兴衰周期还没有在美国身上充分体现。因此把它与传统意义的国家进行对比,有很多不可比性。一旦其形成一些固有的难以改变的自身文化属性后,才能算作一个成熟的国家。
文化层面的对比
根据对文化的理解,美国所能够继承的东西主要来自法国大革命时期的思想成果,以及传统西方的基督教义。上帝成为其与西方文明共有的共主,虽然谁也没见过。耶稣不过是用来宣传这种思想的一个教案或者工具。上帝的文明准则有什么呢,就是黑暗,欺骗,掠夺,弱肉强食。所谓的慈善,道德只是用来宽恕恶人和恶行的,偶尔的光明都是上帝带来的而不是人带来的。从这点可以看出,虽然他们继承了法国大革命的优秀成果,但是没有脱离传统西方文明的框架。从自诩传统美国人的布什的所作所为中可以看出其秉承的传统价值观,布什可以说是近代以来,与法国大革命提出的自由、平等、博爱最远的一个总统了,因而也更能充分体现美国传统价值观的另一面。
中西文学文化比较
中美文化基本差异:中国观念与美国观念对比分析
集体主义:一般而言,中国和其他亚洲文化反映了社会科学家称为“集体主义”的取向。这些文化比较注重群体合作和个人谦虚。
个人主义:相反,美国人通常表现出一种个人主义取向。他们更重视独立性。自我实现即使不是一种期望,但至少更容易被人们接受。美国人更重视不受外部制约的“自由”。
简单的说来,文化是那些你不知道原因但还愿意接受的,来自上辈的规则与认识,在实践中大多数人能够体会带来的益处,或者相信可以带来益处,使得这些规则与认识又成为当代大多数人的选择,此时就构成文化主体内容。但是如果这条规则或认识已经完全被客观实践证明不可行的时候也不会坚持,也是文化具有的更新能力。所以文化主要是那些难以给予定论的规则与认识(属于价值观和哲学层面),并具有主观性,延续性,群体性,有益性四个特点。
但是规则体现的只是制度层面的东西,价值观才是推动制度建立的基石。美国的价值观包含两个方面,一方面来自于法国大革命时期的在自由,平等,博爱的思想,另一方面则是西方传统基督教文化的移植。美国是一种来去自由的联盟体制,他们的力量也经常来自散漫而自由的创造。
中国没有成熟的制度,法律,政策等成文固定的规则,但是中国社会依然从整体上运转良好快速发展,而且具有强大的自省力量,就是因为中国有强大和有生机的文化。文化可以在每时每刻约束着每个人的行为,促成社会的合作。这种文化来自历史的积淀,与智慧的碰撞。
二、隐私权
美国人通常很尊重别人的隐私。就是知己之间也很少问到别人太"切身"的问题,例如年龄、薪水及婚姻状况等。也应当少谈论第三者的事情。不请自来的访客(包括父母亲)是绝对不受欢迎的。
三、不拘礼
美国人在衣着娱乐方面,都比较随便。最重要的是人与人之间的交往都比较不拘礼,即使双方在年纪上或地位上有很大分别也不例外。这方面的例子多不胜数,例如很多学生对教授,及晚辈对老人家都直接称呼first name可见一斑。这种"越代","越身份"的不拘礼表现,在很多东方人眼中则认为是失礼的行为。
中国大陆这种作为海纳百川的文化终极站的得天独厚的条件,构成了中国文化相对独立又能吸取其他种族文化营养,注重整体、稳定、和谐、长久。总结为开放而又独立,吸收而又高贵的特点。中国大陆上的社会变迁是一个完整的世界运转变化的缩影。现在很多所谓国际外交争端可以从当时的中国内部诸侯各国之间的争端中都可以看到相似性。有了上面的条件,“易”思想的产生也就不足为奇了,以“易”作为智慧的发端与归宿,很好的体现了中国文化的哲学观。
此篇作为我的“中国文化漫谈”系列文章的第一篇,希望能够把浅显的道理与实际的问题结合起来,让我们了解什么是中国文化的价值所在。洋洋大观,才疏学浅;一家之言,不成敬意。
今天我们首先谈一谈什么是文化。之后对中美文化进行一个简要的对比,从而看出文化对于一个社会的巨大影响。
什么是文化(Culture)?
