2015年青岛大学830无机化学2015年考研专业课初试真题

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【青岛大学2012年考研专业课真题】无机化学2012

(Hg2Cl2/Hg) = 0.24 V，测得此电池的电动势为 0.52 V .
(1) 写出电极反应和电池反应； (2) 计算 K(HAc)。 32. 10 分下列两个反应在 298 K 和标准态时均为非自发反应，其中在高温下仍为非自发反应
+ H(g) H (g) F(g) F (g) + HF(aq) H (aq) + F (aq)
= 1312 kJ· mol r Hm = -322kJ· mol r Hm = -102 J· mol · K r Sm-1ຫໍສະໝຸດ -1-1-1
计算 HF(aq) 的电离常数。 23. 15 分近似计算 AgBr 在 2.0mol· L-1 氨水和 2.0mol· L-1Na2S2O3 溶液中的溶解度(mol· L-1)各为多少?
Co(s) + H2O(g) Co(s) + CO2(g)
Kp1 = 67 Kp2 = 490
则反应 (3) CO2(g) + H2(g) 16. 2 分
CO(g) + H2O(g) Kp3 = ______________ 。
难溶电解质 MgNH4PO4 的溶度积表达式是____________________________。 17. 2 分电解时，电解池中和电源正极相连的是______极，并发生 __________ 反应；电解池中和电源负极相连的是_______极，并发生 ___________反应。 18. 2 分在第一、二、三周期元素的基态原子中，成单电子数与该元素所处的周期数相同的元素是____________________________。 19. 2 分在氯化钠的结构中：阴、阳离子的配位数分别是上有 20. 2 分在醋酸溶剂中，高氯酸的酸性强于盐酸，而在水中，高氯酸和盐酸的酸性相近，这是由_____________________引起的。三、计算题 ( 任选 4 题，每题 15 分，共 60 分 ) 21. 15 分已知 Co3+ +e O2 + 4H++ 4e NH3· H2O Co3+ + 6NH3 Co2+ + 6NH3 Co2+ 2H2O

青岛大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题

青岛大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 830 科目名称：无机化学（共7 页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、选择题 ( 共15题，30分 ) 1. 2 分0.100 mol·kg -1 KCl 溶液在稍高于 -0.372℃时结冰, 对这个现象的解释是(水的K f = 1.86 K·kg·mol -1) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- ( )(A) KCl 未完全缔合 (B) 离子互吸 (C) 离子互斥 (D) 溶液蒸气压下降 2. 2 分25℃，2NO 2(g)N 2O 4(g)，K c 与K p ( K )的比值( p = 100 kPa )K c /K p 等于--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------（） (A)2980831.01⨯= 0.0404 (B) 8.31 ⨯ 25 = 207.8 (C) 0.0831 ⨯ 298 = 24.8(D) 0.0821 ⨯ 298 = 24.53. 2 分容器内壁覆盖有CaSO 4，加入1.5 mol·dm -3 Na 2CO 3溶液1.0 dm 3，由CaSO 4 转化为CaCO 3的Ca 2+ 为…………………………………………………………………（）(K sp (CaCO 3) = 2.8 ⨯ 10-9，K sp (CaSO 4) = 9.1 ⨯ 10-6，Ca 的相对原子质量为40) (A) 2.4 ⨯ 102 g (B) 4.8 ⨯ 102 g (C) 60 g(D) 1.5 g4. 2 分110℃ 密闭容器中，水气共存时，饱和水蒸气压为143 kPa ，则对于H 2O(l)H 2O(g)，下述正确的是………………………………………… （）(A) 水蒸气压达到p时，平衡向生成H 2O(g) 的方向移动(B) O H 2p = 143 kPa 时，m r G ∆= 0(C) O H 2p = 143 kPa 时，不能达到平衡 (D)OH 2p = 143 kPa 时，Δr G m > 05. 2 分已知0.01 mol·dm -3的弱酸HA 溶液有1 %的电离，它的电离常数约为…（） (A) 10-2 (B) 10-6 (C) 10-4 (D) 10-56. 2 分已知下列前三个反应的K 值，则第四个反应的K 值为…………………（） (1) H 2(g) +21O 2(g)H 2O(g) K 1 (2) N 2(g) + O 2(g)2NO(g)K 2(3) 2NH 3(g) +25O 2(g)2NO(g) + 3H 2O(l) K 3 (4) N 2(g) + 3H 2(g)2NH 3(g) K(A) K 1 + K 2 - K 3 (B) K 1 ⨯ K 2 / K 3(C) K 1 ⨯ K 3 / K 2(D) K 13 ⨯ K 2 / K 37. 2 分将0.10 mol·dm -3 HAc 与0.10 mol·dm -3 NaOH 等体积混合，其pH 值为 (K a (HAc) = 1.76 ⨯ 10-5)……………………………………………………………（）(A) 5.27 (B) 8.73 (C) 6.73 (D) 10.498. 2 分某温度时，反应 H 2(g) + Br 2(g) = 2HBr(g) 的 K = 4⨯10-2，则反应 HBr(g) =21H 2(g) +21Br 2(g) 的K等于………………………………………（）(A)14102⨯- (B)14102⨯-(C) 4 ⨯ 10-2 (D)4102⨯-9. 2 分在一定温度下，Zn(OH)2饱和溶液的pH为8.3，则该温度时Zn(OH)2的K SP 为…（）(A) 8.0⨯10-18(B) 4.0⨯10-18(C) 3.2⨯10-17(D) 4.0⨯10-1210. 2 分配制pH = 7的缓冲溶液时，选择最合适的缓冲对是……………………………（）(K a(HAc) = 1.8 ⨯ 10-5，K b(NH3) = 1.8 ⨯ 10-5；H3PO4：K a1 = 7.52 ⨯ 10-3，K a2 = 6.23 ⨯ 10-8，K a3 = 4.4 ⨯ 10-13；H2CO3：K a1 = 4.30 ⨯ 10-7，K a2 = 5.61 ⨯ 10-11)(A) HAc-NaAc (B) NH3-NH4Cl(C) NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4(D) NaHCO3-Na2CO311. 2 分将0.01 mol NaOH 加到下列溶液中，NaOH溶解后，溶液的pH值变化最小的是…（）(A) 0.10 dm3 0.01 mol·dm-3 H3PO4(B) 0.10 dm3 0.01 mol·dm-3 HNO3(C) 0.10 dm3 0.2 mol·dm-3 HAc(D) 0.10 dm3 0.2 mol·dm-3 HNO312. 2 分下列过程中，ΔS为负值的是………………………………………………（）(A) 液态溴蒸发变成气态溴(B) SnO2(s) + 2H2(g) = Sn(s) + 2H2O(l)(C) 电解水生成H2和O2(D) 公路上撒盐使冰熔化13. 2 分同温下, 渗透压最大的水溶液是---------------------------------------------------( )(A) 0.01 mol·kg -1 Ba(NO 3)2 (B) 0.01 mol·kg -1 KNO 3 (C) 0.01 mol·kg -1 HCOOH (D) 0.01 mol·kg -1 蔗糖溶液14. 2 分H PO 24-的共轭碱是 …………………………………………………………（）(A) H 3PO 4 (B)H PO 42- (C)H PO 23- (D)PO 43-15. 2 分温度升高导致反应速率明显增加的主要原因是………………………… （）(A) 分子碰撞机会增加 (B) 反应物压力增加 (C) 活化分子数增加 (D) 活化能降低二、填空题 ( 共10题 20分 ) 16. 2 分在[Ni(CN)4]4-配离子中，Ni 是处于_____氧化态；它与Ni 的________配合物是等电子体；它们的空间构型都是_________________________________________。

