克鲁格曼版经济学原理小测验答案

合集下载

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》计算题及标准答案

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》计算题及标准答案

1. 在古典贸易模型中,假设A 国有120名劳动力,B 国有50名劳动力,如果生产棉花的话,A 国的人均产量是2吨,B 国也是2吨;要是生产大米的话,A 国的人均产量是10吨,B 国则是16吨。

画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势?哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势?思路:B 国由于每人能生产16吨大米,而A 国每人仅生产10吨大米,所以B 国具有生产大米的绝对优势。

从两国生产可能性曲线看出A 国生产大米的机会成本为0.2,而B 国为0.125,所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A 国,B国生产大米具有比较优势。

2.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。

假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动,加拿大的总劳动为600小时,中国总劳动为800小时。

(1) 计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机和小麦的产量。

(2) 哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势?哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势?(3) 如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦,加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间?中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间?如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦,加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间?(4) 在自由贸易的情况下,各国应生产什么产品,数量是多少?整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了?试用图分析。

(以效用水平来衡量福利水平)思路:(1) 中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25,加拿大为60/3=20(2) 因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低,所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势,中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。

(3) 如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口,加拿大进口小麦出口计算机,中国进口计算机出口小麦。

加拿大进口一单位小麦需要出口1/22单位计算机,折合成劳动时间来算,生产一单位小麦本国要用3小时,但生产1/22单位计算机本国要用60/22小时劳动,所以加拿大进口一单位小麦相当于用60/22小时的劳动换回本国3小时生产的产品,节省了3-60/22=3/11小时的劳动时间。

国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章完整版

国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章完整版

国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章集团标准化办公室:[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]第一章练习与答案1.为什么说在决定生产和消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要?答案提示:当生产处于生产边界线上,资源则得到了充分利用,这时,要想增加某一产品的生产,必须降低另一产品的生产,也就是说,增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本(或社会成本)的。

生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现,但究竟选择哪一点,则还要看两个商品的相对价格,即它们在市场上的交换比率。

相对价格等于机会成本时,生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。

所以,在决定生产和消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要。

2.仿效图1—6和图1—7,试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。

答案提示:3.在只有两种商品的情况下,当一个商品达到均衡时,另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡?试解释原因。

答案提示:4.如果生产可能性边界是一条直线,试确定过剩供给(或需求)曲线。

答案提示:5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线(B国)和过剩需求曲线(A国)来确定国际均衡价格,那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致?6.答案提示:国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。

7.说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。

答案提示:一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品,有利于此国贸易利益的获得,不过,出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加,有损于出口国的贸易利益;与此类似,出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加,但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。

对于进口国来讲,贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。

8.如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间,那么贸易后,国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?答案提示:贸易后,国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。

克鲁格曼国经第十版课后习题03-04

克鲁格曼国经第十版课后习题03-04

解答 3
• 假定产品2的价格下跌到1.3, 即P2/P1=1.3,即 P1=10,P2=13,计算出P*MPL, 从表可知,两种产品的劳动投 入均为50;工资率,即两部门 的边际收益率为7.8;两部门的 产量:Q1 = 66 ,Q2 = 75.8
P2xMPL2=1.3xMPL2 P1xMPL1=1xMPL1
• 需求曲线:因为对苹果的相对需求是苹果的 相对价格的倒数,所以包含以下几个点: (1/5, 5), (1/2, 2), (1, 1), (2, 1/2),画出需求 曲线
• 苹果的世界均衡相对价格Paw/Pbw=2,即交 点(1/2,2)
解答 2
• 贸易模式:本国专业化生产并出口苹果,外国专业化生产并出口 香蕉
Q 400 苹果的相对产量, Qa + Q*a
800
Qb + Q*b
2 特定要素与 收入分配
问题一:题目描述
一个国家用劳动和资本生产产品1,用劳动和土地生产产品2, 总劳动供给量是100个单位.在资本供给量给定时,两种产品随劳 动投入产出的变化和边际生产量的变化如下表所示:
投入产品 产品1的 产品2的 的劳动 产出Q1 产出Q2
解答 1
图 3-1: 本国的生产可能性边界
本国苹果产量, Qa
图 3-2: 外国的生产可能性边界
外国苹果产量,Q*a
600
160
o
o
400
本国香蕉产量,Qb
800 外国香蕉产量,Q*b
解答 1
• 本国苹果相对于香蕉的机会成本为3/2;外国为5
• 本国生产单位苹果的劳动投入为3,生产单位香蕉的劳动投入为2,即单 位劳动可以生产苹果1/3,单位劳动可生产香蕉1/2

克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案

克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案

克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案【篇一:克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点】lass=txt>第12章国民收入核算和国际收支1、如问题所述,gnp仅仅包括最终产品和服务的价值是为了避免重复计算的问题。

在国民收入账户中,如果进口的中间品价值从gnp中减去,出口的中间品价值加到gnp中,重复计算的问题将不会发生。

例如:美国分别销售钢材给日本的丰田公司和美国的通用汽车公司。

其中出售给通用公司的钢材,作为中间品其价值不被计算到美国的gnp中。

出售给日本丰田公司的钢材,钢材价值通过丰田公司进入日本的gnp,而最终没有进入美国的国民收入账户。

所以这部分由美国生产要素创造的中间品价值应该从日本的gnp中减去,并加入美国的gnp。

2、(1)等式12-2可以写成ca?(sp?i)?(t?g)。

美国更高的进口壁垒对私人储蓄、投资和政府赤字有比较小或没有影响。

(2)既然强制性的关税和配额对这些变量没有影响,所以贸易壁垒不能减少经常账户赤字。

不同情况对经常账户产生不同的影响。

例如,关税保护能提高被保护行业的投资,从而使经常账户恶化。

(当然,使幼稚产业有一个设备现代化机会的关税保护是合理的。

)同时,当对投资中间品实行关税保护时,由于受保护行业成本的提高可能使该行业投资下降,从而改善经常项目。

一般地,永久性和临时性的关税保护有不同的效果。

这个问题的要点是:政策影响经常账户方式需要进行一般均衡、宏观分析。

3、(1)、购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。

相应地,当美国人通过他的瑞士银行账户用支票支付时,因为他对瑞士请求权减少,故记入美国金融项目的贷方。

这是美国用一个外国资产交易另外一种外国资产的案例。

(2)、同样,购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。

当德国销售商将美国支票存入德国银行并且银行将这笔资金贷给德国进口商(此时,记入美国经常项目的贷方)或贷给个人或公司购买美国资产(此时,记入美国金融项目的贷方)。

最后,银行采取的各项行为将导致记入美国国际收支表的贷方。

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题标准答案要点

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题标准答案要点

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点————————————————————————————————作者:————————————————————————————————日期:23 《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点第12章 国民收入核算与国际收支1、如问题所述,GNP 仅仅包括最终产品和服务的价值是为了避免重复计算的问题。

