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计算机常见英文缩写Virtue carries wealth. On the morning of November 2, 2022计算机常用英文缩写3DPA—3D Positional Audio—3D定位音频3DS—Three Dimension Studio—三维摄影室AAT—Average Access Time—平均存取时间ABS—Auto Balance System—自动平衡系统AC—Alternating Current—交流电ACOPS—Automatic CPU Overheat Prevention System—自动CPU过热预防系统ACPI—Advanced Configuration And Power Interface—高级配置与电源接口ADC—Analog To Digital Convent—模数转换器ADIMM—Advanced Dual In-line Memory Modules—高级双重内嵌式内存模块ADO—ActiveX Data Object—ActiveX数据对象ADSL—Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line—非对称数字用户路线AE—Atmospheric Effect—雾化效果AGP—Accelerated Graphics Port—加速图形接口AGU—Address Generation Unit—地址产生单元AHA—Accelerated Hub Architecture—加速中心架构AH—Authentication Header—鉴定头文件AI—Artificial Intelligence—人工智能AL—Artificial Life—人工生命ALU—Arithmetic Logic Unit—算术逻辑单元ANSI—American National Standard Institute—美国国家标准协会AOL—American Online—美国在线APIC—Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller—高级程序中断控制器APM—Advanced Power Management—高级电源管理APP—Accelerated Parallel Processing—AMD加速并行处理技术APPE—Advanced Packet Parsing Engine—高级数据包解析引擎ARP—Address Resolution Protocol—地址解析协议ASC—Anti Static Coating—防静电涂层ASCII—American Standard Code For Information Interchange—美国信息交换标准代码ASIC—Application Specific Integrated Circuit—特殊应用集成电路AST—Average Seek Time—平均寻道时间ATAPI—Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface—高级技术附加数据包接口ATL—ActiveX Template Library—ActiveX模版库ATM—Asynchronous Transfer Mode—异步传输模式AV—Analog Video—模拟视频AVI—Audio Video Interleave—音频视频插入B2C—Business To Custom—商家对客户BASIC—Beginner—All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code—初学者通用符号指令代码BBS—Bulletin Board System—公告牌系统BCF—Boot Catalog File—启动目录文件BGA—Ball Grid Array—球栅阵列BIF—Boot Image File—启动映像文件BIOS—Basic Input Output System—基本输入输出系统BIS—Boot Integrity Service—启动整体服务BMS—Black Matrix Screen—超黑矩阵屏幕BOPS—Billion Operation Per Second—十亿次计算每秒BPT—Branch Prediction Table—分支预测表BTB—Branch Target Buffer—分支目标缓冲CAD—Computer Aided Design—计算机辅助设计CAE—Computer Aided Engineering—计算机辅助工程CAI—Computer Aided Instruction—计算机辅助教学CAM—Common Access Mode—公共存取模型CAM—Computer Aided Manufacturing—计算机辅助制造CBIC—Cell based Integrated Circuit—基于单元的集成电路CC—Companion Chip—同伴芯片CCD—Charge Coupled Dvice—电流连接设备CCM—Call Control Management—拨号控制管理CC-NUMA—Cache Coherent Non Uniform Memory Access—连贯缓冲非统一内存寻址CCT—Clock Cycle Time—时钟周期CDMA—Code Division Multiple Access—码分多址CDR—Compact Disc Recordable—可刻录光盘CD-ROM—Compact Disc Read Only Memory—光驱CD-RW—Compact Disc Rewriter—刻录机CDSL—Consumer Digital Subscriber Line—消费者数字订阅线路CE—Consumer Electronic—消费电子CEM—Cube Environment Mapping—立方环境映射CEO—Chief Executive Officer—首席执行官CG—Computer Graphic—计算机生成图像CGI—Common Gateway Interface—通用网关界面CHRP—Common Hardware Reference Platform—公用硬件平台CIEA—Commercial Internet Exchange Association—商业英特网交易协会CIR—Committed Information Rate—约定信息速率CISC—Complex Instruction Set Computing—复杂指令集计算机CLV—Constant Linear Velocity—恒定线速度CMOS—Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor—互补金属氧化物半导体存储器COB—Cache On Board—板上集成缓存COD—Chip On Board—芯片内集成缓存COM—Component Object Model—组件对象模型COO—Chief Organization Officer—首席管理官CPGA—Ceramic Pin Grid Array—陶瓷针形栅格阵列CPLD—Complex Programmable Logic Device—复杂可编程逻辑器件CPS—Characters Per Second—每秒字符数CPU—Central Processing Unit—中央处理器CRC—Cyclical Redundancy Check—循环冗余检查CRM—Custom Relationship Management—客户关系管理CRT—cathode Ray Tube—阴极射线管CSE—Configuration Space Enable—可分配空间CSS—Cascading Style Sheets—层叠样式表CTO—Chief Technology Officer—首席技术官CTS—Carpal Tunnel Syndrome—腕管综合症CUDA—Computer Unified Device Architecture—计算机统一装置结构CVS—Computer Visual Syndrome—计算机视觉综合症DAC—Dual Address Cycle—双重地址周期DAE—Digital Audio Extraction—数字音频抓取DB—Deep Buffer—深度缓冲DCD—Dynamic Content Delivery—动态内容推送DC—Domain Controller—域控制器DCE—Data Communication Equipment—数据通信设备DCOM—Distributed Component Object Model—分布式组件对象模型DCT—Display Compression Technology—显示压缩技术DDC—Display Data Chanel—显示数据通道DDN—Digital Data Network—数字数据网DDR—Double Data Rate—双倍速率DDSS—Double Dynamic Suspension System—双层动力悬吊系统DEC—Direct Etching coating—表面蚀刻涂层DES—Data Encryption Standard—数据加密标准DFP—Dynamic Feedback Protocol—动态反馈协议DHCP—Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol—动态主机配置协议DIB—Dual Independent Bus—双独立总线DIC—Digital Image Controller—数字图像控制DIMM—Dual Inline Memory Module—双列直插内存模块DIP—Double In-line Package—双列直插式封装DIR—Direct Infrastructure rendering—基层直接渲染DLL—Dynamic Link Library—动态数据链接库DLP—Digital Light Process—数字光处理DME—Direct Memory Execute—直接内存执行DMI—Desktop Management Interface—桌面管理界面DMI—Dynamic Method Invocation—动态方法调用DNS—Digital Nervous System—数字神经系统DNS—Domain Name System—域名系统DOS—Disk Operating System—磁盘操作系统DP—Dual Processor—双处理器DPI—Dots Per Inch—每英寸点数DPMS—Display Power Management Signal—显示能源管理信号DQL—Dynamic Quadrapole Lens—动态四极镜DRC—Design Rule Check—设计规则检查DSD—Direct Stream Digital—直接比特流数字DSL—Digital Subscriber Line—数字用户专线DSP—Digital Signal Processing—数字信号处理DST—Drive Self Test—驱动自检程序DTD—Document Type Definition—文件类型定义DTE—Digital Terminal Equipment—数据终端设备DVD—Digital Versatile Disc—数字多功能光DVD—Digital Video Disc—数字视频光盘DVD-RAM—Digital Versatile Disc Random Access Memory—DVD随机存储器DVI—Digital Video Interface—数字视频接口E3—Electronic Entertainment Expo—美国E3大展EAX—Environment Audio Extension—环境音效扩展EB—Expansion Bus—扩展总线EBR—Excess Burst Rate—超频突发速率ECC—Elliptical Curve Crypto—椭圆曲线加密EC—Embedded Controller—嵌入式控制ECP—Extended Capabilities Port—扩展并行口ECTS—European Computer Trade Show—欧洲计算机商贸展示会EDIF—Electronic Design Interchange Format—电子设计交换格式EEPROM—Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory—电擦可编程只读存储器EFEAL—Extension Field Elliptically Aperture Lens—可扩展扫描椭圆孔镜头EIDE—Enhanced Integrated Driver Electronic—增强电子集成驱动器EISA—Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture—增强工业标准架构EMI—Electromagnetic Interference—电磁干扰EMP—Emergency Management Port—紧急事情管理端口EPP—Enhanced Parallel Port—增强并行口EPU—Energy Processing Unit—能耗调控单元ERC—Electronic Rule Check—电气规则检查ERP—Enterprise Resource Planning—企业资源计划ERP—Estimated Retail Place—估计零售价ESCD—Extended System Configuration Data—扩展系统配置数据FADD—Floating Addition—浮点加FAT—File Allocation Table—文件分配表FBC—Frame Buffer Cache—帧缓冲缓存FCPGA—Flip Chip Pin Grid Array—反转芯片针脚栅格阵列FDBM—Fluid Dynamic Bearing Motor—液态轴承马达FDC—Floppy Disk Controller—软盘控制装置FDD—Floppy Disk Drive—软盘FDIV—Floating Divided—浮点除FDM—Frequency Division Multiplexing—频分多路复用FIR—Finite Impulse Response—有限推进响应FMUL—Floating Multiplication—浮点乘FMV—Full Motion Video—全动态影像FPGA—Filed Programmable Grate Array—现场可编程门阵列FPS—First Person Shooting—第一人称射击FPU—Floating Processing Unit—浮点运算单元—Frames Per Second—每秒传输帧数FRICC—Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee—联邦调查因特网协调委员会FSAA—Full Scene Anti—aliasing—全景抗锯齿FSE—Frequency Shifter Effect—频率转换效果FSM—Finite Status Machine—有限状态机FSUB—Floating Subtraction—浮点减FTP—File Transfer Protocol—文件传输协议FWH—Firmware Hub—固件中心GDI—Graphic Device Interface—图形设备接口GIF—Generalized Timing Formula—一般程序时间GMCH—Graphic Memory Control Hub—图形内存控制中心GMR—Giant Magneto Resistive—巨型磁阻GPF—Generation Protection Fault—一般保护性错误GPS—Global Positioning System—全球定位系统GPU—Graphic Processing Unit—图形处理器GSM—Global System For Mobile Communication—全球移动通讯系统GUI—Graphical User Interface—图形用户界面GVPP—Generic Visual Perception Processor—常规视觉处理器HAL—Hardware Abstraction Layer—硬件抽象化层HCI—Host Control Interface—主机控制接口HCT—Hardware Compatibility Test—硬件兼容性测试HDA—Head Disk Assembly—磁头集合HDCP—High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection—高带宽数字内容保护HDD—Hard Disk Drive—硬盘HDL—Hardware Description Language—硬件描述语言HDMI—High Definition Multimedia Interface—高清晰度多媒体接口HDSL—High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line—高速率数字用户路线HDTV—High Definition TV—高清电视HEL—Hardware Emulation Layer—硬件模拟层HiFDA—High_Capacity Floppy Disk—高容量软盘HMOS—High Performance Metal Oxide Semiconductor—高性能金属氧化物半导体HPA—High Power Amplifier—高功率放大器HPS—High Performance Server—高性能服务器HPW—High Performance Workstation —高性能工作站HRIF—Head Related Transfer Function—头部关联传输功能HTML—Hyper Text Markup Language—超文本标志语言HTPC—Home Theater Personal Computer—家庭影院电脑HTTP—Hyper Text Transmission Protocol—超文本传输协议HUD—Head Up Display—平视显示器IA—Intel Architecture—英特尔架构ICD—Installable Client Drive—可安装客户端驱动程序ICMP—Intel Control Message Protocol—英特尔控制报文协议ICU—Instruction Control Unit—指令控制单元IDCT—Inverse Discrete Cosine Transfer—非连续反余弦变换IDF—Intel Developer Forum—因特尔开发者论坛IEEE—The Institute Electrical And Electronic Engineerings—美国电气和电子工程师协会IETF—Intel Engineer Task Force—因特网工程任务组IEU—Integer Excute Unit—整数执行单元IID—Interaural Intensity Difference—两侧声音强度差别IIR—Infinite Impulse Response—无限推进响应IIS—Internet Information Service—互联网信息服务IKE—Intel Key Exchange—因特网密钥交换协议IMM—Intel Mobil Module—因特尔移动模块IP—Internet Protocol—互联网协议IPPR—Image Processing And Pattern Recognition—图像处理和模式识别IPS—In Plane Switching—平面转换IRC—Internet Relay Chat—互联网接力聊天IRQ—Interrupt Request—中断请求IRST—Intel Rapid Storage Technology—英特尔快速存储技术ISA—Industry Standard Architecture—工业标准结构ISA—Instruction Set Architecture—指令集架构ISDN—Integrated Service Digital Network—综合服务数字网络IS—Internal Stake—内置堆栈ISO—International Standard Organization—国际标准化组织ISP—Intel Service Provider—因特网服务供应商JIT—Just In Time—准时制生产JVM—Java Virtual Machine—Java虚拟机KBC—Keyboard Controller—键盘控制器LBA—Logical Block Addressing—逻辑块寻址LCD—Liquid Crystal Display—液晶显示屏LCM—LCD Module—LCD显示模组LCOS—Liquid Crystal On Silicon—硅上液晶LDAP—Lightweight Directory Access Protocol—轻权目录访问协议LDT—Lighting Data Transport—闪电数据传输LED—Light Emitting Diode—发光二极管LF—Linear Filtering—线性过滤LMDS—Local Multipoint Distributed System—局域多点分布式系统LPM—Library Parameterized Module—参数化模块库LTE—Long Term Evolution—长期演进LVDS—Low Voltage Differential Single—低压差分信号LVS—Layout Versus Schematic—版图原理图对比MAC—Media Access Controller—介质访问控制MALS—Multi Astigmatism Lens System—多重散光聚焦系统MB—Motherboard—主机板MDC—Mobile Daughter Card—移动式子卡MFC—Microsoft Foundation Classes—微软基础库MFD—Multi Function Device—多功能设备MIDI—Musical Instrument Digital Interface—乐器数字接口MIME—Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension—多用途因特网邮件扩展协议MIOC—Memory And I/O Bridge Controller—内存和I/O桥控制器MiPad—Multimodal Interactive Notepad—多语态互动式记事本MIS—Management Information System—管理信息系统MMVF—Multi-Media Video File—多媒体视频文件MPEG—Moving Picture Expert Group—运动图像专家组MPP—Massive Parallel Processing—巨量平行处理MPS—Multi Processor Specification—多重处理器规范MRP—Manufacturing Resource Planning—制造资源计划MRW—Midrange Workstation—中型工作站MSI—Microsoft Installer—微软安装程序MS—Magnetic Sensor—磁场感应器MSN—Microsoft Network—微软网络MSP—Media Stream Processor—媒体流处理器MTBF—Mean Time Before Failure—平均故障时间MTH—Memory Transfer Hub—内存转换中心MUD—Multiple User Dungeon—多用户地牢NAOC—No-Account Overclock—无效超频NAS—Network Attached Storage—网络连接式存储NAT—Network Area Translation—网络地址转换NBC—North Bridge Chip—北桥芯片NDIS—Network Driver Interface specification—网络驱动接口规范NDS—Novell Directory Service—网威目录服务NE—Netlist Extract—网表提取NIC—Network Interface Card—网络接口卡NNTP—Network News Transport Protocol—网络新闻传输协议NPC—Non Player Character—非玩着人物NT—New Technology—新技术OCR—Optical Character Recognition—光学字符识别OEM—Original Equipment Manufacturer—原始设备制造商OLGA—Organic Land Grid Array—基板栅格阵列OOP—Object Oriented Programming—面向对象的程序设计OPT—Optimized Production Technology—优化生产技术OS—Operating System—操作系统PCAV—Part Constant Angular Velocity—部分恒定角速度PCB—Printed Circuit Board—印刷电路板PCI—Peripheral Component Interconnect—外围装置连接端口PC—Personal Computer—个人计算机PC—Perspective Correction—透视纠正PDA—Personal Digital Assistant—个人数字助理PDS—Public Directory Support—公众目录支持PE—Parameter Extract—参数提取PGC—Parallel Graphic Configuration—并行图像设置PIB—Processor In a Box—盒装处理器PIC—Programmable Interrupt Controller—可编程中断控制器PICS—Platform For Internet Content Selection—英特网内容选择平台PIM—Personal Information Management—个人信息管理系统PLCC—Plastic Leadless Chip Carrier—塑料无引脚芯片载体PLD—Programmable Logic Device—可编程逻辑器件PLL—Phase Locked Loop—锁相环PNP—Plug And Play—即插即用POF—Polymer Optical Fiber—聚合体光纤POST—Power On Self Test—开机自检PPM—Pages Per Minute—每分钟打印页数PPTP—Point To Point Tunneling Protocol—点对点通道协议PQFP—Plastic Quad Flat Package—塑料方型扁平式封装PRML—Partial Response Maximum Likelihood—最大可能部分反应PSK—Pre-Shared Key—预共享密钥PSN—Processor Serial Numbers—处理器序列号PSU—Power Supply Unit—计算机电源PSW—Program Status Word—程序状态字PXE—Per-boot Execution Environment—预启动运行环境QBM—Quad Band Memory—四倍边带内存QOS—Quality Of Service—服务质量QPA—Quad Port Acceleration—四倍接口加速RADSL—Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line—速率自适应数字用户路线RAM—Random Access Memory—内存随机存储器RARP—Reverse Address Resolution Protocol—反相地址解析协议RDF—Resource Description Framework—资源描述框架RISC—Reduced Instruction Ser Computing—精简指令集计算机RMA—Real Media Architecture—实媒体架构RNG—Random Number Generator—随即数字发生器ROB—Reorder Buffer—重新排列缓存区RPG—Role Playing Game—角色扮演游戏RPM—Revolution Per Minute—每分钟转数RRVP—Resource Reser Vation Protocol—资源保留协议RSD—Removable Storage Device—移动式存储设备RSDS—Reduced Swing Differential Single—小幅度摆动差动信号RTC—Real Time Clock—实时时钟RTL—Register Transmit Level—寄存器传输级RTSP—Real Time Streaming Protocol—实时流协议RTS—Real Time Strategy—即时战略RTS—Request To Send—需求发送SAM—Sales Available Market—可发售市场SAP—Sideband Address Port—边带寻址端口SATA—Serial Advanced Technology Attachment—串行高级技术附件SBC—South Bridge Chip—南桥芯片SBFS—Sample Boot Flag Specification—简单引导标记规范SCSI—Small Computer System Interface—小型计算机系统接口SC—Static Core—静态内核SCT—Software Compatibility Test—软件兼容性测试SDK—Software Development Kit—软件开发工具包SDRAM—Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory—同步动态随机存储器SDTV—Standard Definition Television—标准清晰度电视SEC—Single Edge Connector—单边连接器SEM—Spherical Environment Mapping—球形环境映射SET—Secure Electronic Transaction—安全电子交易SGML—Standard Generalized Markup Language—标准通用标记语言SIMD—SIngle Instruction Multi Data—单指令多数据SIV—System Information Viewer—系统信息观察SLI—Scanline Interleave—扫描线间插SMART—Self-Monitoring Analysis And Reporting Technology—自动检测、分析和报告技术SMB—System Management Bus—系统管理总线SMD—Surface Mount Device—表面安装设备SMIL—Synchronous Multimedia Integrated Language—同步多媒体集成语言SMIP—Simple Mail Transfer Protocol—简单邮件传输协议SMI—System Management Interrupt—系统管理中断SMM—System Management Mode—系统管理模式SMP—Symmetric Multi-Processing—对称式多重处理器架构SNMP—Simple Network Management Protocol—简单网络管理协议SNR—Single To Noise Rate—信噪比SOAC—System ON A Chip—系统集成多功能芯片SOC—System On Chip—片上系统SOI—Silicon On Insulator—绝缘体硅片SOS—Server Operating Systems—服务器操作系统SPD—Serial Presense Detect—串行存在检查SPEC—System Performance Evaluation Check—系统性能评估测试SPS—Shock Protection System—震动保护系统SP—Stack Pointing—堆栈指针SQRC—Square Root Calculation—平方根计算SRA—Symmetric Rendering Architecture—对称渲染架构SRR—Segment Register Rewrite—区段寄存器重写SRS—Sound Retrieval System—声音修复系统SSB—Super South Bridge—超级南桥芯片SSD—Solid State Disk—固态硬盘SSE—Streaming SIMD Extensions—单一指令多数据流扩展SSI—Small Scall Integration—小规模集成STB—Set Top Boxes—电视顶置盒STD—Suspend To Disk—磁盘唤醒STR—Suspend To RAM—内存唤醒STS—Switched Internet working Service—交换式网络互联服务SUA—Single User Account—单用户账号SVR—Switching Voltage Regulator—交换式电压调节TCA—Twin Cache Architecture—双缓冲结构TCO—Total Cost Of Ownership—拥有总成本TCP—Transmission Control Protocol—传输控制协议TCP—Transmission Control Protocol—传输控制协议TDP—Thermal Design Power—散热设计功耗TFT—Thin Film Transistor—薄膜晶体管TLB—Translate Look Side Buffers—翻译旁视缓冲器TOP—The Olympic Partner—奥林匹克全球合作伙伴TPS—Transactions Per Second—每秒处理事项数TQM—Total Quality Management—全面质量管理UART—Universal Asynchronous Receive/Transmitter—通用异步收发器UCC—Ultra Clear Coating—超清晰涂层UDMA—Ultra Direct Memory Access—高级直接内存访问UDP—User Datagram protocol—用户数据报协议UDP—User Datagram Protocol—用户数据报协议ULS—User Location Service—用户定位服务UPA—Ultra Port Architecture—超级端口结构UPS—Uninterrupted Power Supply—不间断电源USB—Universal Serial Bus—通用串行总线USDM—Unified System Diagnostic Manager—统一系统检测管理USWC—Uncacheabled Speculative Write Combination—无缓冲随即联合写操作VALU—Vector Arithmetic Logic Unit—向量算术逻辑单元VBI—Vertical Blanking Interval—垂直空白间隙VCMA—Virtual Channel Memory Architecture—虚拟通道内存结构VDM—Windows Driver Model—视窗驱动程序模块VDSL—Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Loop—甚高速数字用户环路VDT—Video Display Terminal—视频显示终端VESA—Video Electronic Standard Association—视频电子标准协会VFAT—Virtual File Allocation Table—虚拟文件分配表VFM—Wired For Management—有线管理VGA—Video Graphics Array—视频图形阵列VID—Voltage Identification Definition—电压识别认证VIP—Video Interface Port—视频接口VLIW—Very Long Instruction Word—超长指令集VLSI—Very Large Scale Integrated—超大规模集成电路VOD—Video On Demand—视频点播VPN—Virtual Private Network—虚拟局域网VPU—Vector Permutate Unit—向量排列单元VQTC—Vector-Quantization Texture Compression—向量纹理单元VRE—Voltage Reduction Enhance—增强型电压调节VRML—Virtual Reality Makeup Language—虚拟现实结构化语言VRM—Voltage Regulator Module—电压调整模块VSA—Virtual System Architecture—虚拟系统架构VSIS—Video Single Standard—视频信号标准VXML—Voice Extensible Markup Language—语音扩展标记语言WAIS—Wide Area Information Service—广义信息服务器WAN—Web Area Network—广域网WG—Wave Guide—波导合成Wi—Fi—Wireless Fidelity—无线保真WLAN—Wireless Local Area Network—无线局域网络WMI—Wired For Management Initiative—主动式管理线路WOL—Wake On Lan—局域网唤醒WPAN—Wireless Personal Area Network—无线个域网WSH—Windows Scripting Host—视窗脚本程序—World Wide Web—万维网XSL—Extensible Style Sheet Language—可扩展设计语言ZAM—Zero Administration For Windows—零管理视窗系统ECL—Emitter Couple Logic—射极耦合逻辑CAM—Content Addressable Memory—内容寻址存储器MIPS—Million Instruction Per Second—每秒处理百万级指令。

