lecture-two

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英语演讲与辩论课件Lecture Two

Language Use in Debate
• Precision Vocabulary: Use accurate and specific vocabulary to express one's views and positions, avoiding the use of vague and vague words.
• Clear Expression: Maintain fluent and clear language, allowing the other party and audience to accurately understand their own viewpoints and arguments.
要点二
Addressing the challenges of globalization
With the accelerated development of globalization, English speaking and debating skills have become important skills for international communication and cooperation. This course aims to help students adapt to the challenges of globalization and enhance their international competitiveness.
Opening statement
Attract the audience's attention, establish a connection with them, and lay a solid foundation for the speech.

Lecture Two

Lecture Two
Style Markers at Lexical Level
five degrees of formality: “frozen”, “formal”, “consultative”, “casual”, and “intimate”.
e.g.: charger, steed, horse, nag, plug ①They chucked a stone at the cops, and then did a bunk with the loot. ②After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money.
(2) “We trotted on, we crept up Constitution Hill, we rattled down into Lamas street, and the tailor still rang his bell and a dog ran, squealing, in front of his wheels. As we clip-clopped over the cobbles that led down to the Towy Bridge, I remembered Grandpa’s nightly noisy journeys that rocked the bed and shook the walls, and I saw his gay waistcoat in a vision and his patchwork head tufted and smiling in the candlelight. The tailor before us turned round on his saddle, his bicycle wobbled and skidded ‘I see Dai Thomas’, he cried.” (Dylan Thomas: The Portrait of the Artist. Collocation

Lecture Two

Edited By Juan Yong
中国文化
Assignments
1. Group Presentation The Historical Development of the Chinese Culture
Edited By Juan Yong
中国文化
2. Think about the following questions:
3) The main stream of the ancient Chinese culture was based on_____________________ Agricultural Civilization
Edited By Juan Yong
中国 3. How did rulers in ancient China encourage 文化 farming but limit commerce?
Edited By Juan Yong
中国文化
2. What can we learn from the two pictures?
The small-scale peasant economy 1)) ________________________ is the natural economic pattern in ancient China; Farming 2) ________was the major mode family the of production and ______, basic unit.
2) The development of the craft and commercial sector was discouraged; measures were taken to punish and restrain those handicraftsmen Yong

Lecture 2

2. How do you do? •
（好）你好吗？
• Fine，thank you. • （饭，三克油。）很好，谢谢。 • Very well, thanks. • （外瑞威尔，三克斯。） • 很好，谢谢。
问候基本句型
3. Good morning!
早上好！ Good afternoon! 下午好！ Good evening! 晚上好！ 4. How is …? …好吗？ 3. Good morning! Good afternoon! Good even I’m(=I am)… (爱母…) 我是… • I’m from...
（爱母芙蓉母…)
我是来自于...
介绍的相关词汇
• name ( 内母) 名字 • what (沃特) 什么 • is (一子) 是 are(阿) 是 • his 他的 my(卖) 我的 her(喝) 她的 your(哟) 你的 • he() 他 I（爱）我 she(睡) 她 you（油）你 • son （桑）儿子 daughter（多特）女儿
• 早上好！ • 下午好！ • 晚上好！
• （Good!） • Goodbye!
• 故的 • 故的拜
• （好！） • 再见！
问候基本句型
1. Hello! /Hi! 你好！ 1. Hello! /Hi!
2. How do you do?第一次见面时用
（好度油度？）你好吗？
How are you?熟悉后用
•
4. …is fine，thank you. And you? • （…一字饭，三克油。安的油） …很好，谢谢。你呢？ • …is very well, thanks. • （…一字外瑞威尔，三克斯。） • …很好，谢谢。

lecture 2 英译汉的技巧

众所周知，过度肥胖或消瘦都肯定是
不健康的。 He acts a lot older than his years. 他年纪轻轻，做事却相当老练。
The
young girl thumbed her way to the passing cars.
那个年轻的姑娘站在路边不停地向来往的
汽车摆动着竖起的拇指表示她要搭车.
2.直译加注
(literal translation + annotation)
音译加注：音译后附加解释性注释。
1.
词语翻译
比萨饼丰田车撒哈拉沙漠艾滋病爵士乐
Pizza Toyota Sahara AIDS Jazz
2.
句子翻译 He did it a Jordon. 他投篮像飞人乔丹那样棒。 I’m Peter Darwin. Everyone asks, so I may as well say at once that no, I’m not related to Charles. 我叫彼得.达尔文。谁都会对我的名字产生疑问，我不妨当下说个明白：我与进化论创始人查尔斯没有关系。 A dead leaf fell in Soapy’s lap. That was Jack Frost’s card. 一片枯叶飘落到苏贝的膝头。那是杰克.弗罗斯特的名片。（杰克.弗罗斯特：英文里对“寒霜” 的拟人称号。）
释义（paraphrase)
定义：舍弃原文的具体表达形式和比喻形
象，采取解释性的办法译出原文。在翻译一些具有鲜明民族色彩的词语（如成语、典故、超常规搭配）时，如果直译不能使译文读者明白其意思，而加注又使译文太啰嗦时，可采用释义法，将原文的意思传达出来。

