英美文化Chapter 5

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英美文化 (英国部分答案)

(判断题)Chapter 11. People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country. (F)2. The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flows through western England.(T)3. Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language. (F)4. In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.(F)5. Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northern Scotland often falls below -10℃ in January . (F)6. The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.(T)7. The Celtic people were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.(T)8. English evolved into what is now described as Modern English from the late 16th century.(F)Chapter 21. British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T)2. The Anglo-Saxons came to Britain in the 5th century.(T)3. The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxons tribes exercised power at their own will. (F)4. The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T)5. HenryⅡ built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T)6. The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F)7. The Hundred Years’War (1337-1453) was a series of wars fought between the British and the Vikings for trade and territory.(F)8. In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, Queen ElizabethⅠactually defended the fruit of the Reformation.(T)Chapter 31. Conventions are regarded less important than the statutory law in the working of the British government.(T)2. The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F)3. In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F)4. The British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F)5. The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F)6. The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T)7. Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F)8. The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice.(T)Chapter 41. British was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T)2. The British economy experienced a relative decline during the post-war period.(T)3. Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain after World WarⅡ.(F)4. Thatcher’s revolution turned out to be a great success i n dealing with all the British economic and social problems.(F)5. The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair was different from that of the old Labor Party and the Conservative Party.(T)6. Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics from economic policy.(T)7. Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.(F)8. Nuclear power is one of the major energy source in Britain.(T)Chapter 51. The British government has been responsible for education since the early1800s.(F)2. Education in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and15.(F)3. The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and theindependent system.(F)4. When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a nationalGCSE examination.(T)5. Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enterfamous universities than those from independent schools.(T)6. The Times is the world’s oldest Sunday newspapers.(F)7. The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.(F)(选择题)Chapter 11. The two main islands of the British Isles are .A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2. is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. NorthernIreland4. English belongs to the group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman5. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element ofwords to English.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek6. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish7. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of .A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD.pronunciation8. At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifthChapter 21. The attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic2. By the late 7th century, became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3. The marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law4. The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster5. The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church6. The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians7. was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta8. The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20thChapter 31. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three ofthe following branches with the exception of the .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive2. The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on .A. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude3. As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to the House of commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect4. is at the center of the British political system.A. The CabinetB. The House of LordsC. The House of CommonsD. The Privy Council5. The main duty of the British Privy Council is to .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet6. Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party7. The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism8. In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixChapter 41. The in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy inBritain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem2. Of the following practices, does not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions3. The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except .A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality4. Britain has devoted of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84%5. Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain and Ireland6. Coal mining industry in Britain provides of the energy consumed in the country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/37. The car industry in Britain in mostly .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD. privately-owned8. Of the following sectors in Britain, has experienced spectacular growth since the end of Word War II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD. manufacturing industryChapter 51. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools wereended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s2.Over of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%3. Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remaining funds from all the following sources except .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contributions4. To be admitted to the Open University, one needA. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National Vocational Qualifications5. Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three” with the exception of .A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph6. Life on Earth is a kind of program produced by the BBC and is popular among 500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera7. is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB8. The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomime(简答题)Chapter 11. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?A: because they like to enjoy the beautiful Scottishscenery, to drink the scotchwhisky and to see the Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.2. How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they?A:the development of English language be divided into three period :old English , middle English ,modern English .3. Why did English become more important after the Black Death?A: the laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social important after the Black Death. So English also grew in importance compared to French .Chapter 21. What were some of Queen Victoria’s major achievements?A:the Queen Victoria’s major achievements in alm ost every aspect : she promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign , British had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass.2. What were the two camps in Europe in world war I?A: The central powers which included Germany ,Austria-Hungary , the ottoman empire and Bulgaria and allied powers which were mainly comprised of France , the Russian empire ,and British empire , Italy and the united states.3. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the united states after world war II?A: because they were allied during the war and share the same worries about the former soviet union.Chapter 31. What the three functions of the house of commons?A: the three functionsare : to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the governmentpolicy.2. What kind of public image dose liberal democrats have in Britain?A:the liberal democrats is perceived as “middle” between the conservation and the labor party . it is comparatively flexible and pragmatic in its balance of the individual and the social . it emphasizes the need for a change in Britain’sconstitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.3. Why are independent candidates unlikely to win in the general election ?A; Because even if they were elected, they would be powerless in parliament. Therefore , it is not possible for many people to vote for independent candidates.Chapter 41. What was the negative aspect of Thatcher’s reform in the early 1980s?A: its negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment .in 1982,the unemployment rate reached the level of the great depression years, with three million people out of work.2. What are the characteristics of Britain’s agriculture?A:britain’s agriculture is characterized by a small portion of the population engaged in agriculture activities with a high degree of mechanization. Although it employs a mere 1% of the country’s labor force , it meets around 60% of the national demands.3. What happened to Britain’s beef industry in the mid-1990s?A: Britain’s beef industry was hit badly by BSE, resulting in a ban on beef exports in 1996.Chapter 51. What used to be the major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools in Britain?The major functions of grammar schools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university , whereas the major functions of vocational schools were to help less successful students to learn a trade.2. What kind of subjects do Britain comprehensive schools provide?Britain comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literature and science, and practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.3. In what ways do Britishuniversities enjoy complete academic freedom? Britishuniversities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.4. What role dose the media play in British leisure culture?The media play an essential role in British leisure culture since it helps to shape the public’s opinion, determine people’s moral and political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule or a government.。

unit 5 (British and American Studies)英美文化教学课件

Unit 5 Cultural and Social Life
5.1 Historical background & Class Structure
5.1.1 Class Division in Early Times ➢Most members of the middle class were educated and dealt with paper in business or in a profession. ➢Those who did m__a_n_u_a_l labor, especially agricultural labor, were in the working class. 5.1.2 Class Division in Britain Today
Vows for marriage
I, …take you,…to be my wife, to have and to hold from this day forward; for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death do us part, according to God’s holy law; and this is my solemn vow.
➢Members of the upper landed class, who controlled most of the agricultural land and enjoyed a lot of privilege, became the nobility, or _a_ri_s_to_c_r_a_cy_. ➢The lower-upper class was mainly composed of small landowners. They were usually called knights or _g_e_n_tr_y. They were mostly well-educated and less conservative.

