Solution 2

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自考英语二作文万能模板2024年4月

自考英语二作文万能模板2024年4月全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hello everyone! Today I'm going to share with you a super cool essay template for the self-study English exam in April 2024. It's like a magic recipe that will help you write an awesome essay every time. Let's dive in!Introduction:Hey there! In this essay, I will discuss the topic of _____ (insert topic here). This is an important issue because _____ (explain why it's important). In this essay, I will explore the reasons behind_____ (state the problem) and suggest some possible solutions.Body paragraph 1:First and foremost, let's talk about the reasons behind _____ (state the problem). One reason is that _____ (reason 1). For example, _____ (give an example). Another reason is that _____ (reason 2). This can be seen in _____ (provide evidence). Overall, these reasons show that _____ (sum up the problem).Body paragraph 2:Now, let's move on to some possible solutions. One solution is _____ (solution 1). This could involve _____ (explain how it works). Another solution is _____ (solution 2). By implementing this solution, we can _____ (describe the positive impact). These solutions show that there are ways to address _____ (state the problem).Conclusion:In conclusion, it's clear that _____ (summarize the problem). However, by taking action and implementing solutions like _____ (mention solutions), we can make a positive change. It's important for everyone to work together to tackle this issue and create a better future for all. Thank you for reading!That's it! Just follow this template and you'll have atop-notch essay in no time. Good luck with your self-study English exam in April 2024! You got this! Stay awesome!篇2Oh, hi everyone! Today, I'm going to share with you a super cool template for the English II essay in the 2024 April self-study exam. Are you ready? Let's do this!Introduction:Hey there! In this essay, I will be discussing the topic of [insert topic here]. This is an important issue because [explain why it matters]. I believe that [state your opinion].Body Paragraph 1:First of all, [topic sentence]. For example, [provide an example]. This shows that [explain how the example supports your point]. In addition, [further explanation].Body Paragraph 2:Furthermore, [topic sentence]. A good illustration of this is [example]. This demonstrates that [explain the significance]. Additionally, [expand on your point].Body Paragraph 3:Moreover, [topic sentence]. To elaborate, [example]. This highlights the fact that [analyze the example]. Additionally, [further discussion].Counterargument:Some may argue that [counterargument]. However, it is important to remember that [your rebuttal]. Therefore, I still believe that [restate your opinion].Conclusion:In conclusion, [summarize your main points]. It is clear that [recap your opinion]. In the future, we should [suggest a course of action].Wow, that was awesome, right? Remember to use this template in your essay and you'll do great in the exam. Good luck, guys!篇3Hey guys, I'm here to share with you a super awesome essay template for the April 2024 Self-Taught English Exam. This template will help you rock that essay and get a great score!Introduction:Hello everyone! In this essay, I will talk about the importance of learning English and how it can benefit us in our daily lives. English is a global language that is spoken by millions of people around the world. It can help us communicate with others, learn new things, and even travel to different countries.Body Paragraph 1:Firstly, learning English can help us communicate with people from different cultures. When we speak English, we can easily connect with others and make new friends. We can alsounderstand different perspectives and learn about new traditions and customs. This can broaden our horizons and make us more open-minded individuals.Body Paragraph 2:Secondly, learning English can open up a world of opportunities for us. Many companies require employees who are fluent in English, so being able to speak the language can help us advance in our careers. We can also study abroad and experience new cultures, which can enrich our lives and help us grow as individuals.Body Paragraph 3:Lastly, learning English can help us stay updated with the latest news and information. Many newspapers, websites, and TV shows are in English, so being able to understand the language can help us access a wealth of knowledge. This can help us stay informed about current events and make better decisions in our lives.Conclusion:In conclusion, learning English is super important and can benefit us in so many ways. It can help us communicate with others, advance in our careers, and stay informed about theworld around us. So let's keep practicing our English skills and continue to improve our language abilities. Thanks for listening!And there you have it, guys! A super cool essay template that will help you ace the Self-Taught English Exam. Just remember to practice, practice, practice, and you'll do great! Good luck, everyone!篇4Oh wow, I can't believe it's already April 2024! It's time for me to write my self-study English exam essay. I'm gonna share with you the best template, like seriously, this template is gonna make it super easy for you to write your essay too!Paragraph 1:Hey there, my name is __________ and I'm gonna talk about __________. This topic is really interesting because __________. In this essay, I will discuss __________ and give my thoughts on why it's important.Paragraph 2:Firstly, let's talk about __________. This is super cool because __________. For example, __________. This shows that __________. In conclusion, I believe that __________.Paragraph 3:Next, let's move on to __________. This is important because __________. For instance, __________. This proves that __________. Overall, I think that __________.Paragraph 4:Lastly, we need to think about __________. This is significant because __________. One example is __________. This suggests that __________. To sum up, I feel that __________.Conclusion:In conclusion, I have discussed __________ and explained why it's important. I believe that __________. It's really amazing to learn about this topic and I hope you have enjoyed reading my essay.So there you have it, a super easy and fun way to write your self-study English exam essay! Good luck and have fun writing!篇5Hello everyone! Today, I want to share with you a super cool template for the English II exam in the 2024 April self-study examination! This template will help you organize your ideas and write a great essay.Introduction- First, start with a catchy hook or an interesting fact to grab your reader's attention.- Then, introduce the topic of your essay and provide some background information.Body Paragraphs- In the first body paragraph, present your main argument or point of view. Support it with examples, facts, or personal experiences.- In the second body paragraph, discuss a contrasting viewpoint or address a counterargument. Again, provide evidence to support your stance.- In the third body paragraph, offer a solution or a compromise to reconcile the different perspectives. Explain why your approach is the most effective.Conclusion- Summarize the main points of your essay and restate your thesis statement.- End with a strong closing statement or a call to action to leave a lasting impression on your reader.Remember to use transition words and phrases to connect your ideas and make your essay flow smoothly. Also, be sure to check for grammar and spelling errors before submitting your essay.I hope this template helps you ace the English II exam in April 2024! Good luck, and happy writing!篇6Hi guys! Today I'm going to share with you a super cool template for the April 2024 English II exam. This template will help you organize your thoughts and write a great essay that will impress the examiners.Intro:Hey everyone! In this essay, I will discuss the importance of education and the role it plays in shaping our future. Education is not just about memorizing facts, but about developing critical thinking skills and preparing us for the challenges ahead.Body paragraph 1:First and foremost, education provides us with the knowledge and skills we need to succeed in life. Whether it's learning math to manage our finances or studying history tounderstand the world around us, education equips us with the tools we need to navigate the complexities of the modern world.Body paragraph 2:Moreover, education helps us develop important life skills such as communication, problem-solving, and teamwork. These skills are crucial for success in the workplace and in our personal lives. Education also encourages creativity and innovation, pushing us to think outside the box and come up with new solutions to old problems.Body paragraph 3:In addition, education fosters a sense of curiosity and a love of learning. By encouraging us to explore new ideas and perspectives, education broadens our horizons and opens up new possibilities. It also teaches us to be critical thinkers and to question the status quo, ensuring that we are well-informed and empowered to make positive change in the world.Conclusion:In conclusion, education is the key to unlocking our full potential and shaping a bright future for ourselves and future generations. By investing in education and valuing lifelong learning, we can build a more equitable and prosperous societyfor all. Let's continue to cherish the gift of education and use it to make the world a better place.So there you have it, guys! With this template, you'll be all set to ace the English II exam in April 2024. Good luck and happy writing!篇7Hi guys! Today I'm going to share with you a super cool template for writing the self-taught English exam in April 2024. This template will help you organize your ideas and make your essay shine like a star!Paragraph 1: Introduction- Greet the readers and introduce the topic- Give a brief overview of what you will be writing about- End the paragraph with a strong thesis statementParagraph 2: Main idea 1- Start with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea- Provide supporting details and examples- Explain how this idea relates to the thesis statementParagraph 3: Main idea 2- Start with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea- Provide supporting details and examples- Explain how this idea relates to the thesis statementParagraph 4: Main idea 3- Start with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea- Provide supporting details and examples- Explain how this idea relates to the thesis statementParagraph 5: Conclusion- Summarize the main points discussed in the essay- Restate the thesis statement in a fresh way- End with a powerful closing statement that leaves a lasting impressionRemember to use transition words to connect your ideas and make your essay flow smoothly. Good luck on yourself-taught English exam in April 2024! You got this!篇8Hello everyone! Today I'm going to share with you a super awesome template for the Self-Taught English Exam in April 2024. This template is going to help you rock your essay and get that high score you've been dreaming of!Introduction:Hey everyone, my name is [Your Name] and today I'm going to talk about [Topic of the Essay]. This is a really important topic because [Reason why it's important].Body Paragraph 1:First of all, [Reason 1]. For example, [Example to support Reason 1]. This shows that [Explanation of how the example supports Reason 1].Body Paragraph 2:Next, [Reason 2]. For instance, [Example to support Reason 2]. This demonstrates that [Explanation of how the example supports Reason 2].Body Paragraph 3:Lastly, [Reason 3]. A good illustration of this is [Example to support Reason 3]. This proves that [Explanation of how the example supports Reason 3].Conclusion:In conclusion, [Summarize Reasons 1, 2, and 3]. Therefore, it's clear that [Restate why the topic is important]. In the future, we should [Recommendation for the future based on the essay].Remember to use transition words like "First of all," "Next," and "Lastly" to organize your essay. Also, don't forget to give examples to support your reasons and explain how they relate to the topic. Good luck on your exam, and I hope this template helps you ace your essay! Go get that high score!篇9Hello everyone! Today I want to share with you asuper-duper amazing template for the English exam in 2024 April. This template will help you rock the exam and get a high score, so listen up!Introduction:Hey there! In this essay, I am going to talk about ____________. This is a topic that is very important because ____________.Body Paragraph 1:Firstly, let's talk about ____________. This is important because ____________. For example, ____________.Body Paragraph 2:Next, let's discuss ____________. This is also crucial because____________. A great example of this is ____________.Body Paragraph 3:Lastly, I want to mention ____________. This is significant because ____________. An illustration of this is ____________.Conclusion:In conclusion, it is clear that ____________. It is important to remember ____________.Remember to use linking words such as "firstly", "next", "lastly", and "in conclusion" to organize your essay. Also, make sure to give examples to support your points. Good luck on your exam, you're going to do great!篇10Hello everyone! Today I'm going to share with you a super duper awesome template for the English II exam in 2024. This template is gonna help you ace that test and get a super high score, so listen up and take notes!First, let's start with the introduction. You can begin by introducing the topic of the essay and giving a brief overview of what you're going to talk about. For example, if the topic is about the importance of education, you can start by saying something like, "Education is super important because it helps us learn new things and become smarter."Next, move on to the body paragraphs. Here you can use the following structure to organize your ideas:- First of all, let's talk about the reasons why education is important.- Secondly, let's discuss some examples of how education can benefit us in our daily lives.- Last but not least, let's explore how we can improve our education system to make it even better.Finally, wrap up your essay with a conclusion. You can summarize your main points and restate your thesis statement to emphasize your argument. For example, you can say, "In conclusion, education is super duper important and we should all work together to make sure everyone has access to a great education."So there you have it, a super awesome template for the English II exam in 2024. Just remember to practice writing essays using this template and you'll be sure to impress your teachers and get a fantastic score. Good luck, everyone!。

DNA连接酶说明书

表 1. 转化效率（每μg 插入 DNA 对应白色菌落数）
摩尔数比
插入 DNA/ 载体 DNA
0.1 0.3 1.0 3.0 10.0
DNA Ligation Kit
反应 30 分钟
去磷酸化非去磷酸化
载体
载体
1.7×106
7.8×105
5.0×106
2.5×106
1.7×107
8.2×106
2.3×107
CH3COONa），再进行乙醇沉淀处理。
Q6. DNA Blunting Kit (Code No. 6025)的溶液 A 和溶液 B 适用于 DNA Ligation Kit Ver.2.1 (Code No. 6022) 吗?
A6. 不适用。DNA Ligation Kit Ver.2.1 (Code No. 6022)适用于等体积 Solution I 和 DNA 溶液混合的小体系连接反应。如果在使用 DNA Blunting Kit 之后使用 DNA Ligation Kit Ver.2.1，则需将 DNA 溶液先进行苯酚处理，再做乙醇沉淀后使用。
转化 DNA 17 ng
表 2. 转化效率（菌落数/μg DNA）
DNA Ligation Kit（30 min.） T4 DNA Ligase（16 hrs）
7.2×106
5.0×105
C. 接头（Linker，Adaptor）连接使用方法：
1．向质粒载体中插入 Linker Linker 连接（8 个碱基以上）的反应条件与 A.相同。但是如果 Linker 短于 8 个碱基，或是 Linker 结构中 GC 比例较低时，则在低于 10℃条件下反应 1-2 小时。建议 Linker/Vector 摩尔比为：磷酸化 Linker ：去磷酸化 Vector = 10-100 ：1 磷酸化 Linker ：磷酸化 Vector = 100 以上：1

溶液稀释英文版的教学课件 CHAPTER 2

2.3 Boiling-point Elevation and Freezing-point Depression
2.3.1 Boiling-point Elevation
2.3.1.1 Normal boiling point
The normal boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals 101.3 kPa(1 atm).
The boiling-point elevation, ΔTb, is found to be proportional to the molality, bB , of the solution (for dilute solution).
ΔTb = Tb – Tb0= Kb • bB
Kb : The constant of proportionality, (we called
T/℃
a
Tf0
bc b`
d Time
Cooling curve of water (2) on condition of experiment
2.3.1.4 Freezing point of solution
T/℃
a
Tf0
Tf
b
c
Time Ideal cooling curve (3) of solution
T/℃
a
Tf0
b
Tf
b`
c
Time Cooling curve of solution (4) on experiment condition
The freezing-point depression, ΔTf , is a colligative property of a solution equal to the freezing point of the pure solvent minus the freezing point of the solution.