在国民收入账户中,如果进口的中间品价值从GNP 中减去,出口的中间品价值加到GNP 中,重复计算的问题将不会发生。

例如:美国分别销售钢材给日本的丰田公司和美国的通用汽车公司。

其中出售给通用公司的钢材,作为中间品其价值不被计算到美国的GNP 中。

出售给日本丰田公司的钢材,钢材价值通过丰田公司进入日本的GNP ,而最终没有进入美国的国民收入账户。

所以这部分由美国生产要素创造的中间品价值应该从日本的GNP 中减去,并加入美国的GNP 。

2、(1)等式12-2可以写成()()p CA S I T G =-+-。

美国更高的进口壁垒对私人储蓄、投资和政府赤字有比较小或没有影响。

(2)既然强制性的关税和配额对这些变量没有影响,所以贸易壁垒不能减少经常账户赤字。

不同情况对经常账户产生不同的影响。

例如,关税保护能提高被保护行业的投资,从而使经常账户恶化。

(当然,使幼稚产业有一个设备现代化机会的关税保护是合理的。

)同时,当对投资中间品实行关税保护时,由于受保护行业成本的提高可能使该行业投资下降,从而改善经常项目。

一般地,永久性和临时性的关税保护有不同的效果。

这个问题的要点是:政策影响经常账户方式需要进行一般均衡、宏观分析。

3、(1)、购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。

相应地,当美国人通过他的瑞士银行账户用支票支付时,因为他对瑞士请求权减少,故记入美国金融项目的贷方。

这是美国用一个外国资产交易另外一种外国资产的案例。

(2)、同样,购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。

当德国销售商将美国支票存入德国银行并且银行将这笔资金贷给德国进口商(此时,记入美国经常项目的贷方)或贷给个人或公司购买美国资产(此时,记入美国金融项目的贷方)。

克鲁格曼国际经济学答案.pdf

克鲁格曼国际经济学答案.pdf

Chapter 21.Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2. a .Graph out the production possibilities frontier:b .What is the opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas?5.1=LbLa a a c .In the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be?In the absence of trade, since labor is the only factor of production and supply decisions aredetermined by the attempts of individuals to maximize their earnings in a competitive economy, only when Lb La b a /a a /P P =will both goods be produced. So 1.5 /P P b a =2.Home is as described in problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with alabor force of 800. Foreign’s unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is 1.a .Graph Foreign’s production possibilities frontier:b .3.Now suppose world relative demand takes the following form: Demand for apples/demandfor bananas = price of bananas/price of apples.a .Graph the relative demand curve along with the relative supply curve:a b b a /P P /D D =∵When the market achieves its equilibrium, we have 1b a )(D D −**=++=ba b b a a P P Q Q Q Q ∴RD is a hyperbola xy 1=b .What is the equilibrium relative price of apples?The equilibrium relative price of apples is determined by the intersection of the RD and RScurves.RD: yx 1= RS: 5]5,5.1[5.1],5.0(5.0)5.0,0[=∈=⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴25.0==y x∴2/=b P a P e ec .Describe the pattern of trade.∵b a b e a e b a P P P P P P ///>>**∴In this two-country world, Home will specialize in the apple production, export applesand import bananas. Foreign will specialize in the banana production, export bananas and import apples.d .Show that both Home and Foreign gain from trade.International trade allows Home and Foreign to consume anywhere within the coloredlines, which lie outside the countries’ production possibility frontiers. And the indirect method, specializing in producing only one production then trade with other country, is a more efficient method than direct production. In the absence of trade, Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples, and Foreign could gain by one foregoing five bananas. Trade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple. Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas. So both Home and Foreign gain from trade.4.Suppose that instead of 1200 workers, Home had 2400. Find the equilibrium relative price. What can you say about the efficiency of world production and the division of the gains from trade between Home and Foreign in this case? RD: yx 1= RS: 5]5,5.1[5.1],1(1)1,0[=∈=⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴5.132==y x∴5.1/=b P a P e eIn this case, Foreign will specialize in the banana production, export bananas and import apples. But Home will produce bananas and apples at the same time. And the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home remains the same. So Home neither gains nor loses but Foreign gains from trade.5.Suppose that Home has 2400 workers, but they are only half as production in both industries as we have been assuming, Construct the world relative supply curve and determine the equilibrium relative price. How do the gains from trade compare with those in the case described in problem 4?In this case, the labor is doubled while the productivity of labor is halved, so the "effective labor"remains the same. So the answer is similar to that in 3. And both Home and Foreign can gain from trade. But Foreign gains lesser compare with that in the case 4.6.”Korean workers earn only $2.50 an hour; if we allow Korea to export as m uch as it likes to the United States, our workers will be forced down to the same level. You can’t import a $5 shirt without importing the $2.50 wage that goes with it.” Discuss.In fact, relative wage rate is determined by comparative productivity and the relative demand for goods. Korea’s low wage reflects the fact that Korea is less productive than the United States in most industries. Actually, trade with a less productive, low wage country can raise the welfare and standard of living of countries with high productivity, such as United States. Sothis pauper labor argument is wrong.7.Japanese labor productivity is roughly the same as that of the United States in the manufacturing sector (higher in some industries, lower in others), while the United States, is still considerably more productive in the service sector. But most services are non-traded. Some analysts have argued that this poses a problem for the United States, because our comparative advantage lies in things we cannot sell on world markets. What is wrong with this argument?The competitive advantage of any industry depends on both the relative productivities of the industries and the relative wages across industries. So there are four aspects should be taken into account before we reach conclusion: both the industries and service sectors of Japan and U.S., not just the two service sectors. So this statement does not bade on the reasonable logic. 8.Anyone who has visited Japan knows it is an incredibly expensive place; although Japanese workers earn about the same as their U.S. counterparts, the purchasing power of their incomes is about one-third less. Extend your discussing from question 7 to explain this observation. (Hint: Think about wages and the implied prices of non-trade goods.) The relative higher purchasing power of U.S. is sustained and maintained by its considerably higher productivity in services. Because most of those services are non-traded, Japanese could not benefit from those lower service costs. And U.S. does not have to face a lower international price of services. So the purchasing power of Japanese is just one-third of their U.S. counterparts.9.How does the fact that many goods are non-traded affect the extent of possible gains from trade?Actually the gains from trade depended on the proportion of non-traded goods. The gains will increase as the proportion of non-traded goods decrease.10.We have focused on the case of trade involving only two countries. Suppose that there are many countries capable of producing two goods, and that each country has only one factor of production, labor. What could we say about the pattern of production and in this case? (Hint: Try constructing the world relative supply curve.)Any countries to the left of the intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves export the good in which they have a comparative advantage relative to any country to the right of the intersection. If the intersection occurs in a horizontal portion then the country with that price ratio produces both goods.。

国际经济学(克鲁格曼)课后习题答案1-8章

国际经济学(克鲁格曼)课后习题答案1-8章

第一章练习与答案1.为什么说在决定生产和消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要?答案提示:当生产处于生产边界线上,资源则得到了充分利用,这时,要想增加某一产品的生产,必须降低另一产品的生产,也就是说,增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本(或社会成本)的。

生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现,但究竟选择哪一点,则还要看两个商品的相对价格,即它们在市场上的交换比率。

相对价格等于机会成本时,生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。

所以,在决定生产和消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要。

2.仿效图1—6和图1—7,试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。

答案提示:3.在只有两种商品的情况下,当一个商品达到均衡时,另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡?试解释原因。

答案提示:4.如果生产可能性边界是一条直线,试确定过剩供给(或需求)曲线。

答案提示:5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线(B国)和过剩需求曲线(A 国)来确定国际均衡价格,那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致?答案提示:国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。

6.说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。

答案提示:一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品,有利于此国贸易利益的获得,不过,出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加,有损于出口国的贸易利益;与此类似,出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加,但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。

对于进口国来讲,贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。

7.如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间,那么贸易后,国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?答案提示:贸易后,国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。

8.根据上一题的答案,你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些?答案提示:小国。

9*.为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸?答案提示:第二章答案1.根据下面两个表中的数据,确定(1)贸易前的相对价格;(2)比较优势型态。

【名师精品】克鲁格曼国际经济学答案.doc

【名师精品】克鲁格曼国际经济学答案.doc

Chapter31. In1986,thepriceofoilonworldmarketsdroppedsharplR.SincetheUnitedStatesisanoil-importingcountrR,thiswaswidelRregardedasgoodfortheU.S.economR.RetinTeRa sandLouisiana1986wasaRearofeconomicdecline.WhR?ItcandeducethatTeRasandLouisianaareoil-producingstatesofUnitedStates.Sowhen thepriceofoilonworldmarketsdeclined,therealwageofthisindustrRfellintermsofo thergoods.Thismightbethereasonofeconomicdeclineinthesetwostatesin1986.2。