英美文化Chapter5

Chapter 5Education, Media and HolidayCONTENTEducational Policy* Historically, education was voluntary and many British schools were set up by the church. Before 1870, only 40% of children under 10 went to school regularly. From then on, in response to changes brought about by the industrial Revolution and social and political movements, the government started to take responsibility for education.* Compulsory education for all children between the ages of 5 and 16* Comprehensive schools introduced in the 1960s, ending the division between grammar school and vocational school* National Curriculum introduced in 1988(mathematics, English, science, geography, history, technology, music, art, physical education and a foreign language)* Four stages:Elementary and Secondary Education* Two parallel school system:* National curriculum:Higher Education* Higher education has a long history in Britain. Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centuries, while the Scottish universities of St Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen were founded in the 15th and 16th centuries. The remainder were established in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 1960s there was a large expansion in the number of universities and many new institutions were founded. Now there are more than 100 universities in Britain and many colleges.* Partially funded by central government grants, the rest funds coming from tuition fees, donations and corporate contributions* Except Buckingham University(the only privately-financed university in the country)Britain's universities are legally independent and enjoy complete academic freedom. They appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.* Recruitment based on:* A-level results* School references* Interview* Degrees awarded according to:* Performance throughout their studies* Final examinations* The open university 开放大学offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can register without having any formal educational qualifications.Famous UniversitiesTop 10 Britain University in 2010* University of Oxford 牛津大学* University of Cambridge 剑桥大学* Imperial College (London) 帝国学院（伦敦）* University of St. Andrews 圣安德鲁斯* University College London 伦敦大学学院* University of Warwick 华威大学* London School of Economics 伦敦政治经济学院* University of Durham 达勒姆大学* University of Exeter 埃克塞特大学* University of Bristol 布里斯托大学Oxford* According to the University Ranking League Table 2007, Oxford ranks second. The total student body exceeds 18,000, including more than 11,000 undergraduates.* the oldest university in the English-speaking world, dating back to 1096* Motto: Dominus illuminatio mea，meaning (The Lord is my light)，from the Bible "上帝是我的光明"* Oxonians have included two British kings and at least twelve monarchs of ten other sovereign states, twenty-five British prime ministers, and thirty-five presidents and prime ministers of nineteen other countries. The university lays claim to twelve saints, ten blesseds, an antipope, eighteen cardinals, and eighty-nine archbishops (including thirty-two of Canterbury and twenty-two of York).* 牛津产生了至少来自6个国家的10位国王，6位英国国王，46位诺贝尔奖获得者，来自19个国家的53位总统和首相,包括25位英国首相（其中13位来自基督教堂学院），3位圣徒，86位大主教以及18位红衣主教。

英美国家概况课程教学大纲

《英美文化与国家概况》课程教学大纲学分：3.0学时：52适用专业：商务英语、应用英语一、课程性质（定位）与任务课程性质：商务英语专业的必修专业技能基础课程，是一门素质拓展课。

通过本课程的学习，达到开阔学生视野，扩大学生知识面的目的。

课程目标：通过介绍英国和美国这两个最有代表性的英语国家的历史、地理、社会、经济、政治、教育及其文化传统，使学生对西方思想的形成有进一步的认识，扩展自身人文知识，为学生在英语学习中扫除缺乏背景知识的障碍，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生跨文化交际能力。

前导课程：综合英语后续课程：商务英语、商务英语翻译二、课程目标知识目标：通过教学，使学生了解英、美两国的国家地理、历史、人文特征、经济、宗教、社会、教育与文化等基本情况以及传统的风俗习惯等。

理解西方思想的根源，包括英、美两国社会的思想意识的根源与形成；理解英国历史发展对其现今社会、宗教与政治制度的影响，以及美国社会、文化结构多元化的历史渊源，掌握英、美两国经济、文化和社会等方面的知识要点，还要求学生通过听讲、阅读、讨论等方式提高英语语言应用能力。

技能目标：能够运用学到的知识解释英语学习中遇到的有关问题，提高阅读能力及学生的英语语言水平、跨文化交际能力及文化思考能力。

素质目标：以认识和解读英语国家文化为切入点，深化语言学习与文化学习的内涵关联，提升学习语言的实效和在真实世界中的应用能力。

在提高学生文化意识的基础上，提高学生的文化观察能力、文化思索能力、文化甄别能力和文化探索能力。

三、教学内容及具体要求Chapter 1 Land and People of the UK授课学时：4教学内容：英国的国土和人民基本要求：通过教学使学生对英国国家的组成、地理、气候、旅游名胜等有一个初步的了解，熟悉英国的主要民族及英国人的性格特点。

Chapter 2 The Origins and Shaping of the Nation授课学时：6讲授内容：英国国家起源和形成基本要求：通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英国历史，掌握主要历史事件及人物。

英美文化(美国部分课后答案)