计算机语言缩写大全

3C（China Compulsory Certification，中国强制性产品认证制度）3D（Three Dimensional，三维）3DCG（3D computer graphics，三维计算机图形）3DNow！（3D no waiting，无须等待的3D处理）3DPA（3D Positional Audio，3D定位音频）3DS（3D SubSystem，三维子系统）3GIO（Third Generation Input/Output，第三代输入输出技术）AA（Accuview Antialiasing，高精度抗锯齿）AAC（Advanced Audio Compression，高级音频压缩）AAM（AMD Analyst Meeting，AMD分析家会议）AAM（Automatic Acoustic Management，自动机械声学管理）AAS（Automatic Area Segments）AA T（Average access time，平均存取时间）ABB（Advanced Boot Block，高级启动块）ABP（Address Bit Permuting，地址位序列改变）ABP（Advanced Branch Prediction，高级分支预测）ABS（Auto Balance System，自动平衡系统）A-Buffer（Accumulation Buffer，积聚缓冲）AC（Acoustic Edge，声学边缘）AC（Audio Codec，音频多媒体数字信号编解码器）AC-3（Audio Coding 3，第三代音响编码）AC97（Audio Codec 97，多媒体数字信号解编码器1997年标准）ACCP（Applied Computing Platform Providers，应用计算平台提供商）ACG（Aggressive Clock Gating，主动时钟选择）ACIRC（Advanced Cross Interleave Reed - Solomon Code，高级交叉插入里德所罗门代码）ACOPS（Automatic CPU OverHeat Prevention System（CPU过热预防系统）ACPI（Advanced Configuration and Power Interface，先进设置和电源管理）ACR（Advanced Communications Riser，高级通讯升级卡）ACS（Access Control Software，存取控制软件）ACT（Action，动作类游戏）AD（Analog to Digitalg，模拟到数字转换）ADC（Analog to Digital Converter，模数传换器）ADC（Apple Display Connector，苹果专用显示器接口）ADI（Adaptive De-Interlacing，自适应交错化技术）ADIMM（advanced Dual In-line Memory Modules，高级双重内嵌式内存模块）ADIP（Address In Pre-Groove，预凹槽寻址）ADSL（Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line，不对称数字订阅线路）ADT（Advanced DRAM Technology，高级内存技术）AE（Atmospheric Effects，大气雾化效果）AE（Auto Focus，自动测光）AES-OCB（Advanced Encryption Standard-Operation Cipher Block，高级加密标准-操作密码块）AF（Auto Focus，自动对焦）AFC media（antiferromagnetically coupled media，反铁磁性耦合介质）AFC（Advanced Frame Capture、高级画面捕获）AFC（Amplitude-frequency characteristic，振幅频率特征）AFE（Analog Front End，模拟前置）AFM（Atomic Force Microscope，原子力显微镜）AFR（Alternate Frame Rendering，交替渲染技术）AG（Aperture Grills，栅条式金属板）AGBS（Advance GameBoy development System，高级GameBoy发展系统）AGC（Anti Glare Coatings，防眩光涂层）AGP（Accelerated Graphics Port，图形加速接口）AGPS（Assisted Global Positioning System，援助全球定位系统）AGTL+（Assisted Gunning Transceiver Logic，援助发射接收逻辑电路）AGU（Address Generation Units，地址产成单元）AH（Authentication Header，鉴定文件头）AHA（Accelerated Hub Architecture，加速中心架构）AI（Artificial Intelligence，人工智能）AIMM（AGP Inline Memory Module，AGP板上内存升级模块）AIS（Alternate Instruction Set，交替指令集）AL（Additive Latency，附加反应时间）AL（Artificial Life，人工生命）ALAT（advanced load table，高级载入表）ALDC（Adaptive Lossless Data Compression，适应无损数据压缩）ALU（Arithmetic Logic Unit，算术逻辑单元）Aluminum（铝）AM（Acoustic Management，声音管理）AMC（audio/modem codec，音频/调制解调器多媒体数字信号编解码器）AMR（Audio/Modem Riser，音效/调制解调器主板附加直立插卡）An isotropic Filtering（各向异性过滤）ANSI（American National Standards Institute，美国国立标准协会）AOI（Automatic Optical Inspection，自动光学检验）AOL（Alert On LAN，局域网警告）APC（Advanced Power Control，高级能源控制）API（Application Programming Interfaces，应用程序接口）APIC（Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller，高级可编程中断控制器）APM（Advanced Power Management，高级能源管理）APPE（Advanced Packet Parsing Engine，增强形帧解析引擎）APS（Alternate Phase Shifting，交替相位跳转）APS（Audio Production Studio，音频生产工作室）APU（Audio Processing Unit，音频处理单元）APX（All Position eXpansion，全方位扩展）AR（Auto-Resume，自动恢复）ARC（Anti Reflect Coating，防反射涂层）ARF（Asynchronous Receive FIFO，异步接收先入先出）ARP（Address Resolution Protocol，地址解析协议）ARPG（Action Role Play Games，动作角色扮演游戏）ARR（Annual Return Rate，年返修率）ASB（Advanced System Buffering，高级系统缓冲）ASC（Advanced Size Check，高级尺寸检查）ASC（Anti Static Coatings，防静电涂层）ASC（Auto-Sizing and Centering，自动调效屏幕尺寸和中心位置）ASCI（The 10-year Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative，领先10年战略加速计算机）ASCII（American Standard Code for Information Interchange，美国国家标准信息交换代码）ASD（Auto Stereoscopic Display，自动立体显示）ASF（Advanced Streaming Format，高级数据流格式）ASF（Alert Standards Forum，警告标准讨论）ASIC（Application Specific Integrated Circuit，特殊应用积体电路）ASIO（Audio Streaming Input and Output interface，音频流输入输出接口）ASK IR（Amplitude Shift Keyed Infra-Red，长波形可移动输入红外线）ASMO（Advanced Storage Magneto-Optical，增强形光学存储器）ASP（Active Server Pages，活动服务页）ASP（Application Service Provider，应用服务提供商）ASPI（Advanced SCSI Programming Interface，高级SCSI可编程接口）AST（amorphous-silicon TFT，非晶硅薄膜晶体管）AST（Average Seek time，平均寻道时间）AT（Advanced Technology，先进技术）ATA（Advanced Technology Attachment，高级技术附加装置）ATAPI（AT Attachment Packet Interface，AT扩展包接口）ATC（Access Time from Clock，时钟存取时间）ATC（Advanced Transfer Cache，高级转移缓存）ATD（Assembly Technology Development，装配技术发展）ATL（ActiveX Template Library，ActiveX模板库）ATM（Asynchronous Transfer Mode，异步传输模式）ATM（Automatic Teller Machine，自动提款机）ATOMM（Advanced super Thin-layer and high-Output Metal Media，增强形超薄高速金属媒体）ATP（Active to Precharge，激活到预充电）ATRAC（Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coding，可适应转换声学译码）ATSC（Advanced Television Systems Committee，高级电视系统委员会）ATX（AT Extend，扩展型AT）AUD_EXT（Audio Extension，音频扩展）AUX（Auxiliary Input，辅助输入接口）A V（Analog Video，模拟视频）A V（Audio & Video，音频和视频）A VG（Adventure Genre，冒险类游戏）A VI（Audio Video Interleave，音频视频插入）B Splines（B样条）B.O.D.E（Body Object Design Envioment，人体/物体/设计/环境渲染自动识别）BAC（Bad Angle Case，边角损坏采样）Back Buffer（后置缓冲）Backface culling（隐面消除）BAD（Best Amiga Dominators）BASIC（Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Codec，初学者通用指令代码）Battle for Eyeballs（眼球大战）BBS（BIOS Boot Specification，基本输入/输出系统启动规范）BBUL（Bumpless Build-Up Layer，内建非凹凸层）BCF（Boot Catalog File，启动目录文件）BEDO（Burst Enhanced Data-Out RAM，突发型数据增强输出内存）Benchmarks（基准测试程序数值BGA（Ball Grid Array，球状网阵排列）BHT（branch prediction table，分支预测表）BIF（Boot Image File，启动映像文件）Bilinear Filtering（双线性过滤）BIOS（Basic Input/Output System，基本输入/输出系统）BLA（Bearn Landing Area，电子束落区）BLP（Bottom Leaded Package，底部导向封装）BMC（Black Matrix Screen，超黑矩阵屏幕）BMS（Blue Magic Slot，蓝色魔法槽）BOD（Bandwidth On Demand，弹性带宽运用）BOPS（Billion Operations Per Second，十亿次运算/秒）BP（Brach Prediction，分支预测）BPA（Bit Packing Architecture，位封包架构）BPI（Bit Per Inch，位/英寸）bps（bit per second，位/秒）bps（byte per second，字节/秒）BPU（Branch Processing Unit，分支处理单元）BRC（Beta Release Candidate，测试发布候选版）BSD（Berkeley Software Distribution，伯克利软件分配代号）BSP（Binary Space Partitioning，二进制空间分区）BSP（Boot Strap Processor，启动捆绑处理器）BSRAM（Burst pipelined synchronous static RAM，突发式管道同步静态存储器）BTAC（Branch Target Address Calculator，分支目标寻址计算器）BTO（Build-To-Order，按序构建）BURN-Proof（Buffer UnderRuN-Proof，防止缓冲区溢出）C.O.P（CPU overheating protection，处理器过热保护）C2C（card-to-card interleaving，卡到卡交错存取CAD（computer-aided design，计算机辅助设计）CAM（Common Access Model，公共存取模型）CAM（Computer-aided manufacturing，计算机辅助制造）CAS（Column Address Strobe，列地址控制器）CA V（Constant Angular Velocity，恒定角速度）CBDS（Continuous Background Defect Scanning，连续后台错误扫描）CBF（Cable Broadband Forum，电缆宽带论坛）CBGA（Ceramic Ball Grid Array，陶瓷球状网阵排列）CBMC（Crossbar based memory controller，内存控制交叉装置）CBR（Committed Burst Rate，约定突发速率）CBR（Constant Bit Rate，固定比特率）CBU（color blending unit，色彩混和单位）CCD（Charge Coupled Device，电荷连接设备）CCIRN（Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Research Networking，洲际研究网络协调委员会）CCM（Call Control Manager，拨号控制管理）cc-NUMA（cache-coherent non uniform memory access，连贯缓冲非统一内存寻址）CCS（Cross Capacitance Sensing，交叉电容感应）CCS（Cut Change System）CCT（Clock Cycle Time，时钟周期）CD（Compact Disc）cd/m^2（candela/平方米，亮度的单位）CDIP（Ceramic Dual-In-Line，陶瓷双重直线）CDPD（Cellular digital Packet data，细胞数字信息包数据）CDR（CD Recordable，可记录光盘）CDRAM（Cache DRAM，附加缓存型DRAM）CD-ROM/XA（CD-ROM eXtended Architecture，唯读光盘增强形架构）CDRS（Curved Directional Reflection Screen，曲线方向反射屏幕）CDRW（CD-Rewritable，可重复刻录光盘）CDSL（Consumer Digital Subscriber Line（消费者数字订阅线路）CE（Consumer Electronics，消费电子）CEA（Consumer Electronics Association，消费者电子协会）CEA（Critical Edge Angles，临界边角）CEM（cube environment mapping，立方环境映射）CEMA（Consumer Electronics Manufacturing Association，消费者电子制造业协会）Center Processing Unit Utilization，中央处理器占用率CEO（Chief Executive Officer，首席执行官）CF（CompactFlash Card，紧凑型闪存卡）CFM（cubic feet per minute，立方英尺/秒）CG（C for Graphics/GPU，用于图形/GPU的可编程语言）CG（Computer Graphics，计算机动画）CGI（Common Gateway Interface，通用网关接口）CG-Silicon（Continuous Grain Silicon，连续微粒硅）CHRP（Common Hardware Reference Platform，共用硬件平台）CHS（Cylinders、Heads、Sectors，柱面、磁头、扇区）CIEA（Commercial Internet Exchange Association，商业因特网交易协会）CIR（Committed Information Rate，约定信息速率）CIS（Contact Image Sensors，接触图像传感器）CISC（Complex Instruction Set Computing，复杂指令集计算机）CL（CAS Latency，CAS反应时间）Clipping（剪贴纹理）CLK（Clock Cycle，时钟周期）Clock Synthesizer，时钟合成器CLV（Constant Linear Velocity，恒定线速度）CMOS（Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor，互补金属氧化物半导体）CMOV（conditional move instruction，条件移动指令）CMP（on-chip multiprocessor，片内多重处理）CMR（Colossal Magneto Resistive，巨磁阻抗）CMS（Code Morphing Software，代码变形软件）CMSS（Creative Multi Speaker Surround，创新多音箱环绕）CMT（course-grained multithreading，过程消除多线程）CNPS（Computer Noise Prevention System，计算机噪音预防系统）CNR（Communication and Networking Riser，通讯和网络升级卡）CNT（carbon nano-tube，碳微管）COAST（Cache-on-a-stick，条状缓存）COB（Cache on board，板上集成缓存）co-CPU（cooperative CPU，协处理器）COD（Cache on Die，芯片内核集成缓存）COM（Component Object Model，组件对象模式）COMDEX（Computer Distribution Exposition，计算机代理分销业展览会）compressed textures（压缩纹理）Concurrent Command Engine，协作命令引擎COO（Chief Organizer Officer，首席管理官）Copper（铜）CP（command processor，指令处理器）CPA（Close Page Auto recharge，接近页自动预充电）CPE（Customer Premise Equipment，用户预定设备）CPGA（Ceramic Pin Grid Array，陶瓷针型栅格阵列）CPI（count per inch，每英寸计数）CPI（cycles per instruction，周期/指令）CPLD（Complex Programmable Logic Device，复杂可程序化逻辑组件）CPRM（Content Protection for record able media，记录媒体内容保护）CPS（Certification Practice Statement，使用证明书）CPU（Center Processing Unit，中央处理器）CRC（Cyclical Redundancy Check，循环冗余检查）CRM（Customer Relationship Management，顾客关系管理）CRT（Cathode Ray Tube，阴极射线管）CRT（Cooperative Redundant Threads，协同多余线程）CS（Channel Separation，声道分离）CSA（Canadian Standards Association，加拿大标准协会）CSA（Communication Streaming Architecture，通讯流架构）CSC（Colorspace Conversion，色彩空间转换）CSD（Circuit Switched Data，电路切换数据通话）CSE（Configuration Space Enable，可分配空间）CSG（constructive solid geometry，建设立体几何）CSP（Chip Scale Package，芯片比例封装）CSP（Chip Size Package，芯片尺寸封装）CSS（Cascading Style Sheets，层叠格式表）CSS（Common Command Set，通用指令集）CSS（Content Scrambling System，内容不规则加密）CTI（Computer Telephone Integration，计算机电话综合技术）CTO（Chief Technology Officer，首席技术官）CTR（CAS to RAS，列地址到行地址延迟时间）CTS（Carpal Tunnel Syndrome，计算机腕管综合症）CTS（Clear to Send，清除发送）CVS（Compute Visual Syndrome，计算机视觉综合症）CXT（Chooper eXTend，增强形K6-2内核）DA（Digital to Analog，数字到模拟转换）DAB（digital audio broadcast，数字音频广播）DAC（Digital to Analog Converter，数模转换器）DAC（Dual Address Cycle，双重地址周期）DAE（digital Audio Extraction，数据音频抓取）DAN（Dance，跳舞类游戏）DAO（Disc At Once，整盘刻录）DAO-RAW（Disc At Once Read after Write，整盘刻录-写后读）DASP（Dynamic Adaptive Speculative Pre-Processor，动态适应预测预处理器）Data Forwarding（数据前送）dB（decibel，分贝）DB（Deep Buffer，深度缓冲）DB（Device Bay，设备插架）DBBS（Dynamic Bass Boost System，动态低音增强系统）DBI（dynamic bus inversion，动态总线倒置）DBS（Direct Broadcast Satellite，直接卫星广播）DBS-PC（Direct Broadcast Satellite PC，人造卫星直接广播式PC）DC（Digital Camera，数码相机）DC（Dreamcast，世嘉64位游戏机）DCA（Defense Communication Agency，国防部通信局）DCC（Digital Compact Cassette，数字盒式磁带）DCC（Digital Content Creation，数字内容创造）DCD（Directional Corelational De-interlacing，方向关联解交错）DCD（Document Content Description for XML，XML文件内容描述）DCE（Data Circuit Terminal Equipment，数据通信设备）DCLK（Dot Clock，点时钟）DCOM（Distributing Component Object Model，构造物体模块）DCT（Display Compression Technology，显示压缩技术）DCT（DRAM Controller，DRAM控制器）DD（Double Side，双面内存）DDBGA（Die Dimension Ball Grid Array，内核密度球状矩阵排列）DDC（Display Data Channel，显示数据通道）DDC（Dynamic Depth Cueing，动态深度暗示）图像DDE（dynamic data exchange，动态数据交换）DDMA（Distributed DMA，分布式DMA）DDP（Digital Display Port，数字输出端口）DDR SDRAM（Double Date Rate，上下行双数据率SDRAM）DDR（Double Date Rate，上下行双数据率）DDS（Direct Draw Surface，直接绘画表面）DDSS II（Double Dynamic Suspension System II，第二代双层动力悬吊系统）DDSS（Dolby Digital Surround Sound，杜比数字环绕声）DDSS（Double Dynamic Suspension System，双悬浮动态减震系统）DDT（Dynamic Deferred Transaction，动态延期处理）DDWG（Digital Display Working Group，数字化显示工作组）DEC（Direct Etching Coatings，表面蚀刻涂层）Decal（印花法）Decode（指令解码）Deflection Coil（偏转线圈）DES（ata Encryption Standard，数据加密标准）DFL（Dynamic Focus Lens，动态聚焦）DFP（Digital Flat Panel，数字平面显示标准）DFPG（Digital Flat Panel Group，数字平面显示标准工作组）DFS（Digital Flex Scan，数字伸缩扫描）DFS（Dynamic Flat Shading，动态平面描影）DHCP（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol，动态主机分配协议）DHHF（Dual Head - High Fidelity，高精度第四代双头）DHT（Dolby Headphone Technology，杜比耳机技术）DIB（Dual Independent Bus，双重独立总线）DIC（Digital Image Control，数字图像控制）DID（Device ID，设备ID）Digital Multiscan II（数字式智能多频追踪）DIL（dual-in-line）DIMM（Dual In-line Memory Modules，双重内嵌式内存模块）Directional Light（方向性光源）DiscWizard（磁盘控制软件）DIT（Disk Inspection Test，磁盘检查测试）Dithering（抖动）DIV A（Data IntensiVe Architecture，数据加强架构）DIY（Do it Yourself，自己装机）DLL（Delay-Locked Loop，延时锁定循环电路）dll（dynamic link library，动态链接库）DLP（digital Light Processing，数字光处理）DLS（Downloadable Sounds Level，可下载音色）DLS-2（Downloadable Sounds Level 2，第二代可下载音色）DM（Displacement mapping，位移贴图）DMA（Direct Memory Access，直接内存存取）DMAC（Direct