AneconomRcanproducegood1usinglaborandcapitalandgood2usinglaborandland.Thetotal supplRoflaboris100units.GiventhesupplRofcapital,theoutputsofthetwogoodsdependsonlaborinputasfollows:ToanalRzetheeconomR ’sproductionpossibilitRfrontier,considerhowtheoutputm iRchangesaslaborisshiftedbetweenthetwosectors.a. Graphtheproductionfunctionsforgood1andgood2.),(),(22221111L K Q Q L K Q Q ==b.ThePPFiscurvedduetodecliningmarginalproductoflaborineachgood.ThetotallaborsupplRisfiRed.SoasL 1rises,MPL 1falls;correspondinglR,asL 2falls,MPL 2rises.SoPPgetss teeperaswemovedownittotheright.2. Themarginalproductoflaborcurvescorrespondingtotheproductionfunctionsinprob Q 1 Q 2 L 1 L 2 PPF ),(2222L K Q Q =),(1111L K Q Q =10010025.138.148.657.56673.680.787.493.91005060708090100Labor Input for Good 1Output Production Function for Good 2039.852.561.869.375.881.586.791.495.510001020304050607080901000102030405060708090100Labor Input for Good 2Outputlem2areasfollows:a. Supposethatthepriceofgood2relativetothatofgood1is2.DeterminegraphicallRthewagerateandtheallocationoflaborbetweenthetwosectors.WiththeassumptionthatlaborisfreelRmobilebetweensectors,itwillmovefromth elow-wagesectortothehigh-wagesectoruntilwagesareequalized.Soinequilibri um,thewagerateisequaltothevalueoflabor ’smarginalproduct.2/122211=⨯=⨯P P P MPL P MPLTheabscissaofpointofintersectionillustratedaboveshouldbebetween(20,30).SinceweonlRhavetofindouttheapproRimateanswer,linearfunctioncouldbeemplo Red.ThelaborallocationbetweenthesectorsisapproRimatelRL 1=27andL 2=73.Thewager ateisapproRimatelR0.98.b. Usingthegraphdrawnforproblem2,determinetheoutputofeachsector.ThenconfirmgraphicallRthattheslopoftheproductionpossibilitRfrontieratthatpointequ alstherelativeprice.TherelativepriceisP 2/P 1=2andwehavegottheapproRimatelaborallocation,sowecanemploRthelinearfunctionagaintocalculatetheapproRimateoutputofeachsector:Q 1=44andQ 2=90.c. Supposethattherelativepriceofgood2fallsto1.Repeat(a)and(b).Therelativedeclineinthepriceofgood2causedlabortobereallocated:laborisdra wnoutofproductionofgood2andentersproductionofgood1(L1=62,L 2=38).Thisalsoleadstoanoutputadjustment,thatis,productionofgood2fal lsto68unitsandproductionofgood1risesto76units.AndthewagerateisapproRimat elRequalto0.74.Q 1 L 1 L 2PPF),(1111L K Q Q =10010021-=sloped. Calculatetheeffectsofthepricechangeontheincomeofthespecificfactorsinsectors1and2.WiththerelativepricechangefromP 2/P 1=2toP 2/P 1=1,thepriceofgood2hasfallenbR 50percent,whilethepriceofgood1hasstaRedthesame.Wageshavefallentoo,butbR lessthanthefallinP 2(wagesfellapproRimatelR25percent).Thus,therealwagerel ativetoP 2actuallRriseswhilerealwagerelativetoP 1falls.Hence,todetermineth ewelfareconsequenceforworkers,theinformationabouttheirconsumptionshares ofgood1andgood2isneeded.3. IntheteRtweeRaminedtheimpactsofincreasesinthesupplRofcapitalandland.Butwhatifthemobilefactor,labor,increasesinsupplR?a . AnalRzethequalitativeeffectsofanincreaseinthesupplRoflaborinthespecificfactorsmodel,holdingthepriceofbothgoodsconstant.ForaneconomRproducingtwogoods,RanR,withlabordemandsreflectedbRtheirmargi nalrevenueproductcurves,thereisaninitialwageofw 1andaninitiallaborallocat ionofL R =O R AandL R =O R A.WhenthesupplRoflaborincreases,therightboundarRofthedi agramillustratedbelowpushedouttoO R ’.ThedemandforlaborinsectorRispulledrig htwardwiththeboundarR.Thenewintersectionofthelabordemandcurvesshowsthatl aboreRpandsinbothsectors,andthereforeoutputofbothRandRalsoeRpand.Therela tiveeRpansionofoutputisambiguous.Wagespaidtoworkersfall. Q 1 L 1 L 2PPF),(1111L K Q Q =1001001-=slope 21-=slopeb . GraphtheeffectontheequilibriumforthenumericaleRampleinproblems2and3,givenarelativepriceof1,whenthelaborforceeRpandsfrom100to140.Withthelawofdiminishingreturns,thenewproductionpossibilitRfrontierismore concaveandsteeper(flatter)attheendswhentotallaborsupplRincreases.L 1increaseto90from62andL 2increasesto50from38.Wagesdeclinefrom0.74to0.60.T 2=77.Chapter41. IntheUnitedStateswherelandischeap,theratiooflandtolaborusedincattlerisingishigherthanthatoflandusedinwheatgrowing.Butinmorecrowdedcountries,wherelandi seRpensiveandlaborischeap,itiscommontoraisecowsbRusinglesslandandmorelabort hanAmericansusetogrowwheat.CanwestillsaRthatraisingcattleislandintensivecom paredwithfarmingwheat?WhRorwhRnot?Q 1 Q 2L 1 L 2PPF),(2222L K Q Q =),(1111L K Q Q =140140100100W x x P MPL ⨯yy P MPL ⨯1w 2w y yThedefinitionofcattlegrowingaslandintensivedependsontheratiooflandtolaborusedinproduction,notontheratiooflandorlabortooutput.Theratiooflandtolaborincattle eRceedstheratioinwheatintheUnitedStates,implRingcattleislandintensiveintheU nitedStates.Cattleislandintensiveinothercountriestooiftheratiooflandtolabor incattleproductioneRceedstheratioinwheatproductioninthatcountrR.Thecomparis onbetweenanothercountrRandtheUnitedStatesislessrelevantforansweringthequest ion.2. Supposethatatcurrentfactorpricesclothisproducedusing20hoursoflaborforeachacreofland,andfoodisproducedusingonlR5hoursoflaborperacreofland.a. SupposethattheeconomR ’stotalresourcesare600hoursoflaborand60acresofland.Usingadiagramdeterminetheallocationofresources.5TF LF /TF LF /QF)(TF / /QF)(LF aTF / aLF 20TC LC /TC LC /QC)(TC / /QC)(LC aTC / aLC =⇒===⇒==WecansolvethisalgebraicallRsinceL=LC+LF=600andT=TC+TF=60. ThesolutionisLC=400,TC=20,LF=200andTF=40.b. NowsupposethatthelaborsupplRincreasefirstto800,then1000,then1200hours.UsingadiagramlikeFigure4-6,traceoutthechangingallocationofresources. tion).specializa (complete 0.LF 0,TF 1200,LC 60,TC :1200L 66.67LF 13.33,TF 933.33,LC 46.67,TC :1000L 133.33LF 26.67,TF 666.67,LC 33.33,TC :800L ===============Labor Land Cloth FoodLCLF TCTFc. WhatwouldhappenifthelaborsupplRweretoincreaseevenfurther?Atconstantfactorprices,somelaborwouldbeunused,sofactorpriceswouldhaveto change,ortherewouldbeunemploRment.3. “Theworld ’spoorestcountriescannotfindanRthingtoeRport.Thereisnoresourcethatisabundant —certainlRnotcapitalorland,andinsmallpoornationsnotevenlaboris abundant.”Discuss.Thegainsfromtradedependoncomparativeratherthanabsoluteadvantage.Astopoorcou ntries,whatmattersisnottheabsoluteabundanceoffactors,buttheirrelativeabunda nce.Poorcountrieshaveanabundanceoflaborrelativetocapitalwhencomparedtomored evelopedcountries.4. bormovement —whichmostlRrepresentsblue-collarworkersratherthanprofessionalsandhighlReducatedworkers —hastraditionallRfavoredlimitsonimports formless-affluentcountries.IsthisashortsightedpolicRofarationaloneinviewof theinterestsofunionmembers?Howdoestheanswerdependonthemodeloftrade?IntheRicardo ’smodel,laborgainsfromtradethroughanincreaseinitspurchasingpowe r.Thisresultdoesnotsupportlaboruniondemandsforlimitsonimportsfromlessafflue ntcountries.IntheImmobileFactorsmodellabormaRgainorlosefromtrade.Purchasingpowerinterms ofonegoodwillrise,butintermsoftheothergooditwilldecline.TheHeckscher-OhlinmodeldirectlRdiscussesdistributionbRconsideringtheeffects oftradeontheownersoffactorsofproduction.IntheconteRtofthismodel,borlosesfromtradesincethisgrouprepresentstherelativelRscarcefactorsinth iscountrR.TheresultsfromtheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelsupportlaboruniondemandsfori mportlimits.5. ThereissubstantialinequalitRofwagelevelsbetweenregionswithintheUnitedStates.ForeRample,wagesofmanufacturingworkersinequivalentjobsareabout20percentl owerintheSoutheastthantheRareintheFarWest.WhichoftheeRplanationsoffailureo ffactorpriceequalizationmightaccountforthis?Howisthiscasedifferentfromthed ivergenceofwagesbetweentheUnitedStatesandMeRico(whichisgeographicallRclose rtoboththeU.S.SoutheastandtheFarWestthantheSoutheastandFarWestaretoeachoth er)?WhenweemploRfactorpriceequalization,weshouldpaRattentiontoitsconditions:bot hcountries/regionsproducebothgoods;bothcountrieshavethesametechnologRofprod uction,andtheabsenceofbarrierstotrade.InequalitRofwagelevelsbetweenregionsw Labor Land Cloth Food0l 800 0l 1000 0l 1200ithintheUnitedStatesmaRcausedbRsomeorallofthesereasons.ActuallR,thebarrierstotradealwaRseRistintherealworldduetotransportationcost s.AndthetradebetweenU.S.andMeRico,bRcontrast,issubjecttolegallimits;togethe rwithculturaldifferencesthatinhibittheflowoftechnologR,thismaReRplainwhRthe differenceinwageratesissomuchlarger.6.ERplainwhRtheLeontiefparadoRandthemorerecentBowen,Leamer,andSveikauskasresultsreportedintheteRtcontradictthefactor-proportionstheorR.ThefactorproportionstheorRstatesthatcountrieseRportthosegoodswhoseproductio nisintensiveinfactorswithwhichtheRareabundantlRendowed.OnewouldeRpecttheUni tedStates,whichhasahighcapital/laborratiorelativetotherestoftheworld,toeRpo rtcapital-intensivegoodsiftheHeckscher-OhlintheorRholds.Leontieffoundthatth eUnitedStateseRportedlabor-intensivegoods.Bowen,LeamerandSveikauskasfoundth atthecorrelationbetweenfactorendowmentandtradepatternsisweakfortheworldasaw hole.ThedatadonotsupportthepredictionsofthetheorRthatcountries'eRportsandim portsreflecttherelativeendowmentsoffactors.7.InthediscussionofempiricalresultsontheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,wenotedthatrecentworksuggeststhattheefficiencRoffactorsofproductionseemstodifferinternati onallR.ERplainhowthiswouldaffecttheconceptoffactorpriceequalization. IftheefficiencRofthefactorsofproductiondiffersinternationallR,thelessonsoftheHe ckscher-OhlintheorRwouldbeappliedto“effectivefactors”whichadjustforthediffe rencesintechnologRorworkerskillsorlandqualitR(foreRample).Theadjustedmodelh asbeenfoundtobemoresuccessfulthantheunadjustedmodelateRplainingthepatternof tradebetweencountries.Factor-priceequalizationconceptswouldapplRtotheeffect ivefactors.AworkerwithmoreskillsorinacountrRwithbettertechnologRcouldbecons ideredtobeequaltotwoworkersinanothercountrR.Thus,thesinglepersonwouldbetwoe ffectiveunitsoflabor.Thus,theonehigh-skilledworkercouldearntwicewhatlowersk illedworkersdoandthepriceofoneeffectiveunitoflaborwouldstillbeequalized.。

国际经济学题库(克鲁格曼版)

国际经济学题库(克鲁格曼版)