(判断题)Chapter 81. The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachians hold one third of the country's continental territory.(F)2. The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate,with some mild subtropical and tropical zones.(T)3. Almost through the middle of the United States, north to south,runs a well--known 50-centimeter rainfall line.(T)4. New York is the commercial and financial center of the United States , and it is composed of five boroughs including Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island, and Queens.(T)5. San Francisco is the second largest city after New York and the world famous Hollywood and Disneyland are located here.(F)6. During the 1830s and 1840s, many northern Europeans and Irish immigrants came to America.(T)7. Almost half of the immigrants coming to the United States in the 1980s were Asians.(T)8. Basic American cultural values are freedom, equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of living.(T)Chapter 91. America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after Columbus.(T)2. The second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, and the Continental Army and Navy were founded under the command of Thomas Jefferson.(F)3. The Civil War not only put an end to slavery, but also decided that America was a single, indivisible nation.(T)4. Many American people approved of the Vietnam War.(F)5. In 1990, American troops and the troops from allied nations launched Operation Desert Storm in order to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.(T)6. According to the American administration, Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible for the terrorist event on September11,2001.(F)7. The America government regarded Iraq a nation among the "axis of evil".(T)8. On March 19,2003,American and United Nation's troops, supported by several other countries, began an invasion of Iraq.(F)Chapter 101. Bill of Rights was written into the Constitution in 1787.(F)2. The form of American government is based on three main principles: federalism, the separation of powers, and respect for the Constitution and the rule of law.(T)3. The U.S. Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.(F)4. The judicial branch of the federal government consists of a series of courts: the Supreme Court, the courts of appeals and the district courts.(T)5. The Democratic Party is conservative in terms of its ideology.(F)6. American presidential campaign adheres to the "winner-take-all" practice.(T)7. American foreign policy throughout the World War II was neutrality.(F)8. American foreign policy during the Cold War period was containment and intervention.(T)Chapter 111. America is the world's largest industrial nation.(T)2. In the U.S. Constitution, the recognition of the importance of "intellectual property" could be identified.(T)3. Although slavery was abolished as a result of the Civil War, the owners of plantation in the South made more profits from selling their agriculture products.(F)4. President Roosevelt's New Deal had little effect in dealing with the economic crisis in the early 1930s.(F)5. The 1960s was a period of consolidation for the American businesses.(F)6. American agricultural exports outweigh imports, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade.(T)7. Auto production is one of the important sectors in American manufacturing industry.(T)8. The world economy has little to do with the growth and decline of the American foreign trade.(F)Chapter 121. Education is governed by state and local governments instead of the national government in America.(T)2. All American children are offered 12 years of compulsory public education.(T)3. After 12 years of schooling, American students receive a bachelor's degree at graduation.(F)4.When selecting a college or university, undergraduate students have a great concern for its size, location and academic quality.(T)5. Usually, an undergraduate student has to earn 120 credits to receive a degree.(T)6. Yale university is the second eldest institution of higher learning in the United States.(F)7. It is The New York Times that first uncovered the Watergate Scandal in 1972 through the efforts of two reporters.(F)8. Thanksgiving Day falls on the fourth Tuesday in November.(F)(选择题)Chapter 81. The U. S. lies in North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico tothe south, the Atlantic to its and the Pacific to its A. northern, east, west B. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, east, west2. The continental United States has statesA. 50B. 49C. 48D. 353. The state of is the largest in area of all the states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida4. The largest river in the U. S. isA. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Colorado River5. Some of the world famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT are located in .A. the SouthB. the WestC. New EnglandD. the Midwest6. San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego all belong to .A. MontanaB. UtahC. MaineD.California7. The Immigrants Act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into the United States, particularly fromA. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. South America8. The characteristic of the dominant American culture is .A. English-speaking, northern European, Roman Catholic and middle-classB. English-speaking, western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC. English-speaking, northern European, Protestant and upper-classD. English-speaking, western European, Protestant and middle-classChapter 91. The first successful English colony in North America was founded at in .A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia2. The Seven Years’ War occurred between the .A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians3. “No taxation without representation” was the rallying slogan of .A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies4. In May 1775, was held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of a national government.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation5. Abraham Lincoln issued the to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights6. The policy of the United States was at the beginning of the two world wars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement7. President applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the Great Depression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy8. The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continued throughout the terms of PresidentsA. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and JohnsonChapter 101. The U. S. Constitution came into effect inA. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 17932. The Constitution of the United StatesA. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court3. The Bill of Rights .A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights and freedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution4. The terms for a Senator and Representative are and years respectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two5. All the following can make legislative proposal except .A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President6. The following are all powers of the President except .A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders7. The Supreme Court is composed of justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine8. The President is directly voted into office byA. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and representativesChapter 111. America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fieldsexcept .A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals2. The modern American economy progressed from to and eventually, toA. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy3. Chartered companies were NOT granted the by the British King or Queen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority4. urged the federal government to establish a national bank.A. George WashingtonB. President RooseveltC. Abraham LincolnD. Alexander Hamilton5. The following inventio ns took place during the “second industrial revolution” except .A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator6. President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society” by introducing various programs likethe following except A. Medicare B. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension7. The following statements are all true exceptA. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agricultural imports and exports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.8. Employment in the sector has been increasing in the U.S. since the 1970s.A. serviceB. agricultureC. manufacturingD. high-tectChapter 121. Formal education in the United States consists of ,secondary and higher education.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD. private2. Of the following subjects, are NOT offered to elementary school students.A. mathematics and languagesB. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education3. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of .A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University4. Of the following, are NOT among the categories of American higher education.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges5. To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are required to do the following except .A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits6. is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has a reputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News7. Of the following, is NOT among the three major radio and TV networks in America.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American Broadcasting System (ABS)8. The National Day of the United States falls on each year.A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14th(简答题)Chapter 81. How is the American population distributed?The distribution of the American population is rather uneven the most densely populated region is the northeastern part of the country. The great plains have a comparatively small population .the south also has a population of almost 57.5million. the west is not densely populated ,except for some metropolitan centers like los Angeles and san Francisco . it has about 20% of the nation’s population.2．Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted ?The new immigrants in the united states , being poor and accustomed to poverty , were willing to work for very low wages .this made other workers afraid that the immigrants would ls and take jobs away from them . this opposition led to the immigration act of 1942.Chapter 9 history.1. Why did American change its policy and enter world war II?Because of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countries were wining the war and it might threaten America’s security and interests . it began to provide war equipment to the foreign nations resisting the aggression of the axis power . the Japanese air raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war.2. What were Nixon’s well-known contributions during his presidency?a) brought the Vietnam war to a close b)reestablishing U.S. relations with china c) negotiating the first strategic arms limitation treaty with the former soviet union .3. What were the contents of Reagan’s economic program?Reagan’s economic program called for reductions in income taxes and business taxes in order to encourage investment , and it also requested that many government regulations be eliminated so as to reduce the federal government’s role in the day-to-day operation of business.Chapter 10 government1. What are the two characteristics of the U.S. constitution?One is “checks and balances”, the other is that the power of the central government and the powers of state governments are specified.2. What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?A senator must be over 30 years old , a U.S. citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state which they represent . a representative should be at least 25 years old and a U.S. citizen for no less than seven years.3. What are the major powers of the supreme court?a)to interpret laws b)to hear appeals from any federal court cases; c)to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the constitution or national laws d)may declare a law unconstitutional e) may declare a presidential act unconstitutional.4. What is the difference between the democrats and the republicans in terms of political opinions?The democrats want the government to play an important role in the economy andemphasize full employment as a matter of national concern they favor civil rights laws , a strong social security system which gives enterprises a greater freedom and demand that the government control inflation. They stress the need for law and order, and oppose complete government social programs and free choice of abortion they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.Chapter 11 economy1. What industry developments took place during the colonial period of America? During the colonial period ,the secondary industries developed as the colonies grew . a variety of specialized sawmills and gristmills appeared. Colonists established shipyards to build fishing fleets and trading vessels . they also built small iron forges . by the 18th century , regional patterns of development in America had become clear.2. How did the civil war affect the American economy?After the civil war , the large southern cotton plantations became much less profitable . northern industries , which had expanded rapidly because of the demands of the war ,surged ahead.3. Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?Because the united states has increasingly realized that open bilateral trade will not only advance its own economic interests, but also enhance domestic stability and its peaceful relationship with other nations.Chapter 12 education , media and holidays1. How does an American university choose its applicants?a)their high school records; b) recommendations from their high school teachers; c) the impression they make during interviews at the university d) their scores on the SAT.2. What functions do American higher education institutions perform?Higher education institutions in the united states have three functions: teaching , research and public service , and each has its own emphasis with regard to its function .3. What similarities do four famous university share?They all have a long history , they all have an excellent faculty , a large number of students and have made extensive academic achievements. Some of their graduates are very successful or influential in some areas such as politics, arts and business.4. What are the origins of thanksgiving day?Thanksgiving is associated with the time when Europeans first came to the new world , in 1620,the mayflower arrived and brought about 150 pilgrims. Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food , so many of them died. During the following summer the native America helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest. So they held a big celebration to thank god and the native Americans.。

