系统结构_ch1_2014

• OS Requirements
– Address space issues, memory management, protection
• Conformance to Standards
– LanguagIEEE floating pt.
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1.3 The Computer Level Hierarchy
CS Department of XJTU
2014.3
2014年3月 2014年3月
1.1 Overview
Why study computer architecture?
– Design better programs, including system software such as compilers, operating systems, and device drivers. – Optimize program behavior. – Evaluate (benchmark) computer system performance. – Understand the tradeoffs relationship among time, space, and price cost.
The Tasks of a Computer Designer
Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks
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Implementation Complexity
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Interconnection Network
Benchmarks Technology Trends Implement Next Generation System
Memory Hierarchy
L2 Cache
VLSI
L1 Cache
Instruction Set Architecture
Addressing, Protection, Exception Handling Pipelining and Instruction Level Parallelism
1.3 The Computer Level Hierarchy
• Level 3: System Software Level – Controls and Schedule executing processes on the system. – Protects system resources. • Level 2: Machine Level – Also known as the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Level. – Consists of instructions that are particular to the architecture of the machine. – Programs written in machine language need no compilers, interpreters, or assemblers.
Outline
Computer Architecture Overview
Chap1 Introduction
Zheng Qinghua
What’s the Computer Architecture Classification of Computer Architecture Quantitative Design Principles Design Methodologies Evaluation and Benchmark
1.2 What is Computer Architecture?
• Definition[Amdahl, Blaaw, and Brooks, 1964.]: the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer, i.e., the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic design, and the physical implementation. • Remark: G.M.Amdahl was the general system designer of IBM，he proposed this conception in 1964 when he designed the IBM 360 computer.
Issues for a Computer Designer
• Functional Requirements Analysis (Target)
– Scientific Computing – High Performance floating pt. – Business – Transactional Support – General Purpose –Balanced performance for a range of tasks
/wiki/Computer_architecture
Research Topics of Computer Architecture
Input/Output and Storage Hard Disks, CD, NAS, SAN RAID
DRAM
Emerging Technologies Interleaving Memories Coherence, Bandwidth, Latency
1.3 The Computer Level Hierarchy
• Level 6: The User Level – Program execution and user interface level. – The level with which we are most familiar. • Level 5: High-Level Language Level – The level with which we interact when we write programs in languages such as C, Pascal, Lisp, and Java. • Level 4: Assembly Language Level – Acts upon assembly language produced from Level 5, as well as instructions programmed directly at this level.
• Level of software Compatibility
– Programming Language level
• Flexible, Need new compiler, Portability
– Binary Level (x86 architecture)
• Little flexibility, Portability requirements minimal
Processor-Memory-Switch
Multiprocessors Networks and Interconnections
Simulate New Designs and Organizations
Workloads
Basic principle: balance Cost /Performance
An Example System
What does it all mean?
2014年3月
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Computer organization and architecture
• Computer organization
– physical aspects of computer systems. – E.g., circuit design, control signals, memory types. – Key: How does a computer work?
• At the most basic level, a computer is a device consisting of three pieces:
• Computer architecture
– Logical aspects of system as seen by the programmer. – E.g., instruction sets, instruction formats, data types, addressing modes, I/O mode. – Key: How do we design a computer?
1.3 The Computer Level Hierarchy
• Level 1: Control Level – A control unit decodes and executes instructions and moves data through the system. – Control units can be microprogrammed or hardwired. – A microprogram is a program written in a low-level language that is implemented by the hardware. – Hardwired control units consist of hardware that directly executes machine instructions. • Level 0: Digital Logic Level – This level is where we find digital circuits (the chips). – Digital circuits consist of gates and wires. – These components implement the mathematical logic of all other levels.