Memory Access Controller，直接内存存取控制器）DME（Direct Memory Execute，直接内存执行）DMF（Distribution Media Format）DMI（Desktop Management Interface，桌面管理接口）DMT（Discreet Monitor Timing，智能型显示器调速）DMT（Discrete Multi - Tone，不连续多基频模式）DMT（Dynamic Multithreading Architecture，动态多线程结构）DNA（Distributed Internet Application，分布式因特网应用程序）DNS（Domain Name System，域名解析系统）DOA2 HC（Deal or Live 2 hardcore，生与死2完整版）DOC（Disk On Chip，芯片磁盘）DOCSIS（Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications，线缆服务接口数据规格）DOF（Depth of Field，多重境深）DOJ（Department of Justice，反不正当竞争部门）DOM（Document Object Model，文档目标模型）DoS（Denial of Service，拒绝服务）DOS（Disk Operating System，磁盘操作系统）DOSD（Digital On Screen Display，同屏数字化显示）Dot Pitch（点距）dot texture blending（点型纹理混和）DOT（Dynamic Overcooking Technology，动态超频技术）DOT3（Dot product 3 bump mapping，点乘积凹凸映射）Double Buffering（双缓冲区）DP（Dual Processor，双处理器）DPBM（Dot Product Bump Mapping，点乘积凹凸映射）DPC（Desktop PC，桌面PC）dpi（dot per inch，每英寸的打印像素）DPMS（Display Power Management Signaling，显示能源管理信号）DPP（Direct print Protocol，直接打印协议DQL（Dynamic Quadra pole Lens，动态四极镜）DQS（Bidirectional data strobe，双向数据滤波）DQUICK（DVD Qualification and Integration Kit，DVD资格和综合工具包）DRA（deferred rendering architecture，延迟渲染架构）DRAM（Dynamic Random Access Memory，动态随机存储器）DRCG（Direct Rambus Clock Generator，直接Rambus时钟发生器）DRDRAM（Direct RAMBUS DRAM，直接内存总线DRAM）DRF（Digital radio frequency，数字无线电频率）DRI（Direct Rendering Infrastructure，基层直接渲染）DRM（Digital rights management，数字版权保护）DRSL（Differential Rambus Signaling Level，微分RAMBUS信号级）DRSL（Direct Rambus Signaling Level，直接RAMBUS信号级）DS3D（DirectSound 3D Streams）DSD（Direct Stream Digital，直接数字信号流）DSL（Data Strobe Link，数据选通连接DSL（Down Loadable Sample，可下载的取样音色）DSM（Dedicated Stack Manager，专门堆栈管理）DSM（Distributed shared memory，分布式共享内存）DSMT（Dynamic Simultaneous Multithreading，动态同步多线程）DSO（Dynamic Sound-stage Organizer，动态声音层组建）DSP（Delivery Service Partner，交付服务合伙人）DSP（Digital Signal Processing，数字信号处理）DSP（Digital Sound Field Processing，数字音场处理）DSP（Dual Streams Processor，双重流处理器）DST（Depleted Substrate Transistor，衰竭型底层晶体管）DST（Drive Self Test，磁盘自检程序）DSTN（Double layers Super Twisted Nematic，双层超扭曲向列，无源矩阵LCD）DSVD（Digital Simultaneous V oice and Data）DTD（Document Type Definition，文件类型定义）DTE（Data Terminal Equipment，数据终端设备）DTL（Developer Tool，发展工具包）DTR（Disk Transfer Rate，磁盘传输率）DTS（Digital Theater System，数字剧院系统）DTT（DeskTop Theater，桌面剧院）DTV（Digital TV，数字电视）DTV（Dual Threshold V oltage，双重极限电压）DTXS（Decryption Transform for XML Signature，XML签名解密转换）DUN（Dial-Up Networking，拨号网络）DUV（Deep Ultra-Violet，纵深紫外光）DV（Digital Vidicon，数码摄录机）DVB（Digital Video Broadcasting，数字视频广播DVC（Digital Vibrance Control，数字振动控制）DVD（Digital Video/Versatile Disk，数字视频/万能光盘）DVD-R（DVD Recordable，可记录DVD盘）DVD-RAM（Digital Video/Versatile Disk - Random Access Memory，随机存储数字视频/万能光盘）DVD-RW（DVD Rewritable，可重复刻录DVD盘）DVFM（Dynamic V oltage and Frequency Management，动态电压和频率管理）DVI（Digital Video Interface，数字视频接口）DVI（Digital Visual Interface，数字化视像接口）DVMT（Dynamic Video Memory Technology，动态视频内存技术）DWDM（Dense WaveLength Division Multiplex，波长密集型复用技术）DxR（DynamicXTended Resolution，动态可扩展分辨率）DXTC（Direct X Texture Compress，DirectX纹理压缩）Dynamic Z-buffering（动态Z轴缓冲区）E（Economy，经济，或Entry-level，入门级）E3（Electronic Entertainment Expo，电子娱乐展览会）EAP（Extensible Authentication Protocol，扩展证明协议）EAX（Environmental Audio Extensions，环境音效扩展技术）EB（Expansion Bus，扩展总线）EBGA（Enhanced Ball Grid Array，增强形球状网阵排列）EBL（electron beam lithography，电子束平版印刷）EBR（Excess Burst Rate，超额突发速率）EC（Early Childhood，学龄前儿童）EC（Embedded Controller，嵌入式控制器）ECC（Elliptic Curve Crypto，椭圆曲线加密）ECC（Error Checking and Correction，错误检查修正）ECD（Electro Chromic Display，电铬显示器）ECP（Extended Capabilities Port，延长能力端口）ED（Execution driven，执行驱动）EDA（Electronic Design Automatic，电子设计自动化）E-DDC（Enhanced Display Data Channel，增强形视频数据通道协议）EDEC（Early Decode，早期解码）Edge Anti-aliasing（边缘抗锯齿失真）EDO（Enhanced Data-Out RAM，数据增强输出内存）EE（Emotion Engine，情感引擎）E-EDID（Enhanced Extended Identification Data，增强形扩充身份辨识数据）EEPROM（Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM，电擦写可编程只读存储器）eFB（embedded Frame Buffer，嵌入式帧缓冲）EFEAL（Extended Field Elliptical Aperture Lens，可扩展扫描椭圆孔镜头）EFF（Electronic Frontier Foundation（电子前线基金会）EFI（Extensible Firmware Interface，扩展固件接口）EFM（Eight to Fourteen Modulation，8位信号转换为14位信号）EFU（Elemntary Functional Unit，增强功能单元）EHCI（Enhanced Host Controller Interface，加强型主机端控制接口）EHSDRAM（Enhanced High Speed DRAM，增强型超高速内存）EIDE（enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics，增强形电子集成驱动器）EISA（Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture，增强形工业标准架构）EL DDR（Enhanced Latency DDR，增强反应周期DDR内存）Embedded Chips（嵌入式）EMBM（environment mapped bump mapping，环境凹凸映射）Embosing（浮雕）EMC（Electron Magnetic Compatibility，电磁兼容）EMF（Electron Magnetic Field，电磁场）EMI（Electromagnetic Interference，电磁干扰）EMP（Emergency Management Port，紧急事件管理端口）EMS（Enhanced Memory System，增强内存系统）EMS（Enhanced Message Service，扩展型信息服务）EMS（Expanded Memory Specification，扩充内存规格）EOL（End of Life，最终完成产品）EOS（eBookMan Operating System，电子书操作系统）EPA（edge pin array，边缘针脚阵列）EPA（Environmental Protection Agency，美国环境保护局）EPF（Embedded Processor Forum，嵌入式处理器论坛）EPIC（explicitly parallel instruction code，并行指令代码）EPL（electron projection lithography，电子发射平版印刷）EPM（Enhanced Power Management，增强形能源管理）EPM（enterprise project manage）EPOC（Electronic Piece of Cheese，小型电子块）EPOC（Elevated Package Over CSP，CSP架空封装）EPP（Enhanced Parallel Port，增强形平行接口）EPROM（erasable，programmable ROM，可擦写可编程ROM）EPV（Extended Voltage Protection，扩展电压保护）ERD（Emergency Repair Disk，应急修理磁盘）ERP（Enterprise Requirement Planning，企业需求计划）ERP（Enterprise Resource Planning，企业资源计划）ERP（estimated retail price，估计零售价）ES（Energy Star，能源之星）ES（Engineering Sample，工程样品）eSA TA（External Serial ATA，扩展型串行A TA）ESCD（Extended System Configuration Data，可扩展系统配置数据）ESD（electro-static discharge，静电释放）ESDJ（Easy Setting Dual Jumper，简化CPU双重跳线法）ESDRAM（Enhanced SDRAM，增强型SDRAM）ESER（EAC Secure Extract Ripping，EAC安全抓取复制）ESP（Electronic-Shock Protection，电子抗震系统）ESP（Embedded System Platform，嵌入式系统平台）ESP（Encapsulating Security Payload，压缩安全有效载荷）ESR（Equivalent Series Resistance，等价系列电阻）ESRAM（Enhanced SRAM，增强型SRAM）eTM（embedded Texture Buffer，嵌入式纹理缓冲）ETRI（Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute，电子和电信研究协会）EULA（End-User License Agreement，最终用户释放协议）EUV（Extreme Ultra Violet，紫外光）EUV（extreme ultraviolet lithography，极端紫外平版印刷）EVF（Electronic Viewfinder，电子取景窗）E-WDM（Enhanced Windows Driver Model，增强型视窗驱动程序模块）Execute Buffers（执行缓冲区）Extended Burst Transactions（增强式突发处理）Extended Stereo（扩展式立体声）Factor Alpha Blending（因子阿尔法混合）FADD（Floationg Point Addition，浮点加）FAQ（Frequently Asked Questions，常见问题回答）Fast Z-clear（快速Z缓冲清除）FAT（File Allocation Tables，文件分配表）FB（fragment buffer，片段缓冲）FBC（Frame Buffer Cache，帧缓冲缓存）FBGA（Fine-Pitch Ball Grid Array，精细倾斜球状网阵排列）FBGA（flipchip BGA，轻型芯片BGA）F-Buffer（Fragment Stream FIFO Buffer，片段流先入先出缓冲区）FC（Famicom，任天堂8位游戏机）FC（Fibre Channel，光纤通道）FC-BGA（Flip-Chip Ball Grid Array，反转芯片球形栅格阵列）FCC（Federal Communications Commission，联邦通信委员会）FC-PGA（Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array，反转芯片针脚栅格阵列）FCRAM（Fast Cycle RAM，快周期随机存储器）FDB（Fluid Dynamic Bearing，非固定动态轴承）FDB（fluid-dynamic bearings，动态轴承）FDBM（Fluid dynamic bearing motors，液态轴承马达）FDC（Floppy Disk Controller，软盘驱动器控制装置）FDD（Floppy Disk Driver，软盘驱动器）FDIV（Floationg Point Divide，浮点除）FDM（Frequency Division Multi，频率分离）FED（Field Emission Displays，电场显示器）FEMMA（Foldable Electronic Memory Module Assembly，折叠电子内存模块装配）FEMMS（Fast Entry/Exit Multimedia State，快速进入/退出多媒体状态FFB（Force Feed Back，力反馈）FFJ（Force Feedback Joystick，力量反馈式操纵杆）FFT（fast Fourier transform，快速热欧姆转换）FGM（Fine-Grained Multithreading，高级多线程）FID（FID（Frequency identify，频率鉴别号码）FIFO（First Input First Output，先入先出队列）FIR（finite impulse response，有限推进响应）FireWire（火线，即IEEE1394标准）FISC（Fast Instruction Set Computer，快速指令集计算机）FL（fragment list，片段列表）FL（Function Lookup，功能查找）Flat（平面描影）FlexATX（Flexibility ATX，可扩展性A TX）flip double buffered（反转双缓存）flip-chip（芯片反转）FLIR（Forward Looking Infra-Red，前视红外）FLOPs（Floating Point Operations Per Second，浮点操作/秒）Flow-control（流控制）FLS（Front Light Screen，前发光屏幕）Flyback Transformer（回转变压器）FM（Flash Memory，快闪存储器）FM（Frequency Modulation，频率调制）FMA（full-motion animated backdrops）FMAC（Floating-Point Multiply-Accumulators，浮点累积乘单元）FMC（Frictionless Memory Control，无阻内存控制）FMD ROM（Fluorescent Material Read Only Memory，荧光质只读存储器）FMT（fine-grained multithreading，纯消除多线程）FMUL（Floationg Point Multiplication，浮点乘）Fog table quality（雾化表画质）Fog（雾化效果）FPD（flat panel display，平面显示器）FPM（Fast Page Mode，快页模式内存）FPRs（floating-point registers，浮点寄存器）FPS（First Person Shooters，第一人称射击游戏）FPS（FourPointSurround，创新的四点环绕扬声器系统）fps（frames per second，帧/秒）FPU（Float Point Unit，浮点运算单元）FR（Frames Rate，游戏运行帧数）FR（Frequence Response，频率响应）Frames rate is King（帧数为王）FRC（Frame Rate Control，帧比率控制）FRICC（Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee，联邦调查因特网协调委员会）FRJS（Fully Random Jittered Super-Sampling，完全随机移动式超级采样）Front Buffer（前置缓冲）FSAA（Full Scene/Screen Anti-aliasing，全景/屏幕抗锯齿）FSB（Front Side Bus，前端总线）FSE（Frequency Shifter Effect，频率转换效果）FSR（force sensor resistance，动力感应电阻）FSTN（Film compensated Super Twisted liquid crystal，带补偿膜超扭曲相列）FSUB（Floationg Point Subtraction，浮点减）FTC（Federal Trade Commission，联邦商业委员会）FTG（Fighting Game，格斗类游戏）FTP（File Transfer Protocol，文件传输协议）Fur（软毛效果）FW（Fast Write，快写，AGP总线的特殊功能）FWH（Firmware Hub，固件中心）GART（Graphic Address Remappng Table，图形地址重绘表）GB（Game Boy，任天堂4位手提游戏机）GB（Garibaldi架构，Garibaldi基于ATX架构，但是也能够使用WTX构架的机箱）GBA（Game Boy Advanced，任天堂增强型手提游戏机）GBC（Game Boy Color，任天堂手提16色游戏机）GBL（GameBoy Light，GB夜光型）GBP（GameBoy Pocket，GB口袋型）GDC（Game Developer Conference，游戏发展商会议）GDI（Graphics Device Interface，图形设备接口）GFD（Gold finger Device，金手指超频设备）GG（Game Gear，世嘉彩色手提游戏机）GHC（Global History Counter，通用历史计数器）Ghost（（General Hardware Oriented System Transfer，全面硬件导向系统转移）GI（Global Illumination，球形光照）GIC（Gold Immersion Coating，化金涂布技术）GIF（Graphics Interchange Format，图像交换格式）GIF（Graphics Interface unit，图形接口单元）GLV（grating-light-valve，光栅亮度阀）GM（General Midi，普通MIDI）GM（Glass Mould，玻璃铸制）GMCH（Graphics & Memory Controller Hub，图形和内存控制中心）GMR（giant magnetoresistive，巨型磁阻）Gouraud Shading，高洛德描影，也称为内插法均匀涂色GPA（Graphics Performance Accelerator，图形性能加速卡）GPF（General protect fault，一般保护性错误）GPIs（General Purpose Inputs，普通操作输入）GPL（GNU Public License，GNU公众授权）GPRS（General Packet Raice，整合封包无线服务）GPRs（General Purpose Registers，通用寄存器）GPS（Global Positioning System，全球定位系统）GPT（Graphics Performance Toolkit，图形性能工具包）GPU（Graphics Processing Unit，图形处理器）GS（Graphic Synthesizer，图形合成器）GSM（Galvanization Superconductive Material，电镀锌超导材料）GTF（General Timing Formula，普通调速方程式）GTL（Gunning Transceiver Logic，发射接收逻辑电路）GTS（Giga Textel Sharder，十亿像素填充率）Guard Band Support（支持保护带）GUI（Graphics User Interface，图形用户界面）GVPP（Generic Visual Perception Processor，常规视觉处理器）GWS（graphics workstations，图形工作站）HAL（Hardware Abstraction Layer，硬件抽像化层）HCF（Host Controller，主体控制处理）HCI（Host Controller Interface，主机控制接口HCL（Hardware Compatibility List，硬件兼容性列表）HCRP（Hardcopy Cable Replacement Profile，硬复制电缆复位协议子集）HCT（Hardware Compatibility Test，硬件兼容性测试HDA（Head Disk Assembly，头盘组件）HDA（high-efficiency Audax High Definition Aerogel，高效高清楚气动）HDIT（High Bandwidth Differential Interconnect Technology，高带宽微分互连技术）HDMI（High Definition Multimedia Interface，高精度多媒体接口）HDR（High Dynamic Range，高级动态范围）HDRL（high dynamic-range lighting，高动态范围光线）HDSL（High bit rate DSL，高比特率数字订阅线路）HDSS（Holographic Data Storage System，全息数据存储系统）HDTV（high definition television，高清晰度电视）HDVP（High-Definition Video Processor，高精度视频处理器）HE（Home Edition，家庭版）HEL（Hardware Emulation Layer（硬件模拟层）HID（Human Interface Device，人机对话接口设备）Hierarchical Z（Z分级）HiFD（high-capacity floppy disk，高容量软盘）Hi-fi（high fidelity，高精度设备）high triangle count（复杂三角形计数）HLL（high level language，高级语言）HLLCA（High-Level Language Computing Architecture，高级语言计算架构）HL-PBGA（表面黏著，高耐热、轻薄型塑胶球状网阵封装HLSL（High Level Shading Language，高级描影语言）HMC（hardware motion compensation，硬件运动补偿）HMC（holographic media card，全息媒体卡）HMD（holographic media disk，全息媒体磁盘）Home PNA（Home Private Network Adapter，家庭私人网络适配器）HOS（Higher-Order Surfaces，高次序表面）HPC（Hand held PC，手持电脑设备）HPDR（High-Precision Dynamic-Range，高精度动态范围）HPF（High-Pass Filter，高通滤波器）HPNA（home phoneline networking，家庭电话线网络）HPS（High Performance Server，高性能服务器）HPTC（high performance technical computing，高性能技术运算）HPW（High Performance Workstation，高性能工作站）HRAA（High Resolution Anti-aliasing，高分辨率抗锯齿）HRTF（Head Related Transfer Function，头部关联传输功能）HSCSD（High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data，高速巡回开关数据）HSDRAM（High Speed DRAM，超高速内存）HSF（Host Signal，主体信号处理）HSI（High Speed Interconnect，高速内连）HSLB（High Speed Link Bus，高速链路总线）HSP（Host Signal Processing，主体信号处理）HSR（Hidden Surface Removal，隐藏表面移除）HT（Hyper Transport，超级传输）HTA（Hypertext Application，超文本应用程序）HTML（Hypertext Markup Language，超文本标记语言）HTP（Hyper Texel Pipeline，超级像素管道）HTT（Hyper Threading Technology，超级线程技术）HTTC（Hyper Transport Technology Consortium，Hyper Transport技术协会）。