英美文化Chapter 5

C h a p t e r5E d u c a t i o n,M e d i a a n d H o l i d a yCONTENTEducational PolicyH istorically, education was voluntary and many British schools were setup by the church. Before 1870, only 40% of children under 10 went to school regularly. From then on, in response to changes brought about by the industrial Revolution and social and political movements, the government started to take responsibility for education.Compulsory education for all children between the ages of 5 and 16Comprehensive schools introduced in the 1960s, ending the division between grammar school and vocational schoolNational Curriculum introduced in 1988(mathematics, English, science, geography, history, technology, music, art, physical education and a foreign language)Four stages:Elementary and Secondary EducationTwo parallel school system:National curriculum:Higher EducationHigher education has a long history in Britain. Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centuries, while the Scottish universities of St Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen were founded in the 15th and 16th centuries. The remainder were established in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 1960s there was a large expansion in the number of universities and many new institutions were founded. Now there are more than 100 universities in Britain and many colleges.Partially funded by central government grants, the rest funds coming from tuition fees, donations and corporate contributions▪E xcept Buckingham University(the only privately-financed university in the country)Britain’s universities are legally independent and enjoy complete academic freedom. They appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.Recruitment based on:▪A-level results▪School references▪InterviewDegrees awarded according to:▪Performance throughout their studies▪Final examinationsT he open university 开放大学offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can register without having any formal educational qualifications.Famous UniversitiesTop 10 Britain University in 2010University of Oxford 牛津大学University of Cambridge 剑桥大学Imperial College (London) 帝国学院（伦敦）University of St. Andrews 圣安德鲁斯University College London 伦敦大学学院University of Warwick 华威大学London School of Economics 伦敦政治经济学院University of Durham 达勒姆大学University of Exeter 埃克塞特大学University of Bristol 布里斯托大学OxfordAccording to the University Ranking League Table 2007, Oxford ranks second.The total student body exceeds 18,000, including more than 11,000undergraduates.the oldest university in the English-speaking world, dating back to 1096Motto: Dominus illuminatio mea，meaning (The Lord is my light)，from the Bible “上帝是我的光明”Oxonians have included two British kings and at least twelve monarchs of ten other sovereign states, twenty-five British prime ministers, and thirty-five presidents and prime ministers of nineteen other countries.The university lays claim to twelve saints, ten blesseds, an antipope, eighteen cardinals, and eighty-nine archbishops (including thirty-two of Canterbury and twenty-two of York).牛津产生了至少来自6个国家的10位国王，6位英国国王，46位诺贝尔奖获得者，来自19个国家的53位总统和首相,包括25位英国首相（其中13位来自基督教堂学院），3位圣徒，86位大主教以及18位红衣主教。

《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套笔记

英语国家社会与文化入门前言：在综合英语中，以往英美文化概况占40分，在2014年占到30分。

2010年地理、历史、政治、社会生活、文学、科技都涉及到了，偏重的话没有，几乎分值差不多。

从近五年（2009年至2014年）来看，这部分比跟专八难一些，而且题型不同。

英美概况就把课文中的重点提取出来，加上课后习题，就已经够了。

但是鉴于近年来这部分的考到课外的也比较多，所以建议在看外给定的参考书之外，也买《星火专八人文知识》那本来看看，并做完里面的练习，因为2012年有些选择题是从里面原题出的。

首先我们先来看看近四年来英美概况部分的题型。

2009年—2014年英美概况题型—————————————————————————————————————2009年：判断，填空，作家与作品连线2010年：填空，作家与作品连线，简答题2011年：选择题，填空，简答题2012年：选择题，填空，简答题2013年：填空题，判断，问答题2014年：填空题，判断，问答题—————————————————————————————————————从上表可以看出，近几年来该部分的题型还是一直有在变化，但是不变的是考点，把考点记住了，随便你怎么考。

你看课后习题，出题点就是本文的重点了。

其实你要好好看课后习题，把每一题的知识点都要把握住，特别是做错的题。

好，接下来我们来看看这份弥足珍贵的英美概况笔记：该笔记完全按照《英语国家社会与文化》（第三版）（朱永涛著）上下两册书编写的。

这两本书也是华南师范大学外国语言文化学院研究生入学考试指定的参考书之一。

因此，为了考个好分数，这两本书不得不看，而且不得不讲效率地看。

该笔记一共40个章节，但不是与课本设置的章节一一对应：—————————————————————————————————————课本：上册Chapter 1-20 （英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）下册Chapter 1-20 （新西兰、美国、加拿大）笔记：Chapter 1-12（美国）Chapter 13-24（英国）Chapter 25-28 （澳大利亚）Chapter 29-30（新西兰）Chapter 31-36（加拿大）Chapter 37-40（爱尔兰）—————————————————————————————————————笔记的章节之所以这样设置是有道理的，把美国与英国放在前面是因为这两个国家是重考点出现最频繁的国家，俗话说“一年之计在于春，一天之计在于晨”，不过这跟本文没有任何联系。