中美文化解读
对于中国和美国的社会结构我有一个简单的描述。
US stays on rules.(美国建立在规则上)
China stays on culture.(中国建立在文化上)
美国是最早开始实践把所有各种文明成果变成具体文字条文的国家,因而现在其拥有最完善的法律体系,政策制度,公共程序等,在规则之上享有个人自由,或者规则体现为个人自由之间的妥协。当规则变成条文以后,一切可以变成秩序,如果规则符合社会生产生活的需要,那么自然产生较高的执行效率,美国社会非常依赖于良好的成文的规定。
比如说过春节,每个人都认为应该过春节,而且习惯于此,很难说出过大家一定要过春节有什么必要性,但都能说出一些好处,所以就自然延续下来。但就是这种自然的惯性,具有强大的社会力量,除非社会发生巨变,或者彻底被外族文化所侵蚀压迫。后面的过程对于中国传统文化不是没有而且不止一次,但是都被中国文化自身具有的理性和强大的凝聚力所征服。这里提出两个中国文化的特点,理性和凝聚力。
中国的文化相比是上千年变迁中历经沧桑沉淀下来的,其中不仅是一些价值观原则,还包括很多独有的智慧。这种文化积淀是在多元化(而不是一元化)的中国历史中,不同思想流派互相斗争的结果,并为长期实践所证明。我们往往说历史总是不断地重复,就是说现在的各种现象在中国历史上大都发生过了。因此其对中国人自己具有极强的说服力,对中国社会也有极强的适应力。
四、开放与直接
美国人是相当开放和直接的,尤其在专业的讨论,往往秉持着不同意见而争论(注意:是争论,不是拍桌子,摔麦克风的吵架)。相反地,东方人往往不会直接冲突,而是婉转地通过地位比较高的第三者来疏通。
五ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้独立性
美国人通常较不喜欢依靠别人,甚至父母的帮忙也不一定乐于接受,而父母亦鼓励子女早早离家,独立地生活与发展。我国青少年在这方面就发展得较慢。对留学生来说,要注意到指导教授非常重视研究生能够独立做研究的能力。而对英文不灵光的留学生来说,当你向美国人借笔记时如被拒绝,不一定表示他们讨厌你,极有可能是他们将心比心,认为你应该独立而已。
社会关系:中国人的社会关系比美国人更加正式,等级更分明。中国人似乎非常习惯于等级分明的结构,他们可基于自己在结构中的位置和惯例确定自己的行为方式。 美国人则更侧重于非正式和平等关系。美国人通常和社会地位相同的人在一起最自在;他们不太重视社会等级。
友谊:与美国人相比,中国人更可能拥有少数终生挚交,他们彼此之间交情深厚,愿意相互提供任何形式的帮助。 美国人可能有许多“朋友”和熟人,这些朋友和熟人随着时间的推移而变换,彼此之间承诺的义务有限。
中国文化的理性与凝聚力是核心。儒家的思想如果从孔子算起(实际上更早,从多部落共处和农业生产中逐渐产生),也已经经历过很多变革与思想征战了,之所以其能够很好的存在下来,就是因为自身具有的极强的理性。孔子在总结前人智慧中,最重要的选择就是“子不语怪力乱神”。
孔子在论述社会制度建设的核心是“和”。在社会制度层面强调放弃征战,文明共处,依靠理论解决纷争。而对于个人而言,孔子强调“仁”和“学”,通过“仁”构建和谐的讲理的环境,通过“学”来提高自己的认识,避免为无意义的错误目标去争,且能够参与理论的过程中。智是学的成果,信是相处的境界,勇是个人进取的勇气,义是个人对大众责任的推行。礼仪不过是基于这些建立的合情合理的需要共同遵守的规则,是思想与智慧的表现形式。如果看孔子或者儒家文化,只知“仁”“礼”就会陷入知其然而不知其所以然的难堪境地。
六、竞争性
美国社会的发展依靠竞争来作为推动力。"Work hard, play hard"是大部分人的作风。他们在言语争辩时都喜欢压倒对手,这种"getting the last word in"的作风当然是竞争性的一种表现。他们的竞争挑战精神也显露在体育比赛方面,即使是他们所谓的"playing for fun"时也是蛮认真的。一般美国人对于一个球队都十分狂热,往往藉此发泄情绪。例如校队比赛时校警常常要检查进场的观众,不让他们带酒进场。球赛比赛时,观众都喧哗冲天,往往乱抛东西。有些助兴表演也有点莫名其妙,例如有一招是将一个女啦啦队员,从观众席的底层抛起,一级级的人将她接着又再抛上去,直到最高层又再抛下来;偶然也有失手受伤的事情发生。笔者也算是球迷,但都是在家看电视,免得在现场活受罪。而且要算准时间,当球赛完时避免走在路上,因为球迷在赢球时欢天喜地(如果你看到开车的人在乱按喇叭,你不用听报告就知道赢球),输球时则沮丧愤怒,两种结果都是疯狂毕露。有些血气方刚的小伙子更常做一些奇怪的事。有一点要强调的是,如果不是在发泄情况下,绝大部分的美国人都是很守规矩、不骚扰别人的。