lecture two

• Literal~: an adequate representation of the original/ keeping agreement with the sequence of vocabulary /grammatical structure / rhetorical device
• Adam’s apple • rain cats and dogs • don’t cross the bridge before you come to it • goose pimple • jelly-built project • like a fish out of water • be born with a silver spoon
• Liberal ~: just the opposite, don’t adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original
• Each has its merits and demerits; it is hard to say which is better. • They are complementary.
Views for discussion:
• 1) (J．R．Firth，1890～1960) said：“Each word when used in a new context is a new word．” • 2) There is no standard answer in translation. • 3) Small words are more difficult to translate than some seemingly difficult words most of the time. Most of the time, Small words are polysemy. (have more than one meaning)

Lecture two 汉英对比

抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就迎刃而解。
Once the principal contradiction is grasped,
all problems will be readily solved.
6. 汉语突出人称，英语突出物称
相对英语而言，汉语比较多用人称化的说法，
行为主体往往由人或以人为本的机构出面，称为汉语突出人称，也就是说汉语主语多是人，或者是无主语句。英语的修辞特点之一在于其物称倾向，即英语具有以抽象名词和物质名词为主语的特点。英语在选择主语时，比汉语更多地采用无生命的事务、不能主动发出动作的词语。这一特点在书面语，尤其是在新闻、科技、学术文献以及一些散文作品中较为显著。
丰富，质量精良。 Our company has standard production premises complete with full lines of equipment. Having a strong team of technicians with rich experience, the company makes products of top quality.
此句中四个动词的不同时态表明了动作发生的不同
时间，但这四个动作并不是按照时间先后顺序排列的。最后发生的动作will deny放在句首，而最先发生的动作inherited却放在句尾，而汉语以事情发生或存在的先后排序。
3. 汉英句子结构比较
汉语： “板块型” 或 “竹节型”

汉语句子往往是句子较短,结构紧凑,好似 “万倾碧波层层推进”
5.汉语重意合，英语重形合

汉语和英语分属不同的语系:汉语属于汉藏语系,英语属于印欧语系。它们在发音、构词法、句法、修辞形式以及谋篇布局方面都有各自的规律和特点,两者之间虽不乏相通之处,但也存在着明显的差异。Eugene A. Nida说过，从语言学角度来看，英、汉语言之间最重要的区别莫过于形合（hypotaxis）与意合（parataxis）之分了（1982）。 “形合”和“意合”是已故语言学家王力先生所译。形合指句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用句法手段（syntactic devices）或词汇手段（lexical devices）。意合指“句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语义手段（semantic connection）”（方梦之，2004）。印欧语言重形合，语句各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语或各种语言连接手段，以表示其结构关系。汉语重意合，句中各成分之间或句子之间的结合多依靠语义的贯通，少用连接语，所以句法结构形式短小精悍。