7. Implementation(2)

Zhang Shuang, Zhangs@
Choose Programming Language
Application domain System Software • Assembly Language •C • Pascal • Ada Artificial Intelligence • LISP • PROLOG
Software College, Zhang Shuang, Zhangs914@
Inline Comments
Suggestion
Comments are essential whenever code is written in a
non-obvious way, or makes use of some subtle aspect of
fr, frqncy all refer to the same thing
Can use frequencyAverage, frequencyMaximum,
frequencyMinimum, frequencyTotal
Can also use averageFrequency, maximumFrequency,
Zhang Shuang, Zhangs@
Good Programming Practice (contd)
Example Variable xCoordinateOfPositionOfRobotArm Abbreviated to xCoord Entire module deals with the movement of the robot arm But does the maintenance programmer know this?

8位二进制加法计算器

一：本实验设计的是一个8为二进制加法计算器，其功能就是对两个八位的二进制数执行加法运算，并可以异步清零。

二：电路可划分为三部分：半加器、全加器和复位电路。

1、半加器:真值表a b so co0 0 0 00 1 1 01 0 1 01 1 0 1电路图2全加器：由半加器和或门组成电路图3复位电路：复位电路通过en控制，当en为‘1’时，执行加法运算，输出正确的值，当en为‘0’时，输输出及结果为全0.三：实验波形仿真和VHDL1、仿真图：2、VHDL代码1)半加器h_adder：library ieee;use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;entity h_adder isport (a,b :in std_logic;co,so :out std_logic);end entity h_adder;architecture fh1 of h_adder isbeginso <= not(a xor (not b));co <= a and b ; end architecture fh1;2)或门or2a：library ieee;use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;entity or2a isport (a,b :in std_logic;c: out std_logic);end entity or2a;architecture one of or2a isbeginc <= a or b ;end architecture one;3)全加器f_adder：library ieee;use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;entity f_adder isport (ain,bin,cin:in std_logic;cout,sum:out std_logic);end entity f_adder;architecture fd1 of f_adder iscomponent h_adderport (a,b :in std_logic;co,so :out std_logic);end component;component or2aport (a,b :in std_logic;c: out std_logic);end component;signal d,e,f: std_logic;beginu1:h_adder port map(a=>ain,b=>bin,co=>d,so=>e);u2:h_adder port map(a=>e,b=>cin,co=>f,so=>sum);u3: or2a port map(a=>d,b=>f,c=>cout);end architecture fd1;4)与门and2a：library ieee;use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;entity and2a isport (a,b :in std_logic;c: out std_logic);end entity and2a;architecture one of and2a isbeginc <= a and b ;end architecture one;5)顶层设计文件library ieee;use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;entity zong isport (a1,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6,a7,a8,b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7,b8,en :in std_logic;solution1,solution2,solution3,solution4,solution5,solution6,solution7,solution8,solution9 :out std_logic );end entity zong;architecture fh1 of zong iscomponent h_adderport (a,b :in std_logic;co,so :out std_logic);end component;component f_adderport (ain,bin,cin:in std_logic;cout,sum:out std_logic);end component;component and2aport (a,b :in std_logic;c: out std_logic);end component;signale2,e3,e4,e5,e6,e7,e8,e9,e10,e11,e12,e13,e14,e15,e16,e17,e18,e19,e20,e21,e22,e23,e24 :std_logi c;beginu1:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>a1,c=>e2);u2:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>a2,c=>e3);u3:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>a3,c=>e4);u4:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>a4,c=>e5);u5:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>a5,c=>e6);u6:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>a6,c=>e7);u7:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>a7,c=>e8);u8:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>a8,c=>e9);u9:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>b1,c=>e10);u10:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>b2,c=>e11);u11:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>b3,c=>e12);u12:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>b4,c=>e13);u13:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>b5,c=>e14);u14:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>b6,c=>e15);u15:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>b7,c=>e16);u16:and2a port map(a=>en,b=>b8,c=>e17);u17:h_adder port map(a=>e2,b=>e10,co=>e18,so=>solution1);u18:f_adder port map(ain=>e3,bin=>e11,cin=>e18,cout=>e19,sum=>solution2);u19:f_adder port map(ain=>e4,bin=>e12,cin=>e19,cout=>e20,sum=>solution3);u20:f_adder port map(ain=>e5,bin=>e13,cin=>e20,cout=>e21,sum=>solution4);u21:f_adder port map(ain=>e6,bin=>e14,cin=>e21,cout=>e22,sum=>solution5);u22:f_adder port map(ain=>e7,bin=>e15,cin=>e22,cout=>e23,sum=>solution6);u23:f_adder port map(ain=>e8,bin=>e16,cin=>e23,cout=>e24,sum=>solution7);u24:f_adder port map(ain=>e9,bin=>e17,cin=>e24,cout=>solution9,sum=>solution8);end architecture fh1;。

USP美国药典,二甘醇、乙二醇及其他杂质

GlycerinC 3H 8O 3 92.101,2,3-Propanetriol.Glycerol [56-81-5].» Glycerin contains not less than 99.0 percent and not more than 101.0 percent of C 3H 8O 3, calculated on the anhydrous basis. The amount of any individual impurity, excluding diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol, if detected, meets the requirements under Other Impurities (NMT 0.1%) and the amount of total impurities, including diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol, is NMT 1.0%. Packaging and storage— Preserve in tight containers.USP Reference standards 11— USP Diethylene Glycol RS . USP Ethylene Glycol RS . USP Glycerin RS .Color— Its color, when viewed downward against a white surface in a 50-mL color-comparison tube, is not darker than the color of a standard made by diluting 0.40 mL of ferric chloride CS with water to 50 mL and similarly viewed in a color-comparison tube of approximately the same diameter and color as that containing the Glycerin.Identification— [NOTE—Compliance is determined by meeting the requirements for both Identification A and B .]A: Infrared Absorption 197F .B: Standard stock solution 1—Transfer 50 mg of USP Diethylene Glycol RS , accurately weighed, to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute with methanol to volume, and mix. Standard stock solution 2— Transfer 50 mg of USP Ethylene Glycol RS , accurately weighed, to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute with methanol to volume, and mix.Standard stock solution 3— Transfer 50 mg of USP Glycerin RS , accurately weighed, to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute with methanol to volume, and mix.Resolution solution— Transfer 5.0 mL each of Standard stock solution 1, Standard stock solution 2, and Standard stock solution 3, to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute withmethanol to volume, and mix.Test solution— Transfer about 5 g of Glycerin to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute with methanol to volume, and mix.Chromatographic system (see Chromatography 621)— The gas chromatograph is equipped with a flame-ionization detector, a 0.53-mm × 30-m fused-silica analytical column coated with 3.0-µm G43 stationary phase. The injection port temperature is maintained at 220 and the detector temperature is maintained at 250. The carrier gas is helium with a flow rate of about 4.5 mL per minute. The split flow ratio is about 10:1. The chromatograph is programmed as follows: Initially, the column temperature is equilibratedat 100 for 4 minutes, then increased at a rate of 50 per minute to 120, and is maintained at 120 for 10 minutes. It is then increased at a rate of 50 per minute to 220, and is maintained at 220 for 6 minutes. Chromatograph the Resolution solution, and record the peak responses and retention times as directed for Procedure: the relative retention times are about 0.3 for ethylene glycol, 0.8 for diethylene glycol, and 1.0 for glycerin; and the relative standard deviation for replicate injections for the diethylene glycol is not more than 10%.Procedure— Separately inject equal volumes (about 1 µL) of the Resolution solution and the Test solution into the chromatograph, and record the chromatograms. If a peak at the relative retention time for the diethylene glycol or ethylene glycol is present in the Test solution, the peak must be identifed and quantified as directed in the test for Diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol impurities.Specific gravity 841: not less than 1.249.Residue on ignition 281—Heat 50 g in an open, shallow 100-mL porcelain dish until it ignites, and allow it to burn without further application of heat in a place free from drafts. Cool, moisten the residue with 0.5 mL of sulfuric acid, and ignite to constant weight: the weight of the residue does not exceed 5 mg (0.01%).Water, Method I 921: not more than 5.0%.Chloride 221—A 7.0-g portion shows no more chloride than corresponds to 0.10 mL of 0.020 N hydrochloric acid (0.001%).Sulfate 221—A 10-g portion shows no more sulfate than corresponds to 0.20 mL of 0.020 N sulfuric acid (about 0.002%).Heavy metals 231—Mix 4.0 g with 2 mL of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, and dilute with water to 25 mL: the limit is 5 µg per g.Limit of chlorinated compounds— Accurately weigh 5 g of Glycerin into a dry, round-bottom, 100-mL flask, add 15 mL of morpholine, and connect the flask by a ground joint to a reflux condenser. Reflux gently for 3 hours. Rinse the condenser with 10 mL of water,receiving the washing in the flask, and cautiously acidify with nitric acid. Transfer the solution to a suitable comparison tube, add 0.50 mL of silver nitrate TS, dilute with water to 50.0 mL, and mix: the turbidity is not greater than that of a blank to which 0.20 mL of 0.020 N hydrochloric acid has been added, the refluxing being omitted (0.003% of Cl).Fatty acids and esters— Mix 50 g of Glycerin with 50 mL of freshly boiled water and 5 mL of 0.5 N sodium hydroxide VS, boil the mixture for 5 minutes, cool, add phenolphthalein TS, and titrate the excess alkali with 0.5 N hydrochloric acid VS. Performa blank determination (see Residual Titrations under Titrimetry 541): not more than 1 mL of 0.5 N sodium hydroxide is consumed.Diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol impurities—Internal standard solution— Transfer 100 mg of 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (internal standard), accurately weighed, to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute with methanol to volume, and mix.Standard stock solution 1— Transfer 50 mg of USP Diethylene Glycol RS, accurately weighed, to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute with methanol to volume, and mix.Standard stock solution 2— Transfer 50 mg of USP Ethylene Glycol RS, accurately weighed, to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute with methanol to volume, and mix.Standard stock solution 3— Transfer 50 mg of USP Glycerin RS, accurately weighed, to a 100-mL volumetric flask, dilute with methanol to volume, and mix.Standard solution— Transfer 5.0 mL each of Standard stock solution 1, Standard stock solution 2, and the Internal standard solution to a 100-mL volumetric flask, and dilute with methanol to volume, and mix.Resolution solution— Transfer 500 mg of USP Glycerin RS to a 10-mL volumetric flask, add 0.5 mL each of Standard stock solution 1 and Standard stock solution 2, dilute with methanol to volume, and mix.Test solution— Transfer about 5 g of Glycerin to a 100-mL volumetric flask, add 5.0 mL of Internal standard solution, dilute with methanol to volume, and mix.Chromatographic system (see Chromatography 621)— The gas chromatograph is equipped with a flame-ionization detector, a 0.53-mm × 30-m fused-silica analytical column coated with 3.0-µm G43 stationary phase. The injection port temperature is maintained at 220 and the detector temperature is maintained at 250. The carrier gas is helium, flowing at a rate of about 4.5 mL per minute. The split flow ratio is about 10:1. The chromatograph is programmed as follows. Initially, the column temperature is equilibratedat 100 for 4 minutes, then increased at a rate of 50 per minute to 120, and is maintained at 120 for 10 minutes then increased at a rate of 50 per minute to 220, andis maintained at 220for 6 minutes. Chromatograph the Standard solution, and record thepeak response ratio and retention times as directed for Procedure: the relative retention times are about 0.3 for ethylene glycol, 0.8 for diethylene glycol, and 1.0 for glycerin; the relative standard deviation for replicate injections for the diethylene glycol is not more than 10%; and the limit of quantitation of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol is not more than 0.025%.Procedure— Separately inject equal volumes (about 1 µL) of the Standard solution and the Test solution into the chromatograph, record the chromatograms, and measure the responses for the ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol peaks. Calculate the percentage of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol in the portion of Glycerin taken by the formula:100(CS / CU)(RU/ RS)in which CSis the concentration, in mg per mL, of diethylene glycol (or ethylene glycol) inthe Standard solution; CUis the concentration, in mg per mL, of Glycerin in the Testsolution; and RU and RSare the peak response ratios for diethylene glycol (or ethyleneglycol) to the internal standard peak obtained from the Test solution and the Standard solution: NMT the limit of quantitation for each, is found (0.025%).Assay—Sodium periodate solution— Dissolve 60 g of sodium metaperiodate in sufficient water containing 120 mL of 0.1 N sulfuric acid to make 1000 mL. Do not heat to dissolve the periodate. If the solution is not clear, pass through a sintered-glass filter. Store the solution in a glass-stoppered, light-resistant container. Test the suitability of this solution as follows. Pipet 10 mL into a 250-mL volumetric flask, dilute with water to volume, and mix. To about 550 mg of Glycerin dissolved in 50 mL of water add 50 mL of the diluted periodate solution with a pipet. For a blank, pipet 50 mL of the solution into a flask containing 50 mL of water. Allow the solutions to stand for 30 minutes, then to each add 5 mL of hydrochloric acid and 10 mL of potassium iodide TS, and rotate to mix. Allow to stand for 5 minutes, add 100 mL of water, and titrate with 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate, shaking continuously and adding 3 mL of starch TS as the endpoint is approached. The ratio of the volume of 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate required for the glycerin–periodate mixture to that required for the blank should be between 0.750 and 0.765.Procedure— Transfer about 400 mg of Glycerin, accurately weighed, to a 600-mL beaker, dilute with 50 mL of water, add bromothymol blue TS, and acidify with 0.2 N sulfuric acid to a definite green or greenish yellow color. Neutralize with 0.05 N sodium hydroxide to a definite blue endpoint, free from green color. Prepare a blank containing 50 mL of water, and neutralize in the same manner. Pipet 50 mL of the Sodium periodate solution into each beaker, mix by swirling gently, cover with a watch glass, and allow to stand for 30minutes at room temperature (not exceeding 35) in the dark or in subdued light. Add 10 mL of a mixture of equal volumes of ethylene glycol and water, and allow to stand for 20 minutes. Dilute each solution with water to about 300 mL, and titrate with 0.1 N sodiumhydroxide VS to a pH of 8.1 ± 0.1 for the specimen under assay and 6.5 ± 0.1 for the blank, using a pH meter. Each mL of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide, after correction for the blank, is equivalent to 9.210 mg of C 3H 8O 3.Auxiliary Information— Please check for your question in the FAQs before contacting USP.USP32–NF27 Page 2513Pharmacopeial Forum : Volume No. 28(4) Page 1245Chromatographic Column— GLYCERINChromatographic columns text is not derived from, and not part of, USP 32 or NF 27. Topic/Question Contact Expert Committee Monograph Kevin T. Moore, Ph.D.Scientist1-301-816-8369(EM105) Excipient Monographs 1Reference StandardsLili Wang, Technical ServicesScientist1-301-816-8129RSTech@。