江森自控FEC系列控制器培训

第二章调试
二、程序下载
2、配置Bluetooth设备
A）配置电脑蓝牙
在“发现”页中取消“查找其他Bluetooth设备”
在“客户机应用程序”页中选中“Bluetooth串行端口”，并点击“属性”
第二章调试
二、程序下载
2、配置Bluetooth设备
A）配置电脑蓝牙
在“Bluetooth属性”对话框中设定电脑蓝牙适配器虚拟占用的串口号，该号会因电脑而异。最后OK
第一章 CCT程序
四、编程演示
6、显示器编程
菜单ToolsConfigure Display 选择各页所需显示的点位并OK
第二章调试
一、仿真Simulation
1、进入仿真模式
点击模式快捷键“Simulate”
也可从菜单 ModesSimulate 进入仿真模式
第二章调试
一、仿真Simulation
第二章调试
三、DDC的Commission
1、调试设置
C）在“Commission Device”对话框中选择适合的设备并Next。 D）连接DDC成功后点击Finish正式开始Commission。
第二章调试
三、DDC的Commission
2、Commission及其停止
A）Commission时的界面操作与Simulation类似，此处不再赘述。 B）点击Stop 调试并Yes结束Commission过程。
A）CCT软件附随在SCT CD中 B）如果是在SERVER的操作系统上，SCT与CCT不能装在同一台电脑上。 C）如果CCT安装后无法启动，需Enabling Network Protocols，步骤：开始菜单运行输入

江森自控CCT软件使用要点

Connection Device
Status
Upload/ Download
Select Upload/ Download
Connection Type -Ethernet (NAE) -Bluetooth (BTCVT) -ZigBee (Wireless)
Auto – Scan the network Manual – Give an address
Main View
Programming
• Activity Inputs • Activity Ouputs
Programming
• Boolean
Programming
• AND, OR, XOR
Input 1 False False True True
Input 2 False True False True
System Create
• By System Selection • By Customer Application
For FEC
Only for IOM
System Create – Customer App
Network Input
Hardware Input
Control Logic Module
Controller Configuration Tools (CCT)
Leo Yip
Topics
• Layout • Upload/ Download • System Selection • Point Define • Define Hardware • Peer to Peer • Programming • Simulation/ Commissioning

铁路信号专用名词缩写对照表

Logical Link Control
LLRU
最小现场可更换单元
Lowest Line Replaceable Unit
LoR
职责列表
List of Responsibilities
LOW
车站操作员工作站
Local Operator Workstation
LRU
现场可更换单元
Line Replaceable Unit
1.1.1
缩写
中文
英文
BATE
外部接口进程（如EMCS）
Process for external interfaces (e.g. EMCS)
Bluetooth
蓝牙
Short range wireless technology
By
旁路(列车驾驶模式)
Bypass (train operation mode)
IEEE
电子电气工程师协会
Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
IF
接口
Interface
IIL
接口确定纪录
Interface Identification Log
IL
交叉感应环线
IntercrossingLoop
IL
联锁
Interlocking
SQL-script for crew number report
COM
通信系统,通信服务器
Communication System, Communicator Workstation
COCC
中心OCC
Central operation control centre

永诺 YNLUX100 RGB 摄像灯 Pro LED Video Light 使用说明书

ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
e this product in dry environment.This product
is not waterproof or fireproof.Do not use it in hot,
rainy, damp or dusty environment.
11.Do not use this product near chemicals, flammable
YNLUX100 RGB
摄像灯
Pro LED Video Light
使用说明书 User Manual
中文 English
前言
感谢您使用永诺产品！在使用产品前，请认真阅读使用说明书。
注意事项
1.请保管好本产品，请勿让儿童接触，勿放置在儿童活动之处。 2.请在有人员看管时使用本产品，无人员看管时应断电产品。 3.在使用产品前，请确认电源电压和本产品所标识的电压是否符合。 4.建议使用永诺提供的原厂线缆或出售的配件。 5.产品接通电源线时，请妥当放置电源线，避免绊倒人员或拉扯
电源输入接口
-5-
2 按箭头方向
安装电池
2、开机与关机。
━：开机 ○：关机中文
-6-
3、色温设置。按下旋钮切换选择色温与亮度，长按旋钮选择红绿偏移，旋转旋钮调节参数。（色温调节精准至50K。）
1 2 34 5
1. 频道显示
2. 2.4G（开启显示）
3. 蓝牙（连接显示）
8
6 4. 风扇（开启显示）
13.Please do not use the damaged power cord or the cracked product caused by falling off.

Litemons LED摄影灯 LA150D LA200D 说明书

深圳市神牛摄影器材有限公司GODOX PHOTO EQUIPMENT CO.LTDLitemons LED摄影灯Litemons LED LightLA150D LA200D前言感谢您购买Litemons系列LED摄影灯！LA150D/LA200D是Litemons系列全新推出的两款高性价比LED 灯。

灯具小巧易携，磨砂外壳，质感优越。

拥有高亮度，高显指、能够无极调节亮度、蓝牙无线控制，模拟8种光效等诸多产品特性。

标准工业保荣卡口，能够与现有的保荣卡口灯光附件通用，根据不同的场合，搭配不同附件使用，创造出令人惊叹的控光效果。

该灯适用于人物采访、电商直播、短视频拍摄、静物拍摄等拍摄场景。

主要特点拥有8种FX光效模式，模拟真实光效场景，创意无限。

亮度无极调节，精准用光，调节范围：0％-100％。

通用工业保荣卡口，兼容更多实用灯光附件，交互性强。

警告使用器材时，应始终遵循基本的安全预防措施，具体如下:使用前，请阅读并理解所有说明。

儿童请勿靠近或者使用该设备，当儿童靠近或使用设备时，监护人有必要进行密切监督。

在使用过程中，请勿将设备置于无人看管状态。

、该设备工作时有发热现象，请小心触摸!请勿在电源线损坏的情况下操作设备，请勿私自拆卸产品，如产品出现故障须由本公司或授权的维修人员进行检查维修。

请放置好电源线，防止操作人员被电源线绊倒，禁止拉扯电源线以免导致设备断电，且电源线不可接触灼热表面。

在清洁和维修之前，请务必从电源插座上拔下电源插头。

不使用时。

切勿拉扯电线将插头从插座中拔出。

应当抓住插头并拉动拔出。

该设备没有防水功能，为减少危险，请勿将本产品浸入水中或其他液体。

需要维修时，应将其交给本公司或授权的维修人员进行检查维修。

不正确的维修行为，可能在随后使用设备时出现触电情况。

本产品工作时，请勿遮挡散热口，请勿直视COB灯珠;任何情况下请勿触摸COB灯珠。

部件1.灯体2.LED灯珠3.锁定把手4.方向调节按钮5.显示屏6.灯珠保护罩7.亮度调节旋钮8.保荣卡口9.FX旋钮10.卡口推制11.FX按键12.反光罩13.伞孔14.蓝牙按键15.电源开关16.散热口17.电源插口18.套筒支架19.锁定旋钮物品清单灯体*1、反光罩RFT-19*1、灯头保护罩*1、适配器*1、电源线*1、说明书*1可选购附件可搭配本公司以下摄影附件使用，以获得最佳的拍摄效果和使用体验：柔光箱、反光伞、灯架、蜂巢、雷达罩、束光筒等。