英美文化讲义

英美文化讲义文化是一个民族精神的集合体，是一种生活方式和文明积淀的体现。

英美文化作为世界上最有影响力的文化之一，一直受到世界范围内的关注和推崇。

本文从不同角度对英美文化的方方面面进行介绍。

一、历史文化英美文化源远流长，有着悠久的历史和文化积淀。

从英国的莎士比亚、狄更斯到美国的爱迪生、林肯，英美文化的历史人物和文学艺术家层出不穷，他们的作品在世界文化史上占据了重要地位。

英美文化还有其它独具特色的文化遗产，如英国的乡间庄园文化、美国的“牛仔文化”等，这些文化不仅是英美文化独有的，也是世界文化宝库的重要组成部分。

二、价值观念英美文化的价值观念深刻影响了现代世界。

其中最重要的是民主、自由和平等。

英国和美国都是历史悠久的民主国家，这种价值观贯穿于每个人的心中，民主体制为政治、经济和社会发展提供了良好的制度保障。

自由是英美文化的核心，自由思想体现了人类自我意识和自我解放的过程，这种解放为人类社会的文明进步奠定了基础。

平等是英美法治文化的体现，它是一个人能够自由发挥才华和创造的基础，一直为人类的发展提供了有力支持。

三、礼仪文化英美文化的礼仪文化和人文气息也一直吸引世界的目光。

英国和美国虽然分别位于亚欧大陆和美洲大陆，但是文化上的交流和互动一直非常广泛和深入，成为有着相同礼仪文化的代表国家之一。

“英吉利”国家是非常重视礼仪和规矩的国家，他们有着传统的礼节，包括“下午茶”、“手指放平”等，有时候做事情也比较繁琐和讲究。

美国则是以开放、自由和活泼为主流文化，他们重视个性，喜欢追求新鲜和独立自主的生活方式。

不论哪种文化，他们的礼仪文化都是值得学习和借鉴的，让我们对人文文化的魅力和历久不衰的吸引都有所了解。

四、人际交往英美文化的人际交往方式更是令人叹服。

他们重视与人沟通和交流，注重人们之间的互动和情感沟通。

英美人容易接纳外来文化，热爱旅游和习惯在交流中分享他们的成功和困境。

他们的社交活动丰富多彩，各有特色，包括庆祝和聚会等多种方式，通过这些社交活动，彼此之间建立了紧密的联系，也展现了英美文化的独特特点和魅力。

英美文化课后答案 Chapter 5 Education

英美文化课后答案5Lecture 5 EducationTell whether each of the following statements is true or false.1-10: FFTFF/FTFTT 11-20: TFFFF/FFTFF 20-26: FTFFF/TFill in the blanks with the correct information.1. an infant section; a junior section2. the state schools; independent schools3. Grammarschools 4. public schools 5. General National V ocational Qualifications 6. Oxford University; Cambridge University 7. Oxford 8. 1836 9. Open University 10.B achelor’s degree; M aster’s degree; D octor’s degree.11. elementary 12. kindergarten13. elementary education; secondary education 14. home schooling 15. critical-thinking16. Harvard University 17. Harvard University 18. Yale University 19. PrincetonUniversity 20. Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyChoose the correct answer on the basis of what is stated in the text.1-10: BBCBB/BCABD 11-20: BABBC/DBABA 21-25: CCDDASentence Completion1. Oxford, Cambridge2. Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester3. 5, 164. independent5. academic, practicalExplain the following terms.prehensive schoolComprehensive schools were established before 1960, when pupils were not separated by the criterion of academic ability. Such schools provide general education. The pupils study a wide variety of subjects at first and after two or three years they may give up some of them and only study the subject they like.2.Grammar schoolGrammar schools are the oldest schools in the U.K. Grammar schools select children; the children who get high marks in the“Eleven Plus” examination can attend them. The students who show academic potential can attend grammar schools in which the emphasis is advanced academic work rather than the more general curriculum of comprehensive schools.3.Independent schoolIndependent schools are also confusingly called public schools. Independent schools are funded through the private sector, tuition fees and minimal government assistance. Independent schools generally recruit the best teachers and provide advanced facilities. As a result, graduates of independent schools are more likely than those of state schools to be accepted by famous universities.4.OxbridgeThe term Oxbridge is used to refer both Oxford University and Cambridge University as asingle entity.5.Open UniversityThe Open University （OU）is the U.K.’s largest university for part-time higher education. It was founded in 1969 and began its first courses in 1970. It is open to everybody and doesn’t require the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. University courses are taught through TV, radio, videos and a network of study centers.6.creditCredit is used to measure an undergraduate in academic progress. A credit equals to one hour of classroom lecture, or two or three hours of experiments per week in a semester.7.higher educationHigher education in the United Stated began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. When the students have finished high school (twelfth grade), they may go on to a college or a university. College or university study is kno wn as “higher education”.8.Harvard UniversityHarvard University, the oldest institution of higher education in the United States, was established in l636, and named for its first benefactor，John Harvard. Harvard University is known around the world for its outstanding academic achievements. It has produced more than 40 Nobel laureates.Short Answer Questions1. The traditional “three R’s” are: reading, writing and arithmetics.2. After the Second World War a new educational system emphasizing equality was constructed with the assistance of church and trade unions. The Education Act in 1944 made entry to secondary schools and universities meritocratic. In other words, more children had access to a good education not because of their social class or their parents’ possession, but for the abilities they display. All children were given the right to a free secondary education.3. British high education is world renowned for two reasons: history and research output.4. Most universities in the United Kingdom can be classified into six main categories:1) Ancient universities – universities founded before the 19th century.2) London universities – universities founded in the 19th and early 20th centuries.3) Red Brick universities –universities founded in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The term “redbrick” is not used much today, but it is a useful way of describing this group of universities, many of which were built in the favorable building material of the time – red brick.4) Plate Glass Universities – founded in the 1960s which were known as “New Universities” when first created, but which are now more commonly considered a sub-section of the “Old Universities” which existed prior to the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 which allowed Polytechnics to become Universities.5) The Open University – founded in 1968, Britain’s sole mainly distance-learning University.6) New Universities –created in or after 1992 often called post-1992 universities, from polytechnics and colleges of Higher Education.5. The Open University is a degree-granting institution that provides courses of study for adults of all ages through television, radio, produced books, audio/video cassettes, correspondence courses and local study programs.6 .No Child Left Behind Act was passed to mandate Adequate Yearly Progress, which helped, to some extent, set some national learning standards.7. Because the individual state has the law-endowed rights to make its own educational decisions.8. American universities select their students up to their GPA and SAT mainly, at the same time, they may also take into consideration some subjective factors such as a commitment to extracurricular activities, a personal essay, and possibly an interview.9. GPA stands for Grade Point Average; SAT stands for School Aptitude Test.10. Charter schools receive public money but have been freed from some of the rules, regulations, and statutes that apply to other public schools in exchange for some type of accountability for producing certain results, which are set forth in each school’s charter.School vouchers, or education vouchers are a certificate issued by the government by which parents can pay for the education of their children at a school of their choice, rather tahtn the public school to which they are assigned.。