国际经济学题库(克鲁格曼版)《国际贸易》习题库——克鲁格曼版⼀、名词解释1、绝对优势2、⽐较优势3、机会成本4、贸易条件5、要素禀赋6、劳动密集型产品7、资本密集型产品8、技术密集型产品9、规模经济 10、产业内贸易 11、代表性需求12、边际物质产品与边际价值产品13、专门⽣产要素与共同⽣产要素14产品⽣命周期理论15、外汇 16、汇率 17、汇率制度 18、即期外汇业务19、远期外汇业务 20、套利业务 21、⼀价定律22、国际收⽀ 23、马歇尔⼀勒纳条件 24、货币贬值的J型曲线效应⼆、判断以下各题的对错,并说明理由。

1、当开放贸易时,所有消费者的境况都会得到改善。

2、根据简单贸易模型,在贸易发⽣之前,如果各国的某种商品价格相同,这些国家之间就不会有交换该种商品的动机。

·3、如果⼀国中某⽣产者通过贸易能使⾃⼰的境况得到改善,那么,该国中所有的⽣产者都会通过贸易来改善⾃⼰的境况。

4、在两国间均衡贸易价格条件下,⼀国对某种商品的过度供给必然与另⼀国对该商品的过度需求相等。

5、不存在free lunch,但却存在free trade。

6、⼀国即便在某种商品的⽣产上具有绝对劣势,它也可以在该商品的⽣产上具有相对优势。

7、根据H—O理论,⼀国如果⽐他国拥有更多英亩的⼟地,该国便是“⼟地丰富”的国家。

8、在成本递增的条件下,各国并不⼀定要完全专业化于⼀种商品的⽣产。

9、H—O理论假设各国拥有相同的商品偏好。

10、我们或许可以通过更为细分化的⽣产要素定义⽽解决Leontief Paradox。

11、Stolper-Samuelson定理认为,贸易将使丰富要素的所有者得到更低的实际收⼊,同时使稀缺要素的所有者得到更⾼的实际收⼊。

12、如果各国的⽣产技术相同,贸易便不会使⽣产要素价格均等化。

13、⼀国的⾮技术性⼯⼈会⽐技术性⼯⼈更加反对贸易⾃由化。

14、“⼤”国可投资发展进⼝替代产业⽽不是出⼝产业,进⽽改善本国的贸易条件。

(完整版)克鲁格曼国际经济学答案

(完整版)克鲁格曼国际经济学答案

Chapter 61.For each of the following examples, explain whether this is a case of external or internaleconomies of scale:a.Most musical wind instruments in the United States are produced by more than adozen factories in Elkhart, Indiana.b.All Hondas sold in the United States are either imported or produced in Marysville,Ohio.c.All airframes for Airbus, Europe’s only producer of large aircraft, are assembled inToulouse, France.d.Hartford, Connecticut is the insurance capital of the northeastern United States.External economies of scale: Cases a and d. The productions of these two industries concentrate in a few locations and successfully reduce each industry's costs even when the scale of operation of individual firms remains small. External economies need not lead to imperfect competition. The benefits of geographical concentration may include a greater variety of specialized services to support industry operations and larger labor markets or thicker input markets.Internal economies of scale: Cases b and c. Both of them occur at the level of the individual firm. The larger the output of a product by a particular firm, the lower its average costs. This leads to imperfect competition as in petrochemicals, aircraft, and autos.2.In perfect competition, firm set price equal to marginal cost. Why isn’t this possiblewhen there are internal economies of scale?Unlike the case of perfectly competitive markets, under monopoly marginal revenue is not equal to price. The profit maximizing output level of a monopolist occurs where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Marginal revenue is always less than price under imperfectly competitive markets because to sell an extra unit of output the firm must lower the price of all units, not just the marginal one.3.It is often argued that the existence of increasing returns is a source of conflict betweencountries, since each country is better off if it can increase its production in those industries characterized by economies of scale. Evaluate this view in terms of both the monopolistic competition and the external economy models.Both internal economies of scale (which may lead to monopolistic competition) and external economies of scale could lead to increasing returns.By concentrating the production of each good with economies of scale in one country rather than spreading the production over several countries, the world economy will use the same amount of labor to produce more output.In the monopolistic competition model, the concentration of labor benefits the host country.The host country can capture some monopoly rents. But the rest of the world may hurt and have to face higher prices on its consumption goods.In the external economies case, such monopolistic pricing behavior is less likely since imperfectly competitive markets are less likely.4.Suppose the two countries we considered in the numerical example on pages 132-135were to integrate their automobile marker with a third country with an annual market for 3.75 million automobiles. Find the number of firms, the output per firm, and theprice per automobile in the new integrated market after trade.15.8n X 1c P c AC 2=⇒==−−→−+=+==nS Fb S n bn X F AC P However, since you will never see 0.8 firms, there will be 15 firms that enter the market, not16 firms since the last firm knows that it can not make positive profits. The rest of the solution is straight-forward. Using X=S/n, output per firm is 41,666 units. Using the price equation, and the fact that c=5,000, yields an equilibrium price of $7,000.5.Evaluate the relative importance of economies of scale and comparative advantage incausing the following:a.Most of the world’s aluminum is smelted in Norway or Canada.b.Half of the world’s large jet aircraft are assembled in Seattle.c.Most semiconductors are manufactured in either the United States or Japan.d.Most Scotch whiskey comes from Scotland.e.Much of the world’s best wine comes from France.a. The relatively few locations for production suggest external economies of scale in production. If these operations are large, there may also be large internal economies of scale in production.b. Since economies of scale are significant in airplane production, it tends to be done by a small number of (imperfectly competitive) firms at a limited number of locations. One such location is Seattle, where Boeing produces.c. Since external economies of scale are significant in semiconductor production, semiconductor industries tend to be concentrated in certain geographic locations. If, for some historical reason, a semiconductor is established in a specific location, the export of semiconductors by that country is due to economies of scale and not comparative advantage.d. "True" scotch whiskey can only come from Scotland. The production of scotch whiskey requires a technique known to skilled distillers who are concentrated in the region. Also, soil and climactic conditions are favorable for grains used in local scotch production. This reflects comparative advantage.e. France has a particular blend of climactic conditions and land that is difficult to reproduce elsewhere. This generates a comparative advantage in wine production.6.There are some shops in Japan that sell Japanese goods imported back from the UnitedStates at a discount over the prices charged by other Japanese shops. How is this possible?The Japanese producers employ price discrimination across United States and Japanesemarkets, so that the goods sold in the United States are much cheaper than those sold in Japan. It may be profitable for other Japanese to purchase these goods in the United States, incur any tariffs and transportation costs, and resell the goods in Japan. Clearly, the price differential across markets may lead to such profitable chance.7.Consider a situation similar to that in Figure 6-9, in which two countries that canproduce a good are subject to forward-falling supply curves. In this case, however, suppose that the two countries have the same costs, so that their supply curves are identical.a.What would you expect to be the pattern of international specialization and trade?What would determine who produces the good?QP,CD AC AC External Economics and SpecializationSuppose two countries that can produce a good are subject to forward-falling supply curves and are identical countries with identical curves. If one country starts out as a producer of a good, i.e. it has a head start even as a matter of historical accident, then all production will occur in that particular country and it will export to the rest of the world.b.What are the benefits of international trade in this case? Do they accrue only to thecountry that gets the industry?Consumers in both countries will pay a lower price for this good when externaleconomies are maximized through trade and all production is located in a single market. In the present example, no single country has a natural cost advantage or is worse off than it would be under autarky.8.It is fairly common for an industrial cluster to break up and for production to move tolocations with lower wages when the technology of the industry is no longer rapidly improving—when it is no longer essential to have the absolutely most modern machinery, when the need for highly skilled workers has declined, and when being at the cutting edge of innovation conveys only a small advantage. Explain this tendency of industrial clusters to break up in terms of the theory of external economies.External economies are important for firms as technology changes rapidly and as the“cutting edge” moves quickly with frequent innovations. As this process slows, manufacturing becomes more normal and standard and there is less advantage brought by external economies. Instead, firms look for low cost production locations. Since external economies are no longer important, firms find little advantage in being clustered and it is likely that low-wage locations will be chosen.chapter 81.The import demand equation, MD , is found by subtracting the home supply equation from the home demand equation. This results in MD = 80 - 40 x P. Without trade, domestic pricesand quantities adjust such that import demand is zero. Thus, the price in the absence of trade is 2.2.a.Foreign's export supply curve, XS , is XS = -40 + 40 x P. In the absence of trade, the price is 1.b.When trade occurs export supply is equal to import demand, XS = MD . Thus, using theequations from problems 1 and 2a, P = 1.50, and the volume of trade is 20.3.a.The new MD curve is 80 - 40 x (P+t) where t is the specific tariff rate, equal to 0.5. (Note: in solving these problems you should be careful about whether a specific tariff or ad valorem tariff is imposed. With an ad valorem tariff, the MD equation would be expressed as MD =80-40 x (1+t)P). The equation for the export supply curve by the foreign country is unchanged. Solving, we find that the world price is $1.25, and thus the internal price at home is $1.75. The volume of trade has been reduced to 10, and the total demand for wheat at home has fallen to 65 (from the free trade level of 70). The total demand for wheat in Foreign has gone up from 50 to 55.b.andc. The welfare of the home country is best studied using the combined numerical andgraphical solutions presented below in Figure 8-1.P T =1.7550556070QuantityPrice P W =1.50P T*=1.25where the areas in the figure are:a: 55(1.75-1.50) -.5(55-50)(1.75-1.50)=13.125b: .5(55-50)(1.75-1.50)=0.625c: (65-55)(1.75-1.50)=2.50d: .5(70-65)(1.75-1.50)=0.625e: (65-55)(1.50-1.25)=2.50Consumer surplus change: -(a+b+c+d)=-16.875. Producer surplus change: a=13.125. Government revenue change: c+e=5. Efficiency losses b+d are exceeded by terms of trade gain e. [Note: in the calculations for the a, b, and d areas a figure of .5 shows up. This is because we are measuring the area of a triangle, which is one-half of the area of the rectangle defined by the product of the horizontal and vertical sides.]4. Using the same solution methodology as in problem 3, when the home country is very small relative to the foreign country, its effects on the terms of trade are expected to be much less. The small country is much more likely to be hurt by its imposition of a tariff. Indeed, this intuition is shown in this problem. The free trade equilibrium is now at the price $1.09 and the trade volume is now $36.40.With the imposition of a tariff of 0.5 by Home, the new world price is $1.045, the internal homeprice is $1.545, home demand is 69.10 units, home supply is 50.90 and the volume of trade is 18.20. When Home is relatively small, the effect of a tariff on world price is smaller than when Home is relatively large. When Foreign and Home were closer in size, a tariff of .5 by home lowered world price by 25 percent, whereas in this case the same tariff lowers world price by about 5 percent. The internal Home price is now closer to the free trade price plus t than when Home was relatively large. In this case, the government revenues from the tariff equal 9.10, the consumer surplus loss is 33.51, and the producer surplus gain is 21.089. The distortionary losses associated with the tariff (areas b+d) sum to 4.14 and the terms of trade gain (e) is 0.819. Clearly, in this small country example the distortionary losses from the tariff swamp the terms of trade gains. The general lesson is the smaller the economy, the larger the losses from a tariff since the terms of trade gains are smaller.5. The effective rate of protection takes into consideration the costs of imported intermediate goods. In this example, half of the cost of an aircraft represents components purchased from other countries. Without the subsidy the aircraft would cost $60 million. The European value added to the aircraft is $30 million. The subsidy cuts the cost of the value added to purchasers of the airplane to $20 million. Thus, the effective rate of protection is (30 - 20)/20 = 50%.6. We first use the foreign export supply and domestic import demand curves to determine the new world price. The foreign supply of exports curve, with a foreign subsidy of 50 percent per unit, becomes XS= -40 + 40(1+0.5) x P. The equilibrium world price is 1.2 and the internal foreign price is 1.8. The volume of trade is 32. The foreign demand and supply curves are used to determine the costs and benefits of the subsidy. Construct a diagram similar to that in the text and calculate the area of the various polygons. The government must provide (1.8 - 1.2) x 32 = 19.2 units of output to support the subsidy. Foreign producers surplus rises due to the subsidy by the amount of 15.3 units of output. Foreign consumers surplus falls due to the higher price by7.5 units of the good. Thus, the net loss to Foreign due to the subsidy is 7.5 + 19.2 - 15.3 = 11.4 units of output. Home consumers and producers face an internal price of 1.2 as a result of the subsidy. Home consumers surplus rises by 70 x .3 + .5 (6 x.3) = 21.9 while Home producers surplus falls by 44 x .3 + .5(6 x .3) = 14.1, for a net gain of 7.8 units of output.7. At a price of $10 per bag of peanuts, Acirema imports 200 bags of peanuts. A quota limiting the import of peanuts to 50 bags has the following effects:a.The price of peanuts rises to $20 per bag.b. The quota rents are ($20 - $10) x 50 = $500.c. The consumption distortion loss is .5 x 100 bags x $10 per bag = $500.d. The production distortion loss is .5 x50 bags x$10 per bag = $250.。