2011第2讲-表达机件的常用方法-I

A
A
② 剖切符号 :表示剖切面起、迄和转折位置（用粗实线表示）及投射方向（用箭头表示）。 Section signs show how the cutting plane
goes through the object (thick solid lines) and
the direction of projection (by arrow)
第二讲表al methods for representation of mechanical parts
技术制图国家标准GB/T 4458.1—2002 规定
机械图样的五种基本表示法 Five basic methods for mechanical part drawing：
8
斜视图的画法Drawing
A
A
箭头指明旋转方向，字母靠近箭头一侧 Letter
placed near the arrow which indicates the rotating direction
A
旧标注为“A向旋转”
注意事项Note：
• 绘制斜视图时，通常只画出倾斜部分的局部外形，而断去其余部分，通常按投射方向放置和标注。Usually only
A B
A
用带字母的箭头指明要
arrow and capital letter
表达的部位和投射方向，并注明视图名称。Reference 线表示。当表示的局部结构是完整的且外轮廓封闭时，波浪线可省略。的配置形式配置，也可按向视图的配置形式配置。Local view can be placed
4
高
上右视
主视
左视右后视左Left Left Back

2019年夏季数学大联盟4-5年级个人赛(Iindividual Part2)真题与解析【决赛】

Individual Questions – Part 2 of 2Each question is worth 10 points. Calculators are PROHIBITED.#2-1. (Time Limit: 7 minutes) Different letters in the word “MathLeague” represent different digits.What is the greatest possible value of the sum of the value of all 10 letters?题目翻译: MathLeague这个单词中的每一个不同的字母对应一个不同的数字(0...9这十个数字中的一个数字)，请问这十个字母所对应的数字的和的最大值是多少?Solution:Since the letters “a” and “e” appear twice, let one of them have a value of 9 and the other onea value of 8. Each of the six other letters appears only once, so their values should be 7, 6, 5,4, 3, and 2. Assigning these values to the letters, the greatest possible sum is (18 + 16 + 7 + 6 +5 + 4 + 3 + 2) =61.#2-2. (Time Limit: 7 minutes) The number N = 2666666 . . . 666666 consists of a “2” followed by 2019 “6”s. What is the remainder when N is divided by 11?题目翻译: N = 266666…666666666，数字2后面有2019个6，N除以11的余数是多少？Solution 1:66 is a multiple of 11, so is any even number of 6 in a row. Let N1 = N–66…66 (2018 “6”s) =2600…00 (2018 “0”s). The remainder when N is divided by 11 is equal to the remainderwhen N1 is divided by 11.Let N2 = N1 – 2200...00 (2018 “0”s) = 400…00 (2018 “0”s). The remainder when N1 isdivided by 11 is equal to the remainder when N2 is divided by 11.Let N3 = N2 – 4 * 99…99 (2018 “9”s) = 4. Since 99…99 (2018 “9”s) is a multiple of 11, theremainder when N2 is divided by 11 is equal to the remainder when N3 is divided by 11. So the answer is4.Solution 2:There are 2020 digits in N. As we divide, we see that the quotient is 242424. . ., with the partial remainders after each step of the division alternating between 4 and 2. Since there are 2019 6s, the last remainder will be a4.#2-3. (Time Limit: 7 minutes) If 2 watermelons can be exchanged for 7 apples and 3 apples can be exchanged for 4 bananas, for how many bananas can 12 watermelons be exchanged?题目翻译: 如果2个西瓜可以换7个苹果，3个苹果可以换4个香蕉，那么12个西瓜可以换多少个香蕉？Solution:If 2 watermelons can be exchanged for 7 apples, 12 watermelons can be exchanged for 42 apples. Similarly, if 3 apples can be exchanged for 4 bananas, then 42 apples can be exchanged for56bananas.#2-4. (Time Limit: 7 minutes) Six years ago, Steve was six times as old as Rui. Six years from now, Steve will be 10 years older than Rui. How old is Rui?题目翻译: 6年前，Steve的年纪是Rui的年纪的6倍。

imc2010-day2-solutions

IMC2010,Blagoevgrad,BulgariaDay2,July27,2010Problem1.(a)A sequence x1,x2,...of real numbers satisﬁesx n+1=x n cos x n for all n≥1.Does it follow that this sequence converges for all initial values x1?(b)A sequence y1,y2,...of real numbers satisﬁesy n+1=y n sin y n for all n≥1.Does it follow that this sequence converges for all initial values y1?Solution1.(a)NO.For example,for x1=πwe have x n=(−1)n−1π,and the sequence is divergent.(b)YES.Notice that|y n|is nonincreasing and hence converges to some number a≥0.If a=0,then lim y n=0and we are done.If a>0,then a=lim|y n+1|=lim|y n sin y n|=a·|sin a|, so sin a=±1and a=(k+12)π≤|y n|<(k+1)πfor all n>n0.Then all the numbers y n0+1,y n0+2,...lie in the union of the intervals(k+12)π .Depending on the parity of k,in one of the intervals (k+12)π the values of the sine function is positive;denote this interval by I+.In the other interval the sine function is negative;denote this interval by I−.If y n∈I−for some n>n0then y n and y n+1=y n sin y n have opposite signs,so y n+1∈I+.On the other hand,if If y n∈I+for some n>n0then y n and y n+1 have the same sign,so y n+1∈I+.In both cases,y n+1∈I+.We obtained that the numbers y n0+2,y n0+3,...lie in I+,so they have the same sign.Since|y n|isconvergent,this implies that the sequence(y n)is convergent as well.Solution2for part(b).Similarly to theﬁrst solution,|y n|→a for some real number a.Notice that t·sin t=(−t)sin(−t)=|t|sin|t|for all real t,hence y n+1=|y n|sin|y n|for all n≥2. Since the function t→t sin t is continuous,y n+1=|y n|sin|y n|→|a|sin|a|=a.Problem2.Let a0,a1,...,a n be positive real numbers such that a k+1−a k≥1for all k= 0,1,...,n−1.Prove that1+1a1−a0 ···1+1a0 1+1a n .Solution.Apply induction on n.Considering the empty product as1,we have equality for n=0.Now assume that the statement is true for some n and prove it for n+1.For n+1,the statement can be written as the sum of the inequalities1+1a1−a0 ···1+1a0 ··· 1+1a0 1+1a n−a0 ·1a0 ··· 1+1a n+1.(1)Hence,to complete the solution it is suﬃcient to prove(1).1To prove(1),apply a second induction.For n=0,we have to verify1a1−a0≤ 1+1a1.Multiplying by a0a1(a1−a0),this is equivalent witha1≤(a0+1)(a1−a0)a0≤a0a1−a201≤a1−a0.For the induction step it is suﬃcient that1+1a n+2−a0≤ 1+1a n+2.Multiplying by(a n+2−a0)a n+2,(a n+1−a0+1)a n+2≤(a n+1+1)(a n+2−a0)a0≤a0a n+2−a0a n+11≤a n+2−a n+1.Remark1.It is easy to check from the solution that equality holds if and only if a k+1−a k=1for all k.Remark2.The statement of the problem is a direct corollary of the identity1+ni=0 1x j−x i =n i=0 1+1It is well known that|Gx|=|G||Gx|=|G||G xi|(|G xi|−1),hence1−1|G xi| .(6)If for some i,j∈{1,...,k}|G xi |,|G xi|≥2thenki=1 1−12 + 1−1|G| which contradicts with(6),thus we can assume that|G x1|=...=|G xk−1|=1.Then from(6)we get|G xk |=|G|,hence G xk=G.Problem4.Let A be a symmetric m×m matrix over the two-elementﬁeld all of whose diagonal entries are zero.Prove that for every positive integer n each column of the matrix A n has a zero entry.Solution.Denote by e k(1≤k≤m)the m-dimensional vector over F2,whose k-th entry is1and all the other elements are0.Furthermore,let u be the vector whose all entries are1.The k-th column of A n is A n e k.So the statement can be written as A n e k=u for all1≤k≤m and all n≥1.For every pair of vectors x=(x1,...,x m)and y=(y1,...,y m),deﬁne the bilinear form(x,y)= x T y=x1y1+...+x m y m.The product(x,y)has all basic properties of scalar products(except the property that(x,x)=0implies x=0).Moreover,we have(x,x)=(x,u)for every vector x∈F m2.It is also easy to check that(w,Aw)=w T Aw=0for all vectors w,since A is symmetric and its diagonal elements are0.Lemma.Suppose that v∈F m2a vector such that A n v=u for some n≥1.Then(v,v)=0. Proof.Apply induction on n.For odd values of n we prove the lemma directly.Let n=2k+1and w=A k v.Then(v,v)=(v,u)=(v,A n v)=v T A n v=v T A2k+1v=(A k v,A k+1v)=(w,Aw)=0.Now suppose that n is even,n=2k,and the lemma is true for all smaller values of n.Let w=A k v;then A k w=A n v=u and thus we have(w,w)=0by the induction hypothesis.Hence, (v,v)=(v,u)=v T A n v=v T A2k v=(A k v)T(A k v)=(A k v,A k v)=(w,w)=0.The lemma is proved.3Now suppose that A n e k=u for some1≤k≤m and positive integer n.By the Lemma,we should have(e k,e k)=0.But this is impossible because(e k,e k)=1=0.Problem5.Suppose that for a function f:R→R and real numbers a<b one has f(x)=0for all x∈(a,b).Prove that f(x)=0for all x∈R ifp−1k=0f y+kN =0 .Notice that0∈J N,any linear combinations of any elements in J N is in J N,and for every P(x)∈J N we have xP(x)∈J N.Hence,J N is an ideal of the ring R[x].By the problem’s conditions,for every prime divisors of N we havex N−1x N/p−1are those N throots of unity whose order does not divide N/p.The roots of the greatest common divisor is the intersection of such sets;it can be seen that the intersection consist of the primitive N th roots of unity.Therefore,gcd x N−1N <b−a.It is well-known that lim infN→∞ϕ(N) N =0for all x∈R.If x∈[b,b+1N .On the right-hand side,all numbers x−ϕ(N)−kN).It can be obtained similarly that f(x)=0for all x∈(a−1N,b+1。

Installation Errors(2)

©2015 Manitoba HVDC Research Centre a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.
Rev.8, Dec. 10, 2015
33. 34.
VISUAL STUDIO (SHELL EDITION) WILL NOT INSTALL ALONGSIDE INTEL FORTRAN 16 ............................. 60 ERROR MESSAGE IS DISPLAYED: “YOU DO NOT HAVE THE REQUIRED ADMINISTRATIVE PRIVILEGES…” . 63
©2015 Manitoba HVDC Research Centre a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.
Rev.8, Dec. 10, 2015
1.
Installation Error – Error 1053 Starting LM Serors
Written for:
PSCAD v4.2 PSCAD X4 (v4.3, v4.4, v4.5, v4.6)
Revision: 8 December 10, 2015
Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. INSTALLATION ERROR – ERROR 1053 STARTING LM SERVICE ............................................