英美文化Unit 5

英美文化教程Unit 5Chapter 5 Industry, Agriculture and BusinessI. Focal PointsII. Questions and Answers on the TextI. When did Britain emerge as the world's greatest political and economic influence?Britain emerged as the world's greatest political and economic influence in the second half of the nineteenth century.2. What did the economic theory of mercantilism hold?The economic theory of mercantilism held that the acquisition of gold and silver, in payment for goods exported, increased the wealth of a nation.3. According to the above theory, how could a country become wealthy and self-sufficient?Only by an excess of exports over imports could a country grow wealthy and self-sufficient.4. How did Britain obtain gold and silver from other countries?Britain obtained gold and silver by selling its surplus products abroad.5. What were the two companies mentioned by the author as great trading companies under the theory of mercantilism?The two companies were the Hudson's Bay Company of Canada and the East India Company of India.6. In which country did the Industrial Revolution begin first?The Industrial Revolution began first in Britain.7. Why was Britain in a unique position to benefit from free trade?Because Britain could use new and more efficient manufacturing methods and sell goods at the cheapest prices overseas.8. What were the principal energy resources in Britain at the end of the eighteenth century?The principal energy resources were coal and water power.9. What is one of the oldest and most basic of all industries in Britain?It is coal-mining.10. Why did factories come into being?Because it was more economical to manufacture goods under one large roof, where power could be concentrated, rather than in the small rooms and back-yards of thousands of individual workers.11. What did the Luddites do in the early 1800s?They smashed and destroyed new factory machinery.12. Why did they do that?Because they thought that factory machines had robbed them of their jobs.13. Why were there many critics condemning industrialization and mechanization in the nineteenth century?Because many people believed that the immigration of workers from the more natural life of the countryside to the unhealthy, crowded conditions of industrial areas would bring grave social problems.14. Who most severely attacked the Industrial Revolution?The poet William Blake.15. What did the industrialization bring to Britain?It brought Britain many economic advantages and made it an exceedingly rich and powerful nation.16. Who suffered behind the achievements of industrialization?Working people suffered most. They were forced to work long hours for meagre wages and to live in squalid, crowded housing, crowded together.17. What factors influenced the location of industry in Britain?The factors included ready availability of power and raw materials as well as easy access to transport facilities and ports.18. What kind of industrial area is extremely vulnerable to economic hardship in time of depression?An area that is totally dependent on one industry alone is extremely vulnerable to economic hardship in time of depression, when demand for that particular industry's products falls.19. Are there any state-run industries in Britain?Yes, there are.20. What is the position of industries nationalized in Britain' s mixed economy?Nationalized industries account for 10 per cent of the Gross National Product, 8 per cent of all employees and yet almost 20 percent of total industrial investment.21. Why did Napoleon once call the British "a nation of shop-keepers" ?Because the United Kingdom had many small businesses.22. Give three examples of Britain's top industrial giants.British Petroleum; Shell Transport and Trading; Imperial Chemical Industries.23. Why did the government set up a Monopolies and Mergers Commission in 1973？Because the government wanted to prevent the emergence of monopoly.24. How has the pattern of British industry changed since the Second World War?Manufacturing industries have declined and service industries have grown.25. What has caused an economic imbalance between different parts of Britain?It has been caused by a decline in demand for products from some of the older traditional industries, and has led to unemployment and migration of workers.26. What measures have been taken to halt the regional decline?In order to halt the regional decline, successive governments since 1945 have encouraged new industrial development in the affected areas.27. What has the discovery and exploitation of oil and gas in the North Sea resulted in?It has created thousands of new jobs and has also involved many ancillary industries. 28. Is agriculture one of Britain's most important industries?Yes, it is.29. How is the farm efficiency in Britain?The farm efficiency in Britain is one of the highest in the world.30. What does the EEC stand for?It stands for the European Economic Community.31. Why are British farmers dissatisfied with the EEC agricultural policy?Because they believe that their efficient agriculture is having to support uneconomic farming in some other parts of the Community.32. Apart from agriculture, what is the other productive British industry which has had to reduce its activities because of EEC policies?It is fishing.33. How is the oil supply in Britain?Britain is now self-sufficient in oil, and is even an oil exporter.34. What are invisible earnings?Invisible earnings are the wealth created by Britain' s service industries.35. Which are now greater in Britain in terms of output and employment, manufacturing enterprises or non-manufacturing businesses?Non-manufacturing businesses are greater both in terms of out-put and employment.36. What are the three main groups that invisible earnings fall into?The three groups are: receipts and payments for service supplied abroad; interest, profits and dividends arising out of British investment overseas; foreign currency brought into the country by tourists.37. What is the City of London?The City of London is the oldest part of London and ranks as one of the world's most important financial centres. It contains the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange, Lloyd' s and other famous trading and financial organizations.38. What is the main activity 'in the City?The City's main activity is buying and selling commodities, services and finance for commercial investment,, as well as stocks and shares in all kinds of businesses and industries throughout the world.39. On what condition can a person operate on the "trading floor" of the Stock Exchange?To operate on the 'trading floor' of the Stock Exchange, a person must be elected a member and either be a stock broker or a jobber.40. What is the Stock Exchange which has the greatest turnover in the world?The Stock Exchange in London has the greatest turnover in the world.41. What is the motto of the Stock Exchange?The motto of the Stock Exchange is "my word is my bond".42. What is the motto of Lloyd's the famous insurance brokers?The motto of Lloyd's is "With the utmost faith"--"Fidentia".43. What does the Bank of England do?It prints and issues currency notes and also controls the country's gold reserves.44. Why is the Bank of England nicknamed "the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street" ?Because it stands in a street called Threadneedle.III. Explanations1. mercantilism(1) It was an economic theory practised by British government in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. (2) It held that the acquisition of gold and silver, in payment for goods exported, increased the wealth of a nation. (3) Only by an excess of exports over imports could a country grow wealthy and self-sufficient. (4) Britain sold its surplus products abroad for gold and silver through extensive trade.2. Luddites(1) They were a group of workers against machines in the early 1800s in Britain. (2) They smashed and destroyed new factory machinery, because they believed that factory machines had robbed them of their jobs.3. William Blake(1) He was a British poet in the nineteenth century. (2) He attacked industrialization severely in his poem Jerusalem. (3) He referred to factories as 'dark satanic mills' and accused them of polluting 'England's green and pleasant land'.4. Britain' s mixed economy(1) In Britain's mixed economy, nationalized industries account for only 10 percent of the Gross National Product. (2) The economy is largely in private hands. (3) One tenth of the economy is controlled by foreign commercial interests.5. British Agriculture(1) Agriculture is one of the country' s most important industries. (2) Farm efficiency and production have increased greatly over recent years in spite of the decline in manpower. (3) It has one of the highest output per worker in the world. (4) British farmers are dissatisfied with the EEC agricultural policy because they believe that they are supporting uneconomic farming in other parts of the EEC.6. Invisible earnings(1) The wealth created by Britain' s service industries is called invisible earnings. (2) Invisible earnings fall into three main groups: receipts and payments for services supplied abroad; interest, profits and dividends arising out of British investment overseas; and foreign currency brought into the country by visiting tourists. (3) Britain's invisible earnings are second only to that of the United States.7. the City of London(1) It is the oldest part of the capital and ranks as one of the world's most important financial centres. (2) It contains the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange, important industries and many of the world's top commodity market, etc. (3) Its main activity is buying and selling commodities, services and finance for commercial investment, as well as stocks and shares in all kinds of businesses and industries throughout the world.8. the Bank of England(1) It is the nation's central bank. (2) It is run by a governor and a group of directors appointed by the Crown. (3) It prints and issues currency notes and controls the country' s gold reserves.9. the Stock Exchange(1) It is the largest and most important stock exchange in Britain and in the world (2) It has a greater turnover than any other market in the world. (3) Its motto is ' My word is my bond'. (4) It has a history of more than two hundred years.10 . Britain's Industrial Revolution(1) The Industrial Revolution took place first in Britain in the eighteenth century. (2) The Industrial Revolution owed a great deal to the invention of the steam engine. Factories came into being because they brought about more benefits to the owners. (3) The revolution brought many economic advantages to Britain and made Britain an exceedingly rich and powerful nation, but it also caused some social problems. (4) The successes and achievements of industrialization were founded on the exploitation of working people.。