某某财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》考试试卷1382

某某财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》考试试卷1382

****财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》课程试卷(含答案)__________学年第___学期考试类型:(闭卷)考试考试时间:90 分钟年级专业_____________学号_____________ 姓名_____________1、判断题(40分,每题2分)1. 古诺双头垄断下的产量高于勾结时的产量。

()正确错误答案:正确解析:古诺均衡下每个寡头厂商的均衡产量是市场总容量的三分之一。

勾结时,两个寡头的产量之和是市场总容量的二分之一,若两个寡头势力相当,每个厂商分得的产量是市场总容量的四分之一。

所以说双头垄断下的产量比勾结时的产量高。

2. 对公共产品偏好程度最高的消费者,因消费该产品而得到的边际利益等于该产品的边际成本时的产量是该公共产品的理想产量。

()正确错误答案:错误解析:公共物品的理想产量必须满足效率条件,即所有消费者的边际支付意愿之和等于该产品的边际成本,而不是偏好程度较高的消费者的边际支付意愿之和等于该产品的边际成本。

3. 在伯特兰模型中,当实现均衡时价格等于边际成本。

所以在现实的寡头市场上一般都不可能得到超额利润。

()正确错误答案:错误解析:在标准的伯特兰竞争模型中,实现均衡时价格一般是等于边际成本,在理论上没有超额利润。

但是在现实的寡头市场上,由于产品存在差异性、生产成本的状况不尽相同、信息不对称等原因,模型的前提假设不可能达到,因而厂商并没有把价格定在边际成本上,伯特兰竞争厂商依然可以获得垄断利润,这就是伯特兰之谜。

4. 弧弹性系数对曲线型需求曲线的点弹性系数的估计在弧长变短和弧的曲率变小时得到改善。

()正确错误答案:正确解析:根据观察可以发现,弧长越短、弧的曲率越小,则弧弹性越接近于点弹性。

事实上,可以把点弹性理解为弧长无限短(即ΔP→0,ΔQ→0)的弧弹性。

5. 在完全竞争市场上,如果P=MC,且MC曲线向下倾斜,那么企业实现最小利润。

()正确错误答案:正确解析:P=MC是完全竞争企业短期均衡的必要条件,利润最大化的充分条件是:d2π/dQ2<0,即dMR/dQ<dMC/dQ。

克鲁格曼国经第十版课后习题

克鲁格曼国经第十版课后习题
2
1 资源与贸易: H-O模型
问题一:题目描述
回顾本章要素不可替代的例子,其生产可能性边界如下图:
问题
a. 如果一国既生产棉布又生产粮食,那么棉布相对价格的变化范围是什么 如果相对价格 超出这一范围,生产哪一种产品
b.将生产1码棉布和1卡路里粮食的单位成本写成1机时的价格r和1工时的价格w的函数, 在竞争市场中,上述单位成本就等于棉布和粮食的价格,解出要素价格r和w,
解答
• 要素价格均衡是基于自由贸易将会导致这些国家之间工资趋同的事实上,这个理论认 为当两国开始贸易,货物相对价格的趋同造成了资本和劳动力相对价格的趋同,就是说, 当两个国家从事货物贸易时,这两个国家实际上是间接地交易生产要素, 换言之,劳动力 丰富的一国用生产的劳动密集型货物去交易资本密集型的货物, 这意味着这个国家出 口劳动力,进口资本,贸易导致了两国要素价格均衡,
解答
• 将养牛定义为土地密集型产业,这是通过比较其生产中所使用土地与所 使用劳动的比率得到的结论,而不是看养牛产业中投入的土地的绝对数 量或者该国土地与人口的总体比例,我们认为养牛在美国相对于小麦种 植是土地密集型产业,是因为养牛产业中投入的的土地—劳动比率大于 小麦生产中投入的土地—劳动比率,
• 其他国家如果养牛使用的土地与劳动比率超过了该国小麦生产中使用 的土地—劳动比率,那么在这个国家养牛就同样是土地密集型产业,
问题五:题目描述
最近一些发展中国家 如印度 的计算机程序人员已经开始做原来只 在美国完成的工作,这种转移无疑导致美国程序员收入实质下降,请 回答以下问题:在美国技术工人的工资普遍上涨的情况下,为何会 出现这一情况 把削减工资作为防止计算机编程外包的理由,对此, 贸易经济学家会提出什么论据加以反驳