医药代表辅导情景2(销售随访)-final

4
SO U RCE 原因
3
准备
• 收集信息 • 目标设定 • 访前准备
拜访
• 开场白 • 探寻客户需求 • 说明解决方案 • 处理异议 • 达成交易-缔结
跟进
• 拜访总结 • 分析评估 • 确定跟进内容
4S销售随访案例背景
作为一位地区经理，你发现你的下属小徐很难有效地与 KOL实施拜访，尤其进入开场之后，无法与专家进行有效的沟通。
CHINA/BMPC
辅导情景2 销售随访
4S 辅导模型回顾
我们的目标是什么？ 1
SU C C ESS 目标
2 参照我们的目标，我们现在进展
S IT U A T IO N 到了哪里？
现状
我们将如何去实现
这个目标？
S O L U T IO N
方案
4
SO U RCE 原因
3
实现目标的障碍或者造成目前局面根源是什么？
有觉得什么不妥，主要障碍在哪里呢？什么计划
辅导对话过程—目标
12
1
SUCCESS 目标
SOLUTION 方案
SITUATION 现状
SOURCE 原因
地区经理：
小徐，最近和KOL们交流的如何？有什么好消息吗？
销售代表：
好消息是我一直在和KOL接洽，但问题是没有实质性的进展，KOL很忙，所以我只能简单的沟通几句。
怎么看待我们销售技巧的流程
最近拜访客户情况怎么样
怎么看待我们销售技巧的流程
有没有进行探寻和说明我们的方案
KOL如何看待我们的产品
有没有进行探寻和说明我们的
境
对于拜访那
##44 方方案案
1-制定方案 2-测试方案 3-制定计划

培美曲赛二钠英国药典

Pemetrexed Disodium HeptahydrateGeneral Notices(Ph. Eur. monograph 2637)C20H19N5Na2O6,7H2O 597.5 357166-29-1Action and useThymidylate synthetase inhibitor; cytostatic.Ph EurDEFINITIONDisodium(2S)-2-[[4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]amino]pentanedio ate heptahydrate.Content97.5 per cent to 102.0 per cent (anhydrous substance).CHARACTERSAppearanceWhite or almost white powder.SolubilityFreely soluble in water, very slightly soluble in anhydrous ethanol, practically insoluble in methylene chloride.IDENTIFICATIONCarry out either tests A, C, D, E or tests B, C, D, E.Results The 1H NMR spectrum obtained is qualitatively similar to the 1H NMR spectrum obtainedwith pemetrexed disodium heptahydrate CRS; disregard the peak located at approximately 5.0 ppm for the comparison.C. It gives reaction (a) of sodium (2.3.1).D. Enantiomeric purity (see Tests).E. Water (see Tests).TESTSSolution SDissolve 0.56 g in carbon dioxide-free water R and dilute to 10.0 mL with the same solvent.Appearance of solutionSolution S is not more opalescent than reference suspension II (2.2.1) and not more intensely coloured than reference solution GY4 or Y4(2.2.2, Method II).pH (2.2.3)7.5 to 8.4 for solution S.Enantiomeric purityLiquid chromatography (2.2.29). Prepare the solutions immediately before use or store them at 2-8 °C for not more than 24 h.Solution A Dissolve 8 g of β-cyclodextrin R in 900 mL of water for chromatography R. Add 15 mLof triethylamine R then 6 mL of phosphoric acid R and adjust to pH 6.0 with phosphoric acid R. Dilute to 1000 mL with water for chromatography R.Test solution Dissolve 12 mg of the substance to be examined in water for chromatography R and dilute to 50.0 mL with the same solvent.Reference solution (a) Dissolve 6 mg of pemetrexed for system suitability CRS (containing impurity E) in water for chromatography R and dilute to 25.0 mL with the same solvent.Reference solution (b) Dilute 1.0 mL of the test solution to 100.0 mL with water for chromatography R.Dilute 3.0 mL of this solution to 10.0 mL with water for chromatography R.Column:∙—size: l = 0.25 m, Ø = 4.6 mm;∙—stationary phase: octadecylsilyl silica gel for chromatography R (5 µm) with a pore size of 12 nm; ∙—temperature: 40 °C.Mobile phase acetonitrile R, solution A (5:95 V/V).Flow rate 1.0 mL/min.Detection Spectrophotometer at 230 nm.Injection 50 µL.Run time 1.5 times the retention time of pemetrexed.Relative retention With reference to pemetrexed (retention time = about 30 min):impurity E = about 0.94.System suitability:∙—symmetry factor: maximum 2.0 for the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b);∙—peak-to-valley ratio: minimum 5.0, where H p = height above the baseline of the peak due to impurity E and H v = height above the baseline of the lowest point of the curve separating this peak from the peak due to pemetrexed in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a).Calculation of percentage contents:∙— for impurity E, use the concentration of pemetrexed disodium heptahydrate in reference solution (b).Limit:∙—impurity E: maximum 0.3 per cent.Column rinse The following program is given for information only.Use a gradient column rinse before column storage or after 30 sample injections to avoid build-up on the column. If a drifting baseline is observed, allow additional time for equilibration with the mobile phase. If a blank chromatogram exhibits broad humps, perform a gradient column rinse.Rinsing solution A water for chromatography R.Rinsing solution B acetonitrile R1.Related substancesLiquid chromatography (2.2.29). Prepare the solutions immediately before use or store them at 2-8 °C for not more than 24 h.Solution A 1.45 g/L solution of ammonium formate R in water for chromatography R, adjusted to pH 3.5 with anhydrous formic acid R.Test solution Dissolve 20 mg of the substance to be examined in water for chromatography R and dilute to 100.0 mL with the same solvent.Reference solution (a) Dilute 1.0 mL of the test solution to 100.0 mL with water for chromatography R.Dilute 1.0 mL of this solution to 10.0 mL with water for chromatography R.Reference solution (b) In order to prepare impurities B and C in situ, dissolve 30 mg of the substance to be examined in 10.0 mL of a 4.0 g/L solution of sodium hydroxide R, heat at 70 °C for 40 minutes and allow to cool. Dilute 1.0 mL of the solution to 10.0 mL with water for chromatography R.Reference solution (c) Dissolve the contents of a vial of pemetrexed impurity mixture CRS (impurities A and D) in 1.0 mL of water for chromatography R.Column:∙—size: l = 0.15 m, Ø = 4.6 mm;∙—stationary phase: base-deactivated octylsilyl silica gel for chromatography R (3.5 µm).Mobile phase:∙—mobile phase A: acetonitrile R, solution A (5:95 V/V);∙—mobile phase B: acetonitrile R, solution A (30:70 V/V);Flow rate 1.0 mL/min.Detection Spectrophotometer at 250 nm.Injection 20 µL.Identification of impurities Use the chromatogram supplied with pemetrexed impurity mixture CRS and the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (c) to identify the peaks due to impurities A and D;use the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b) to identify the peaks due to impurities B andC.Relative retention With reference to pemetrexed (retention time = about 26 min): impurity A = about 0.82;impurity B = about 0.87; impurity C = about 0.88; impurity D = about 0.90.System suitability Reference solution (b):∙—peak-to-valley ratio: minimum 1.5, where H p = height above the baseline of the peak due to impurity B and H v = height above the baseline of the lowest point of the curve separating this peak from the peak due to impurity C.Calculation of percentage contents:∙— for each impurity, use the concentration of pemetrexed disodium heptahydrate in reference solution(a).Limits:∙—impurities A, D: for each impurity, maximum 0.15 per cent;∙—unspecified impurities: for each impurity, maximum 0.10 per cent;∙—total: maximum 0.6 per cent;∙—reporting threshold: 0.05 per cent.Heavy metals (2.4.8)Maximum 20 ppm.Solvent mixture acetone R, water R (40:60 V/V).0.250 g complies with test H. Prepare the reference solution using 0.5 mL of lead standard solution (10ppm Pb) R.Water (2.5.12)19.5 per cent to 22.1 per cent, determined on 0.050 g.Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14)Less than 0.17 IU/mg.ASSAYLiquid chromatography (2.2.29). Prepare the solutions immediately before use or store them at 2-8 °C for not more than 24 h.Acetate buffer Mix 1.7 mL of glacial acetic acid R and 900 mL of water for chromatography R, adjust to pH 5.3 with a 760 g/L solution of sodium hydroxide R in water for chromatography R and dilute to 1000 mL with water for chromatography R.Test solution Dissolve 30.0 mg of the substance to be examined in water for chromatography R and dilute to 200.0 mL with the same solvent.Reference solution Dissolve 30.0 mg of pemetrexed disodium heptahydrate CRS in water forchromatography R and dilute to 200.0 mL with the same solvent.Column:∙—size: l = 0.15 m, Ø = 4.6 mm;∙—stationary phase: base-deactivated octylsilyl silica gel for chromatography R (3.5 µm); ∙—temperature: 30 °C.Mobile phase acetonitrile R, acetate buffer (11:89 V/V).Flow rate 2.0 mL/min.Detection Spectrophotometer at 285 nm.Injection 20 µL.Run time Twice the retention time of pemetrexed (retention time = about 3 min).Calculate the percentage content of C20H19N5Na2O6 taking into account the assigned contentof pemetrexed disodium heptahydrate CRS.IMPURITIESSpecified impurities A, D, E.Other detectable impurities (the following substances would, if present at a sufficient level, be detected by one or other of the tests in the monograph. They are limited by the general acceptance criterion for other/unspecified impurities and/or by the general monograph Substances for pharmaceutical use (2034).It is therefore not necessary to identify these impurities for demonstration of compliance. See also 5.10.Control of impurities in substances for pharmaceutical use): B, C.A.(2S)-2-[[4-[2-(2-amino-1-methyl-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]amino ]-pentanedioic acid,B.(2S,2′S)-2,2′-[[(5R)-2,2′-diamino-4,4′,6-trioxo-1,4,4′,6,7,7′-hexahydro-1′H,5H-5,6′-bipyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimi dine-5,5′-diyl]bis(ethylenebenzene-4,1-diylcarbonylimino)]dipentanedioic acid,C.(2S,2′S)-2,2′-[[(5S)-2,2′-diamino-4,4′,6-trioxo-1,4,4′,6,7,7′-hexahydro-1′H,5H-5,6′-bipyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimi dine-5,5′-diyl]bis(ethylenebenzene-4,1-diylcarbonylimino)]dipentanedioic acid,D.(2S)-2-[[(4S)-4-[[4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid,E.(2R)-2-[[4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]amino]pentane dioic acid.Ph Eur。