Week5Lecturenotes英美文化ppt

He served me with a kind of coffee. He served me with coffee of a kind. （象是咖啡的东西） He is not a fool. He is no fool. （很聪明） I know him. I know of him. （听说过他）
培训部
The training department
文化部
Ministry of Culture
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The editorial office
Week Five
____多物称 ____重意合。句子的中心是“____前____后”。 ____的修饰语后置，如孔雀开屏。 ____多被动。 ____多动词
英语多物称汉语重意合。句子的中心是“英前汉后”。英语的修饰语后置，如孔雀开屏。英语多被动。汉语多动词
By “diction” we mean the _____ _____of words and phrases in the target language on the basis of ______ ______ of the source language text.
a fast car the fast growth fast music a fast journey fast color a fast film fast asleep break one’s fast stick fast in the mud
他常在外面吃饭。 He often dines out. 这药一天吃三次。 The medicine is to be taken three times a
汉译英最大的问题之一是对词语的理解。由于汉语词义的多义性、笼统性、含糊性和对上下文的依赖性，以及汉语句子结构的不严谨性，成分缺省的倾向性等等，对词语准确的理解并不是一件容易的事。要根据上下文才能做出正确的判断.

英美文化ChapterS

C h a p t e r8H i s t o r y1.1 Pilgrim Fathers❖In 1620, Puritans—the Pilgrim Fathers sailed for Virginia aboard the ship Mayflower.Reason to flee from England:to avoid the religious persecutionb5E2RGbCAP❖Landed in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.1.2 Boston Tea PartyThe independence of the Massachusetts colonial government was curtailed, and more British soldiers were sent to the Port of Boston.p1EanqFDPw1.3 The First Continental Congress❖The First Continental Congress—September, 1774A meeting of colonial leaders who opposed British oppression was held in Philadelphia. They urged Americans to disobey The Intolerable Acts and to boycott (抵制> British trade. At the same time, the colonists began to defend themselves. DXDiTa9E3d2.2 The Second Continental Congress❖Held in Philadelphia in May 1775❖Assume the functions of a national governmentGeorge Washington, a wealthy Virginia planter,was respected as a man of ability and integrity. RTCrpUDGiT2.3 Declaration of IndependenceOn July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed. 5PCzVD7HxAAfter being printed, the copies were sent out, broadcast and read to crowds everywhere. jLBHrnAILgThe document greatly encouraged the struggling people,making them think that they should be independent and havethe right to enjoy liberty. xHAQX74J0XThey were beginning to show more interests in a common cause. LDAYtRyKfEBoth a great influence on the course of the war and a far-reaching influence in world history as well. Zzz6ZB2Ltk❖It dragged on for seven years.❖Obstacles for the continental army:▪No enough supplies.Tired and hungry, while British troops fresh and well-equipped. dvzfvkwMI1By the middle of December, 1776, the Revolution seemed lost.rqyn14ZNXIThe victory at Saratoga (1777, October>—turningpoint.EmxvxOtOco❖The assistance from FranceBenjamin Franklin—a messenger to Europe to get help from other countries.SixE2yXPq5▪The French King made two agreements with Franklin:•France would take part in the war against England. •They agreed to trade with each other.Spain and Holland joined France against England—a quick end to the war.6ewMyirQFLIn 1781, a decisive victory at Yorktown inVirginiakavU42VRUsOn October 19, 1781, the British general Cornwallis was forced to surrender, the war came to an end. y6v3ALoS89 The two parts signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783—America won its independenceM2ub6vSTnP2.5 The Establishment of Constitution❖On May 25, 1787, the constitution was drafted.In June 1789, the constitution came into effect in nine states. 0YujCfmUCwTen amendments—The Bill of Rights—were added to the Constitution in 1791.eUts8ZQVRd3.1 Causes of Civil War❖3.1.1 Economic reason:▪two different economic systems3.1.2 Political reason▪The North—Federal Government as a unionThe South—The Confederate Government: the independence ofeach state sQsAEJkW5T3.2 Comparison of Power❖The North:▪twenty-three states, 22 million populationabundant facilities to manufacture arms and ammunition,clothing, and other suppliesGMsIasNXkAmerchant marines and the navy remained in UnionhandsTIrRGchYzgfederal government was better able to raise fund forwar7EqZcWLZNX❖ The South:▪eleven states, 9 million population▪military advantages:•actively preparing for war•in possession of many federal forts and arsenalssuperior military leadership: a third of the regular army'sofficers were from the Southlzq7IGf02E•fighting on its own soil❖The eastern arena—Virginia.the western Arena—areas west to the Appalachian Range andthe Mississippi River areazvpgeqJ1hkConfederate army won many battles on the Eastern Arena whilethey were defeated again and again on the Western Arena.NrpoJac3v13.3 The Fierce War❖Challenges Abraham Lincoln faced:first priority—keeping the United States onecountry1nowfTG4KI11 southern states seceded from Federal Union proclaimed anindependent nationfjnFLDa5Zo▪freedom for black people—secondary objectiveissued the Emancipation Proclamation (解放宣言>, grantingfreedom to all slaves.tfnNhnE6e5❖Gettysburg—turning point of the war▪Union army defeated one Confederate armylater all other Confederate forces soon surrenderedHbmVN777sLOn April 14, Lincoln was assassinated by actor John Wilkes Booth.V7l4jRB8Hs3.4 Influence of the Civil War❖ Outbreak of the First World WarInevitable result of contradiction between two groups of imperialist powers:83lcPA59W9•Allies—Britain, France, and RussiaThe Central European Powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary and ItalymZkklkzaaPThe political, economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers.AVktR43bpw4.1 World War I4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s❖The booming 1920sThe 1920s election—the first for women voted for a presidential candidate. ORjBnOwcEdprevailing prosperity, conservative governmentalpolicy2MiJTy0dTTprivate business received substantial encouragementgIiSpiue7A❖The Great DepressionIn 1929 the stock market crashed, wiping out 40 percent of the paper values of common stock. uEh0U1Yfmh •Depression deepened, many lost their life savingsBy 1933 the value of stock on the New York Stock Exchange shrank by over 4/5IAg9qLsgBXCore of the problem—immense disparity between the productive capacity and the ability of people to consumeWwghWvVhPEWorld War II broke out in September, 1939 and ended in August, 1945.asfpsfpi4k❖Background of the war▪ The World Spread economic crisisGermany and Italy began their ways of fascism and military expansion. ooeyYZTjj1Japan meant to conquer China and Southeast Asia by military expansion.BkeGuInkxI▪A sit-on-the-fence policydo trade with the warring countries, including the aggressorsPgdO0sRlMo•believe in “glorious isolation”▪Its negative effect:Isolationism encouraged Nazi and Adolph Hitler to believe that they could rely on American neutrality and their victims could not buy munitions in US.3cdXwckm15Japan believed that pacifist US would not fight for the integrity of China.h8c52WOngMOn the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese airforce attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It was the direct cause for America’sentrance into the war. v4bdyGious❖Conference at PotsdamHeads of the US, British and Soviet Union met at Potsdam, to discuss operations against Japan, the peace settlement in Europe, and a policy for the future of Germany. J0bm4qMpJ9▪Agreement at the conference:Need to assist in the reeducation of a German generation reared under Nazism, and to define principles governing the restoration of democratic political life to GermanyXVauA9grYP Agreed to the trial of Nazi leaders accused of crimes against humanitybR9C6TJscw❖End of WWIIThe US airforce dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima On August 6 and on Nagasaki on August 8. pN9LBDdtrd▪On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered.❖The Cold WarUnited Nations in 1945—a new and better world would emerge from World War II. DJ8T7nHuGTThe conflict between the two superpowers Russia and the US increased and later led to the Cold War.QF81D7bvUA❖NATOIn 1949, the United States—in company with 11 other powers—entered into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO>.4B7a9QFw9h❖The Vietnam War▪A long-time suffering for the USStarted under Eisenhower and continued by Kennedy and Johnsonix6iFA8xoXIn 1965 US sent in troops to prevent the South Vietnamese government from collapsing. Ultimately, a failurewt6qbkCyDE In 1975 Vietnam was reunified under Communistcontrol.Kp5zH46zRk❖Two other diplomatic breakthroughs:Re-establishing US relations with the People’s Republic of ChinaYl4HdOAA61Negotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Unionch4PJx4BlI•Table Tennis Foreign Policy•Nixon–first US president visited Beijing.•The “Shanghai Communiqué”—a new US policy:–there was one China。