《国际经济学》克鲁格曼(第六版)习题答案

《国际经济学》克鲁格曼(第六版)习题答案

CHAPTER 2LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE: THE RICARDIAN MODELChapter OrganizationThe Concept of Comparative AdvantageA One-Factor EconomyProduction PossibilitiesRelative Prices and SupplyTrade in a One-Factor WorldBox: Comparative Advantage in Practice: The Case of Babe RuthDetermining the Relative Price After TradeThe Gains from TradeA Numerical ExampleBox: The Losses from Non-TradeRelative WagesMisconceptions About Comparative AdvantageProductivity and CompetitivenessThe Pauper Labor ArgumentExploitationBox: Do Wages Reflect Productivity?Comparative Advantage with Many GoodsSetting Up the ModelRelative Wages and SpecializationDetermining the Relative Wage with a Multigood ModelAdding Transport Costs and Non-Traded GoodsEmpirical Evidence on the Ricardian ModelSummaryCHAPTER OVERVIEWThe Ricardian model provides an introduction to international trade theory. This most basic model of trade involves two countries, two goods, and one factor of production, labor. Differences in relative labor productivity across countries give rise to international trade. This Ricardian model, simple as it is, generates important insights concerning comparative advantage and the gains from trade. These insights are necessary foundations for the more complex models presented in later chapters.The text exposition begins with the examination of the production possibility frontier and the relative prices of goods for one country. The production possibility frontier is linear because of the assumption of constant returns to scale for labor, the sole factor of production. The opportunity cost of one good in terms of the other equals the price ratio since prices equal costs, costs equal unit labor requirements times wages, and wages are equal in each industry.After defining these concepts for a single country, a second country is introduced which has different relative unit labor requirements. General equilibrium relative supply and demand curves are developed. This analysis demonstrates that at least one country will specialize in production. The gains from trade are then demonstrated with a graph and a numerical example. The intuition of indirect production, that is "producing" a good by producing the good for which a country enjoys a comparative advantage and then trading for the other good, is an appealing concept to emphasize when presenting the gains from trade argument. Students are able to apply the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage to analyze three misconceptions about the advantages of free trade. Each of the three "myths" represents a common argument against free trade and the flaws of each can be demonstrated in the context of examples already developed in the chapter.While the initial intuitions are developed in the context of a two good model, it is straightforward to extend the model to describe trade patterns when there are N goods. This analysis can be used to explain why a small country specializes in the production of a few goods while a large country specializes in the production of many goods. The chapter ends by discussing the role that transport costs play in making some goods non-traded.The appendix presents a Ricardian model with a continuum of goods. The effect of productivity growth in a foreign country on home country welfare can be investigated withthis model. The common argument that foreign productivity advances worsen the welfare of the domestic economy is shown to be fallacious in the context of this model.ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS1. a. The production possibility curve is a straight line that intercepts the apple axis at 400(1200/3) and the banana axis at 600 (1200/2).b. The opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas is 3/2. It takes three units of labor toharvest an apple but only two units of labor to harvest a banana. If one foregoes harvesting an apple, this frees up three units of labor. These 3 units of labor could then be used to harvest 1.5 bananas.c. Labor mobility ensures a common wage in each sector and competition ensures the priceof goods equals their cost of production. Thus, the relative price equals the relative costs, which equals the wage times the unit labor requirement for apples divided by the wage times the unit labor requirement for bananas. Since wages are equal across sectors, the price ratio equals the ratio of the unit labor requirement, which is 3 apples per 2 bananas.2. a. The production possibility curve is linear, with the intercept on the apple axis equal to160 (800/5) and the intercept on the banana axis equal to 800 (800/1).b. The world relative supply curve is constructed by determining the supply of applesrelative to the supply of bananas at each relative price. The lowest relative price at which apples are harvested is 3 apples per 2 bananas. The relative supply curve is flat at this price. The maximum number of apples supplied at the price of 3/2 is 400 supplied by Home while, at this price, Foreign harvests 800 bananas and no apples, giving a maximum relative supply at this price of 1/2. This relative supply holds for any price between 3/2 and 5. At the price of 5, both countries would harvest apples.The relative supply curve is again flat at 5. Thus, the relative supply curve is step shaped, flat at the price 3/2 from the relative supply of 0 to 1/2, vertical at the relative quantity 1/2 rising from 3/2 to 5, and then flat again from 1/2 to infinity.3. a. The relative demand curve includes the points (1/5, 5), (1/2, 2), (1,1), (2,1/2).b. The equilibrium relative price of apples is found at the intersection of the relativedemand and relative supply curves. This is the point (1/2, 2), where the relativedemand curve intersects the vertical section of the relative supply curve. Thus the equilibrium relative price is 2.c. Home produces only apples, Foreign produces only bananas, and each country tradessome of its product for the product of the other country.d. In the absence of trade, Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples, andForeign could gain by one apple foregoing five bananas. Trade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple. Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas. Each country is better off with trade.4. The increase in the number of workers at Home shifts out the relative supply schedulesuch that the corner points are at (1, 3/2) and (1, 5) instead of (1/2, 3/2) and (1/2, 5).The intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves is now in the lower horizontal section, at the point (2/3, 3/2). In this case, Foreign still gains from trade but the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home is the same whether or not there is trade, so Home neither gains nor loses from trade.5. This answer is identical to that in 3. The amount of "effective labor" has not changedsince the doubling of the labor force is accompanied by a halving of the productivity of labor.6. This statement is just an example of the pauper labor argument discussed in the chapter.The point is that relative wage rates do not come out of thin air; they are determined by comparative productivity and the relative demand for goods. The box in the chapter provides data which shows the strong connection between wages and productivity.Korea's low wage presumably reflects the fact that Korea is less productive than the United States in most industries. As the test example illustrated, a highly productive country that trades with a less productive, low-wage country will raise, not lower, its standard of living.7. The problem with this argument is that it does not use all the information needed fordetermining comparative advantage in production: this calculation involves the four unit labor requirements (for both the industry and service sectors, not just the two for the service sector). It is not enough to compare only service's unit labor requirements.If a ls< a ls*, Home labor is more efficient than foreign labor in services. While thisdemonstrates that the United States has an absolute advantage in services, this is neithera necessary nor a sufficient condition for determining comparative advantage. For thisdetermination, the industry ratios are also required. The competitive advantage of any industry depends on both the relative productivities of the industries and the relative wages across industries.8. While Japanese workers may earn the equivalent wages of U.S. workers, the purchasingpower of their income is one-third less. This implies that although w=w* (more or less), p<p* (since 3p=p*). Since the United States is considerably more productive in services, service prices are relatively low. This benefits and enhances U.S. purchasing power.However, many of these services cannot be transported and hence, are not traded. This implies that the Japanese may not benefit from the lower U.S. services costs, and do not face an international price which is lower than their domestic price. Likewise, the price of services in United States does not increase with the opening of trade since these services are non-traded. Consequently, U.S. purchasing power is higher than that of Japan due to its lower prices on non-traded goods.9. Gains from trade still exist in the presence of nontraded goods. The gains from tradedecline as the share of nontraded goods increases. In other words, the higher the portion of goods which do not enter international marketplace, the lower the potential gains from trade. If transport costs were high enough so that no goods were traded then, obviously, there would be no gains from trade.10. The world relative supply curve in this case consists of a step function, with as many"steps" (horizontal portions) as there are countries with different unit labor requirement ratios. Any countries to the left of the intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves export the good in which they have a comparative advantage relative to any country to the right of the intersection. If the intersection occurs in a horizontal portion then the country with that price ratio produces both goods.FURTHER READINGDonald Davis. “Intraindustry Trade: A Heckscher-Ohlin-Ricardo Approach” (working paper, Harvard University).Rudiger Dornbusch, Stanley Fischer, and Paul Samuelson. "Comparative Advantage, Trade and Payments in a Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods." American Economic Review 67 (December 1977) pp.823-839.Giovanni Dosi, Keith Pavitt, and Luc Soete. The Economics of Technical Change and International Trade. Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1988.G.D.A. MacDougall. "British and American Exports: A Study Suggested by the Theory of Comparative Costs." Economic Journal 61 (September 1952) pp.487-521.John Stuart Mill. Principles of Political Economy. London: Longmans Green, 1917.David Ricardo. The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Homewood Illinois: Irwin, 1963.。

国际经济学克鲁格曼教材答案完整版

国际经济学克鲁格曼教材答案完整版

国际经济学克鲁格曼教材答案HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】Problems and Answers to Chapter 2Q1: Canada and Australia are (mainly) English-speaking countries with populations that are not too different in size (Canada’s is 60 percent larger). But Canadian trade is twice as large, relative to GDP, as Australia’s. Why should this be the case加拿大和澳大利亚都是英语国家,两国的人口规模也相当(加拿大多60%),但是相对各自的GDP而言,加拿大的贸易额是澳大利亚的两倍,为什么如此?A1:According to Gravity Model, GDP is not the only factor to explain the volume oftrade between two countries, because distance is also an important factor. Consideringthe distance, the transportation cost of Australia is relatively higher than that ofCanada, so the attractiveness of trade is reduced. However, Canada is close to theUSA which is a large economy while Australia is not close to any large economy,making Canada more open while Australia is more autarky.GDP 不是解释两国贸易量的唯一重要因素,距离也是至关重要的因素之一。

某某财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》考试试卷1481

某某财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》考试试卷1481

****财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》课程试卷(含答案)__________学年第___学期考试类型:(闭卷)考试考试时间:90 分钟年级专业_____________学号_____________ 姓名_____________1、判断题(40分,每题2分)1. “需求增加”意味着点沿着需求曲线向右下方移动。

()正确错误答案:错误解析:需求是指商品需求量与该商品价格之间的一种关系,它反映了在不同价格水平下商品的需求量,而需求量是指在某一时期内消费者愿意购买的商品和服务的数量。

“需求增加”意味着需求曲线向右移动,“需求量增加”意味着点沿着既定需求曲线向右下方移动。

2. 实施价格歧视的垄断者将消费者剩余转化成生产者剩余。

()正确错误答案:错误解析:二级价格歧视将部分消费者剩余转化为生产者剩余,一级价格歧视将所有消费者剩余转化成生产者剩余,但三级价格歧视是同时增加消费者剩余和生产者剩余,而非把消费者剩余转化为生产者剩余。

3. 边际效用递减和边际替代率递减是等价的。

正确错误答案:错误解析:边际效用递减和边际替代率递减是两个不同的概念:①边际效用递减是指消费者在保持其他商品消费数量不变的前提下,持续增加某种商品的消费,每一单位带来的效用增量是递减的。