青岛大学638生物化学2012--2015年考研专业课初试真题

E．转氨基作用与谷氨酸氧化脱氨基的联合 16、体内氨储存及运输的主要形式之一是 A．谷氨酸 E．谷氨酸 17、体内一碳单位的载体是 A．叶酸 D．维生素 B12 A．补充甲硫氨酸 B．二氢叶酸 E．维生素 B6 B．合成四氢叶酸
2
B．谷氨酰胺
C．谷胱甘肽
D．酪氨酸
C．四氢叶酸
18、S-腺苷甲硫氨酸（SAM）最主要的生理功能是 C．生成嘌呤核苷酸
12、肌糖原不能直接补充血糖，是因为肌肉组织中不含
13、长期饥饿时，血糖浓度的维持主要靠 E．组织中葡萄糖的利用降低 B. 脂肪酸的β–氧化 E. 以上都不对 B. 硫解酶 E. β酮脂酰还原酶 B. GDP-胆碱 E. CDP-胆碱 B. FMN→CoQ E. 以上都不是 B．磷酸肌酸 C．1，3-二磷酸甘油酸 C. CoQ→Cytaa3 C. TDP-胆碱 C. 乙酰 CoA 羧化酶 C. 甘油氧化
22、下列关于 DNA 复制的叙述哪一项是错误的 A．是半保留复制 C．以 4 种 dNTP 为原料
E．有 RNA 指导的 DNA 聚合酶参加 23、反转录的产物是 5’-ATCGAG-3’,其模板是 A．5’-TAGCTC-3’ D．5’-CUCGAU-3’ A．Watson 和 Crick C.Sanger 25、合成 DNA 的原料是 A ． dAMP dGMP dCMP dTMP C．dADP dGDP dCDP dTDP E．AMP GMP CMP UMP 26、DNA 连接酶 A．使 DNA 形成超螺旋结构 B．使双螺旋 DNA 链缺口的两个末端连接 C．合成 RNA 引物 27、识别转录起始点的是 A．ρ 因子 D．σ 因子 B．核心酶 E．dna B 蛋白
11、短期饥饿时，血糖浓度的维持主要靠： E．组织中葡萄糖的利用降低 B. 已糖激酶 E. 葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶 B. Boyer 学说 E. 化学渗透学说 C. Keilin 学说 C．6 一磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶

2015年青岛大学考研真题研究生入学真题349药学综合

青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：349 科目名称：药学综合（共4页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、名词解释（每小题5分，共计60分）：1、质子泵抑制剂2、甾类激素3、离子通道4、耐用性5、百分吸收系数6、氧瓶燃烧法7、天然药物化学8、植物次生代谢产物9、三萜皂苷10、Stealth liposome11、EPR effect12、Passive target-oriented preparations二、单项选择（每小题2分，共计40分）：1、Warfarin Sodium在临床上主要用于（）A、抗高血压B、降血脂C、心力衰竭D、抗凝血E、胃溃疡2、雷尼替丁是用（）代替了咪唑环得到的第二代组胺H2受体拮抗剂。

A、吡喃环B、吡咯环C、吡唑环D、噻唑环E、呋喃环3、苯巴比妥不具有下列哪种性质（）A、呈弱酸性B、溶于乙醚、乙醇C、有硫磺的刺激气味D、钠盐易水解E、与吡啶，硫酸铜试液成紫堇色4、青霉素G钠在室温稀酸性条件下将（）A、β-内酰胺环的水解开环B、发生分子重排生成青霉二酸C、6-氨基上酰基侧链水解D、钠盐被中和为游离羧酸E、发生分子重排生成青霉醛和青霉胺5、喹诺酮类药物的抗菌机制是（）A、抑制DNA旋转酶和拓扑异构酶ⅣB、抑制粘肽转肽酶C、抑制细菌蛋白质的合成D、抑制二氢叶酸还原酶E、抑制DNA旋转酶和拓扑异构酶Ⅰ6、表示两变量指标A与C之间线性相关程度常用（）A、相关规律B、比例常数C、相关系数D．精密度E．准确度7、下列化合物中，亚硝基铁氰化钠反应为其专属反应的是（）A、脂肪族伯胺B、芳香伯氨C、酚羟基D、硝基E、羰基8、有氧化产物存在时，吩噻嗪类药物的鉴别或含量测定方法为（）A、非水溶液滴定法B、紫外分光光度法C、荧光分光光度法D、钯离子比色法E、气相色谱法9、凡属于药典收载的药品其质量不符合规定标准的均（）A、不得生产、不得销售、不得使用B、不得出厂、不得销售、不得供应C、不得出厂、不得供应、不得实验D、不得出厂、不得销售、不得使用E、不得制造、不得销售、不得应用10、TLC 法鉴别四环素类药物时，在固定相和流动相中加EDTA 目的是（）A、调节展开系统的pH 值B、与四环素类药物络合，改善色谱行为C、防止四环素类分解D、克服因痕量金属离子存在而引起的拖展现象E、克服因痕量金属离子存在而引起的荧光淬灭现象11、具有莨菪烷母核的生物碱是（）A、甲基麻黄碱B、小檗碱C、阿托品D、氧化苦参碱E、乌头碱12、紫外光谱中，主要用于诊断黄酮、黄酮醇类化合物7-OH的试剂是（）A、甲醇钠B、醋酸钠C、醋酸钠-硼酸D、AlCl3E、AlCl3+HCl13、中草药中地黄、玄参、栀子中的主要成分是（）A、黄酮类B、生物碱C、皂苷D、香豆素E、环烯醚萜14、羟肟酸铁反应的作用基团是（）A、亚甲二氧基B、内酯环C、芳环D、酚羟基E、酚羟基对位的活泼氢15、强心苷母核四个环空间排列错误项（）A、A/B环为顺式B、A/B环为反式C、B/C环为顺式D、B/C环为反式E、C/D环为顺式16、关于缓控释制剂叙述错误的是（）A、缓释制剂系指在用药后能在较长时间内持续释放药物以达到延长药效目的的制剂B、控释制剂系指药物能在设定的时间内自动地以设定的速度释放的制剂C、口服缓(控)释制剂，药物在规定溶剂中，按要求缓慢地非恒速释放药物D、对半衰期短或需频繁给药的药物，可以减少服药次数E、使血液浓度平稳，避免峰谷现象，有利于降低药物的毒副作用17、影响口服缓控释制剂的设计的理化因素不包括（）A、稳定性B、水溶性C、油水分配系数D、生物半衰期E、pKa和解离度18、栓剂直肠给药有可能较口服给药提高药物生物利用度的原因是（）A、栓剂进入体内，体温下融化、软化，因此药物较其它固体制剂，释放药物快而完全B、药物通过直肠中、下静脉和肛管静脉，进入下腔静脉，进入体循环，避免肝脏的首过代谢作用C、药物通过直肠上静脉进入大循环，避免肝脏的首过代谢作用D、药物在直肠粘膜的吸收好19、固体分散体中药物溶出速度的比较（）A、分子态＞无定形＞微晶态B、无定形＞微晶态＞分子态C.、分子态＞微晶态＞无定形D、微晶态＞分子态＞无定形20、可用作缓释作用的包合材料是（）A、γ-环糊精B、α-环糊精C、β-环糊精D、羟丙基-β-环糊精E、乙基化-β-环糊精三、填空（每空2分，共计80分）：1、奥美拉唑在体内的活性代谢物次磺酰胺与质子泵的形成二硫键共价结合，使质子泵失去活性。