麦劳曼F22x产品说明书（英文）

amaran F22x Product ManualEnglishForewordThank you for purchasing "amaran" LED photography lights - amaran F22x.Amaran F22x is amaran newly designed cost performance light ﬁxture. Compact structure design, compact and light, excellent texture.Has a high performance level, such as high brightness, high color render-ing index, can adjust the brightness, etc. It can be used with variety of lighting accessories to achieve lighting eﬀects and enrich product usage patterns. So that the product to meet the needs of diﬀerent occasions light control, easy to achieve professional level photography. IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONSWhen using this unit, basic safety precautions should always be followed, including the following:1. Read and understand all instructions before using.2. Close supervision is necessary when any ﬁxture is used by or near children. Do not leave the ﬁxture unattended while in use.3. Care must be taken as burns can occur from touching hot surfaces.4. Do not operate the ﬁxture if a cord is damaged, or if the ﬁxture has been dropped or damaged, until it has been examined by qualiﬁed service personnel.5. Position any power cables such that they will not be tripped over, pulled, or put into contact with hot surfaces.6. If an extension cord is necessary, a cord with an amperage rating at least equal to that of the ﬁxture should be used. Cords rated for less amperage than the ﬁxture may overheat.7. Always unplug the lighting ﬁxture from the electrical outlet before cleaning and servicing, or when not in use. Never yank the cord to remove the plug from the outlet.8. Let the lighting ﬁxture cool completely before storing. Unplug the power cable from lighting ﬁxture before storing and store the cable at assigned space of thecarrying case.9. To reduce the risk of electric shock, do not immerse this ﬁxture in water or any other liquids.10. To reduce the risk of ﬁre or electric shock, do not disassemble this ﬁ********************************************ﬁxturetoqualiﬁed service personnel when service or repair is required. Incorrect reassem-bly may cause electric shock when the lighting ﬁxture is in use.11. The use of any accessory attachment not recommended by the manufacturer may increase the risk of ﬁre, electric shock, or injury to any persons operating the ﬁxture.12. Please power this ﬁxture by connecting it to a grounded outlet.13. Please do not block the ventilation or do not look atPlease do not touch the LED light source in any condition.object.15. Only use a dry microﬁber cloth to clean the product.16. Please do not use the light ﬁxture in wet condition on account of electric shock may be caused.17. Please have the product checked by an authorized service person-nel agent if the product has a problem. Any malfunctions caused by unauthorized disassembly are not covered by the warranty. The user may pay for maintenance.18. We recommend only using the original Aputure cable accessories. Please note that any malfunctions caused by using unauthorized accessories are not covered by the warranty. The user may pay for maintenance.19. This product is certiﬁed by RoHS, CE, KC, PSE, and FCC. Please operate the product in full compliance with relevant country's standards. Any malfunctions caused by incorrect use are not covered by warranty. The user may pay for maintenance.20. The instructions and information in this manual are based on thorough, controlled company testing procedures. Further notice will not be given if the design or speciﬁcations change.SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONSFCC Compliance StatementThis device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject tothe following two conditions:(1) This device may not cause harmful interference.(2) This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.Warning: Changes or modiﬁcations not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.NOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interferencein a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment oﬀ and on, the user is encouraged to try reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.Connect the equipment to an outlet on a diﬀerent circuit than the receiveris connected to. Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help. This device has been evaluated to meet general RF exposure require-Extension Cable(1 pc)Soft Box (1 pc)45°Grid (1 pc)Fabric Diﬀusion 1 (1 pc)Fabric Diﬀusion 2 (1 pc)Carry Case (1 pc)AC Cable (1 pc)Bracket A(1 pc)Bracket B(1 pc) Power Adapter (1 pc)Control Box(1 pc)Frame (1 pc)Tie Down (1 pc) Components ListPlease make sure all accessories listed below are completed before using. If not, please contact with your sellers immediately.(*Anton Bauer orV-mount)Tips: The illustrations in the manual are only diagrams for reference. Due to the continuous development of new versions of the product, if there are any diﬀerences between the productand the user manual diagrams, please refer to the product itself.Frame Mounting CornerVelcroComponents List1. Lamp HeadDC IN2. Control BoxSetting Up the LightFront of the frameBack of the frame1. Disassembly and assembly of X-type frame. After pulling out the bolts in the direction shown in the picture, unfold the four support rods, and then loosen the ﬁxing bolts to lock the support rods.2.Disassembly and assembly of the lamp body and X-shaped bracket. Insert the four support rods into the blocks at the four corners of the lamp body in turn. When removing, pull out the four support rods in turn in the opposite direction.3.Installation of soft box.Powering up the Light Powered by ACPowered by DCOperationsHow to use the extension cord1.Turning on the Light*The battery is not standard.*When removing the wire, because of self-locking device at the wire connection, please press or rotate the spring lock on the connector before pulling it out. Do not pull it out forcibly.*Extension cable, control box and lamp body need to correspond, and diﬀerent models cannot be mixed.2.2.2 Press the INT button to select FX mode, then rotate the INT control knob to toggle between Paparazzi , Lightning , TV ,Fire , Strobe ,Explosion ,Fault Bulb , Pulsing ,Fireworks.2.1 Press the Light Mode button to enter the interface2.2.1 Press the INT knob, select CCT mode to adjust color temperature (2500K~7500K)， brightness (0%~100%) .*Under Lightning and Explosion eﬀects, press the TRIGGER knob, will trigger the eﬀects ; under other eﬀects press the INT TRIGGER to circulate or stop the eﬀects.2.2.3 Press the INT knob, after selecting the CFX mode, Rotate the INT knob to select the Picker FX, Music FX, and TouchBar FX.2.3 Press the MENU button to enter MENU, as shown in the ﬁgure below.2.3.1 DMX ModePress the INT knob to enter the DMX mode, and rotate the INT knob to adjust the DMX channel (001~512).2.3.2 Frequency SelectionPress the INT knob to enter the Frequency Selection, Rotate the INT knob to select the frequency (+0~2000Hz).2.3.3 Dimming CurvePress the INT knob to enter the dimming curve menu, rotate the INT knob to select “Exp; Log; S-curve; Linear”Dimming curve, then press the INT knob to conﬁrm theselection.2.3.4 BT ResetPress the INT knob to enter the BT Reset, rotate the INT knob to select "Yes", press the INT knob to reset the Bluetooth; select "No" to return to the main menu.2.3.5 BT Serial NO.Rotate the INT knob to select the BT serial NO, press the INT knob to enter the BT serial NO. interface to display the Bluetooth serial number2.3.6 Studio ModeRotate the INT knob to select the studio mode, press the INT knob to enter the studio mode interface, rotate the INT knob to select "Yes" or "No", and then short press the INT knob to conﬁrm.2.3.7 LanguageRotate the INT knob to select the language menu, press the INT knob to enter the language setting interface, rotate the INT knob to select "English" or "Chinese", and then press the INT knob to conﬁrm.2.3.8 Firmware VersionRotate the INT knob to select the Firmware Version, press the INT knob to enter theﬁrmware version interface, short press the INT knob again to return to the main menu.2.3.9 Update FirmwareRotate the INT knob to select Update Firmware, short press the INT knob to enter theﬁrmware upgrade interface, rotate the INT knob to select "Yes" or "No", and then press the INT knob to conﬁrm.2.3.10 Factory ResetRotate the INT knob to select Factory Reset, press the INT knob to enter the Factory Reset interface, rotate the INT knob to select "Yes" or "No", and then press the INT knob to conﬁrm.3.DMX Control3.1 Connecting Type-c to DMX adapter to controller3.2 Connect a standard DMX controller4. Using the Sidus Link APPYou can download the Sidus Link app from the iOS App Store or Google Play Store for enhancing the functionality of the light. Please visit sidus.link/app/help for more details regarding how to use the app to control your Aputure lights.3.4 DMX Channel SelectionIn DMX mode, match the channel of your DMX controller with the light, and then control the light via DMX controller.Sidus.link/app/helpGet Sidus Link App5. SpeciﬁcationsPhotometrics≥9812～28.8VCRIDistance (m)Illuminance (lux)Bare BulbSoftbox (1/2 stop )Bare BulbSoftbox (1/2 stop )Bare BulbSoftbox (1/2 stop )Bare BulbSoftbox (1/2 stop )0.5m 1m 3m 5m 2500KCCT3200K4300K5600K2500K~7500K Power Output Power Input 48V200W (Max)≥95240W (Max)V-Mount batteryV-mount battery compatibility 16.8V battery half output;26V,28.8V battery full output.Power adapter outputOLED Display Cooling ModeManual, Sidus Link APP, DMX Light ﬁxture Natural heat dissipation ControllerActive coolingControlling method ≤ 80m / 262.5ft ，2.4G Hz Remote control distance(Bluetooth)CCT TLCI Voltage5A (Max)Operating Temperature -10°C ~ 40°C48VPower SupplyOperating Current 194005710689260115403750486190199306050706280124403940512200217106500770294131204210543215232706960824317140404510582232TrademarksBowens is a trademark registered by Bowens in China and other countries.* These are average data measured in the laboratory, there will be slight diﬀerences in thebrightness, color temperature and other parameters of diﬀerent lights.You can find a detailed user guide for this device on our website .Bare BulbSoftbox (1/2 stop )Bare Bulb Softbox (1/2 stop )6500K7500K244707200836331147704690619241250307510886344151204860626251。

蓝牙点对点的连接

蓝牙点对点连接的建立摘要：蓝牙(Bluetooth)技术是一种支持点到点、点到多点的话音、数据业务的短距离无线通信技术，蓝牙是一个开放性的、短距离无线通信技术标准，它可以用于在较小的范围内通过无线连接的方式实现固定设备以及移动设备之间的网络互连，可以在各种数字设备之间实现灵活、安全、低成本、小功耗的话音和数据通信。

因为蓝牙技术可以方便地嵌入到单一的CMOS芯片中，因此它特别适用于小型的移动通信设备，蓝牙技术的发展极大地推动了PAN技术的发展。

本文重点是对蓝牙技术中的两蓝牙单点对点连接过程进行分析。

Bluetooth point-to-point connections establishedAbstract: luetooth (Bluetooth) technology is a kind of supportpoint-to-point, point to the multi-point voice and data services short-range wireless communication technology, Bluetooth is a open, short-range wireless communication technology, it can be used for a standardin the smaller range through wireless connection way realization fixed equipment as well as the network connection between mobile devices in various digital equipment, can realize flexible, between safe, low cost, small power consumption of voice and data communications. Because bluetooth technology can easily embedded into a single CMOS chip, therefore, it is especially applicable to small mobile communications equipment, bluetooth technology development greatly promoted the development of the PAN technology. This paper is focused on the two bluetooth for bluetooth technology single point-to-point meet process analysis.Keyword:Bluetooth; Wireless connection; point-to-point connections1 、引言随着计算机网络和移动电话技术的迅猛发展，人们感到越来越迫切需要发展小范围的无线数据与语音通信技术。

计算机专业术语查询

AC(Audio Codec,音频多媒体数字信号编解码器)
AC-3(Audio Coding 3,第三代音响编码)
AC97(Audio Codec 97,多媒体数字信号解编码器1997年标准)
ACCP(Applied Computing Platform Providers,应用计算平台提供商)
APU(Audio Processing Unit,音频处理单元)
APX(All Position eXpansion,全方位扩展)
AR(Auto-Resume,自动恢复)
ARC(Anti Reflect Coating,防反射涂层)
ARF(Asynchronous Receive FIFO,异步接收先入先出)
计算机专业术语查询
3C(China Compulsory Certification,中国强制性产品认证制度)
3D(Three Dimensional,三维)
3DCG(3D computer graphics,三维计算机图形)
3DNow!(3D no waiting,无须等待的3D处理)
AGU(Address Generation Units,地址产成单元)
AH(Authentication Header,鉴定文件头)
AHA(Accelerated Hub Architecture,加速中心架构)
AI(Artificial Intelligence,人工智能)
AOL(Alert On LAN,局域网警告)
APC(Advanced Power Control,高级能源控制)
API(Application Programming Interfaces,应用程序接口)

Bluetooth(蓝牙)技术课件

一样的，同一路通话的突发脉冲的载频的变化，降低了信号
所受的干扰？？？，通话受到的电波干扰被平均
否则，移动台一直工作在固定的频点上，则整个通话过程的
每一个突发脉冲可能都会受到固定不变的强干扰。
FH把干扰分散到了携带突发脉冲的不同载频上，这种效果被
称为“均化干扰”或“干扰分集”
蜂窝网络是频率复用的，同频干扰是存在，跳频使信号所受
Bluetooth（蓝牙）技术
Bluetooth技术
1 Bluetooth技术概述
2 Bluetooth协议体系结构
3 Bluetooth应用及产品

1
➢
Bluetooth技术概述
Bluetooth简介
1998年5月爱立信、IBM、Intel、Nokia和东芝五
家公司于联合成立了Bluetooth（蓝牙）特别兴趣
• 采用每帧改变频率的方法，即每隔 4.615 ms改变
载波频率，亦即跳频速率为 1/4.615 ms=217 跳/秒。
Bluetooth工作频段----2.4GHz ISM 频段
ISM频段：Industry Science and Medical Band （工业、科学、医学）。
信道数：79 个（0-78）
律跳变。每个小区信道组的跳频功能都能单独激活或关闭。
多径衰落（Multipath）

多径衰落产生于散射的
环境
是移动通信特有的现象

降低传输质量，是影响
网络质量的关键因素

是任何移动通信系统都
面临的挑战
跳
频
的
Frequency
理
论
依 Low correlation
据

通信发展史

通信发展史通信技术发展史通信技术发展史系部：计算机工程系班级：通信13-1班学号：**********姓名：XXX日期：2015年5月23日通信技术发展史目录通信技术发展史一、古代通信利用自然界的基本规律和人的基础感官（视觉，听觉等）可达性建立通信系统，是人类基于需求的最原始通信方式。

广为人知的“狼烟传讯（2700多年前的周朝）”、“信鸽传书”、“伐鼓传声”、“鹞子传讯（2000多年前的春秋时期，XXX和XXX为代表）”、“天灯（代表是三国时期的孔明灯的使用，开展到后期热气球成为其延伸）”、“旗语”以及随之开展依托于文字的“信件（周朝曾经有驿站出现，传递公文）”都是古代传讯的方式，而信件在较长的历史时期内，都成为人们主要传递信息的方式。

这些通信方式，或者是播送式，或者是可视化的、没有连接的，可是都满足当代通信信息传递的要求，或者一对一，或者一对多、多对一。

图1-1图1-2而这种通信方式，随着人类科技的发展，有的消散在历史的潮流中，有的依然在使用，可以说，其时间是从4000年前到现在；1661年英国XXX和使用第一个有日期的邮戳；1840年5月6日，英国发行了世界上第一枚邮票——“一便士黑票”；图1-3通信技术发展史二、近当代通信以电磁手艺为肇端，是电磁通信和数字时代的开始。

19世纪中叶以后，随着电报、电话的发有，电磁波的发现，人类通信领域产生了根本性的巨大变革，从此，人类的信息传递可以脱离常规的视听觉方式，用电信号作为新的载体，同此带来了一系列铁技术革新，开始了人类通信的新时代。

利用电和磁的技术，来实现通信的目的，是近代通信起始的标志，代表性事件如下：1835年，美国雕塑家、画家、科学快乐喜爱者XXX （Samuel Morse）成功地研制出生避世界上第一台电磁式（有线）电报机。