英美文化5

Sea fights were frequent
The decisive blow is English victory over the great Spanish fleet, the Armada
Sir Francis Drake
Marked the beginning of an English Naval tradition
Virgin Queen
Wooeare has the Genius
To turn the popular story to masterpiece
4 major tragedies
• Hamlet • Othello • Macbeth • King Lear
The Monarchy
its continuity has been broken only once
The Civil War 1642-1649
King Charles I
Oliver Cromwell
House of Tudor (都铎王朝） the Tudors
Henry VIII
Mary I
Furious debates were hold
Two figures tower over the Victorian novel
• William Makepeace Thackeray 1811-1863 • Charles Dickens 1812-1870
William Makepeace Thackeray
Stability
Father was king, loved and obeyed Mother was completely submissive, with no interests beyond her husband and children

Unit 5 英美文化欣赏

【导读】处处留心皆学问。

鞋子是人们日常生活的必需品，而鞋钉对鞋子来说也是不可或缺的。

小小的鞋钉足以为一个家庭撑起一片蓝天。

Making the Shoe Tacks①The hardworking blacksmith②Jones used to work all day in his shop，and so hardworking was he that he would make the sparks③ fly from his hammer.The son of Mr Smith，a rich neighbor，used to come to see the blacksmith.For hours and hours he would enjoy himself watching how the tradesman worked.“Young man，why don't you try your hand at making shoe tacks，even if it is only to kill the time？” said the blacksmith.“Who knows，one day，it may be of use to you.”The boy began to see what he could do.After a short practice he found that he became very skilled and soon he could make some of the finest tacks.Old Mr Smith died and on account of④the war，the son lost all his goods.He had to leave home and was forced to take up residence⑤in a village in another country.It happened that in this village there were numerous⑥shoemakers who spent a lot of money buying tacks for their shoes，and even at times after they paid high prices they were not always able to get what they wanted，because in some parts of the country there was a high demand for soldiers' shoes. 【1】Our young Mr Smith，who found it very difficult to earn his daily bread，remembered that once upon a time he had learned the art of making tacks.Then he had a sudden idea of making a deal⑦with the shoemakers.He told them that he would make the tacks if they would set up a workshop for him.The shoemakers went crazy.And soon，Mr. Smith found that he made the finest tacks in the village.“How funny it seems！” he used to say，“Even making tacks can also bring a pared with all my former fortune 【2】，my trade now is more useful to me.”做鞋钉琼斯是个勤劳的铁匠，常常一整天都在店里工作。

大学英语课件之英美文化5British Monarchy

• In international affairs, the Queen has the power to declare war and make peace.
• The Queen appoints many important office holders, including government ministers, judges, diplomats and bishops.
The Queen’s two birthdays
• Her true birthday is on 21 April when there is no particular ceremony for celebration.
• Her official birthday is on the second Saturday in June when better weather is more likely and a national celebration is held.ຫໍສະໝຸດ British Monarchy
• Britain, a capitalism country as it is, still keeps its old-fashioned political system.
• Constitutional Monarchy
• The power of the monarch is limited by the country’s constitution; the legal authority is given to Parliament, and the executive authority to the government.
• Reminder: Since the Glorious Revolution in 1689, the power of Parliament has grown steadily, while the power of the monarch has weakened.

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