2015年青岛大学823传热学2015年考研专业课初试真题

t 。
(12) 对于漫—灰表面来说，其发射率与吸收比之间的厚度为 15mm ，材料导热系数为 0.15（ W / m K ) ，壁面两侧的温度差为 150 ℃ ，则通过该平壁导热的热流密度为。
1
2.选择题（本题共 10 小题,每小题 3 分，共 30 分）（1）空气横向掠过等温圆柱，从圆柱前驻点开始向后热边界层厚度在不断增加，如果 Re 较小，流动保持层流，则（ A.局部表面传热系数逐渐减小 C. 局部表面传热系数可能减小，也可能增加（2）饱和水蒸汽在水平圆管外凝结， L d ，圆管的壁温恒定，以下的方案（）可以增加单位时间内的凝结水量。 B.将圆管倾斜放置 C.在圆管外面加装低肋片 A.将圆管垂直放置） B. 局部表面传热系数保持不变
.8 0.3 充分发展湍流公式 Nu 0.023Re 0 f Pr f 。
（2）(15 分) 初温相同的金属薄板、细圆柱体和小球（材料相同，金属导热系数大），放在同种介质中加热，如薄板厚度、细圆柱体直径、小球直径相等，表面传热系数相同，求把它们加热到同样温度所需时间之比。

。因素有关。类，。
(8) 已知物体表面与周围介质之间的换热情况，这是属于第
(10) 在其他条件相同的情况下，流体横向冲刷管子比纵向冲刷管子换热 (11) 空气横掠管束时，沿流动方向管排数越多，平均表面传热系数数越多，平均表面传热系数越 (13) 换热器的热力计算主要基于的方程式为 (14) 如果 Pr<1，则流动边界层厚度
(3) 当考虑入口段对整个管道平均表面传热系数的影响时，其入口效应 (4) 一般来说，顺排管束的平均对流换热系数要比叉排时
(5) 膜状凝结换热的热阻主要是。 (6) 直角坐标下,常物性无内热源的一维非稳态导热问题的导热微分方程是 (7) 角系数仅与边界条件。 (9) 已知某流体流过固体壁面时被加热，并且流体平均温度为 40 ℃ ，则壁面温度为效果越。，而蒸汽在水平管束外凝结时，沿液膜流动方向管束排。

2015年后勤工程学院考研初试真题无机化学

第 1 页共 6 页
于逆反应速率的增ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ，所以上述平衡向右移动。（
二、选择题（每题 2 分，共 50 分）
1．已知 K (CdCO3)=5.210-12，K (Cd(OH)2)=2.510-14，则溶解度大小次序正确的是（）。 A、S(CdCO3)>S(Cd(OH)2)； B、S(CdCO3)<S(Cd(OH)2)； C、S(CdCO3)=S(Cd(OH)2)； D、S(CdCO3)=4.810-3S(Cd(OH)2)； 2．下列分子的空间构型为“V”形的是( )。 A、BeCl2； B、XeF2； C、BeH2； D、H2Se。 3．已知 K (BaSO4)=1.110-10。在含有 BaSO4 固体的饱和溶液中，加入 H2SO4，使 c(H2SO4) =0.1mol·L-1（忽略体积变化），则 BaSO4 沉淀量（）。 A、减少； B、增多； C、先增多后减少； D、无变化。 4．已知 K (HAc)=1.75×10-5，100mL 某溶液中含有 6.00gHAc 和 4.10gNaAc，NaAc 的相对分子质量为 82，HAc 的相对分子质量为 60，则该溶液的 pH 值为（）。 A、2.75； B、4.55； C、4.46； D、3.75。 5 ．已知 E (H3AsO4/H3AsO3)=0.58V ， E (I2/I-)=0.54V ，关于反应 H3AsO3+I2+H2O H3AsO4+2I-+2H+的下列叙述中,错误的是（）。 A、标准状态下,正反应不能自发进行; B、该反应的 E ＝-0.04V 很小,因此，在任何条件下正反应不可能自发进行; C、溶液的 pH 值改变,反应进行的方向会发生改变; D、溶液的 pH 值增大,As(Ⅴ)的氧化性减弱。 6．25℃时，[Ag(NH3)2]+在溶液中存在下列平衡： [Ag(NH3)2]+ [Ag(NH3)]++NH3 K + + [Ag(NH3)] Ag +NH3 K + 则[Ag(NH3)2] 的不稳定常数为（）。 A、K /K ； B、K /K ； C、1/(K ·K )； D、K ·K 。 7．已知 K (BaSO4)=1.110-10，K (BaCO3)=5.110-9，下列判断正确的是（）。 A、因为 K (BaSO4)K (BaCO3)，所以不能把 BaSO4 转化为 BaCO3； B、因为 BaSO4+CO32- BaCO3+SO42-的标准平衡常数很小，所以实际上 BaSO4 沉淀不能转化为 BaCO3 沉淀； C、改变 CO32-浓度，能使溶解度较小的 BaSO4 沉淀转化为溶解度较大的 BaCO3 沉淀； D、改变 CO32-浓度，不能使溶解度较小的 BaSO4 沉淀转化为溶解度较大的 BaCO3 沉淀。 8．常温下将 CoSO4·7H2O 和 SOCl2 两种物质混合后，发生下列反应： CoSO4·7H2O(s)+7SOCl2(l)→CoSO4(s)+7SO2(g)+14HCl(g) 在反应的同时，系统温度下降，由此可确定该反应的（）。 A、△rHm<0，△rSm>0； B、△rHm>0，△rSm>0； C、△rHm>0，△rGm>0； D、△rHm<0，△rGm<0。 9．反应 CaCO3(s)→CaO(s)+CO2(g)，在 298K 时，△rH =178.3kJ·mol-1，△rS =159.0