托福听力tpo67 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文

托福听力tpo67lecture1、2、3原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (5)答案 (7)译文 (8)Lecture2 (10)原文 (10)题目 (13)答案 (17)译文 (17)Lecture3 (19)原文 (19)题目 (23)答案 (26)译文 (26)Lecture1原文Professor:Now we've said that animal behavior patterns involve an interplay between an animal and its environment.In particular,behavior patterns can change as an animal becomes adapted to its environment. We can see the results of this in the way that animals have developed different types of feeding behavior.Animals are generally classified as a generalist feeders and specialist feeders.Now,um,these terms are used in a variety of ways.At times,they're used to refer to an animal's range of habitats.I've also seen them used to describe the number of foraging techniques that are used by an individual or species.Um,but for our purposes,we're going to use them to refer to the range of food items that are eaten by a species.So a generalist feeder is a species that eats a wide variety of foods during its lifetime.And a specialist is a species that feeds on a highly restricted number of foods.A good example of a generalist would be a rat.Rats are notorious for eating just about anything that's available,whether it's a plant or an animal.At the other end of the spectrum,we have the koala which eats only the leaves of eucalyptus trees.Okay,now there are advantages to each.For a generalist,If1type of food isn't around,it can feed on another that's more abundant.On theother hand,the advantage of being a specialist is that the animal is well adapted to its food.You could say that specialists are feeding masters, their consumption,even their digestive system is just so finely tuned.For instance,take the koala.The eucalyptus leaves that it feeds on,don't contain much protein.What's more,the leaves contain compounds that are poisonous to most species?But the koalas digestive system has adapted to handle this.It's liver deactivates,the poisonous compounds, and its digestive system is designed to extract the maximum amount of nutrients from the leaves.So it's not a question of which strategy is better.The real question is, what determines how selective animal species are in what they eat?Well, the answer may lie in a concept called optimal foraging.The idea is that natural selection favors animals whose feeding behavior has the lowest cost to benefit ratio.That is you want to get the best healthiest food you can.And you want to do it as quickly as possible.And as easily as possible.Now,in a natural environment,no animal forage in an absolutely optimal manner.But,well,I read some research on a little rat called the kangaroo rat,which lives in deserts in North America.The kangaroo rat is a generalist which eats plant matter like seeds and fruit.It lives in deep burrows which provide protection from the desert heat and from predators like hawks or snakes.And it goes foraging at night for food.For plant matter,under the protection of darkness,even though it's a generalist.If the only thing available is seed,if a choice of seeds is available to it,it picks up seeds that provide more energy than those it leaves behind.And it carries them back to its burrow.Once it's there,it might eat only the richest seeds from the ones that brought back.So it selects seeds outside in a way that lets it spend as little time as possible foraging in that risky environment,and then sorts out its food later when it's safely in its burrow.Oh,yes,Kenneth.You have a question?Male student:But what about the koala?It gets by uh,by being even more selective,you'd think you would be really risky to rely completely on eucalyptus leaves.Wouldn't it be better to diversify like the kangaroo rat,and eat,at least one or two other things?Professor:Well,what do you think the koala would say?What do I gain by being so selective?In terms of optimal foraging,it's clear that eucalyptus trees provide an abundant source of food.Other animals can't eat the leaves and think of how little energy the koala uses.It spends only about3hours each day eating to get the energy it needs.So being a specialist allows it to get the nutrients it needs with minimal expenditure of energy.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The reasons why some animals eat only plantsB.The advantages of two different feeding adaptationsC.The variety of foods that certain animals can eatD.The relationship between two animals that share a habitat2.What definition of the term“generalist”does the professor use in the lecture?A.An animal species that eats a wide variety of foodsB.An animal species that lives in a range of different habitatsC.An animal species that uses several techniques to forage for foodD.An animal species that forages at several different times of the day3.What points does the professor make about the koala’s specialist feeding habits?[Click on2answers.]A.It obtains all the food it needs in relatively little time.B.It requires large amounts of protein in its diet.C.It can eat leaves that are poisonous to other animals.D.It spends most of its time eating.4.What does the professor imply about the kangaroo rat?A.It will take more risks when foraging for high-energy food.B.It is one of the most selective feeders in North America.C.Its competitors often eat its food supply.D.It is selective when choosing what food it eats.5.How does the professor organize the information in the lecture?A.By contrasting an old theory with a new theoryB.By defining important terms and then giving examples of themC.By describing the similarities between two animalsD.By describing a problem and then suggesting some solutions6.Why does the professor say this:Male student:But what about the koala?It gets by uh,by being evenmore selective,you'd think you would be really risky to rely completely on eucalyptus leaves.Wouldn't it be better to diversify like the kangaroo rat,and eat,at least one or two other things?Professor:Well,what do you think the koala would say?What do I gain by being so selective?In terms of optimal foraging,it's clear that eucalyptus trees provide an abundant source of food.Other animals can't eat the leaves and think of how little energy the koala uses.A.To express agreement that the koala should eat a greater variety of foodB.To indicate that the koala’s behavior does not illustrate optimal foragingC.To remind the man of the characteristics of selective feedersD.To encourage the man to consider the koala’s feeding behavior differently答案B A ACD B D译文我们已经说过动物的行为模式涉及到动物和它的环境之间的相互作用。