通信网基本概念与主体结构(第二版)答案Ch2

Solutions to Chapter 2 (Note: solution to Problem 62 to be added)1. Explain how the notion of layering and internetworking make the rapid growth of applications such as the World Wide Web possible.Solution:Internetworking allows many component networks each with different underlying technology and operation to work together and form one large network. As new network technologies are introduced they can be readily incorporated into the Internet. This provides the ubiquitous connectivity for applications like WWW.The layering concept hides the specific underlying network technology from the upper layers and provides a common networking platform. Using the communication service provided by the layers below, new applications can be introduced independently and at a rapid rate.2. (a) What universal set of communication services is provided by TCP/IP?Solution:The TCP/IP protocol stack provides two basic types of communications services through its two transport layer protocols: TCP provides reliable connection-oriented transfer of a byte stream; UDP provides for best-effort connectionless transfer of individual messages. TCP/IP provides withglobally unique logical addressing that enables machines connected to the Internet to access these two services. The IP addressing scheme is very scalable because of its hierarchical structure.2. (b)How is independence from underlying network technologies achieved?Solution:The two basic communications services provided by TCP and UDP are built on the connectionless packet transfer service provided by the Internet Protocol (IP). Many network interfaces are defined tosupport IP. The salient part of the above figure is that all of the higher layer protocols access the network interfaces through IP. This is what provides the ability to operate over multiple networks.2. (c) What economies of scale result from (a) and (b)?Solution:Once a network interface for IP is defined for a given network technology, then hosts connected using the given network technology can connect to the Internet. This allows the reach of the Internet to grow rapidly, leveraging multiple coexisting networks technologies. Thus investment in new network technologies extends the reach of the Internet.3. What difference does it make to the network layer if the underlying data link layer provides a connection-oriented service versus a connectionless service?Solution:If the data link layer provides a connection-oriented service to the network layer, then the network layer must precede all transfer of information with a connection setup procedure. If the connection-oriented service includes assurances that frames of information are transferred correctly and insequence by the data link layer, the network layer can then assume that the packets it sends to its neighbor traverse an error-free pipe.On the other hand, if the data link layer is connectionless, then each frame is sent independently through the data link, probably in unconfirmed manner (without acknowledgments orretransmissions). In this case the network layer cannot make assumptions about the sequencing or correctness of the packets it exchanges with its neighbors.The Ethernet local area network provides an example of connectionless transfer of data link frames.The transfer of frames using "Type 2" service in Logical Link Control (discussed in Chapter 6)provides a connection-oriented data link control example.4. Suppose transmission channels become virtually error-free. Is the data link layer still needed?Solution:The data link layer is still needed for framing the data and for flow control over the transmissionchannel. In a multiple access medium such as a LAN, the data link layer is required to coordinate access to the shared medium among the multiple users.5. Why is the transport layer not present inside the network?Solution:Some of the functions provided by the transport layer can be provided inside the networks, but other functions cannot. For example, the transport layer provides functions at the end-system tocompensate for the limitations and impairments of the network layer, in order to meet requirements(e.g. QoS) of the upper layer. For example in TCP/IP, IP provides only best effort service. To providethe reliable service required by some applications - that is, to compensate for the shortcomings of best effort service - TCP establishes connections and implements error control on an end-to-end basis. One can imagine that a service provider could incorporate this error control function at the edge of its network. On the other hand, one of the main purposes of the transport layer is to allow multiple processes in the end systems to share a network service. This cannot be achieved inside the network.6. Which OSI layer is responsible for the following?(a)Determining the best path to route packets.The network layer is concerned with the selection of paths across the network.(b)Providing end-to-end communications with reliable service.The transport layer is concerned with providing reliable service on an end-to-end basis across the network.(c)Providing node-to-node communications with reliable service.The data link layer provides for the reliable transfer of information between adjacent nodes in anetwork.7. Should connection establishment be a confirmed service or an unconfirmed service? What about data transfer in a connection-oriented service? Connection release?Solution:In general, the establishment of a connection needs to be confirmed before information transfer can commence across a connection. Therefore connection establishment should be a confirmed service.A connection-oriented service is usually reliable so confirmation of data delivery is not necessary. Incertain situations, however, it is possible that the transfer across a connection is not reliable; in this case confirmation of correct data transfer may be required.In general it is desirable that the release of a connection be confirmed by the parties involved. We will see in Chapter 8, section 5, that sometimes it is not easy to confirm that a connection has beenclosed. Consequently, many protocols attempt to confirm the closing of a connection several times, and then give up and simply stop transmitting.8. Does it make sense for a network to provide a confirmed, connectionless packet transfer service?Solution:Yes. Connectionless packet transfer is often unreliable, that is, packets may be lost or discarded inside a network. Certain applications, for example, signaling in connection setup, requireconfirmation to acknowledge the receipt of packets.9. Explain how the notion of multiplexing can be applied at the data link, network, and transport layers. Draw afigure that shows the flow of PDUs in each multiplexing scheme.Solution:Transport Layer: Multiple application layers processes can share the service provided by UDP.When a UDP PDU arrives from the network layer, the destination port number in the PDU is used to deliver the SDU to the appropriate application layer process. Multiple application layer processes also share the service provided by TCP. In this case, when a TCP segment arrives, the TCPconnection ID, consisting of (source port #, source IP address, destination port #, destination IP address), is used to determine which application process to deliver the SDU to.Network Layer: The packet transfer service provided by IP can be used by all transport layersoperating in a machine. Each transfer layer passes SDUs to the IP layer which prepares IP packets with appropriate source and destination IP addresses for transfer across the Internet. Upon receiving an IP packet, a machine examines the protocol type field to determine which transport layer service to deliver the SDU to. We can also view all transport layer PDUs as sharing the IP packet transfer service between a source machine and a destination machine.Data Link Layer: Network layer packets from different protocols (IP, IPX, Appletalk, etc) can share a data link (such as PPP or Ethernet). We can also view packet flows that traverse a data linkbetween two routers as sharing the link.10. Give two features that the data link layer and transport layer have in common. Give two features in which they differ. Hint: Compare what can go wrong to the PDUs that are handled by these layers.Solution:Features they have in common:•Both layers can provide recovery from transmission errors.•Both layers can provide flow control.•Both layers can support multiplexing.Features in which they differ:•The transport layer is end to end and involves the interaction of peer processes across the network. The data link layer involves the interaction of peer-to-peer processes that areconnected directly. In general, the time that elapses in traversing a data link is much smaller than the time traversing a network, where packets can become trapped in temporary routing loops.Consequently, transport layer protocols must be able to deal with out-of-sequence PDUs and amuch larger backlog of PDUs than data link layers.•The data link layer is concerned with framing and the transport layer is not.•The data link layer may be concerned with medium access control, the transport layer does not have this concern.11(a). Can a connection-oriented, reliable message transfer service be provided across a connectionless packet network? Explain.Solution:Yes. To provide a connection-oriented service, the transport layer can establish a logical connection across the connectionless packet network by setting up state information (for example, packetsequence number) at the end systems. During the connection setup, the message is broken into separate packets, and each packet is assigned a sequence number.Using the sequence numbers, the end-system transport-layer entities can acknowledge received packets, determine and retransmit lost packets, delete duplicate packets, and rearrange out-of-order packets. The original message is reassembled as packets arrive at the receiving end.For example, TCP provides a connection-oriented reliable transfer service over IP, a connectionless packet transfer service.11b. Can a connectionless datagram transfer service be provided across a connection-oriented network?Solution:Yes. The connectionless datagram transfer service can be implemented by simply setting up aconnection across the network each time a datagram needs to be transferred. Alternatively, all nodes can have permanent connections to a “connectionless server” that has the function of relayingdatagrams in connectionless fashion.12. An internet path between two hosts involves a hop across network A, a packet-switching network, to a router and then another hop across packet-switching network B. Suppose that packet switching network A carries the packet between the first host and the router over a two-hop path involving one intermediate packet switch. Suppose also that the second network is an Ethernet LAN. Sketch the sequence of IP and non-IP packets and frames that are generated as an IP packet goes from host 1 to host 2.Solution:The IP layer in Host 1 generates an IP packet addressed to the destination host on the destination network and sends it to the router. The network interface in the host encapsulates the IP packet into the packet PDU used by network A. This packet is encapsulated in a frame that traverses data link 1 to the packet switch. The packet is recovered and then forwarded inside a frame along data link 2.The data link at the router recovers the Network A packet, and the IP network interface at the router recovers the IP packet and determines that the next hop is on Network B. The router encapsulates the IP packet into an Ethernet frame, puts the host 2 Ethernet physical address in the frame and sends it to the LAN. The Ethernet card on the host captures the frame and extracts the IP packet and passes it to the host.13. Does Ethernet provide connection-oriented or connectionless service?Solution:Ethernet provides connectionless transfer service of information frames.14. Ethernet is a LAN so it is placed in the data link layer of the OSI reference model.(a)How is the transfer of frames in Ethernet similar to the transfer of frames across a wire? How is itdifferent?The transfer of frames in Ethernet occurs directly over a transmission medium and in this sense is similar to direct transmission over a wire. The sequence of frames into Ethernet arrive in thesame order they are transmitted. However multiple stations can transmit in Ethernet which differs from direct transmission over a wire.(b)How is the transfer of frames in Ethernet similar to the transfer of frames in a packet-switching network?How is it different?Ethernet supports the transfer of frames among multiple end systems and in this sense is similar to a packet switching network. Ethernet does not involve routing which is a feature of packetswitching. Ethernet depends on broadcasting and/or bridging which differs from packet networks.15. Suppose that a group of workstations is connected to an Ethernet LAN. If the workstations communicate only with each other, does it make sense to use IP in the workstations? Should the workstations run TCP directly over Ethernet? How is addressing handled?Solution:Ethernet supports the exchange of frames between stations and can support the direct exchange of information. Using Ethernet without IP would result in an inflexible and difficult to managesystem. Ethernet addresses are fixed and tables need to be changed whenever a machine ismoved, while IP addresses are logical and can be changed whenever a machine is moved. ATCP connection uses the IP addresses in its connection ID so Ethernet addresses could not beused.16. Suppose two Ethernet LANs are interconnected by a box that operates as follows. The box has a table that tells it the physical addresses of the machines in each LAN. The box listens to frame transmissions on each LAN. If a frame is destined to a station at the other LAN, the box retransmits the frame onto the other LAN, otherwise the box does nothing.Solutions follow questions:a.Is the resulting network still a LAN? Does it belong in the data link layer or the network layer?The resulting network is a local area network that has been extended. The extended LAN transfers frames, and so it still belongs in the data link layer.b.Can the approach be extended to connect more than two LANs? If so, what problems arise as the number ofLANs becomes large?Yes, more than two LANs can be connected using the above approach to form an extended LAN. As the number of LANs becomes large, the number of physical addresses stored in the bridge grows and becomes unmanageable. Each time a machine is added the addresses in all the boxes need to be updated. Serious problems arise if boxes are connected so that loops can occur.17. Suppose all laptops in a large city are to communicate using radio transmissions from a high antenna tower. Is the data link layer or network layer more appropriate for this situation?Solution:The data link layer is concerned with the transfer of frames of information across a single hop. The network layer involves the transfer of information across a network using multiple hops per path in general. The connection from a radio antenna to the laptops is direct, and thus a data link layerprotocol is more suitable for this situation.Now suppose the city is covered by a large number of small antennas covering smaller areas. Which layer is more appropriate?A number of areas each covered by small antennas can be interconnected using the "bridging"approach of problem 16, which remains in the data link layer. However, the network layer may be more appropriate because it provides for the transfer of data in the form of packets across thecommunication network. A key aspect of this transfer is the routing of the packets from the source machine to the destination machine, typically traversing a number of transmission link and network nodes where routing is carried out.18. Suppose that a host is connected to a connection-oriented packet-switching network and that it transmits a packet to a server along a path that traverses two packet switches. Suppose that each hop in the path involves a point-to-point link, that is, a wire. Show the sequence of network layer and data link layer PDUs that are generated as the packet travels from the host to the server.Solution:Assume that a network connection has already been set up between the host machine and thenetwork machine. When the host generates an IP packet for transfer to the server, the IP packet will be transferred using the network connection as follows.