青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题考试科目：836染料化学

青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码: 836 科目名称: 染料化学 (共3 页) 请考生写明题号,将答案全部答在答题纸上,答在试卷上无效一、简要回答：（30分）1．写出靛蓝和蓝蒽酮A 的分子式、合成路线及其各自被还原后的隐色体结构式。

2．简述阳离子染料的结构特征、结构类别、应用对象、染料与纤维的作用力。

3．影响偶合反应的因素有哪些？4．某些活性染料染色后的织物在存放过程中发生染色牢度的下降，其可能的原因是什么？5．提高酸性染料湿处理牢度的方法有哪些？酸性含媒染料有何结构特点？如何分类？可用于哪些纤维的染色？6．哪些外界因素会影响染料的吸收光谱曲线？ 7．试述染料与有机颜料的异同点。

二、直接染料的结构特征是什么？其染色性能有何特点？为什么直接染料对纤维素纤维具有直接性？试述偶氮型酸性染料与直接染料在结构、染色对象和染色性能上的异同点。

（20分）三、写出活性染料的结构通式，试述各组成部分的作用。

用方程式分别写出下示结构的活性染料染棉和染羊毛的染色机理和可能的断键机理，说明其反应类型，并以适当的中料合成之。

（20分）NNNNOH SO 3NaSO 3NaSO 3NaNH F FCl四、染料合成中常用的中料有哪些类别？合成中料中主要采用哪些单元反应？归纳并举例说明在萘系中料中引入氨基的常用方法。

将染料分子中的氨基酰化和将羟基醚化，对染料性能会有什么影响？（15分）五、分散染料具有哪些结构特征和应用特性？简述分散染料商品化加工对提高染料应用性能的重要性。

分析下示染料结构中的取代基（X 、Y 、Z ）对染料颜色和日晒及升华牢度的影响。

（20分）N NO 2NXYN(CH 2CH 2Z)2六、按染料应用分类,羊毛可用哪些类别的染料染色?试述它们各自的染色过程和涉及的化学反应,并说明它们在染色时与纤维的分子间作用力及在纤维上的湿牢度。

分析如下结构的偶氮型染料中的取代基R 1、R 2对染料的应用性能有何影响？(23分)N NOHSO 3NaSO 3NaNHR 2R1七、指出下列各化合物的应用类别名称、所适用的纤维种类、染色时与纤维分子间作用力的类型；比较在纤维上的湿处理牢度。

青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题考试科目：830无机化学

NO2(g) 33.9 0.240
O2(g) 0 0.205
问：(1) 298 K、标准压力时，2NO(g) + O2(g) = 2NO2(g) 能否自发进行；
19.
(4151) 在 0.10 mol/L Cr2(SO4)3 溶液中滴加 NaOH 溶液，先析出灰绿色沉淀，后又溶 (1) 计算开始沉淀及沉淀完全时的 pH 值； (2) 若要使沉淀刚好在 1 L NaOH 溶液中完全溶解，问溶液的最低 OH- 总浓
青岛大学 2015 年硕士研究生入学考试试题
科目代码： 830 科目名称：无机化学（共 5 页）
请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效
一、选择题 ( 共 10 题 (A) 4.85
每题 1 分，共 10 分 ) ） (B) 5.15 (C) 9.15 (D) 8.85
1. (3672) 0.36 mol· L-1 NaAc 溶液的 pH 为(HAc： Ka = 1.8 10-5) ………… （
解成亮绿色溶液。
度是多少? 已知： Ksp(Cr(OH)3) = 6.3 10-31， K 稳(Cr(OH)4) = 6.3 1029 20. (6728) 已知电池： Pt，H2( p )│HAc(1 mol/L)，NaAc(1 mol/L)‖KCl(饱和)│Hg2Cl2│Hg
(Hg2Cl2/Hg) = 0.24 V，测得此电池的电动势为 0.52 V .
6. (4375) 在下列无机含氧酸中，其酸性强弱次序正确的是…………（
7. (1566) 在 CuSO4 溶液中加入过量的碳酸钠溶液，常形成的产物是……（） (A) Cu(HCO3)2 (B) CuCO3 (C) Cu2(OH)2CO3 (D) Cu(OH)2 8. (0419) 下述叙述中正确的是………………………………………… （ (A) 在恒压下，凡是自发的过程一定是放热的态函数

青岛大学化工原理考研真题2015、2017年

青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：834科目名称：化工原理（共2页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、简答题（共60分，每题12分）１.理想伯努利方程能量式和成立条件。

２.旋风分离器的临界粒径概念及影响因素。

３.牛顿冷却定律和影响因素。

４.气膜控制现象和强化传质的措施。

５.干燥过程的结合水分和非结合水分概念二、计算题（30分）如图所示，用离心泵将水从敞口的水池输送到敞口的高位储槽内，吸入管为∅85⨯2.5mm的钢管，管长L1=6m，摩擦系数可取λ1=0.02，压出管为∅65⨯2.5mm的钢管，管长L2=13m，摩擦系数λ2可取为0.03，吸入和压出各有900的弯头，其阻力系数为0.75，压出管路上的阀门阻力系数为6.4，水池及储槽内的液面高度保持不变。

H=10m，泵进口高于水池面2m，管内流量为0.012m3/s，试求：每kg水需从离心泵获得多少机械能？三、计算题（30分）在一传热面积为20m2的某换热器中，用温度为200C、流量为13200kg/h的冷却水，冷却进口温度1100C的醋酸。

两流体逆流流动。

换热器刚投入使用时，冷却水出口温度为450C，而醇酸出口温度为400C。

运转一段时间后，两流体的流量、进口温度均不变，而冷却水的出口温度变化为380C，试求醋酸出口温度为若干？（水的比热分别是4.2kJ/（kg K），换热器的热损失可忽略不计）四、计算题（30分）在一连续精馏塔中分离某混合液，xD =0.94，xW=0.04，已知此塔进料q线方程y=6x－1.5，采用回流比为最小回流比的1.2倍。