lecture two

Week Two MorphologyLecture OneHow is it that we can use and understand words in our languages that we have never encountered before? This is the central question of morphology, the component of a grammar that deals with the internal structure of words. Have you ever met the two italicized words in following sentences? But I am sure you will understand their meaning effortlessly as long as you have studied English for certain years.Eg1. Many mental patients were released because of a policy of deinstitutionalization.An expert advocate re-institutionalization as the only source for many of these people.Why do we know this? We know this because we know what the word institution means and we have acquired knowledge of English morphology.Morphology deals with the internal structure of complex words. The words of any language can be divided into two broad categories, closed and open2, of which only the latter are relevant to morphology. The closed categories are the function words: pronouns like you and she; conjunctions like and, if, and because; determiners like a and the; and a few others. Newly coined or borrowed words cannot be added to these categories, which is why we say that they are closed. The categories of words that are open are the major lexical categories: noun (N), verb (V), adjective (Adj), and adverb (Adv). It is to these categories that new words may be added. Because the major problem of morphology is how people make up and understand words that they have never encountered before, morphology is concerned only with major lexical categories.1可以考虑加入汉语形态的相关例子。

Lecture Two

flight delay
Ladies and gentlemen, may I have your attention please: We regret to announce that flight CZ2556 from Wuhan to Kunming can not take off now due to the poor weather condition at our airport. Would you please remain in the waiting hall and wait for further information. If you have any problems or questions, please contact with the service counter. Thank you!
Lecture Two
Topic One
At the Airport: Departure Procedures
Procedure
1. check-in counter (柜台划位) 1）check certification: ticket, passport, visa; 2) Check luggage: weigh, check, issue luggage tag 3) Select seat: window seat, aisle seat, middle seat 4) Receive Boarding pass: name of airline / passenger, flight number, destination, boarding gate, seat number, boarding time
Some Useful Sentences