他发明的莫尔斯电码，利用“点”、“划”和“间隔”，可将信息转换成一串或长或短的电脉冲传向目标地，再转换为原来的信息。

1844年5月24日，XXX在XXX进行了“用莫尔斯电码”发出了人类历史上的第一份电报，从而完成了远程电报通信。

计算机常见英文缩写

计算机常用英文缩写3DPA—3D Positional Audio—3D定位音频3DS—Three Dimension Studio—三维摄影室AAT—Average Access Time—平均存取时间ABS—Auto Balance System—自动平衡系统AC—Alternating Current—交流电ACOPS—Automatic CPU Overheat Prevention System—自动CPU过热预防系统ACPI—Advanced Configuration And Power Interface—高级配置与电源接口ADC—Analog To Digital Convent—模数转换器ADIMM—Advanced Dual In-line Memory Modules—高级双重内嵌式内存模块ADO—ActiveX Data Object—ActiveX数据对象ADSL—Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line—非对称数字用户路线AE—Atmospheric Effect—雾化效果AGP—Accelerated Graphics Port—加速图形接口AGU—Address Generation Unit—地址产生单元AHA—Accelerated Hub Architecture—加速中心架构AH—Authentication Header—鉴定头文件AI—Artificial Intelligence—人工智能AL—Artificial Life—人工生命ALU—Arithmetic Logic Unit—算术逻辑单元ANSI—American National Standard Institute—美国国家标准协会AOL—American Online—美国在线APIC—Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller—高级程序中断控制器APM—Advanced Power Management—高级电源管理APP—Accelerated Parallel Processing—AMD加速并行处理技术APPE—Advanced Packet Parsing Engine—高级数据包解析引擎ARP—Address Resolution Protocol—地址解析协议ASC—Anti Static Coating—防静电涂层ASCII—American Standard Code For Information Interchange—美国信息交换标准代码ASIC—Application Specific Integrated Circuit—特殊应用集成电路AST—Average Seek Time—平均寻道时间ATAPI—Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface —高级技术附加数据包接口ATC—Access Time From Clock—时钟存取时间ATL—ActiveX Template Library—ActiveX模版库ATM—Asynchronous Transfer Mode—异步传输模式AV—Analog Video—模拟视频AVI—Audio Video Interleave—音频视频插入B2C—Business To Custom—商家对客户BASIC—Beginner—All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code —初学者通用符号指令代码BBS—Bulletin Board System—公告牌系统BCF—Boot Catalog File—启动目录文件BGA—Ball Grid Array—球栅阵列BIF—Boot Image File—启动映像文件BIOS—Basic Input Output System—基本输入输出系统BIS—Boot Integrity Service—启动整体服务BMS—Black Matrix Screen—超黑矩阵屏幕BOPS—Billion Operation Per Second—十亿次计算每秒BPT—Branch Prediction Table—分支预测表BPU—Branch Processing Unit—分支处理单元BTB—Branch Target Buffer—分支目标缓冲CAD—Computer Aided Design—计算机辅助设计CAE—Computer Aided Engineering—计算机辅助工程CAI—Computer Aided Instruction—计算机辅助教学CAM—Common Access Mode—公共存取模型CAM—Computer Aided Manufacturing—计算机辅助制造CBIC—Cell based Integrated Circuit—基于单元的集成电路CC—Companion Chip—同伴芯片CCD—Charge Coupled Dvice—电流连接设备CCM—Call Control Management—拨号控制管理CC-NUMA—Cache Coherent Non Uniform Memory Access —连贯缓冲非统一内存寻址CCT—Clock Cycle Time—时钟周期CDMA—Code Division Multiple Access—码分多址CDR—Compact Disc Recordable—可刻录光盘CD-ROM—Compact Disc Read Only Memory—光驱CD-RW—Compact Disc Rewriter—刻录机CDSL—Consumer Digital Subscriber Line—消费者数字订阅线路CE—Consumer Electronic—消费电子CEM—Cube Environment Mapping—立方环境映射CEO—Chief Executive Officer—首席执行官CG—Computer Graphic—计算机生成图像CGI—Common Gateway Interface—通用网关界面CHRP—Common Hardware Reference Platform—公用硬件平台CIEA—Commercial Internet Exchange Association—商业英特网交易协会CIR—Committed Information Rate—约定信息速率CISC—Complex Instruction Set Computing—复杂指令集计算机CLV—Constant Linear Velocity—恒定线速度CMOS—Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor—互补金属氧化物半导体存储器COB—Cache On Board—板上集成缓存COD—Chip On Board—芯片内集成缓存COM—Component Object Model—组件对象模型COO—Chief Organization Officer—首席管理官CPGA—Ceramic Pin Grid Array—陶瓷针形栅格阵列CPLD—Complex Programmable Logic Device—复杂可编程逻辑器件CPS—Characters Per Second—每秒字符数CPU—Central Processing Unit—中央处理器CRC—Cyclical Redundancy Check—循环冗余检查CRM—Custom Relationship Management—客户关系管理CRT—cathode Ray Tube—阴极射线管CSE—Configuration Space Enable—可分配空间CSS—Cascading Style Sheets—层叠样式表CTO—Chief Technology Officer—首席技术官CTS—Carpal Tunnel Syndrome—腕管综合症CUDA—Computer Unified Device Architecture—计算机统一装置结构CVS—Computer Visual Syndrome—计算机视觉综合症DAC—Dual Address Cycle—双重地址周期DAE—Digital Audio Extraction—数字音频抓取DB—Deep Buffer—深度缓冲DCD—Dynamic Content Delivery—动态内容推送DC—Domain Controller—域控制器DCE—Data Communication Equipment—数据通信设备DCOM—Distributed Component Object Model—分布式组件对象模型DCT—Display Compression Technology—显示压缩技术DDC—Display Data Chanel—显示数据通道DDN—Digital Data Network—数字数据网DDR—Double Data Rate—双倍速率DDSS—Double Dynamic Suspension System—双层动力悬吊系统DEC—Direct Etching coating—表面蚀刻涂层DES—Data Encryption Standard—数据加密标准DFP—Dynamic Feedback Protocol—动态反馈协议DHCP—Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol—动态主机配置协议DIB—Dual Independent Bus—双独立总线DIC—Digital Image Controller—数字图像控制DIMM—Dual Inline Memory Module—双列直插内存模块DIP—Double In-line Package—双列直插式封装DIR—Direct Infrastructure rendering—基层直接渲染DLL—Dynamic Link Library—动态数据链接库DLP—Digital Light Process—数字光处理DME—Direct Memory Execute—直接内存执行DMI—Desktop Management Interface—桌面管理界面DMI—Dynamic Method Invocation—动态方法调用DNS—Digital Nervous System—数字神经系统DNS—Domain Name System—域名系统DOS—Disk Operating System—磁盘操作系统DP—Dual Processor—双处理器DPI—Dots Per Inch—每英寸点数DPMS—Display Power Management Signal—显示能源管理信号DQL—Dynamic Quadrapole Lens—动态四极镜DRC—Design Rule Check—设计规则检查DSD—Direct Stream Digital—直接比特流数字DSL—Digital Subscriber Line—数字用户专线DSP—Digital Signal Processing—数字信号处理DST—Drive Self Test—驱动自检程序DTD—Document Type Definition—文件类型定义DTE—Digital Terminal Equipment—数据终端设备DVD—Digital Versatile Disc—数字多功能光DVD—Digital Video Disc—数字视频光盘DVD-RAM—Digital Versatile Disc Random Access Memory —DVD随机存储器DVI—Digital Video Interface—数字视频接口E3—Electronic Entertainment Expo—美国E3大展EAX—Environment Audio Extension—环境音效扩展EB—Expansion Bus—扩展总线EBR—Excess Burst Rate—超频突发速率ECC—Elliptical Curve Crypto—椭圆曲线加密EC—Embedded Controller—嵌入式控制ECP—Extended Capabilities Port—扩展并行口ECTS—European Computer Trade Show—欧洲计算机商贸展示会EDIF—Electronic Design Interchange Format—电子设计交换格式EEPROM—Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory—电擦可编程只读存储器EFEAL—Extension Field Elliptically Aperture Lens—可扩展扫描椭圆孔镜头EIDE—Enhanced Integrated Driver Electronic—增强电子集成驱动器EISA—Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture—增强工业标准架构EMI—Electromagnetic Interference—电磁干扰EMP—Emergency Management Port—紧急事情管理端口EPP—Enhanced Parallel Port—增强并行口EPU—Energy Processing Unit—能耗调控单元ERC—Electronic Rule Check—电气规则检查ERP—Enterprise Resource Planning—企业资源计划ERP—Estimated Retail Place—估计零售价ESCD—Extended System Configuration Data—扩展系统配置数据FADD—Floating Addition—浮点加FAT—File Allocation Table—文件分配表FBC—Frame Buffer Cache—帧缓冲缓存FCPGA—Flip Chip Pin Grid Array—反转芯片针脚栅格阵列FDBM—Fluid Dynamic Bearing Motor—液态轴承马达FDC—Floppy Disk Controller—软盘控制装置FDD—Floppy Disk Drive—软盘FDIV—Floating Divided—浮点除FDM—Frequency Division Multiplexing—频分多路复用FIR—Finite Impulse Response—有限推进响应FMUL—Floating Multiplication—浮点乘FMV—Full Motion Video—全动态影像FPGA—Filed Programmable Grate Array—现场可编程门阵列FPS—First Person Shooting—第一人称射击FPU—Floating Processing Unit—浮点运算单元—Frames Per Second—每秒传输帧数FRICC—Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee—联邦调查因特网协调委员会FSAA—Full Scene Anti—aliasing—全景抗锯齿FSE—Frequency Shifter Effect—频率转换效果FSM—Finite Status Machine—有限状态机FSUB—Floating Subtraction—浮点减FTP—File Transfer Protocol—文件传输协议FWH—Firmware Hub—固件中心GDI—Graphic Device Interface—图形设备接口GIF—Generalized Timing Formula—一般程序时间GMCH—Graphic Memory Control Hub—图形内存控制中心GMR—Giant Magneto Resistive—巨型磁阻GPF—Generation Protection Fault—一般保护性错误GPS—Global Positioning System—全球定位系统GPU—Graphic Processing Unit—图形处理器GSM—Global System For Mobile Communication—全球移动通讯系统GUI—Graphical User Interface—图形用户界面GVPP—Generic Visual Perception Processor—常规视觉处理器HAL—Hardware Abstraction Layer—硬件抽象化层HCI—Host Control Interface—主机控制接口HCT—Hardware Compatibility Test—硬件兼容性测试HDA—Head Disk Assembly—磁头集合HDCP—High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection—高带宽数字内容保护HDD—Hard Disk Drive—硬盘HDL—Hardware Description Language—硬件描述语言HDMI—High Definition Multimedia Interface—高清晰度多媒体接口HDSL—High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line—高速率数字用户路线HDTV—High Definition TV—高清电视HEL—Hardware Emulation Layer—硬件模拟层HiFDA—High_Capacity Floppy Disk—高容量软盘HMOS—High Performance Metal Oxide Semiconductor—高性能金属氧化物半导体HPA—High Power Amplifier—高功率放大器HPS—High Performance Server—高性能服务器HPW—High Performance Workstation —高性能工作站HRIF—Head Related Transfer Function—头部关联传输功能HTML—Hyper Text Markup Language—超文本标志语言HTPC—Home Theater Personal Computer—家庭影院电脑HTTP—Hyper Text Transmission Protocol—超文本传输协议HUD—Head Up Display—平视显示器IA—Intel Architecture—英特尔架构ICD—Installable Client Drive—可安装客户端驱动程序ICMP—Intel Control Message Protocol—英特尔控制报文协议ICU—Instruction Control Unit—指令控制单元IDCT—Inverse Discrete Cosine Transfer—非连续反余弦变换IDF—Intel Developer Forum—因特尔开发者论坛IEEE—The Institute Electrical And Electronic Engineerings—美国电气和电子工程师协会IETF—Intel Engineer Task Force—因特网工程任务组IEU—Integer Excute Unit—整数执行单元IID—Interaural