混合液在本题条件下相对挥发度为2，求：（1）精馏段操作线方程；（2）若塔底产品W=150kmol/h，求进料量F和塔顶产品量D；（3）提馏段操作线方程。

青岛大学834化工原理2014--2015年考研专业课初试真题

二、计算题（20 分）
1
如图所示，液体循环系统，即液体由容器Ａ进入离心泵，又由泵打回容器Ａ．液体循环量为１.８m3/h，液体密度为１０００kg/m3，输送管路为内径２５mm 的光滑管。从液面至泵入口Ｃ的压头损失为０.５５m，泵出口至容器Ａ的全部压头损失为１.６m，泵入口处的静压头比容器Ａ液面上方静压头高出２m，容器内液面恒定．试求：（１）泵的压头 H （２）容器Ａ液面至泵入口的垂直距离 h0 三、计算题（20 分）流量为 2000kg/h 的某气体在列管式换热器的管程流过，温度由 150℃降至 80℃；壳程冷却用水，进口温度为 15℃，出口温度为 65℃，与气体作逆流流动，两者均处于湍流。已知气体侧的对流传热膜系数远小于冷却水侧的对流传热膜系数，管壁热阻、污垢热阻和热损失均可忽略不计即
一、简答题（共 60 分，每题 12 分）１. 理想伯努利方程能量式和成立条件。２. 旋风分离器的临界粒径概念及影响因素。３. 牛顿冷却定律和影响因素。４. 气膜控制现象和强化传质的措施。５. 干燥过程的结合水分和非结合水分概念二、计算题（30 分）如图所示，用离心泵将水从敞口的水池输送到敞口的高位储槽内，吸入管为852.5mm 的钢管，管长 L1=6m，摩擦系数可取1=0.02，压出管为652.5mm 的钢管，管长 L2=13m，摩擦系数2 可取为 0.03，吸入和压出各有 900 的弯头，其阻力系数为 0.75，压出管路上的阀门阻力系数为 6.4，水池及储槽内的液面高度保持不变。H10m，泵进口高于水池面 2m，管内流量为 0.012m3/s，试求：每 kg 水需从离心泵获得多少机械能？Βιβλιοθήκη 七、计算题（5 分）3
今有一干燥器，处理湿物料量为 800kg/h。要求物料干燥后含水量由 30% 减至 4%（均为湿基）。试求水分的蒸发量。

青岛大学2013年硕士研究生入学考试(830无机化学)试题

青岛大学2013年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：830科目名称：无机化学（共4页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、选择题(共15题，每题2分，共30分)1.当一个化学反应处于平衡时，则…………………………（）(A)平衡混合物中各种物质的浓度都相等(B)正反应和逆反应速率都是零(C)反应混合物的组成不随时间而改变(D)反应的焓变是零2.在下列物质中，氧原子间化学键最稳定的是…………………（）(A)O2-(B)O-(C)O2(D)+O22 23.在下列无机含氧酸中，其酸性强弱次序正确的是………………（）(A)H2SO4>HClO4>H3PO4>H2SiO3(B)H2SO4>HClO4>H2SiO3>H3PO4(C)HClO4>H2SO4>H3PO4>H2SiO3(D)HClO4>H3PO4>H2SiO3> H2SO44.某可逆反应达平衡后，若反应速率常数k发生变化时，则平衡常数K（）(A)一定发生变化(B)不变(C)不一定变化(D)与k无关5.在分子中衡量原子吸引成键电子的能力用…………………（）(A)电离能(B)电子亲和能(C)电负性(D)解离能6.下列离子的电子构型可以用[Ar]3d6表示的是………………（）(A)Mn2+(B)Fe3+(C)Co3+(D)Ni2+7.在碱性溶液中，已知前两个反应的K c值，则反应(3)的K c值为（）(1)2S(s)+S2-(aq)S32-(aq)K c1=13.0(2)S(s)+S22-(aq)S32-(aq)K c2=10.8(3)S(s)+S2-(aq)S22-(aq)K c(A)12.0(B)119(C)141(D)1.40×1038.CO2分子中，碳原子轨道采取的杂化方式是……………（）(A)sp(B)sp2(C)sp3等性杂化(D)sp3不等性杂化9.Ag2CrO4的K sp=9.0×10-12，其饱和溶液中Ag+浓度为………（）(A)1.3×10-4mol·dm-3(B)2.1×10-4mol·dm-3(C)2.6×10-4mol·dm-3(D)4.2×10-4mol·dm-3110.HX的电离常数K a=6×10-7，在0.6mol·dm-3HX和0.9mol·dm-3的盐NaX 溶液中，其[H+]近似为……………………………………（）(A)2×10-4mol·dm-3(B)4×10-8mol·dm-3(C)4×10-7mol·dm-3(D)9×10-7 mol·dm-311.下列各组化合物热稳定性关系正确的是……………………（）(A)Na2CO3>Na2SO4(B)K2CO3>Ag2CO3(C)NaHCO3>Na2CO3(D)(NH4)2CO3 >ZnCO3�∆r H=-569kJ·mol-1，提高CO的m12.对于反应2CO(g)+O2(g)2CO2(g)，理论转化率的措施是…………………………………………………（）(A)提高温度(B)使用催化剂(C)充惰性气体以提高总压力(D)增加O2的浓度13.在CuSO4溶液中加入过量的碳酸钠溶液，常形成的产物是…（）(A)Cu(HCO3)2(B)CuCO3(C)Cu2(OH)2CO3(D)Cu(OH)214.在NaCl晶体中，Na+(或Cl-)离子的最大配位数是…………（）(A)2(B)4(C)6(D)815.下列化合物中不存在的是……………………………………（）(A)BN(B)POCl3(C)OF6(D)SiF4二、填空题(共10题，30分)16.（2分）某元素的最高氧化态为+5，原子的最外层电子数为2，原子半径是同族元素中最小的。