托福听力tpo49 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文

托福听力tpo49lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (17)答案 (19)译文 (19)Lecture4 (21)原文 (21)题目 (23)答案 (25)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.MALE PROFESSOR:Alaska is fascinating to geologists because of its incrediblelandscapes.Uh,permafrost has a lot to do with this.That is,the areas where the ground—the soil—is always frozen,except for the very top layer—what we call the active layer of permafrost—which melts in the summer and refreezes again in the winter.The northern part of Alaska is covered in lakes—thousands of them—and most of these are what we call thaw lakes.T-h-a-w.Thaw lakes.I'm gonna show you a few sketches of them in a minute,so you'll have a good idea of what I'm talking about.So, how these thaw lakes are formed has to do with…OK,it starts with ice wedges.The top part of the ice wedge melts—Should I back up?Ice wedges form when water runs into cracks in the ground,the permafrost,then freezes.You ever see mud after it dries?Dried mud has cracks,because when it dries, it contracts,it shrinks.Well,in winter,permafrost behaves similarly.It shrinks in winter,because it freezes even more thoroughly then,and as it shrinks,it forms deep,deep cracks.Then in the summer,when the active layer—the top layer of the permafrost—melts,the melt water runs into those cracks in the permafrost,then freezes again—because that ground,the ground beneath the active layer,is still below freezing.So,you have wedges of ice in the permafrost.Now the ice wedges widen the original cracks in the permafrost,because water expands when it freezes.All right?OK,then in autumn,the active layer on top freezes again.Then in winter,the permafrost starts contracting again and the cracks open up even wider.So the next summer,when the active layer melts again and flows into the widened cracks…and…freezes…it makes the cracks even wider.So it’s sort of a cycle through which the cracks and the wedges grow wider and wider.So when the ice wedge reaches a certain size,its top part—in the active layer—turns into a little pond when it melts in the summer.And that's the beginning of your thaw lake.[pause]There are thousands of them in northern Alaska.One of the most fascinating things about these lakes—and this is important—is that they mostly havethe same shape.Like an elongated oval,or egg shape.And what's more,all the ovals are oriented in the same way.Here's an idea of what they look like,what the landscape looks like from an aerial view,with the lakes side by side.There's been considerable research done to try to figure out what causes them to be shaped and oriented this way.We know that the shape and orientation are caused by the way the lakes grow once they're formed,but the question is,what makes them grow this way?One theory sees winds as the cause.This region of Alaska has strong winds that blow perpendicular to the lakes.What happens is,wind blows straight into the longer side of the lakes.Now,wouldn’t that erode the lake bank in that direction?The same direction as the wind?Well…no.Actually,what happens is that the waves caused by the winds build a sorta protective layer of sediment—it's called a“protective shelf”—along the bank of the lake directly in front of them;so that bank is shielded from erosion,and the waves are diverted to the sides,to the left and to the right,and that’s why the left and the right banks start eroding.Get it?The bank straight ahead is protected,but the lake currents--the waves--erode the banks to the sides.That's the current model,um,the wind erosion model,which is generally accepted.But,there's a new theory that says that[deliberately]thaw slumping,not wind,is what shapes the thaw lakes.Thaw slumping,um…OK.Sometimes,in the summer,the temperature rises pretty quickly.So the active layer of permafrost thaws faster than the water can drain from the soil.So the sides of the thaw lakes get,like,mushy,and slump,or slide,into the lake.Then,the lake water spreads out more,and the lake gets bigger,OK?Also,in that part of Alaska,the terrain is gently sloped,so the lakes are all on an incline.Here.Now,this is an exaggeration of the angle—the hill isn't this steep—butsee how with the lake's banks,the side that is farther downhill…it's smaller,lower. This short bank thaws faster than the tall one does,so it falls into the lake—it slumps, much more and much faster than the other bank.When the short banks of many lakes slump,they move farther downhill and the lakes grow—all in the same downhill direction.This is a new theory,so it hasn't been tested much yet.In field studies,when we've looked at the banks of these thaw lakes,there's not much evidence of slumping. We'd expect to see cliff-like formations there,from the slumping,but we haven't really found many of those.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?[Click on two answers.]A.To contrast how different kinds of thaw lakes growB.To explain why a new theory of thaw lakes is gaining acceptanceC.To explain how processes in permafrost lead to the formation of thaw lakesD.To describe two competing theories about the growth of thaw lakes2.The professor explains thaw lake formation as a cycle of events that occur repeatedly.Summarize this cycle,starting with the event filled in below.[Click on a sentence.Then drag it to the space where it belongs.The first one is done for you. One sentence will not be used]A.Meltwater flows into cracks in permafrostB.Ice wedges inside permafrost completely meltC.Freezing water expands cracks in permafrostD.Ice in the active layer melts as temperatures riseE.Permafrost shrinks and cracks as temperatures drop..3.What is the significance of the'protective shelf'discussed by the professor?A.It prevents the slumping of lake banks.B.It shields the lake surface from strong winds.C.It redirects the waves to lake banks that do not face the wind.D.It allows the lakes to grow in the same direction as the wind blows.4.According to the thaw slumping model,which side of a thaw lake grows fastest?A.The side where the bank is shortestB.The side least exposed to windC.The side that is at the highest elevationD.The side opposite the protective shelf5.What is the professor's opinion of the thaw slumping model?A.He thinks it was urgently needed.B.He is not convinced that it has a firm basis.C.He thinks it would be better if it were simplified.D.He does not think it is very different from the old model.6.Why does the professor say this:You ever see mud after it dries?A.He wants some information from the students.B.He thinks that the students may find an example helpful.C.He realizes that he forgot to mention an important topic.D.He wants to point out an important difference between frozen ground and dry ground.答案CD EDACB C A B B译文听一段地质学的讲座。

第2讲：超验主义：爱默生与梭罗

Lecture Two: Transcendentalism: Emerson and ThoreauRalph Waldo Emerson published Nature in 1836 which represented a new way of intellectual thinking in America. “New England Transcendentalism”or “American Renaissance”was the first American intellectual movement, which exerted a tremendous impact on the consciousness of the American people.New England Transcendentalism was, in essence, romantic idealism on Puritan soil. It was a system of thought that originated from three sources: 1. Unitarianism. 2. Idealistic philosophy from France and Germany. 3. Oriental mysticism of Hindu and Chinese classics.一神论派，Unitarianism ，（或称一位论派、神体一位论、唯一神论、独神论、一位论、独神主义），是否认三位一体和基督的神圣的基督教派别。

此派别强调上帝只有一位，并不如传统基督教相信上帝由三个位格（即圣父、圣子和圣灵）组成。

由于“三位一体”这词并没有在《圣经》上出现，三位一体论只是通过根据经文的上下文及前后联系推理，到公元四世纪后的大公会议才确立，是故受到一位论派所质疑。

早在尼西亚会议中，主张上帝只是一位和耶稣不具有完全的神性的论调（由阿里乌派提出）就曾被教会定为异端。

lecture 2

A landmark decision yesterday by an industrial tribunal on pension equality could leave the UK pension industry facing extra costs of £13 billion a year. 昨天一行业纠纷审理委员会作出一项史无前例的裁决。此举可能使英国的养老金管理事业每年要多支出130亿英镑。