Intensity Difference—两侧声音强度差别IIR—Infinite Impulse Response—无限推进响应IIS—Internet Information Service—互联网信息服务IKE—Intel Key Exchange—因特网密钥交换协议IMM—Intel Mobil Module—因特尔移动模块IP—Internet Protocol—互联网协议IPPR—Image Processing And Pattern Recognition—图像处理和模式识别IPS—In Plane Switching—平面转换IRC—Internet Relay Chat—互联网接力聊天IRQ—Interrupt Request—中断请求IRST—Intel Rapid Storage Technology—英特尔快速存储技术ISA—Industry Standard Architecture—工业标准结构ISA—Instruction Set Architecture—指令集架构ISDN—Integrated Service Digital Network—综合服务数字网络IS—Internal Stake—内置堆栈ISO—International Standard Organization—国际标准化组织ISP—Intel Service Provider—因特网服务供应商JIT—Just In Time—准时制生产JVM—Java Virtual Machine—Java虚拟机KBC—Keyboard Controller—键盘控制器LBA—Logical Block Addressing—逻辑块寻址LCD—Liquid Crystal Display—液晶显示屏LCM—LCD Module—LCD显示模组LCOS—Liquid Crystal On Silicon—硅上液晶LDAP—Lightweight Directory Access Protocol—轻权目录访问协议LDT—Lighting Data Transport—闪电数据传输LED—Light Emitting Diode—发光二极管LF—Linear Filtering—线性过滤LMDS—Local Multipoint Distributed System—局域多点分布式系统LPM—Library Parameterized Module—参数化模块库LTE—Long Term Evolution—长期演进LVDS—Low Voltage Differential Single—低压差分信号LVS—Layout Versus Schematic—版图原理图对比MAC—Media Access Controller—介质访问控制MALS—Multi Astigmatism Lens System—多重散光聚焦系统MB—Motherboard—主机板MDC—Mobile Daughter Card—移动式子卡MFC—Microsoft Foundation Classes—微软基础库MFD—Multi Function Device—多功能设备MIDI—Musical Instrument Digital Interface—乐器数字接口MIME—Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension—多用途因特网邮件扩展协议MIOC—Memory And I/O Bridge Controller—内存和I/O桥控制器MiPad—Multimodal Interactive Notepad—多语态互动式记事本MIS—Management Information System—管理信息系统MMVF—Multi-Media Video File—多媒体视频文件MPEG—Moving Picture Expert Group—运动图像专家组MPP—Massive Parallel Processing—巨量平行处理MPS—Multi Processor Specification—多重处理器规范MRP—Manufacturing Resource Planning—制造资源计划MRW—Midrange Workstation—中型工作站MSI—Microsoft Installer—微软安装程序MS—Magnetic Sensor—磁场感应器MSN—Microsoft Network—微软网络MSP—Media Stream Processor—媒体流处理器MTBF—Mean Time Before Failure—平均故障时间MTH—Memory Transfer Hub—内存转换中心MUD—Multiple User Dungeon—多用户地牢NAOC—No-Account Overclock—无效超频NAS—Network Attached Storage—网络连接式存储NAT—Network Area Translation—网络地址转换NBC—North Bridge Chip—北桥芯片NDIS—Network Driver Interface specification—网络驱动接口规范NDS—Novell Directory Service—网威目录服务NE—Netlist Extract—网表提取NIC—Network Interface Card—网络接口卡NNTP—Network News Transport Protocol—网络新闻传输协议NPC—Non Player Character—非玩着人物NT—New Technology—新技术OCR—Optical Character Recognition—光学字符识别OEM—Original Equipment Manufacturer—原始设备制造商OLGA—Organic Land Grid Array—基板栅格阵列OOP—Object Oriented Programming—面向对象的程序设计OPT—Optimized Production Technology—优化生产技术OS—Operating System—操作系统PCAV—Part Constant Angular Velocity—部分恒定角速度PCB—Printed Circuit Board—印刷电路板PCI—Peripheral Component Interconnect—外围装置连接端口PC—Personal Computer—个人计算机PC—Perspective Correction—透视纠正PDA—Personal Digital Assistant—个人数字助理PDS—Public Directory Support—公众目录支持PE—Parameter Extract—参数提取PGC—Parallel Graphic Configuration—并行图像设置PIB—Processor In a Box—盒装处理器PIC—Programmable Interrupt Controller—可编程中断控制器PICS—Platform For Internet Content Selection—英特网内容选择平台PIM—Personal Information Management—个人信息管理系统PLCC—Plastic Leadless Chip Carrier—塑料无引脚芯片载体PLD—Programmable Logic Device—可编程逻辑器件PLL—Phase Locked Loop—锁相环PNP—Plug And Play—即插即用POF—Polymer Optical Fiber—聚合体光纤POST—Power On Self Test—开机自检PPM—Pages Per Minute—每分钟打印页数PPTP—Point To Point Tunneling Protocol—点对点通道协议PQFP—Plastic Quad Flat Package—塑料方型扁平式封装PRML—Partial Response Maximum Likelihood—最大可能部分反应PSK—Pre-Shared Key—预共享密钥PSN—Processor Serial Numbers—处理器序列号PSU—Power Supply Unit—计算机电源PSW—Program Status Word—程序状态字PXE—Per-boot Execution Environment—预启动运行环境QBM—Quad Band Memory—四倍边带内存QOS—Quality Of Service—服务质量QPA—Quad Port Acceleration—四倍接口加速RADSL—Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line—速率自适应数字用户路线RAM—Random Access Memory—内存（随机存储器）RARP—Reverse Address Resolution Protocol—反相地址解析协议RDF—Resource Description Framework—资源描述框架RISC—Reduced Instruction Ser Computing—精简指令集计算机RMA—Real Media Architecture—实媒体架构RNG—Random Number Generator—随即数字发生器ROB—Reorder Buffer—重新排列缓存区RPG—Role Playing Game—角色扮演游戏RPM—Revolution Per Minute—每分钟转数RRVP—Resource Reser Vation Protocol—资源保留协议RSD—Removable Storage Device—移动式存储设备RSDS—Reduced Swing Differential Single—小幅度摆动差动信号RTC—Real Time Clock—实时时钟RTL—Register Transmit Level—寄存器传输级RTSP—Real Time Streaming Protocol—实时流协议RTS—Real Time Strategy—即时战略RTS—Request To Send—需求发送SAM—Sales Available Market—可发售市场SAP—Sideband Address Port—边带寻址端口SATA—Serial Advanced Technology Attachment—串行高级技术附件SBC—South Bridge Chip—南桥芯片SBFS—Sample Boot Flag Specification—简单引导标记规范SCSI—Small Computer System Interface—小型计算机系统接口SC—Static Core—静态内核SCT—Software Compatibility Test—软件兼容性测试SDK—Software Development Kit—软件开发工具包SDRAM—Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory—同步动态随机存储器SDTV—Standard Definition Television—标准清晰度电视SEC—Single Edge Connector—单边连接器SEM—Spherical Environment Mapping—球形环境映射SET—Secure Electronic Transaction—安全电子交易SGML—Standard Generalized Markup Language—标准通用标记语言SIMD—SIngle Instruction Multi Data—单指令多数据SIV—System Information Viewer—系统信息观察SLI—Scanline Interleave—扫描线间插SMART—Self-Monitoring Analysis And Reporting Technology —自动检测、分析和报告技术SMB—System Management Bus—系统管理总线SMD—Surface Mount Device—表面安装设备SMIL—Synchronous Multimedia Integrated Language—同步多媒体集成语言SMIP—Simple Mail Transfer Protocol—简单邮件传输协议SMI—System Management Interrupt—系统管理中断SMM—System Management Mode—系统管理模式SMP—Symmetric Multi-Processing—对称式多重处理器架构SNMP—Simple Network Management Protocol—简单网络管理协议SNR—Single To Noise Rate—信噪比SOAC—System ON A Chip—系统集成多功能芯片SOC—System On Chip—片上系统SOI—Silicon On Insulator—绝缘体硅片SOS—Server Operating Systems—服务器操作系统SPD—Serial Presense Detect—串行存在检查SPEC—System Performance Evaluation Check—系统性能评估测试SPS—Shock Protection System—震动保护系统SP—Stack Pointing—堆栈指针SQRC—Square Root Calculation—平方根计算SRA—Symmetric Rendering Architecture—对称渲染架构SRR—Segment Register Rewrite—区段寄存器重写SRS—Sound Retrieval System—声音修复系统SSB—Super South Bridge—超级南桥芯片SSD—Solid State Disk—固态硬盘SSE—Streaming SIMD Extensions—单一指令多数据流扩展SSI—Small Scall Integration—小规模集成STB—Set Top Boxes—电视顶置盒STD—Suspend To Disk—磁盘唤醒STR—Suspend To RAM—内存唤醒STS—Switched Internet working Service—交换式网络互联服务SUA—Single User Account—单用户账号SVR—Switching Voltage Regulator—交换式电压调节TCA—Twin Cache Architecture—双缓冲结构TCO—Total Cost Of Ownership—拥有总成本TCP—Transmission Control Protocol—传输控制协议TCP—Transmission Control Protocol—传输控制协议TDP—Thermal Design Power—散热设计功耗TFT—Thin Film Transistor—薄膜晶体管TLB—Translate Look Side Buffers—翻译旁视缓冲器TOP—The Olympic Partner—奥林匹克全球合作伙伴TPS—Transactions Per Second—每秒处理事项数TQM—Total Quality Management—全面质量管理UART—Universal Asynchronous Receive/Transmitter—通用异步收发器UCC—Ultra Clear Coating—超清晰涂层UDMA—Ultra Direct Memory Access—高级直接内存访问UDP—User Datagram protocol—用户数据报协议UDP—User Datagram Protocol—用户数据报协议ULS—User Location Service—用户定位服务UPA—Ultra Port Architecture—超级端口结构UPS—Uninterrupted Power Supply—不间断电源USB—Universal Serial Bus—通用串行总线USDM—Unified System Diagnostic Manager—统一系统检测管理USWC—Uncacheabled Speculative Write Combination—无缓冲随即联合写操作VALU—Vector Arithmetic Logic Unit—向量算术逻辑单元VBI—Vertical Blanking Interval—垂直空白间隙VCMA—Virtual Channel Memory Architecture—虚拟通道内存结构VDM—Windows Driver Model—视窗驱动程序模块VDSL—Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Loop—甚高速数字用户环路VDT—Video Display Terminal—视频显示终端VESA—Video Electronic Standard Association—视频电子标准协会VFAT—Virtual File Allocation Table—虚拟文件分配表VFM—Wired For Management—有线管理VGA—Video Graphics Array—视频图形阵列VID—Voltage Identification Definition—电压识别认证VIP—Video Interface Port—视频接口VLIW—Very Long Instruction Word—超长指令集VLSI—Very Large Scale Integrated—超大规模集成电路VOD—Video On Demand—视频点播VPN—Virtual Private Network—虚拟局域网VPU—Vector Permutate Unit—向量排列单元VQTC—Vector-Quantization Texture Compression—向量纹理单元VRE—Voltage Reduction Enhance—增强型电压调节VRML—Virtual Reality Makeup Language—虚拟现实结构化语言VRM—Voltage Regulator Module—电压调整模块VSA—Virtual System Architecture—虚拟系统架构VSIS—Video Single Standard—视频信号标准VXML—Voice Extensible Markup Language—语音扩展标记语言WAIS—Wide Area Information Service—广义信息服务器WAN—Web Area Network—广域网WG—Wave Guide—波导合成Wi—Fi—Wireless Fidelity—无线保真WLAN—Wireless Local Area Network—无线局域网络WMI—Wired For Management Initiative—主动式管理线路WOL—Wake On Lan—局域网唤醒WPAN—Wireless Personal Area Network—无线个域网WSH—Windows Scripting Host—视窗脚本程序WWW—World Wide Web—万维网XSL—Extensible Style Sheet Language—可扩展设计语言ZAM—Zero Administration For Windows—零管理视窗系统ECL—Emitter Couple Logic—射极耦合逻辑CAM—Content Addressable Memory—内容寻址存储器MIPS—Million Instruction Per Second—每秒处理百万级指令。