②边际替代率递减是在维持效用水平不变的前提下,随着一种商品消费数量的持续增加,消费者为得到每一单位的这种商品所需要放弃的另一种商品的消费数量是递减的。

前者中的改变的只是一种商品的数量,因而效用是改变的;后者是在保持效用不变的基础上,两种商品的消费数量的改变,因此是两个不同的概念。

4. 若竞争性企业实现短期利润最大化时,出现短期边际成本小于短期平均成本的现象,则其他企业将会进入该行业。

()正确错误答案:错误解析:完全竞争企业短期均衡时,AR=MC。

短期边际成本小于短期平均成本时,企业的平均收益小于平均成本,表明该企业处于亏损均衡或严重亏损状态,因此,其他企业不会进入该行业。

某某财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》考试试卷1183

某某财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》考试试卷1183

****财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》课程试卷(含答案)__________学年第___学期考试类型:(闭卷)考试考试时间:90 分钟年级专业_____________学号_____________ 姓名_____________1、判断题(40分,每题2分)1. 根据科斯定理,一般来说,不管是由污染者还是受污染者负担降低污染的成本,空气污染的效率最优水平是固定不变的。

()正确错误答案:错误解析:科斯定理有两个条件:①产权明晰;②交易成本为零。

本题不具备第二个条件,因此,污染者或是受污染者负担成本对污染的效率最优水平是不同的。

2. 从长期来看,垄断竞争的企业可以获得经济利润。

()正确错误答案:错误解析:从长期来看,由于不存在进入壁垒,若企业经济利润为正,则有新的企业进入,供给增加价格下降,直至经济利润为零。

若企业的经济利润为负,则有些企业退出,供给减少价格上升,直至经济利润为零。

由于企业的进入和退出,在长期,垄断竞争企业的经济利润为零,企业只能获得正常利润。

3. 经济学家通常认为高关税会提高一个国家的生活水平。

()正确错误答案:错误解析:高关税实际上是一种贸易壁垒,会影响一个国家的对外贸易,从而降低一个国家的生活水平。

4. 一个寡头企业在决定降低其产品价格时会考虑其他企业的反应。

()正确错误答案:正确解析:由于寡头行业中企业数目很少,一个企业在采取某种行动时必须考虑其他企业的反应,因为这种反应会对该企业的决策产生影响。

5. 如果政府对每辆豪华轿车征税1万元,一般情况下将会使该豪华轿车卖给消费者的销售价格也上升1万元。

()正确错误答案:错误解析:对汽车征收消费税时,消费税是由生产者与消费者同时承担,两者的承担比例取决于需求的价格弹性与供给的价格弹性之间的大小关系,弹性小的一方承担的税负就多一些。

因此,销售价格上升幅度小于1万元。

无论对消费者征税还是生产者征税,税额都会在消费者与生产者之间进行分配,不可能由消费者单方面全部承担,所以卖给消费者的销售价格上升小于1万元。

某某财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》考试试卷1246

某某财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》考试试卷1246

****财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》课程试卷(含答案)__________学年第___学期考试类型:(闭卷)考试考试时间:90 分钟年级专业_____________学号_____________ 姓名_____________1、判断题(40分,每题2分)1. 边际效用增加时,总效用必然增加。

()正确错误答案:正确解析:边际效用增加时,总效用必然增加。

即便是在边际效用减少的情况下,只要边际效用大于零,总效用也是增加的。

2. 如果某一个完全竞争行业具有规模报酬不变的性质,那么该行业的长期供给曲线具有完全弹性。

()正确错误答案:错误解析:长期供给曲线具有完全弹性,即长期供给曲线是一条水平线,这是指成本不变行业的情况。

而规模报酬不变是指,如果所有生产要素按相同比例增加,那么产量也按相同比例增加。

规模报酬不变并不表示该行业是成本不变的。

3. 资源供给的增加通常会降低资源的价格。

()正确错误答案:正确解析:当资源的供给曲线向右移动时,均衡点会向右下方移动,资源价格下降,数量增加。

4. 如果某物品的需求的价格弹性为正值,则其需求就富有弹性。

()正确错误答案:错误解析:当需求的价格弹性大于1时,需求富有弹性。

需求价格弹性为正值说明该物品不是吉芬物品。

5. 在垄断条件下,总存在着某个产出范围,在这个范围内,边际收益小于平均收益,而边际成本大于平均成本。

如果一个厂商在此范围内经营,并使MC=MR,他就可以获得纯利润。

因此一个垄断者只要选择合适的价格和产量,他总能获得纯利润。

()正确错误答案:正确解析:已知MC=MR,MC>AC且MR<AR=P,由此推出P>MR=MC>AC,利润函数为:π=(P-AC)Q>0。

由此可知,若在某个产出范围内,符合边际收益小于平均收益,而边际成本大于平均成本,那么厂商总能在该范围内获得纯利润,与需求量多少无关。

6. 贸易可以使一个国家在其生产可能性边界以外消费不同产品的组合。

()正确错误答案:正确解析:贸易使得每个国家可以专门从事本国具有比较优势产品的生产,通过国家间贸易的交换,一国可在生产可能性边界之外进行消费,从而在贸易中受益。

某某财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》考试试卷84

某某财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》考试试卷84

****财经政法大学克鲁格曼《微观经济学》课程试卷(含答案)__________学年第___学期考试类型:(闭卷)考试考试时间:90 分钟年级专业_____________学号_____________ 姓名_____________1、判断题(40分,每题2分)1. 根据投票表决决定的公共物品供给量一定是帕累托有效的。

()正确错误答案:错误解析:如果消费者的偏好是单峰的,那么最终选择出的结果是中位数支出水平,而这一支出水平未必是公共物品的恰当数量。

2. 如果垄断产品是富有弹性的,一般来说,向垄断厂商征产品销售税会引起一个高于税率的价格的上涨。

()正确错误答案:正确解析:设税率为t,边际成本变为MC+t,根据P=MC/(1-1/|ε|)可得,ΔP=t/(1-1/|ε|)。

因为产品富有弹性,则1-1/|ε|<1,因此价格的上涨会高于税率。

3. 如果规模报酬不变,长期平均成本等于边际成本且不变。

()正确错误答案:正确解析:当生产函数规模报酬不变且产量增加时,所有生产要素将按同比例增加。

在要素完全竞争的市场中,企业总成本也将按同比例增加,从而长期平均成本为一常数,进而边际成本也为常数,且等于长期平均成本。

4. 两企业事先无串谋,其平均成本分别为C1和C2,且C1<C2,则其纳什均衡下的价格为P*=C1。

()正确错误答案:错误解析:当成本相差不大时,根据价格竞争的伯兰特模型,价格竞争的结果应该为P*=C2-ξ;当成本相差较大时,价格竞争的结果很可能是厂商1在P*=C1实施垄断定价,以实现利润最大化。

5. “如何生产”的问题所涉及到的一个实例就是:“一个国家如何决定谁得到所生产的物品和劳务。

”()正确错误答案:错误解析:“如何生产”的问题是指如何生产物品和劳务的问题,而不是分配问题。

6. 边际效用递减和边际替代率递减是等价的。

正确错误答案:错误解析:边际效用递减和边际替代率递减是两个不同的概念:①边际效用递减是指消费者在保持其他商品消费数量不变的前提下,持续增加某种商品的消费,每一单位带来的效用增量是递减的。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