But public outrage over abuse of privilege continued to mount, fueled by allegations of dope dealing at the House Post Office, unpaid bills at the exclusive members’ dining room and extravagant junketeering at taxpayers’ expense. 公众对国会议员滥用特权的义愤有增无减。有些议员被指利用国会邮政所从事毒品交易，有的被指控在专门餐厅用餐不付帐，有的被指控华纳税人的钱公费旅游，这些更使公众怒不可遏。

Foreign firms have increasingly turned to China to supply parts or make products, and such deals have been a hot political topic in the run-up to the US presidential elections as industry groups worry about losing ground to low-cost Chinese competitors. 外国企业越来越多地转向中国，或提供部件，或制造产品。而这类交易成了美国总统竞选前期的一个热门话题，因为一些行业担心在中国低成本的竞争者面前处于下风。

lecture two报纸杂志英语阅读

What parts does a news story have?
• Headline: The headline is the line on top of the story that tells the reader what the story is about. • • Lead: is the beginning of the story, the hook (诱惑物) that tells the reader what the story is about. • A good lead attracts the reader to continue reading. • In a hard-news story, the lead is usually written in one sentence—the first sentence—and gives the most important information about the event.
What parts does a news story have?
• The dateline, which tells readers when and where the story is written, is important. • The byline, which gives credit to the writer, is also very important.
• Generally speaking, there are three forms of basic structure in news reports. They are the inverted pyramid form, the pyramid form and the mixed form of both, among which the inverted pyramid form is the most popular. • In this form, the basic structure is the lead, which usually has one paragraph and sometimes two paragraphs, and the body with several paragraphs. • The lead contains the most important things in the report. • Usually, not always, answering 6 questions: 5 Ws (who, when, where, what, why) and 1 H(how).

lecture_two_skim_scan_英文演讲

scan,是浏览，一般是带着问题，为寻找答案去读。

skim，是略读，是要找出主旨，看文章在讲什么，get the general ideaskim略读，理解掌握文章大意，与扫读(glance)意思一样。

属于方法方面。

scan审读，快速索所需特定信息，与跳读(skip)意思一样，属于技能方面。

skim就是read sth quickly in order to find a particular point or the main point即快速阅读以找到文章的中心思想/主要意思。

If you skim through the play too quickly, you'll forget the plot. 如果你读剧本读得太快,就会忘记剧中主要情节。

scan就是look at every part of sth carefully, especially because you are looking for a particular thing or person即快速阅读以找到某一具体的信息His mother scanned his face to see if he was telling the truth. 他母亲察看他的面色看他是不是在讲真话。

skim和scan的区别是，skim是选择性的跳读，scan是浏览式的泛读，在国外每学期每门课程的reference book都有几十本，不像国内每门课就一本所谓的教材，但事实上没有一本教材是可以称得上完全没有纰漏的，所以在国外写essay的时候就要看很多书，但并不是每本书从头看到尾.Lecture Two 快速阅读(Skimming and Scanning )快速阅读考查的是什么？1）快速阅读要求在15分钟内读完一篇1200词左右的文章，完成10题。

快速阅读中的10个题目中，前7个为正误判断，后3个为填空题。

总共占总量的10%的比例。

lecture2

Lecture Two A Contrastive Study of Chinese and English 只赢得：几杵疏钟，半江渔火，两行秋雁，一枕清霜。

There left behind are bronze bells heard occasionallyand fishing boats with flickering lamps seen in the middle of the lake, wild geese leaving in a hurry in two files in autumn, and only frosted snow all over the terrains in winter.What remains is only sparse bells ringing in cold hills, fishermen ' s lantern lights by riverside, two rows of wild geese flying in autumn sky and a dreary dream of hoary winter frost. 知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。

You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose another if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.From Structure1. 英语有形态变化 ,汉语没有严格意义的形态变化 .English : gender, number, case, tense, voice, mood, degree of comparison, person and parts of speech. 汉语 : 数量助词 ,动态助词 ,结构助词He is a professional. He is a loose man. He served as a call boy when he was 19.She is a professional. She is a loose woman. She served as a call girl when she was 19.2. 英语经常使用定冠词和不定冠词I have lived here for more than a year. I have lived here fore more than one year.It isn ' t going to rain today, is it? Just think it over. All right, let ' s make it tomorrow. Let 's go. 打吧 ,打不下去 ;跑吧 ,跑不了 ,敌人只好投降 .Unable to fight on or to escape, the enemy were forced to surrender.3. 英语常用介词 ,汉语则少用介词 .What is he at? 他正在干什么 ?John voted with the Tories. John 投票支持保守党 .He is a man above vulgar interests. 他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人It looks as if we are in for a storm. 看来我们免不了要碰上一场暴风雨了 .If a man couldn ' t walk into a room and tell who was for him and who was against him, then he wasn ' t much of a politic 。