•The IP packet is encapsulated into a network packet that has a connection ID in its header.The packet may then be encapsulated into a frame that traverses data link 1 and arrives atswitch 1.•The network packet is recovered from the data link 1 frame. The connection ID in the packet is used to determine the outgoing port from switch 1. The connection ID may need to bemapped into a corresponding connection ID over data link 2. The packet is encapsulated intoa frame that traverses data link 2.•The network packet is recovered from the data link 2 frame. The connection ID in the packet determines the outgoing port from switch 1 and the next connection ID. The packet isencapsulated into a frame that traverses data link 3.•The network packet is recovered from the data link 3 frame. The connection ID in the arriving packet indicates that this is the destination node. The IP packet is recovered.The connection-oriented network in this example could correspond to ATM or to frame relay.19. Suppose an application layer entity wants to send an L-byte message to its peer process, using an existing TCP connection. The TCP segment consists of the message plus 20 bytes of header. The segment is encapsulated into an IP packet that has an additional 20 bytes of header. The IP packet in turn goes inside an Ethernet frame that has 18 bytes of header and trailer. What percentage of the transmitted bits in the physical layer correspond to message information, if L = 100 bytes, 500 bytes, 1000 bytes?Solution:TCP/IP over Ethernet allows data frames with a payload size up to 1460 bytes. Therefore, L = 100, 500 and 1000 bytes are within this limit.The message overhead includes:•TCP: 20 bytes of header•IP: 20 bytes of header•Ethernet: total 18 bytes of header and trailer.ThereforeL = 100 bytes, 100/158 = 63% efficiency.L = 500 bytes, 500/558 = 90% efficiency.L = 1000 bytes, 1000/1058 = 95% efficiency.20. Suppose that the TCP entity receives a 1.5 megabyte file from the application layer and that the IP layer is willing to carry blocks of maximum size 1500 bytes. Calculate the amount of overhead incurred from segmenting the file into packet-sized units.Solution:1500 - 20 -20 = 1460 bytes1.5 Mbyte / 1460 byte = 1027.4, therefore 1028 blocks are needed to transfer the file.Overhead = ((1028 x 1500 - 1.5M)/1.5M) x 100 = 2.8%21. Suppose a TCP entity receives a digital voice stream from the application layer. The voice stream arrives at a rate of 8000 bytes/second. Suppose that TCP arranges bytes into block sizes that result in a total TCP and IP header overhead of 50 percent. How much delay is incurred by the first byte in each block?Solution:Assume the stream is segmented as shown below, where the white cells represent data and the shaded cells represent the TCP header overhead.Therefore, block size = 80 bytes and the payload size = 40 bytes.Assume zero processing delay due to data arrangement and segmenting.The delay incurred by the first byte of each block = 40/8000 = 0.5 ms.22. How does the network layer in a connection-oriented packet-switching network differ from the network layer ina connectionless packet-switching network?Solution:The network layer in connection-oriented networks maintains state information about everyconnection. It can allocate resources at the switches through admission control. The network layer in connectionless networks has no knowledge of "connections", and instead deals independently with each packet.The network layer in connection-oriented networks performs routing on a per connection basis. Each packet is routed based on a connection identifier of some sort and packets of the same connection have the same identifier value. In a connectionless network, routing is performed on per packet basis;each packet is routed independently based on information carried in the packet header, for example, the destination address.In connection-oriented networks, the network layer forwarding table is set up by a signaling procedure during the connection establishment. In connectionless networks, the routers may execute adistributed algorithm to share network state information and dynamically calculate the routing table continuously.In case of failure, the connection must be re-established in connection-oriented networks, whereas in connectionless networks, the packets are re-routed. The network layer in connectionless networks is more robust against failures.Summary of differences:Connection-oriented Connectionless Maintain state information about every connection No knowledge of the "connection"Allocate resources to connections at switches No resource allocationAdmission control No admission controlPer connection routing Per packet routingRoute packet based on identifier Route packet based on destination address.Forwarding table specifies the output port and outgoing identifier value as function of the incoming identifier value Routing table specifies the output port depending on the destination addressForwarding table set up by signaling during connection establishment.Router executes distributed algorithm to share network state information and dynamically calculate the routing tableConnection must be re-established in cases of failure Packets are rerouted around failures, robust against failures23. Identify session layer and presentation layer functions in the HTTP protocol.Solution:Presentation layer functions:The request message and the response message headers include information about the content type of the documents (e.g. text/html, image/gif).Session layer functions:The HTTP protocol defines the client/server interaction in three steps:1. Client sends the request for a file2. Server replies with the file or error message if file is not found.3. Server closes the TCP connection after some timeout period.24. Suppose we need a communication service to transmit real-time voice over the Internet. What features of TCP and what features of UDP are appropriate?Solution:TCP is desirable in that it provides a connection for the transfer of a stream of information, which characterizes a digital voice stream. However, to provide reliable service TCP uses acknowledgments and retransmissions that result in packet delay and jitter that can not be tolerated by real-time traffic.UDP provides connectionless service and delivers packets quickly. In case of packet loss, UDP does not provide retransmission, but some degree of packet loss can be tolerated by voice.25. Consider the end-to-end IP packet transfer examples in Figure 2.15. Sketch the sequences of IP packets and Ethernet and PPP frames that are generated by the three examples of packet transfers: from the workstation to the server; from the server to the PC, and from the PC to the server. Include all relevant header information in the sketch.Solution:Workstation to Server:IP packet headerEthernet FrameThe Ethernet frame is broadcast over the LAN. The server's NIC card recognizes that the frame is intended for its host, so it captures the frame and examines it. It finds that the protocol type is set to IP, so it passes the IP datagram up to the IP entity.Server to PC:IP packet headerEthernet FrameThe Ethernet frame is broadcast over the LAN. The router examines frame and passes IPdatagram to its IP entity which discover that the IP datagram is not for itself, but is to be routed on. The routing tables at the router show that the machine with address (2,2) is connecteddirectly on the other side of the point-to-point link. The router encapsulates the IP datagram in a PPP frame.IP packet headerPPP FrameThe PPP receiver at the PC receives the frame, checks the protocol type field and passes the IP datagram to its IP entity.PC to Server:The PC IP entity generates the IP packet shown below. The PPP transmitter at the PC encapsulates the IP packet into a PPP frame sends it to the point-to-point link. There's no need for a physical address specificationIP datagramIP packet headerPPP FrameThe router examines the PPP frame and passes the IP datagram to its IP entity which discoversthat the IP datagram is not for itself, but is to be routed on. The routing table at the router showsthat the machine with address (1,1) is connected in the other side of the Ethernet network. Therouter then encapsulates the IP datagram into an Ethernet frame that is broadcast in the LAN.The server's NIC card recognizes that the frame is intended for its host, so it captures the frameand examines it. It finds that the protocol type is set to IP, so it passes the IP datagram up to the IP entity.26. Suppose a user has two browser applications active at the same time, and suppose that the two applications are accessing the same server to retrieve HTTP documents at the same time. How does the server tell the difference between the two applications?Solution:A client application generates an ephemeral port number for every TCP connection it sets up. AnHTTP request connection is uniquely specified by the five parameters: (TCP, client IP address,ephemeral port #, server IP address, 80). The two applications in the above situations will havedifferent ephemeral port #s and will thus be distinguishable to the server.27. Consider the operation of non-persistent HTTP and persistent HTTP.(a)In non-persistent HTTP (version 1.0): Each client-server interaction involves setting up a TCP connection,carrying out the HTTP exchange, and closing the TCP connection. Let T be the time that elapses fromwhen a packet is sent from client to server to when the response is received. Find the rate at which HTTPexchanges can be made using non-persistent HTTP.(b)In persistent HTTP (version 1.1) the TCP connection is kept alive. Find the rate at which HTTP exchangescan be made if the client cannot send an additional request until it receives a response for each request.(c)Repeat part (b) if the client is allowed to pipeline requests, that is, it does not have to wait for a responsebefore sending a new request.Solution:(a) Each HTTP exchange involves: 1. a three-way handshake to set up the TCP connection; 2. anHTTP request-response interaction; and 3. a TCP close. The client can send its request after the first two handshakes in part 1 (which takes up T seconds). The request and response then take an additional T second. A new request can be initiated with an associated new TCP connection even while the previous TCP connection is being closes. Thus a maximum of one HTTP exchange per 2T seconds is possible.(b) Since each exchange is completed in T seconds, after the connection is setup, the exchange rateis 1/T.(c) The rate depends on how long it takes to send a request and how late it takes to compose aresponse. Considering the maximum of these to be t seconds, exchange rate can be up to 1/t.28. What is the difference between a physical address, a network address, and a domain name?Solution:The physical address is the unique hardware address that identifies an interface of a machine on a physical network such as a LAN. Physical addresses are used in the data link layer.A network address is a machine's logical address on a network. The network address is used in thenetwork layer. The network address used on the Internet is the IP address.Domain names are used as an aid to identify hosts and networks in the Internet, since names are easier to remember than numbers. The DNS system is used to translate between domain names and IP addresses. The domain name for the network address 128.100.132.30 is .29. Explain how a DNS query proceeds if the local name server does not have the IP address for a given host when the following approaches are used. Assume an example where four machines are involved in ultimately resolving a given query.(a)When a machine B cannot resolve an address in response to a query from A, machine B sends the query toanother machine in the chain. When B receives the response, it forwards the result to B.(b)When a machine B cannot resolve an address in response to a query from A, machine B sends a DNS replyto A with the IP address of the next machine in the chain, and machine A contacts that machine.Solution:(a) Host A sends a query to a name server B. B cannot resolve an address, therefore sends the queryto C. C cannot resolve an address either, and send the query to D. Similarly, D cannot resolve an address and sends the query to E, where finally an address is resolved and returned to D. D replies the address to C, C replies it to B, and finally B passes it to the host. In this scenario each server should remember the state of the query and its source.(b) Host A sends a query to name server B. B cannot resolve an address, replies to A with the IPaddress of C. Host A send a query to C this time. C cannot resolve an address, and replies to A with the IP address of D. A sends a query to D. D cannot resolve an address, and replies with the IP address of E. A sends a query to E, E finally resolves an address and returns it to A. In this scenario。