第1章1—11. a.这解释的是机会成本的概念。

每次用餐一个人能吃的东西是一定的,为了多享用一块巧克力蛋糕,你必须放弃其他东西,比方说一块椰奶派。

b.这解释的是资源是稀缺的概念。

即使在世界上有再多的资源,这些资源的总量也是一定的。

所以,稀缺一定会存在。

如果没有稀缺,一切东西的数量将是无限的(包括人们的生存时间是无限的),这显然不可能。

c.这解释的是人们通常会利用机会来改善福利的概念。

通过报名参加声誉佳的教学辅导助理与那些声誉不佳的教学助理相比,学生们是在寻求机会来改善自己的状况。

这也解释了资源是稀缺的概念,如果声誉佳的教学辅导助理职位无限,就不会出现注册满员了。

d.这解释的是边际分析的概念。

你做出如何分配时间的决策其实是“多少”的决策:多长时间用于锻炼,多长时间由于学习。

你根据如下比较做出决策:增加一小时锻炼得到的好处与你付出的成本也就是减少一小时学习对你成绩的影响。

2. a.是。

如果接受新的职位,增加的通勤时间就是你的成本。

通勤所花费的额外时间——或者说你用这段时间做其他事情所得到的好处——是你接受新职位的机会成本。

b.是。

在新的工作职位你将获得的薪水为50 000美元。

但是如果你接受新的职位,你不得不放弃目前的工作职位,也就是说你必须放弃目前的薪水45 000美元。

这45 000美元就是你接受新工作职位的机会成本。

c.否。

宽敞的办公室空间是你新工作职位的额外好处,但是并没有涉及必须放弃其他的利益,所以这并非机会成本的一部分。

1—21. a.这解释的是市场通常是有效率的原理。

任何想以至少X美元出售书籍的人一定会卖给愿意以该价格购买书的人。

所以,二手书籍的买者和卖者之间不存在会使一个人变好而损害其他人的方法。

b.这解释的是贸易增益的原理。

学生们根据他们在不同学科中的能力差异相互交易学习辅导的服务。

c.这解释的是当市场无法实现有效状态时,政府可以改变一个社会的福利原理。

在这种情况下,市场自身将无法阻止酒吧和夜总会以噪音形式对邻居所造成的损害,酒吧和夜总会不会考虑这种成本。

这是一种非效率的后果,因为从社会整体来看,如果引导酒吧和夜总会降低它们所发出的噪音,社会福利将得到改善。

d.这解释的是为了实现社会目标,资源应该被尽可能有效地利用的原理。

关闭居民区周围的医疗诊所而把资金转移到大型医院将会以更低的成本来提供更好的医疗服务。

e.这解释的是市场将走向均衡的原理。

同样磨损程度的书售价相同,没有一个买者和卖者能通过参与其他的交易获得更多的好处。

这意味着二手书市场已经达到均衡。

2. a.这描述的并非均衡情形。

许多学生应该改变行为而转移到餐馆去用餐。

所以,这种情形并没有达到均衡。

当学生们在餐馆用餐与在大学餐厅用餐处境一样好时,就实现了均衡——如果真会这样,餐馆的价格一定高于大学餐厅。

b.这是均衡情形。

改变行为乘坐公共汽车并不会使你变得更好。

所以,你没有改变行为的动机。

第2章2—12. a.错误。

增加汤姆采集椰子和捕鱼所使用的资源数量将推动生产可能性曲线向外移动,这是因为他现在可以使用更多的资源来采集椰子和捕鱼。

在下面的图(a)中,初始的PPF是汤姆初始的生产可能性曲线,新的PPF是汤姆可使用的资源增加后新的生产可能性曲线。

b.正确。

技术改变后,给定椰子数量不变的情况下,汤姆可以捕到更多的鱼,所以导致生产可能性曲线发生变化。

通过图(b)可以看出这种变化:新的PPF是汤姆新的生产可能性曲线,初始的PPF是汤姆初始的生产可能性曲线。

因为它们可以采集到与以前相同的最大规模数量的椰子,新的生产可能性曲线在纵轴上的截距与原有生产可能性曲线相同,但是,所能捕到的鱼的最大的数量则高于以前,所以新的生产可能性曲线在横轴上的截距处于原有点的右边。

(缺图a和图b)c.错误。

生产可能性曲线表示的是在资源有效利用的情况下,一个经济体为了多得到一单位一种商品必须放弃的其他商品的数量。

如果一个经济体是非效率的——也就是说在生产可能性里面——那么为了多获得一单位一种商品并不需要放弃其他的商品。

而且,如果变得更有效率,这个经济体可以同时得到更多的两种商品。

2. a.美国在汽车生产上具有绝对优势,因为生产1辆汽车需要投入的美国人力(6)要少于意大利(8)。

在洗衣机生产上,美国也具有绝对优势,因为生产1台洗衣机需要投入的美国人力(2)也少于意大利(3)。

b.意大利用汽车表示的生产洗衣机的机会成本为3/8:同样数量的工人生产1台洗衣机花费的时间可以生产3/8辆汽车。

美国用汽车表示的生产洗衣机的机会成本为2/6=1/3:同样数量的工人生产1台洗衣机花费的时间可以生产1/3辆汽车。

因为1/3<3/8,所以美国在生产洗衣机方面具有比较优势:为得到1台洗衣机,美国只需要放弃1/3辆汽车,而意大利需要放弃3/8辆汽车。

这意味着,意大利在生产汽车方面具有比较优势。

可以通过如下方法进行检验:用洗衣机表示的生产汽车的机会成本,意大利为8/3,也就是2⅔,这意味着在意大利为了生产1辆汽车所花费的时间可用来生产2⅔台洗衣机;在美国用洗衣机表示的生产汽车的机会成本为6/2,也就是3,这意味着生产1辆汽车所花费的时间可用来生产3台洗衣机。

c.当每个国家只生产自己具有比较优势的产品时,贸易增益达到最大。

所以,美国应该专业化生产洗衣机而意大利应该生产汽车。

3.当居民增加货币支出的数量时,会导致家庭产品流量增加。

这反过来会导致企业对生产要素需求的增加。

所以说,也就会导致经济中工作职位的增加。

2—21. a.这是一个规范性命题,因为它规定了应该做什么。

此外可能并没有一个“正确”的答案。

应该阻止人们参与所有人们喜欢但有危险的活动吗,如特技跳伞?不同的人会有不同的回答。

b.这是一个实证性命题,因为它描述的是事实。

2. a.正确。

对于一种具体的社会目标,经济学家们通常有不同的价值判断。

但是,尽管这些价值判断不同,它们一般也会同意一旦一个社会目标已经决定,就应该采用最有效的政策来实现它。

所以,经济学家们很可能会同意采用政策B。

b.错误。

经济学家们很可能会有不同的看法,既可能是因为他们根据不同模型得到的结论,也可能是因为他们对不同的政策喜好有不同的价值判断。

c.错误。

决定一个社会应该实现的社会目标是价值判断问题而不是经济分析问题。

第3章3—11.a.在任一价格水平上,对雨伞的需求在雨天要高于晴天。

这将会推动需求曲线向右移动,因为在任一价格上对雨伞的需求增加了。

这也意味着在任一既定数量上雨伞的销售价格提高了。

b.当价格降低后,周末电话的需求数量增加了。

这是周末电话需求曲线的移动。

c.在情人节的那一周,对玫瑰的需求增加了,这将推动需求曲线向右移动。

d.当汽油价格上升后对汽油的需求数量会下降,这是沿着需求曲线的移动。

3—21. a.住房价格攀升的结果是房屋的供给数量增加,这是沿着供给曲线的移动。

b.任一既定价格水平上草莓的供给数量增加,供给曲线向右移动。

c.在任一工资水平上的劳动供给数量将下降,与学校放假时期的劳动供给曲线相比,供给曲线会向左移动。

所以,为了吸引雇员,快餐连锁店必须提高工资。

d.随着工资水平的上升,劳动的供给数量会增加,这是沿着供给曲线的移动。

e.在任一价格水平上客舱的供给数量会增加,供给曲线向右移动。

3—31. a.供给曲线向右移动。

在一年前最初的均衡价格水平上,葡萄的供给数量大于需求数量,这时会有过剩产生,葡萄的价格将下降。

b.需求曲线向左移动。

在最初的均衡价格水平上旅馆房间总的供给数量大于需求数量,这时会有剩余出现,旅馆房间入住率将下降。

c.二手吹雪机的需求曲线向右移动。

在最初的均衡价格水平上,二手吹雪机的需求数量超过供给数量,这时会有短缺,二手吹雪机的价格将下降。

1. a.对大排量汽车市场来说:当配件和汽油价格下降时,会引起需求曲线向右移动。

移动的结果将推动大排量汽车的均衡价格上升,买卖的均衡数量也将增加。

b.对于用回收存货来制造新纸张的市场来说:由于技术创新会引起供给曲线向右移动。

移动的结果将推动该市场的价格下降,买卖的均衡数量上升。

c.对于当地影院的市场来说:由于作为替代品的付费电影价格的下降将引起该市场需求曲线向左移动。

移动的结果将推动电影票价格下降,人们到电影院看电影的均衡次数也将下降。

2.当宣布生产新的芯片后,随着需求的下降,对于采用旧芯片的计算机的需求曲线将向左移动,随着供给的增加,这类计算机的供给曲线将向右移动。

a.如果需求下降大于供给的增加,那么均衡数量将下降,如下图所示:(缺图a)b.如果供给的增加大于需求的下降,那么均衡数量将上升,如下图所示:(缺图b)在上述两种情形下均衡价格都会下降。

第4章4—11.a.很少有房主愿意把他们的私人停车位向外出租,因为租金限制,他们收到的租金会减少。

这反映了随着价格下跌供给数量将下降的原理。

这可以通过下图中的供给曲线从E点移动到A点减少了400个泊车位看出。

(缺图)b.当价格水平下降后,停车空位增加了400个单位。

当价格水平下降后,更多的歌迷愿意开车并租用停车位。

这可以用图中沿着需求曲线从E点移动到B点来表示。

c.在价格上限情况下,需求数量超过供给数量,从而出现短缺。

在这种情况下,停车位的短缺为800个单位。

这可以用图中横轴上A点和B点之间的距离来表示。

d.价格上限将导致资源浪费。

歌迷们为保证有停车位而花费的额外时间就是浪费。

e.价格上限将导致对消费者产品——这里为停车位——的非有效分配。

f.价格上限将导致黑市出现。

2. a.错误。

价格上限降低了生产者得到的价格水平,从而导致供给数量减少。

b.正确。

价格上限导致了供给数量少于自由市场情况下的数量。

结果是,一些愿意支付市场价格的人在自由市场条件下可以如愿以偿,而在价格上限情况下将难以如愿。

c.正确。

对于仍然销售产品的生产者来讲收入减少,所以状况变差。

其他的生产者发现销售无利可图,他们的状况也变差。

4—21. a.一些加油站老板从提高的价格中会获益。

A点表明这些老板的销售量(700 000加仑)。

但仍有一些加油站的老板会遭受损失,也就是那些按照市场价格2美元而不是按照管制价格4美元销售的加油站。

这些亏损的销售量是通过沿着需求曲线从E点变化到A点的需求量下降来表示的。

总之,对加油站老板的影响是模糊不清的。

b.那些支付了4美元的购买者可能会得到更好的服务,这是一个高质量非有效竞争的事例,因为对于加油站老板而言,价格上限限制了价格竞争而只能进行质量竞争。

但是反过来看,认为消费者在一般意义上的福利降低也是正确的——那些支付4美元的人更愿意支付2美元,那些愿意支付的价格在2美元与4美元之间的人也不愿支付这个高价。

这可以用图形中的沿着需求曲线从E点变化到A点的需求量下降来表示。

c.建议人的看法是错误的。

因为价格下限对消费者和加油站老板都造成了损害,它导致了机会错失现象的产生,也就是说消费者和加油站老板之间一些愿意进行的交易不可能再发生。

相关文档
最新文档