Lecture 2

How Does Culture Related to Language?
• 他当经理之后公司一直赢利（赚钱）。 • Since he became manager, the company has been in the black. • 你妈妈来信说她同意你和我一起来。现在我们有白纸黑字为凭。 • This letter’s from your mother saying she agrees to your coming with me. Now we have it in black and white. • 在州商品展览会上他的参赛品获得了一等奖。 • His entry at the state fair won a blue ribbon.
What is Culture?
• “Culture is man’s medium; there is not one aspect of human of life that is not touched and altered by culture. This means personality, how people express them selves, including shows of emotion, the way they think, how they move, how problems are solved, how their cities are planned and laid out, how transportation systems function and are organized, as well as how economic and government systems are put together and function.” (Edward T. Hall, 1959)

lecture 2--nature of culture (1)

Culture is everything that people have, think, and do as members of their society.” --Gary P. Ferraro (1998:16)
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文化是历史上所创造的生活式样的系统，既包含显形式样又包括隐形式样；它具有为整个群体共享的倾向，或是在一定时期内为群体的特定部分所共享。或者
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到底什么是文化(culture)？这个我们再也熟悉不过的词语解释起来却相当麻烦，每个人看待它都有自己的视角和层面，因而侧重点不一，导致它的“能指”非常之多。据考证，文化有160多种定义，每个定义都摸到了“文化”这头大象的某个部位。
中国大百科辞典将它解释为：“文化，指人类在社会历史活动中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和（culture)。狭义的“文化”则指社会的意识形态及其与之相适应的制度和组织机构…… (Culture)。作为意识形态的文化，是一定社会政治和经济的反映，同时，又给一定社会的政治和经济以巨大影响和作用。”
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People mean different things when they talk about culture
我没文化，不识字。我文化水平不够高，欣赏不了这幅画。 Chinese culture and American culture; ancient
culture and modern culture; material culture and nonmaterial culture, everyday culture and sophisticated culture. 企业文化，饮食文化，酒文化，茶文化。
5 Some metaphors concerning culture