用英语追客人确认样板

样板（Sample）1. Please kindly note below:18pcs / design samples will deliver out today and below information for your kind check: 1). D35mm straight angle cap's lead time can't match our sample lead time, so we use screwed arc angle caps with tube and offered 2pcs straight angle caps for your kind reference.In mass production we will keep use straight angle caps as plan, below cap compare photo for your kind reference.2). For D25mm tube orifice, as we didn't have 3mm automatic orifice making tool for this tube, to save your time, we are used 5mm tube orifice, and offer you some on hand 3mm tube orifice for your kind test first.We have arranged 3mm orifice making tool, we will offer 3mm tube orifice and will not affect your lead time.3. Just checked with FEDEX, the samples are on the way, seems need to take days to arrival.Considering you will start holiday soon, to save your time, enclosed PPS approvalguide for your kind reference.If sample sign back takes you more time, please kind to confirm the tubes as attachment, it may more easy. For your kind information.Wish you have a wonderful holiday!4. Yes, the PPS approval guide is for you to make sample approval after samples were received and checked, then you no need to express confirmed tubes back, it's betterto save your time and cost, thank you.5. Nice to cooperate with you.Mandy is under holiday, thank you for your time to support our project.Just checked with FEDEX, the samples have arrived today, have you received and checked them? If any question, please feel free to let me know, thanks.Please help to confirm the tubes as attachment, it may more easy than sign back the samples to us. Thank you for your help in advance!6. Thanks for your kind prompt reply.Could you kind confirm more details as below, thus we can more clear to arrange the goods to avoid any mistakes.1). D35mm will use Cap A: straight angle cap in mass production, please confirm ok?2). For D25mm tube orifice, it will be 3mm orifice in mass production, please confirm ok?3). All printing color and printing position are ok?Please kind confirm the tube based our sample guide as attachment to avoid any mistakes when we start to produce the goods. Thank you!7. Could you kindly confirm the tube based our sample guide I have sent to you yesterday? Understand it will take you a little time, but to avoid any mistakes when we start to produce the goods, we really need you help to confirm it based our sample guide. Hope you kind understanding.8. Is there any further news about artwork for VB_Manumed_50g?Could you have your designer outline it and send to us again?Besides, usually our MOQ for white tube is 10,000pcs per design. If final order quantity is less than MOQ, we will not support making sampling before mass production, but will offer you clear printing color pics during bulk printing. Do you accept it? If not, is there any possible to increase quantity to 10,000pcs per design? Your kind understand will be high appreciated.9. Regarding to PPS samples, I apply for our production dept many times and say much good words about you. Finally they accept to make samples for your approval first as a special support.However, our wastage and cost for the large size printing(blue/red) with such small quantity is really too high, we have to charge you 500USD (250USD per variant, total 2 variants) as opening machine fee.And you can pay it together with the deposit. Later Ivy will update you Invoice.Your kind understand will be much appreciated!10. We have checked our stock, there is no exact same tube, so we prepared below tubes for you to arrange relative test.Tube A(15pcs ): D35mm x 145mm 2 layer for capacity,compatibility and tail seal test Tube B (2pcs) : 5mm tube orifice with 3.5mm cap orifice for squeezing testIf you are agree, we will deliver them at once.11. Happy to hearing that customer goes ahead to the oval ABL tube. That's really a good news!1). Could you kind confirm will you order white oval tube or silver oval tubes, as Juliette have quote you both. Thank you!2). If you just need to make tail welding test, how about to offer similar on hand tube to replace? We can deliver out tomorrow. If you agree.3). Noted all the goods will be shipment by air, but the lead time April 17th is too tight, I am discuss with our production department, the final lead time will feedback you soon.12. For the tail welding test samples, we just have the D25mmx95mm andD35mmx99mm round ABL tubes on hand.Considering your required tubes urgently,shall we send these similar samples to testing first?13. As we didn't have same material on hand samples, so we have arranged sampling for D35mm oval tube, the lead time is 7 days. Considering D25mm round tube is repeat order, to save both our time,we will not arrange sample again. For your kind information.14. As we offered tail opened tube, the final tube length will longer than after tail sealed, because you filler will cut the tube when tail seal. So there are 2 solutions to fixed it. Solution 1: We express you semi-products at next Monday. And you measure the whole tube length after your filler sealed tube.Solution 2: Please advise how long did your filler cut when they seal the tube, then we measure the semi-products' size for you.And we think solution 1 will be more suitable, how about your opinion?15. Enclose sales contract for your kind check and sign back, to arrange thedeposit $2290, thanks in advance!Glad to hear that your client like the samples, could you pls confirm samples with details for follow bulk production? Usually we have two ways of sample approval for customer reference,Solution 1: Confirm the sample details as attached sample guide.Solution 2: Signed and express at least 3pcs ok samples.We like solution 1 more, it's more economic and also can save time to waiting samples arrival, pls kind check the best way you want. Thank you!16. Some days not got your news, how are you?Have you test the sample of 20pcs D50 tubes which sent by Tinna on April 21. Did they suitable for your machine to sealing tail?By the way, we got your order almost a month, while still didn't got your deposit, may I know if you meet any problem about this order? Shall we can offer you any support? 16. 大货图片和限度卡As our tail seal machine is producing mass production and it can't stop to change tail seal mold these two days. In order to not effect the shipment time, I have took the photos as below, hope that's fine for you, thanks for understanding.17. but we will not pay for the shipping this time. you can pay us $25 via PayPal its cheaper than bank transfer. we will refund it to you in the official order.17 寄样1）I have inform our warehouse colleague to pack again.By the way, will you need economy way or priority?2）We have checked our stock, there is no exact same tube, so we prepared below tubes for you to arrange relative test.Tube A(15pcs ): D35mm x 145mm 2 layer for capacity,compatibility and tail sealtest Tube B (2pcs) : 5mm tube orifice with 3.5mm cap orifice for squeezing testIf you are agree, we will deliver them at once.18. Pls kind find attached photos for your reference, we have sent out the samples(4pcs of 50ml PENTAVIT tube; 6pcs of 50ml WHITERIST tube) yesterday afternoon, and the tracking number is Fedex#811267729702, thanks.Because the sampling time in a hurry, there will be a little flaw, but pls don't worry, it will be adjusted in mass production. Pls kind note below:1) To save the sampling time, we have done pearl tube for these two tubes, we also sent you white tube for reference, but I'm sorry to found that our warehouse colleague put the wrong sample as below photo A which was glossy white tube, do you need we resend the matte printed tube like below photo B for refer? If you need, we will arrange to send you today. Pls kind advise, thanks.2) Orange colour(137C) as below, the colour will be a little deviation, it will be adjusted in mass production.3) The flower pattern as below: As sampling, it's too hard to adjust the colour, so the colour will be a little deviation, it will be adjusted in mass production.4) Logo in back of the bottom: The "R" mark and the sign logo as below, it's too small to be unclear, it need to be enlarged a little. We suggest that the entire line icon to enlarge of this two parts, thus it will not affect the overall effect. Pls kind advise, thanks.To save your time and express cost, if you received the samples and check no any questions, you no need to sign back and send to us, you can follow our guideto approval PPS samples.Enclosed is the guide to approval PPS samples for your kind reference, thanks.如果客人要寄部分货的时候，尽量建议客人装箱寄：1) As we said before, whether produce 100pcs, 1,000pcs or 5,000pcs , all processes are same, the lead time also will be same, wish you can understand.And we suggest that to ship full carton quantity than 100pcs or 1000pcs, below estimated package for your reference, pls kind check the freight cost with your DHL account and advise how many quantity you want us ship out on May16-17. We will push the lead time if any possible.18. 寄样给客人做封尾测试（接近的样板）1) If you just need to make tail welding test, how about to offer similar on hand tube to replace? We can deliver out tomorrow. If you agree.2)For the tail welding test samples, we just have the D25mmx95mm andD35mmx99mm round ABL tubes on hand. Considering your required tubes urgently, shall we send these similar samples to testing first?3) As we didn't have same material on hand samples, so we have arranged sampling for D35mm oval tube, the lead time is 7 days. Considering D25mm round tube is repeatorder, to save both our time,we will not arrange sample again. For your kind information.4)19. 如果客人不按照我们的文件签回样板的时候，可以这样：1) you confirmed with Henry by Facebook while we didn't received your sign backed artwork and specification, considering specification and artwork is key important to decide what's the tube we will produce, for your double confirm, we will based on enclosed specification, artwork and below tube samples to arrange mass production at once. For your kind information.A. The tube printing colour will follow below sample.B. The cap style and colour follow below sample.2)问客人是否需要打样再生产大货：1. Do you need to make printed samples for approval before mass production? Pls kindly confirm today, then we can go ahead next step in time, thanks.Sampling time will be 10-12days.The goods lead time will be 40days after the sample approved.2. Also, do you need us make printed sample for you approval before mass production or we can go ahead mass production directly after all details are confirmed?。

第二课词汇

2. He made a ____prediction that business would improve the next year. A. confidential B. confident C. confide D. confidant 译文：他充满信心地预言，明年生意会好转。答案： B. confident 自信的，充满信心的； confidential 机密的，极信任的；confidant 知己，心腹朋友；confide v.吐露秘密
3 . _ _ _ _ _ , as the government was attacking American policy, American jeans and videocassettes were the hottest items in the stalls of the market. A. Initially B. Presumably C. Ironically D. Automatically 译文：具有讽刺意味的是，当政府正抨击美国的政策时，美国牛仔裤和录象带却是市场的摊位上最抢手的商品。 Initially 的意思是“最初，开头”；presumably 的意思是“推测起来，大概”；ironically的意思是“具有讽刺意味的”；automatically的意思是 “自动的”。根据句意选择C.
9. He wished Mr.Wales success in the _____of his highly important mission. A. achievement B. exploits C. accomplishment D. performance 译文：他祝愿威尔斯先生完成他极其重要的任务。答案：C. achievement 意为“成就，功绩”；exploit 意为 “ 英勇行为，业绩 ” ； accomplishment 意为 “完成，成功完成的行为”；performance意为 “履行，表演，成绩”。从名词mission可知，应选择C, 任务的完成。

MesSolutionV2.0

Leanmes离散制造业解决方案基于O2O模式的行业MES产品苏州精易会信息技术有限公司Leanmes整体方案原料批次管理工单及计划管理仓库管理质量管理SMT 防错料电子看板报表ERP 接口ERP 系统设备1设备n设备2设备接口物料管理工艺管理设备管理治具管理标签及序号管理包装过站过站采集功能测试维修采集点击模块图标直接进入详细内容，点击后续页面中【返回整体方案】回到当前页面LeanmesERP 接口✓提供ERP 连接参数✓提供数据查询SQL 或接口前提与约束方案说明经过接口管理，实现ERP 中工单、产品、料号、BOM 等基础数据自动转入PMS 系统，实现系统间数据畅通Leanmes工单及计划管理通过ERP 接口自动将工单数据转入PMS 系统前提与约束方案说明•可在系统中手动更新排程，指定工单在指定日期、班别和线别生产•可支持特定格式的Excel 导入排程•实时查询工单WIP 状况Leanmes原料批次管理-原料入库✓ERP 出入库单据、厂商、料号数据自动转入PMS 系统✓通过系统定义物料批号、序号规则✓通过系统定义标签模版前提与约束方案说明作业员PMS 系统辅助设备&材料开始根据序号规则产生批号选择入库单及明细数据包括箱号|批号信息确认产生列印物料批号关联入库单与批号并产生序号基础信息列印物料批号标签粘贴物料批号标签物料上储位结束Leanmes 原料批次管理-备料发料✓ERP领料单已转入PMS系统✓需要分批的物料批次通过PDA刷入分批标签方案说明作业员MES系统辅助设备&材料产生备料单开始关联领料单数据与物料批号数据选择领料单号及料号通过PDA刷入物料批号发料结束前提与约束检查先进先出规则Leanmes 仓库管理仓库库别维护出入库单据类型维护出入库操作盘点操作库存查询ERP单据接口ERP仓库出库单据转入PMS系统方案说明前提与约束•实现仓库在物料批次、包装箱层面管控•实现批次先进先出•所有批次、箱号均可追溯到相应的ERP出入库单据Leanmes仓库管理-出货作业✓记录产品序号生产履历✓检查箱号中产品序号与出货单或订单的匹配性✓更新出货单或订单的出货状态管控点方案说明作业员MES 系统辅助设备&材料检查单据合法性开始输入出货单号或订单号码结束检查箱内产品序号流程合法性检查包装箱号合法性记录箱内产品序号履历信息pad或或+刷入包装箱号记录出货单或订单的出货状态Codesoft模版•依据Codesoft模版定义标签模版，包括物料标签、产品序号标签、包装标签等•自动解析模版的变量参数，用户指定模版参数对应的系统变量•可以将模版赋予特定客户、料号，系统自动列印前提与约束•自定义系统中所需要的所有序号•序号的每一位均实现自定义•序号的数值可以进行任意进制转换•可将定义的序号与客户等关联，系统自动识别序号规则前提与约束Leanmes 工艺管理定义基础工序信息方案说明•通过流程图拖放方式定义各个产品工艺流程•定义流程中每个工序的数据采集方法•系统根据工单自动选择定义的工艺流程前提与约束Leanmes 设备管理接口设备具有接口说明方案说明前提与约束•实现设备的保养、维护管理•实时设备产能统计•自动读取统计设备数据设备信息维护设备保养计划设备保养记录设备接口设备产能统计Leanmes 治具管理治具可贴条码方案说明前提与约束•治具实现标签管控•实现治具使用追溯•实现治具使用次数及时间管控治具标签管理治具追溯治具信息维护治具追溯Leanmes 物料管理从ERP转入料号和BOM数据方案说明前提与约束•根据BOM及料号定义产品管控使用的工序•通过成品或半成品料号管理生产工艺流程Leanmes SMT 防错料SMT机台可获取料表方案说明前提与约束•实现每台设备料站条码化管理•实现Feeder条码化管理•系统根据工单、设备料表及PDA刷入的物料批号进行防错料检查Leanmes 电子看板报表看板需提供大屏显示终端和电脑终端方案说明前提与约束•提供产线、车间看板，自动实时刷新•提供基础自定义查询，满足日常需求变化•提供定制生产报表Leanmes过站采集根据预先定义的工艺流程记录产品序号生产履历管控点方案说明作业员MES 系统辅助设备&材料检查产品序号合法性及流程开始刷入产品序号结束pad或或记录产品序号履历信息+Leanmes功能测试✓记录产品序号生产履历✓记录不良代码及位置✓将产品序号工序指向维修站✓支持自动读取设备测试结果管控点方案说明作业员MES 系统辅助设备&材料检查产品序号合法性及流程开始刷入产品序号结束pad或或记录产品序号履历信息+刷入测试结果指令OK刷入不良代码检查并记录不良代码标记产品序号为NG 状态NGLeanmes维修采集✓记录产品序号生产履历✓记录不良原因代码✓将产品序号指向指定工序管控点方案说明作业员MES 系统辅助设备&材料检查产品序号合法性及流程开始刷入产品序号结束记录产品序号履历信息+记录不良原因代码检查并记录原因代码将产品序号特定工站Leanmes质量管理-产品重工授权的用户将指定单个或多个序号重工至指定工序管控点方案说明Leanmes质量管理-产品扣留✓授权的用户将指定单个或多个序号扣留✓授权的用户将指定单个或多个序号解除扣留✓扣留的序号将不能在系统中进行任何过站或出货作业管控点方案说明Leanmes包装过站✓记录产品序号生产履历✓产生包装信息并关联产品序号✓包装满箱后自动列印包装标签管控点方案说明作业员MES 系统辅助设备&材料检查产品序号合法性及流程开始刷入产品序号结束满箱时列印包装标签++产生包装信息并关联产品序号记录产品序号履历信息Leanmes设备接口设备有接口规范前提与约束方案说明•可以是上位机或PLC •提供TCP 网络接口•设置为固定IP•监听端口命令及参数，实时处理•主动或在监听端口有请求时，将信息送至指定数据采集服务器的IP 地址端口Leanmes Thanks!扫描右侧二维码关注企业信息化微信订阅号:qiyeit88关注我们原创的企业信息化技术和方案分享典型客户。

solution词根词缀

solution词根词缀1. 什么是词根词缀• 1.1 定义• 1.2 词根与词缀的关系2. solution词根词缀的意义• 2.1 solution的定义• 2.2 solution的起源• 2.3 solution在语言中的应用3. 各个领域中的solution• 3.1 商业解决方案– 3.1.1 商业解决方案的定义– 3.1.2 商业解决方案的开发和实施过程– 3.1.3 商业解决方案的成功案例• 3.2 科学问题的解决方案– 3.2.1 科学问题的定义– 3.2.2 科学问题解决方案的方法与步骤– 3.2.3 科学问题解决方案的应用实例• 3.3 社会问题的解决方案– 3.3.1 社会问题的定义– 3.3.2 社会问题解决方案的制定和执行– 3.3.3 社会问题解决方案的成效4. solution与个人生活的关系• 4.1 solution在日常生活中的应用• 4.2 solution对个人发展的意义• 4.3 如何学会寻找和实施solution5. 总结1. 什么是词根词缀1.1 定义词根是构成单词的基本单元，它通常具有一定的意义。