青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题考试科目：642基础英语

青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 642 科目名称：基础英语(共12页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效PART I SENTENCE COMPLETION (30 points )Choose the word or the set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.1. Like a credit card in appearance, the smart card contains a microchip that stores digital tokens which can be exchanged for goods, just like ______ cash.A. concreteB. tentativeC. tangibleD. intact2. The Team of England, who are now superbly fit, will be doing their best next week to______ themselves for last year’s defeat.A. reviveB. retortC. revenge D remedy3. When Tastuma first came to the US from Japan, he wasn’t sure he could ______ intothe American culture, but after a few months , he felt at home here.A. absorbB. transformC. digest D assimilate4. The constitution of the State required that property should be _____ for taxation at itsmarket value.A. estimatedB. appraisedC. evaluatedD. valued5. The idealized paintings of nature produced in the 18th century are evidence thatmedieval ______ natural settings had been ______and that the outdoors now could be enjoyed without trepidation.A. fear of …exorcisedB. concerns about …regainedC. affection for …surmountedD. disinterest in …alleviated6. Edith Wharton sought in her memoir to present herself as having achieved a harmonious wholeness by having ________ the conflicting elements of her life.A.affirmedB. highlightedC. reconciledD. confined7. In the 20th century, the discovery of radium _____ the popular imagination; not only was its discoverer, Marie Curie, idolized, but its market value ______ that of the rarest gemstone.A. stormed … diminishedB. horrified …approachedC. enflamed… exceededD. conspired… triggered8. Since the 15th century, animals have been used as ____ for people in experiments to assess the effects of therapeutic and other agents that might later be used in humans.A. benefactorsB. companionsC. surrogatesD. precedents9. Issues of price, place, promotion, and product are _______ conventional concerns in planning marketing strategies.A. these of the mostB. most of thoseC. among the mostD. among the many of10. The disagreement over the trade restrictions could seriously _______ relations between the two countries.A. tumbleB. jeopardizeC. manipulateD. intimidate11. New research raises new concerns that altering crops to withstand such treats maypose new risks---from _____the weeds themselves.A. anything butB. other thanC. more thanD. none other than12. In this small village, he found few persons ___ to him and felt quite lonely.A. congenitalB. contentiousC. congenialD. Concurrent13. The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates ____ afall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A. andB. as C but D or14. Bipartisan bills are pending in Congress that would eliminate all travel restrictionsand ______ the embargo.A. freeB. slackenC. unwindD. ease15. Rather than enhancing a country's security, the successful development of nuclearweapons could serve at first to increase that country's ________.A.boldnessB.influenceC. responsibilityD. vulnerability16. Although scientists claim that the seemingly ________ language of their reports ismore precise than the figurative language of fiction, the language of science, like all language, is inherently ________.A.ornamental ... subtleB. unidimensional ... unintelligibleC. symbolic ... complexD. literal ... allusive17. Laws do not ensure social order since laws can always be ________, which makesthem ________ unless the authorities have the will and the power to detect andpunish wrongdoing.A.contested ... provisionalB. circumvented ... antiquatedB.repealed ... vulnerable D. violated ... ineffective18. The pressure of population on available resources is the key to understanding history;consequently, any historical writing that takes no cognizance of______ factsis______ flawed.A.demographic….intrinsicallyB.ecological…. marginallyC. cultural…..substantivelyD. psychological…philosophically19. By putting billions of dollars into the ailing automaker, the Obama administrationhas placed a huge bet on the effort to revive and _____ the company through the elimination of brands, dealerships and factories.A. streamlineB. strayC. strikeD. strife20. Under the deal, the union’s cost-of-living interests, performance bonuses and someholiday pay will be _____ to offset health-care costs.A. sustainB. retakeC. swabD. suspend21. The capital intended to broaden the export base and ____efficiency gains frominternational trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution.A. secureB. extendC. defendD. possess22. New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely toresult in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and _____ energy we have had in the times past.A. exquisiteB. resilientC. copiousD. formidable23. Gaddis is a formidably talented writer whose work has been, unhappily, more likelyto intimidate or his readers than to lure them into his fictional world.A. enticeB. strengthenC. transformD. repel24. Her is always a source of irritation: she never uses a single word when shecan substitute a long clause or phrase in its place.A. verbosityB. simplicityC. cogencyD. rhetoric25. If those large publishers that respond solely to popular literary trends continue todominate the publishing market, the initial publication of new writers will depend on the writer’s willingness to________ popular tastes.A. struggle againstB. cater toC. admireD. flout26. Contrary to the popular conception that it is powered by conscious objectivity,science often operates through error, happy accidents, ________ and persistence in spite of mistakes.A. controlsB. hunchesC. deductionsD. calculations27. By putting the entire Woolf archive on a microfilm, the project directors hope tomake the contents of manuscripts more _____ to scholars.A.objectiveB. accessibleC. appealingD. implicit28. Despite the ________ of many of their colleagues, some scholars have begun toemphasize "pop culture" as a key for ________ the myths, hopes, and fears ofcontemporary society.A.antipathy ... entanglingB. discernment ... evaluatingC. skepticism ... decipheringD. pedantry ... reinstating29. The powers and satisfactions of primeval people, though few and meager,were______ their few and simple desires.A.simultaneous withB. commensurate withC. substantiated byD. ruined by30. Social scientists have established fairly clear-cut ________ that describe theappropriate behavior of children and adults, but there seems to be ________ about what constitutes appropriate behavior for adolescents.A.functions ... rigidityB. estimates ... indirectnessC. norms ... confusionD. regulations ... certaintyPART II PROOF READING AND ERROR CORRECTION (10 Points) The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧”sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.In many states, budget requests by state universities have had tobe scaled back or frozen, while tuition, the share of the cost borne bythe students themselves, has gone up. The problem with the governors (1) __________is particularly distressing because they all agree that the quality oftheir colleges and universities helps drive the economic enginesof their states. And they are constantly being told by everyone like (2) ___________college administrators to editorial writers that only way to make (3)___________their state universities better is to spend more money.But it was against this backdrop that members of the Association(4)___________came together in this city to discuss issues of common concern, oneis higher education. And the focus of their talks about colleges(5)____________centered not on how money could be more effectively directed,but on what to get greater productivity out of a system that has(6)____________become highly inefficient and resistive against change.(7)_____________As a result, the governors will embark a three-year study of (8) _____________higher education system and how to make state colleges anduniversities better able to meet the challenges of a global economy inthe 21st century. And judging from the tenor and tone of theirdiscussion, the study could produce a push in for higher standards, (9) ___________more efficiency and greater accountability. Pennsylvania GovernorTom Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetingsresolute with the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and (10) ____________possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of newtechnologies and a changing work force.PART III READING COMPREHENSION (30 Points)In this section there are three reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage1Despite Denmark’s manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by commenting on its tininess, its unimportance , the difficulty of its language, the general small-mindedness and self-indulgence of their countrymen and the high taxes. No Dane would look you in the eye and say, “Denmark is a great country.” You’re supposed to figure this out for yourself.It is the land of the silk safety net, where almost half the national budget goes toward smoothing out life’s inequalities, and there is plenty of money for schools, day care, retraining programmes, job seminars-- Danes love seminars: three days at a study centre hearing about waste management is almost as good as a ski trip. It is a culture bombarded by English, in advertising, pop music, the Internet, and despite all the English that Danish absorbs—there is no Danish Academy to defend against it —old dialects persist in Jutland that can barely be understood by Copenhageners. It is the land where, as the saying goes, “Few have too much and fewer have too little, ”and a foreigner is struck by the sweet egalitarianism that prevails, where the lowliest clerkgives you a level gaze, where Sir and Madame have disappeared from common usage, even Mr. and Mrs. It’ s a nation of recyclers—about 55 % of Danish garbage gets made into something new—and no nuclear power plants. It’s a nation of tireless planner.Trains run on time. Things operate well in general.Such a nation of overachievers —a brochure from the Ministry of Business and Industry says, “Denmark is one of the world’s cleanest and most organize d countries, with virtually no pollution, crime, or poverty. Denmark is the most corruption-free society in the Northern Hemisphere.”So, of course, one’s heart lifts at any sighting of Danish sleaze: skinhead graffiti on buildings (“Foreigners Out of Denmark! ”), brokenNonetheless, it is an orderly land. You drive through a Danish town, it comes to an end at a stone wall, and on the other side is a field of barley, a nice clean line: town here, country there. It is not a nation of jay-walkers. People stand on the curb and wait for the red light t o change, even if it’s 2 a.m. and there’s not a car in sight. However, Danes don’ t think of themselves as a wait- ing-at-2-a.m.-for-the-green-light people——th at’s how they see Swedes and Germans. Danes see themselves as jazzy people, improvisers, more free spirited than Swedes, but the truth is (though one should not say it)that Danes are very much like Germans and Swedes. Orderliness is a main selling point. Denmark has few natural resources, limited manufacturing capability; its future in Europe will be as a broker, banker, and distributor of goods. You send your goods by container ship to Copenhagen, and these bright, young, English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplined people will get your goods around to Scandinavia, the Baltic States, and Russia. Airports, seaports, highways, and rail lines are ultramodern and well-The orderliness of the society doesn’t mea n that Danish lives are less messy or lonely than yours or mine, and no Dane would tell you so. You can hear plenty about bitter family feuds and the sorrows of alcoholism and about perfectly sensible people who went off one day and killed themselves. An orderly society can not exempt itsBut there is a sense of entitlement and security that Danes grow up with. Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenshi p, and you shouldn’t feel bad fo r taking what you’re entitled to, you’re as good as anyone else. The rules of the welfare system are clear to everyone, the benefits you get if you lose your job, the steps you take to get a new one; and the orderliness of the system makes it possible for the country to weather high unemployment and social unrest without a sense of crisis.1. The author thinks that Danes adopt a ___ attitude towards their country.A. boastfulB. modestC. deprecating2. Which of the following is NOT a Danish characteristic cited in the paA. Fondness of foreign culture.C. Linguistic tolerance.D. Persistent planning.3. The author’s reaction to the statemen t by the Ministry of Business and Industry is ___.A. disapprovingB. approving D. doubtful4D. prevents Danes from acknowledg5. At the end of the passage the author states all the following EXCEPT thatC. the open system helps to tide the couPassage 2Education is an important theme in youth athletics in the US. Young kids, energetic, noisy, uncontrollable, confined to class, yearn for the relative freedom of the football field, the basketball court, the baseball diamond. They long to kick and throw things and tackle each other, and the fields of organized play offer a place in which to act out these impulses. Kids are basically encouraged, after all, to beat each other up in the football field. Yet for all the chaos, adult guidance and supervision are never far off, and time spent on the athletic fields is meant to be productive. Conscientious coaches seek to impart lessons in teamwork, self-sacrifice, competition, gracious winning and losing. Teachers at least want their pupils worn out so they’ll sit still in reading class.By the time children start competing for spots on junior high soccer teams or tennis squads, the kids’ gloves have come off to some extent. The athletic fields become less a place to learn about soft values like teamwork than about hard self-discipline and competition. Competitiveness, after all, is prized highly by Americans, perhaps more so than by other peoples. For a child, being cut from the hockey team or denied a spot on the swimming is a grave disappointment—— and perhaps an opportunity for emotional or spiritual growth.High school basketball or football teams are places where the ethos of competition is given still stronger emphasis. Although high school coaches still consider themselves educators, the sports they oversee are not simple extensions of the classroom. They are important social institutions, for football games bring people together. In much of the US they are events where young people and their elders mingle and see how the community is evolving.For the best players, the progression from little league to junior high to high schoolleads to a scholarship at a famous college and maybe, one day, a shot at the pros. To all appearances, college athletes are student-athletes, an ideal that suggests a balance between the intellectual rigors of the university and the physical rigors of the playing field. The reality is skewed heavily in favor of athletics. One would have difficulty showing that major US college sports are about education. Coaches require far too much of players’ time to be truly concerned with any thing other than performance in sport. Too often, the players they recruit seem to care little about school themselves.This was not always the case. Universities — Princeton, Harvard, Rutgers, Yale —were the birthplaces of American football and baseball; education—the formation of “character” —was an important part of what those coaches and players thought they were achieving. In 1913, when football was almost outlawed in the US, the game’s most prominent figures traveled to Washington and argued successfully that football was an essential part of the campus experience and that the nation would be robbed of its boldest young men, its best potential leaders, if the game were banned.The idea that competitive sports build character, a western tradition dating from ancient Greece, has evidently fallen out of fashion in today’s US. Educators, now prone to see the kind of character shaped by football and basketball in dark light, have challenged the notion that college sports produce interesting people. Prominent athletes, such as boxer Muhammad Ali and basketball star Charles Markley, deliberately distanced themselves from the earlier ideal of the athlete as a model figure. Today’s US athlete is thus content to be an entertainer.Trying to do something socially constructive, like being a role model, will make you seem over-earnest and probably hurt your street credibility.When I was a kid, my heroes played on Saturdays: they were high school players and college athletes. Pro football games, broadcast on Sunday afternoons, were dull and uninspiring by comparison. After all, why would God schedule anything important for Sun day? You’ve got school the next day.Although I certainly couldn’t have articulated it at the time, I think I must already have sensed that throwing a ball or catching passes was a fairly pointless thing to be good at. In the grand scheme, it was a silly preparation for a job. Yet playing sports was not pointless; the point, however, was that you were learning something——a disposition, a certain virtue, a capacity of arduous endeavor——that might be of value when you later embarked upon a productive career as a doctor or a schoolteacher or a businessman. The optimism of those Saturday afternoons was infectious. I still feel that way today.6. Pupils mainly learn ______ on the athletic fields.A. soft valuesB. hard valuesC. value for freedomD. value of equality7. In high school basketball or football teamsA. hard values are less emphasizedB. the sports are separated fromclassrooms.C. the social function of sports is prominent.D. the coaches are less of educators.8. Which of the following is NOT true about college sports?A. The best players may end up getting a scholarship at a famous college.B. College athletes have always cared little about school themselves.C. College sports are more in favor of athletics than education.D. The formation of “character” used to be the goal of coaches and players.9. The author’s attitude toward the notion of “athletes as entertainers” isA. positiveB. neutralC. negativeD. impossible to tell.10. The best title for this passage isA. Education System in the USB. Development of Athletics in the USC. US Education in Youth AthleticsD. Development of Education in the US.Passage 3Human migration: the term is vague. What people usually think of is the permanent movement of people from one home to another. More broadly, though, migration means all the ways—from the seasonal drift of agricultural workers within a country to the relocation of refugees from one country to another.Migration is big, dangerous, compelling. It is 60 million Europeans leaving home from the 16th to the 20th centuries. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of the citizens between India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.Migration is the dynamic undertow of population change: everyon e’s solution, everyon e’s conflict. As the century turns, migration, with its inevitable economic and political turmoil, has been called “one of the greatest challenges of the coming century.”But it is much more than that. It is , as it has always been, the great adventure of human life. Migration helped create humans, drove us to conquer the planet, shaped our societies, and promised to reshape them again.“You have a history book written in your genes,” said Spencer Wells. The book he is trying to read goes back to long before the first word was written, and it is a story of migration.Wells, a tall, blond geneticist at Stanford University, spent the summer of 1998 exploring remote parts of Transcaucasia and Central Asia with three colleagues in a Land Rover, looking for drops of blood. In the blood, donated by the people he met, he will search for the story that genetic markers can tell of the long paths human life has taken across the Earth.Genetic studies are the latest technique in a long effort of modern humans to find out where they have come from. But however the paths are traced, the basic story issimple: people have been moving since they were people. If early humans hadn't moved and intermingled as much as they did, they probably would have continued to evolve into different species. From beginnings in Africa, most researchers agree, groups of hunter-gatherers spread out, driven to the ends of the Earth.To demographer Kingsley Davis, two things made migration happen. First, human beings, with their tools and language, could adapt to different conditions without having to wait for evolution to make them suitable for a new niche. Second, as populations grew, cultures began to differ, and inequalities developed between groups. The first factor gave us the keys to the door of any room on the planets; the other gave us reasons to use them.Over the centuries, as agriculture spread across the planet, people moved toward places where metal was found and worked and to centres of commerce that then became cities. Those places were, in turn, invaded and overrun by people later generations called barbarians.In between these storm surges were steadier but similarly profound tides in which people moved out to colonize or were captured and brought in as slaves. For a while the population of Athens, that city of legendary enlightenment was as much as 35 percent slaves."What strikes me is how important migration is as a cause and effect in the great world events." Mark Miller, co-author of The Age of Migration and a professor of political science at the University of Delaware, told me recently.It is difficult to think of any great events that did not involve migration. Religions spawned pilgrims or settlers; wars drove refugees before them and made new land available for the conquerors; political upheavals displaced thousands or millions; economic innovations drew workers and entrepreneurs like magnets; environmental disasters like famine or disease pushed their bedraggled survivors anywhere they could replant hope."Its part of our nature, this movement," Miller said, "It's just a fact of the human condition."11. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Migration exerts a great impact on population change.B. Migration contributes to Mankind’s progress.C. Migration brings about desirable and undesirable effects.D. Migration may not be accompanied by human conflicts.12. What do we know about Spencer Wells from the passage?A. He thought genes can tell where people have come from.B. He wrote a book about the history of genes.C. He read the first history book at Stanford UniversityD. He agreed human migration was from Transcaucasia and central Asia.13. According to Kingsley Davis, migration occurs as a result of the following reasonsEXCEPT ______.A. human adaptabilityB. human evolutionC. cultural differencesD. inter-group inequalities14. Which of the following groups is NOT mentioned as migrants in the passage?A. Farmers.B. Workers.C. Settlers.D. Colonizers.15. There seems to be a(n) ______ relationship between great events and migration.A. looseB. indefiniteC. causalD. remotePART IV TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH INTO CHINESE (40 Points)What happens to the students who cheat on the two college admissions exam, the SAT and the ACT? Not as much as you might think. It isn’t particularly easy to cheat on these exams, but that doesn’t stop some students from trying. They do it in all the ways you might imagi ne: Copying off someone else’s paper, texting on a cellphone for answers, bringing in cheat sheets, having someone else take the test for them.And some cheat in ways you might not consider: In South Korea, a test prep tutor was investigated for allegedly buying scanned copies of sections of the SAT and then emailing them, with the answers, to South Koreans in Connecticut who were going to take the test 12 hours later. Another SAT tutor in South Korea was arrested for getting students taking the SAT to put test questions into a calculator they were allowed to use, and to hide small blades in their erasers that they used to cut out pages of the test. So, you ask, what happens to students suspected of cheating on the SAT or the ACT?I asked both the College Board, which owns the SA T, and ACT Inc., which owns the ACT, to explain what triggers suspicion of cheating and what happens to students found to be cheating. Ed Co lby, spokesman for the ACT, said he couldn’t tell me exactly how many investigations are conducted each year for security reasons. Tom Ewing, a spokesman for the Educational Testing Service, which administers the SAT for the College Board, said there are a few thousand questionable test scores each year out of more than 2 million tests. Both said a review of a student’s test could be triggered in one of several ways, including an audit that flags scores that have risen dramatically, or by a tip from outside parties, such as a guidance counselor, college admissions officer or NCAA official.PART V WRITING (40 Points)In most countries, with the widespread of the use of Internet, people have more freedom to choose to work and study at home instead of travelling to work or college. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?Write an essay of about 400words, Use specific reasons/examples to support your position on the statement above. In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar, diction and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.。