LectureTwo快速阅读（SkimmingandScanning）ExerciseI

Lecture Two 快速阅读(Skimming and Scanning )Exercise I:Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions.For questions 1—7, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passageFor questions 8---10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.LandfillsY ou have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink cups, utensils and napkins into the trash can. Y ou don’t think about that waste again. On trash pickup day in your neighborhood, you push your can out to the curb, and workers dump the contents into a big truck and haul it away. Y ou don’t have to think about that waste again, either. But maybe you have wondered, as you watch the trash truck pull away, just where that garbage ends up.Americans generate trash at an Astonishing rate of four pounds per day per person; which translates to 600,000 tons per day or 210 million tons per year! This is almost twice as much trash per person as most other major countries. What happens to this trash? Some gets recycled (回收利用) or recovered and some is burned, but the majority is buried in landfills.How Much Trash Is Generated?Of the 210 million tons of trash, or solid waste, generated in the United States annually, about 56 million tons, or 27 percent, is either recycled (glass, paper products, plastic, metals) or composted (做成堆肥) (yard waste). The remaining trash, which is mostly unrecyclable, is discarded.How Is Trash Disposed of?The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. This trash is handled in various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burned and 57 percent is buried in landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960. The United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries (United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France and Japan) in landfill disposal. The United Kingdom ranks highest, burying about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills.What Is a Landfill?There are two ways to bury trash:⏹Dump—an open hole in the ground where trash is buried and that is full of various animals (rats, mice, birds). (This is most people’s idea of a landfill!)⏹Landfill—carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash i s isolated from the surrounding environment (groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is accomplished with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil.☐Sanitary landfill—land fill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the environment ☐Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill—landfill that uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to isolate the trash from the environmentThe purpose of a landfill is to bury the trash in such a way that it will be isolated from groundwater, will be kept dry and will not be in contact with air. Under these conditions, trash will not decompose (腐烂) much. A landfill is not like a compost pile, where the purpose is to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose quickly.Proposing the LandfillFor a landfill to be built, the operators have to make sure that they follow certain steps. In most parts of the world, there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can operate. The whole process begins with someone proposing the landfill.In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities. Before a city or other authority can build a landfill, an environment impact study must be done on the proposed site to determine:⏹the area of land necessary for the landfill⏹the composition of the underlying soil and bedrock⏹the flow of surface water over the site⏹the impact of the proposed landfill on the local environment and wildlife⏹the historical value of the proposed siteBuilding the LandfillOnce the environmental impact study is complete, the permits are granted and the funds have been raised, then construction begins. First, access roads to the landfill site must be built if they do not already exist. There roads will be used by construction equipment, sanitation (环卫) services and the general public. After roads have been built, digging can begin. In the North Wake Country Landfill, the landfill began 10 feet below the road surface.What Happens to Trash in a Landfill?Trash put in a landfill will stay there for a very long time. Inside a landfill, there is little oxygen and little moisture. Under these conditions, trash does not break down very rapidly. In fact, when old landfills have been dug up or sampled, 40-year-old newspapers have been found with easily readable print. Landfills are not designed to break down trash, merely to bury it. When a landfill closes, the site, especially the groundwater, must be monitored and maintained for up to 30 years!How Is a Landfill Operated?A landfill, such as the North Wake County Landfill, must be open and available every day. Customers are typically municipalities and construction companies, although residents may also use the landfill.Near the entrance of the landfill is a recycling center where residents can drop off rec yclable materials (aluminum cans, glass bottles, newspapers and paper products). This helps to reduce the amount of material in the landfill. Some of these materials are banned from landfills by law because they can be recycled.As customers enter the site, their trucks are weighed at the scale house. Customers are charged tipping fees for using the site. The tipping fees vary from $10 to $40 per ton. These fees are used to pay for operation costs. The North Wake County Landfill has an operating budget of approximately $4.5 million, and part of that comes from tipping fees.Along the site, there are drop-off stations for materials that are not wanted or legally banned by the landfill. A multi-material drop-off station is used for tires, motor oil, lead-acid batteries. Some of these materials can be recycled.In addition, there is a household hazardous waste drop-off station for chemicals (paints, pesticides, other chemicals) that are banned from the landfill. These chemicals are disposed of by private companies. Some paints can be recycled and some organic chemicals can be burned in furnaces or power plants.Other structures alongside the landfill are the borrowed area that supplies the soil for the landfill, the runoff collection pond and methane (甲烷) station.Landfills are complicated structures that, when properly designed and managed, serve an important purpose. In the future, new technologies called bioreactors will be used to speed the breakdown of trash in landfills and produce more methane.1.The passage gives a general description of the structure and use of a landfill.2.Most of the trash that Americans generate ends up in landfills.pared with other major Industrialized countries, America buries a much higher percentage of its solid waste in landfills.ndfills are like compost piles in that they speed up decomposition of the buried trash.5.In most countries the selection of a landfill site is governed by rules and regulations.6.In the United States the building of landfills is the job of both federal and local governments.7.Hazardous wastes have to be treated before being dumped into landfills.8.Typical customers of a landfill are .9.To dispose of a ton of trash in a landfill, customers have to pay tipping fee of .10. Materials that are not permitted to be buried in landfills should be dumped at .文章篇章分析（T ext organization ）文章结构特点:英语文章有其固定的结构：引言、正文、和结尾三大部分。

英语写作课PPT_第二课_lecture_two_diction

搭配上的不同
Consist, compose, constitute, make up Sure, certain I am sure that I can benefit a lot from doing temporary jobs in my free time. It is certain that social knowledge is indispensable for a college student to adapt to the society.
General & specific
In my hometown in spring, the weather is very bad. In my hometown in spring, the wind may blow all day long and the air is filled with dust which sometimes shuts out the sun. It goes into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils(鼻孔）, and your hair, and penetrates through the closed windows.（with the help of details）
agoodmankindhonestjustgeneroussympatheticselflessbravehonorablesincerejustgenerousenthusiasticwarmheartedfriendlygoodfoodtastydeliciousnourishingrichfreshappetizingabundanthousemansionvillachateau城堡cottagebungalow有游廊的平房cabin简陋的小屋简陋的小屋hut小屋棚屋shack做某种用途的小屋做某种用途的小屋shanty贫民窟shed关动物的小屋棚关动物的小屋棚barn谷仓laughsmilebeam微笑sniggersnicker窃笑窃笑titter嗤嗤地笑chuckle抿嘴轻声笑抿嘴轻声笑chortle哈哈大笑grin露齿而笑露齿而笑giggle咯咯地笑傻笑guffaw哄笑狂笑哄笑狂笑改善提高1