而词缀则是在词根的基础上加以修饰和补充，用于构成具有不同意义的单词。

词根和词缀的结合形成了丰富多样的单词。

1.2 词根与词缀的关系词根和词缀都可以独立存在，并在不同语境中发挥作用。

词缀可以用于派生多个相关单词，而词根则通常是某个具体含义的核心。

在词根词缀的组合中，词缀往往可以改变词根的意义和词性。

2. solution词根词缀的意义2.1 solution的定义Solution一词源于拉丁语的solutio，意为解答、解决。

它是一个由词根solution和词缀-ion构成的名词。

2.2 solution的起源Solution一词最早出现在15世纪的英语中，源自拉丁语的solutio。

在拉丁语中，solution的原意是解决、解答。

随着时间的推移，solution的含义逐渐扩展，不仅仅局限于某个具体问题的答案，还包括解决方案、策略等更加广义的意义。

国际物理林匹克竞赛试题Theory_2_Solution

P I
θ
M F S N O C
A
θ
α
Q
Figure 2 CF = FS = f CO//IS CM//AP CN//AQ
n = α ⇒ FO = f × α FCO n = OCN n = θ ⇒ MO = f × θ MCO
We draw a straight line parallel to IS passing through the center C. The line intersects the focal plane at O. We have FO ≈ f × α . Starting from C, we draw two lines in both sides of the line CO making with it an angle θ. These two lines intersect the focal plane at M and N, respectively. All the rays of Cherenkov radiation in the plane of the sketch, striking the mirror and being reflected,
c , that is v
c nmin = . v
Putting ζ = n − 1 = 2.7 × 10−4 P , we get
ζ min = 2.7 × 10−4 Pmin = − 1 =
Because
c v
1
β
−1
(1)
Mc 2 Mc = = pc p
Mc Mv 1− β 2
=
1− β 2
β
39th International Physics Olympiad - Hanoi - Vietnam - 2008

作文写作模式（problem-solution）

1. Writing TaskTopics: … Problem for College StudentsTime for handing in: Next Friday2. Development：a general statement——problem——solution1——solution2——evaluation(There are some possible differences in the pattern but the basic parts are problems and solutions. )3．Useful Expressions for Problem-Solution-Evaluation Pattern：Problem:... is really a problem; one of the difficulties is ...; the question is …Solution:to solve ... /the solution to ...Evaluation:by doing ... you will ...; … play a vita l role in ...; it is effective to ...; as a result4. SampleJob Problems for GraduatesCollege graduates find it increasingly difficult to get a rewarding job. One reason perhaps is that many colleges and universities fail to adapt their courses to the development of economy. Second, there is an oversupply of graduates in certain specialties. What should be done to solve this problem? To begin with, the colleges should get students out of the ivory tower and have their courses meet the needs of industry and business so as to suit the on-going development of the national economy. Second, the government should provide college graduates with more opportunities to develop new skills. The third solution, I think, is to adopt strong measures of birth control because the greater the population, the less the opportunity for everyone to get a job. 作文模式Model 1: Problem-solutionWriting 12005年Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay，you should first describe the drawing，then interpret its meaning and give your comment on it.1. 养老“足球赛”Model CompositionA “Football Match” of Taking Care of ParentsAs is illustrated in the cartoon, the four children are playing a “football match”, however, the “ball” is their old father. While the eldest son kicks his father out, his younger brothers and sister are serving as “goalkeepers”, trying to keep their father out of their “goals”.There is no denying that this picture reveals a common yet serious problem in our country. In the first place, many young people are enjoying a comfortable life, but they regard their parents as burdens. In the second place, their parents have grown so physically weak that they cannot support themselves. If their children don‟t take care of them, they will be reduced to utter poverty. Last but not least, to be kind to one‟s p arents is the height of virtue in our tradition.As far as I am concerned, we should do something to prevent such an evil phenomenon from happening again. To begin with, all the society should condemn such a wrongdoing and these children should be pun ished by law. What‟s more, every citizen must realize it is our duty to support our parents when they are old. Only with the joint efforts can we hope to solve thisproblem.Writing 2 Our Right Attitudes Toward AnimalsY our essay should meet the requirements below:1)Describe the cartoon and deduce the purpose of the drawer of the cartoon;2)State the negative effects of eating wild animals; and3)Give your suggestion as to how to solve the problem.As is depicted in the cartoon, both the cat and snake are on the table, with tears in their eyes, waiting to be eaten by humans. Through this picture, the drawer condemns the eating of wild animals and calls for our sympathy for and protection of them.Eating wild animals gives rise to a lot of negative effects. In the first place, as many wild animals carry viruses or parasites, when we eat them,the viruses or parasites enter our bodies，thus causing a lot of illnesses. The severe acute respiratory syndrome is a case in point. It was reported that the virus derived from a “delicious” animal and the disease has claimed thousands of lives throughout the world and brought great damages to p eople‟s properties. In the second place, since animals are an indispensable part of our environment，the extinction of some animals may disturb the natural balance. Last but not least, eating wild animals is cruel. After all, wild animals are our close friends.Since eating animals causes so many harms，we should work together to put an end to the problem. On the one hand，the government should make stricter laws to prohibit people from eating wild animals，just as our government has been doing. On the other hand, all the people should realize the harms of eating wild animals and refrain from doing so. Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem.Writing 3There is a discussion in the newspaper about the employment problems of college graduates. According to a recent survey, many graduates will be unable to find a job. Y ou should write a letter to the newspaper to1)Explain the statistics in the table;2)Give the reasons for the phenomenon，and3)Propose your suggestions as to how to solve the problem.Employment Problems of College GraduatesAs is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country，which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security as well as a hindrance to our building a “harmonious society”. It is estimated that in 2005, there will be 1,000，000 unemployed graduates, more than twice the number in 2002.There are several reasons for this phenomenon. In the first place, as the enrollment of college students has grown by more than 30% annually since 1998, more and more students are thrown into the labor market. However, our annual GDP growth has been about 8%. Therefore, the supply of labor exceeds the demand, hence a shortage of positions. In the second place, many graduates do not want to work in medium-sized and small cities or towns where they are most needed. Instead, too many of them crowd in big cities like Beijing, Shanghai or Guangzhou. Last but not least, the knowledge of many students is out of date. As a result they cannot meet the requirements of the factories and companies.Serious as the problem seems, we can come up with some measures to deal with it. On onehand, the government should develop our national economy more rapidly, creating more job opportunities. On the other hand, the college students must be realistic in choosing jobs. It is reported in the newspaper that many graduates went to the West of our country to pursue their career in 2003. With the joint efforts of all of us, the unemployment problem will surely be solved soon.Writing 4 2000年Y our essay should meet the requirements below:1) Describe the pictures.2) Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures.3) Suggest counter-measures.As is shown in the pictures, we can see clearly that with the increase of commercial fishing, the number of fish sharply decreased. In one picture, there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing-boat in 1900. On the contrary, in 1995 there was only one fish, but many fishing-boats.The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the decrease of ocean resources. Owing to over fishing, the number of fish has obviously dropped. If we let this situation go as it is, we won…t know where fish is in the future. By that time, our environment will suffer a great destruction.Therefore, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. For one thing, we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws to control commercial fishing. For another, we should enhance the awareness of people that the ocean resources are vital to our survival. Only in this way can we protect our ocean resources. Also, I believe that we human beings can overcome this difficulty, and we will have a bright future.Writing 5The Harmfulness of Smoking1)Describe the cartoon;2)State the harms of smoking;3)Give your suggestions as to how to solve the problem.As is shown in the cartoon, when the man is enjoying the cigarette, the smoke becomes a monster which will devour him. This picture tells us vividly that smoking is harmful to people.The harmfulness of smoking can be illustrated in three aspects. To begin with, smoking does harm to people‟s health. It is common k nowledge that many deadly diseases derive from smoking. Take my neighbor, Lao Wang, as an example. He has been smoking cigarettes for nearly 30 years and during the recent check-up, doctors told him that he suffers from lung cancer. His days are numbered. Much as he likes smoking, he decides to give it up to stop the illness worsening. In addition, smoking costs a lot of money. It is estimated that tens of billions of yuan is spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste. Last but not least, smoking may cause fire. Do you still remember the big fire in the Northeast of our country which caused serious damages to people‟s lives and properties?Serious as the problem seems, we can come up with some ways to deal with it. For one thing, the government should make stricter rules to prohibit smoking in public places, imposing higher fines on smokers. For another, all the smokers should give up smoking for the sake of themselves and those around them.Writing 6 1998年Y our essay should meet the requirements below:1) Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2) Give your comments.Model Composition lThe past several years have witnessed a phenomenon that a variety of promises have been arising from all walks of life. Regrettably, quite a lot of promises are sheer nonsense, just as the hen in the given cartoon commits herself to laying eggs which are round without any angles and corners and have shells, egg whites and yolks.Odd and funny as they sound, such false promises can be seen and heard everywhere in our country. Administration departments claim to perform their tasks effectively and fairly without taking any bribes; manufacturing units guarantee to turn out products of good quality; commercial enterprises swear to provide genuine commodities and enthusiastic services. Can you find anything new and substantial other than their obligations，duties and jobs in these so-called promises? I guess your answer will be negative. As a matter of fact, their intention to make such commitments is nothing but to put on civilized outer clothing to please or deceive the public.I dare say that our society is suffering corruption and cheat which are causing damage to society both materially and morally. But the hen and her like should know that by dishonest words no one could survive the intense competition in the market economy. They should remember the old saying，"Honesty is the best policy".Model Composition 2Here is an interesting cartoon: With her head held high, maybe singing, a hen stands proudly in the center of the picture with a notice in her hand, which says that she promises to lay eggs that are like any normal egg. It…s so ridiculous that we can…t help laughing. But after that there must be something for us to think.Recently, many promises have come up in many walks of life, especially in the service departments. They promise that they will provide you with warm smile service and good products. At first you are moved nearly to thank them. But if you think twice, you may wonder if those should be their duties. It goes without saying that factories should produce goods of quality; department stores should serve customers politely; buses should arrive on time, and so forth, because all of these are their responsibilities. But why should they promise what are their due jobs? One reason may be that they want to correct their past mistakes under the planned economic system. Another reason is that they intend to improve their images and please the customers.In my opinion, trying to be better is worth welcoming, but making empty and false promises is unacceptable. If factories, companies, stores and administrations do their jobs well rather than talk nonsense, our society will be more prosperous.Writing 7Homework1) Give your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture;2) State the harms of the phenomenon;3) Tell how to solve the problem.As can be clearly seen from the cartoon, the mahjong pieces occupy most part of the desk, while a book, an exercise book and a pencil box lie at the corner. This picture vividly tells us how poor the condition is for the child to study.This phenomenon gives rise to a lot of negative effects. In the first place, while the parentsare playing mahjong, they make a lot of noise, which disturbs the child‟s study. How can a child concentrate on his study in such a poor condition? In the second place, the child will have no place to study if his parents spend all day playing mahjong. However, time is crucial for him to acquire the knowledge, because “Practice makes perfect”. Last but not least, the child will learn to play mahjong from his parents. Just as the old saying goes, “Like father, like son”, so the child will abandon his study and be a gambler like his parents.Serious as it seems, we can think of some measures to deal with the problem. To begin with, the government should make stricter rul es to prohibit parents from playing mahjong. What‟s more, the parents should give up playing mahjong for their child‟s sake.Writing 8 How Can Laid-off Workers Find New Jobs?1．很多下岗工人很难找到新的工作。