青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试(概率论及数理统计(2))试题

青岛大学 2015 年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：852 科目名称：概率论及数理统计（2）（共 3 页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、解释概念（30 分，每题 6 分）（1）古典概型与几何概型（2）条件分布与条件期望（3）依概率收敛与分布收敛（4）估计统计量与检验统计量（5）相关分析与回归分析二、计算题（20 分）某工厂有四条流水线生产同一种产品，该四条流水线的产量分别占总产量的 15%，20%，30%，35%，又这四条流水线的次品率依次为 5%，4%，3%，2%，问：（1）现从出厂产品中任取一件，问恰好取到次品的概率为多少？（2）在出厂产品中随机地取一件产品发现是次品，为进行产品质量追溯，此次品出自第 1 条流水线生产的概率是多少？三、计算题（20 分）设有 A，B 两种不相关的证券，它们的收益与概率如下表：问：（1）应如何投资这两种证券最佳？（2）若这两种证券相关，相关系数ρA,B =-0.5，结果又如何？四、证明题（20 分）若对连续型随机变量ξ，有 E ξrE ξrp(ξ>ε)≤εr并由此验证切比雪夫不等式成立！< +∞ (r>0)，证明：五、计算题（20 分）设随机变量ξ的密度函数为：⎧ax,0 <x< 2p(x)=⎪cx + b, 2≤ x <4⎨⎪x ≤0 or x ≥40,⎩且已知 E(ξ)=2,p{1<ξ<3}=43，试求：（1）a，b，c的值；（2）随机变量η=eξ的数学期望与方差。

六、计算题（20 分）2η服从对数正态分布，（1）设随机变量η服从分布N (μ,σ) ，则ξ=e求此对数正态分布密度；（2）设（ξ1,ξ2,...,ξn)是取自上述对数正态分布的母体ξ的一个子样，分别求μ,σ2的极大似然估计。

七、计算题（20 分）某居民小区进行了两次城镇职工收入调查，抽样记录可支配收入情况如下（千元）：第一次：第二次：n= 10,x =27.3,s*= 6.4 11n= 8,y =30.5,s*= 3.8 22若城镇职工可支配收入服从正态分布，试检验：（1）两次抽样调查结果的方差是否有显著差异？（2）两次抽样调查结果的数学期望是否有显著差异？（已知α= 0.05, F0.025(9,7) = 4.82, F0.975(9,7) = 0.283, t0.025(16) = 2.1199 ）。