通信感知一体化混合波束赋形技术

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-3114.2023.04.013引用格式:朱承浩.通信感知一体化混合波束赋形技术[J].无线电通信技术,2023,49(4):689-695.[ZHU Chenghao.Hybrid Beamforming for Integrated Sensing and Communication [J].Radio Communications Technology,2023,49(4):689-695.]通信感知一体化混合波束赋形技术朱承浩(东南大学吴健雄学院,江苏南京210096)摘㊀要:为解决无线通信与感知的性能日益强大而带来的频谱资源紧缺的问题,通信感知一体化(Integrated Sens-ing and Communication,ISAC)技术逐渐开始受到重视㊂在目前最有发展潜力的毫米波(millimeter Wave,mmWave)多输入输出(Multiple Input Multiple Output,MIMO)混合波束赋形系统基础上,提出了一种通信感知一体化的波束赋形算法㊂使用均方误差(Mean Square Error,MSE)衡量该系统的通信和雷达的性能,通过引入权重因子将通信与雷达的性能指标综合考虑,得到通感一体化波束赋形系统的最优解㊂针对求解过程中的非凸优化问题,提出了基于坐标迭代的交替优化算法对问题进行求解㊂针对不同权重因子,对通信的频谱效率和雷达的波束方向图进行了仿真,仿真结果验证了所提方案可以实现通信感知一体化系统下通信与感知性能的折中㊂关键词:通感一体化;毫米波;多输入输出;混合波束赋形;坐标迭代优化法中图分类号:TN929.5㊀㊀㊀文献标志码:A㊀㊀㊀开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):文章编号:1003-3114(2023)04-0689-07Hybrid Beamforming for Integrated Sensing and CommunicationZHU Chenghao(Chien-Shiung Wu College,Southeast University,Nanjing 210096,China)Abstract :In order to solve the shortage of spectrum resources caused by the increasingly powerful performance of wireless commu-nication and sensing,the technology of Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC)has gradually begun to receive attention.On thebasis of hybrid beamforming system for the millimeter Wave (mmWave)Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)technology which hasthe most development potential at present,a beamforming algorithm of ISAC in this system is proposed.The Mean Square Error (MSE)is used to measure the performance of communication and radar in this system,and the weight factor is introduced to comprehensively consider the performance of communication and radar,to achieve the optimal solution of the beamforming system for integrated sensingand communication.To overcome the non-convex optimization problem in the process of solving,an alternative optimization algorithm based on coordinate iterative method is proposed.The spectrum efficiency of communication and the beam pattern of radar with differentweight factors are simulated.Through the simulation results,it is verified that the scheme can achieve the compromise between commu-nication and sensing performance in the integrated sensing and communication system.Keywords :ISAC;mmWave;MIMO;hybrid beamforming;coordinate iterative optimization收稿日期:2023-03-250　引言车联网㊁人机交互等应用场景对无线通信和雷达感知均提出了很高的要求[1]㊂随着无线通信技术和雷达感知技术的不断发展,通信与雷达感知这两个原本较为独立的领域展现出越来越多的联系和共同性㊂未来移动通信关键技术之一通信感知一体化(Integrated Sensing and Communication,ISAC)技术,即将无线通信和雷达感知在同一系统中进行联合设计与优化,从而提升资源利用率,降低硬件成本,实现高性能通信和高精度感知[2]㊂通信感知一体化在实现通信传输的同时,还能通过分析无线点的反射㊁散射等特性,对目标信息进行定位和识别[3]㊂通信与感知的融合可以让二者实现技术共享,在满足高性能通信的同时满足复杂多样的感知需求[4]㊂该技术具有超越传统移动通信网络连接的潜力,可以开辟民用无人机㊁智慧交通等全新业务,因此受到了学界的广泛关注[5]㊂波束赋形技术是通信感知一体化的关键技术之一㊂文献[6]提出了通信感知一体化的波束赋形方案,在通信目标信噪比的约束下以目标估计误差为优化目标㊂文献[7]在相同的约束条件下使发射矩阵接近理想的雷达方向图来提高雷达感知的性能㊂为了解决射频资源紧缺的问题,5G将毫米波(millimeter Wave,mmWave)频段写入标准,用于提升传输速率㊂毫米波通信一般使用大规模多输入多输出(Multiple Input Multiple Output,MIMO)技术来增大信号强度[8]㊂随着天线阵列规模的增加,传统的全数字结构成本已经难以承担,因此毫米波通信使用将数字与模拟波束赋形结合起来的混合波束赋形技术㊂基于毫米波频段的通感一体化波束赋形技术也得到了广泛的关注㊂文献[9]提出了通信感知一体化系统的混合波束赋形方案,在满足雷达方向图的条件下,使混合波束赋形矩阵接近理想通信矩阵㊂该方案具有较低的复杂度,且雷达性能较高㊂但是在此方案下通信性能受到抑制,无法实现通信和感知性能的权衡㊂文献[10]采用正交匹配追踪算法得到最优波束赋形矩阵,该算法迭代速度较快,然而在大数据量情况下复杂度较高,且迭代过程中会产生累积误差并影响最终结果㊂现有的研究大多将优化算法的目标设计为使混合波束赋形矩阵逼近全数字波束赋形矩阵,并且通常会在约束通信或感知一者的前提下优化另一者的性能㊂这样做的缺点在于性能上会有所损失,最终求出的结果也不会是最优的㊂因此,针对毫米波MIMO下通感一体化的性能要求,本文提出了基于最小均方误差(Mean Square Error,MSE)准则设计的混合波束赋形算法㊂通过在均方误差指标中引入因子使得优化算法与信道噪声能量相关联,使设计更加准确,同时简化了求解过程㊂通过引入辅助酉矩阵使理想雷达发射矩阵与一体化下的雷达发射矩阵维度相同,可以直接进行均方误差的计算㊂优化的目标函数含有多个待优化变量,难以直接求解,因此本文提出了交替迭代优化算法㊂在假设其他优化目标为最优解的情况下单独优化一个目标,通过不断交替循环实现系统的最优解㊂在求解模拟波束赋形矩阵时,相移器阵列受恒模约束的影响,该问题是非凸优化问题㊂针对该问题,本文提出了坐标迭代优化法来求出该优化问题的最优解㊂仿真结果表明该算法较好地兼顾了通信与感知的性能,实现了二者的融合㊂1㊀毫米波通信感知一体化系统理论基础1.1㊀毫米波大规模MIMO技术5G及今后技术的发展离不开通信速率的不断提高㊂由奈奎斯特第一准则可知,通信速率与信号的带宽成正比㊂4G技术所使用的频段较低,缺乏足够的频带资源继续拓展带宽㊂因此,为了继续提高通信速率,需要利用更高频段的毫米波段㊂相比于中低频段,毫米波段拥有数十倍以上的广阔频段,可以解决带宽资源的紧张问题[11],在毫米波段下的通信与感知性能也能得到极大的提高[12]㊂然而,毫米波也有着不容忽视的缺点,根据弗里斯传输公式[13],接收功率与波长成正比,毫米波更短的波长意味着更大的传输损耗㊂为了弥补这种损耗,在应用中多采用大规模MIMO技术对其进行补偿㊂以一维均匀排布的天线阵列为例,其天线间隔应大于半波长㊂毫米波的波长极短,因此天线间隔在毫米波段下极小,可以实现大规模MIMO传输㊂1.2㊀混合波束赋形系统在传统的全数字波束赋形系统下,每根天线都必须配备一条可以任意改变信号幅度和相位的射频链路㊂然而在大规模MIMO系统中,天线的数量激增,已无法负担为每根天线加装射频链路的巨大成本[14]㊂因此,有研究者提出了使用混合波束赋形技术㊂从图1可以看出,混合波束赋形系统的特点在于使用数个相移器构成模拟波束赋形矩阵[15],减少了数字波束赋形矩阵中射频链路的数量,在很大程度上降低了建设成本㊂其中,传输信号维度为N s,使用了N RF条射频链路,发送天线数量为N t,满足关系N sɤN RF≪N t㊂图1㊀毫米波MIMO系统混合波束赋形方案Fig.1㊀Hybrid beamforming scheme formmWave MIMO system1.3㊀通信感知一体化波束赋形技术在通信感知一体化系统中,同一种波形被同时运用于通信传输和雷达感知,这二者的功能都能通过MIMO混合波束赋形系统实现㊂因此,在求解相应的波束赋形矩阵时,可以做到同时优化通信和感知的性能,这实现了通信与感知性能的兼顾与折中,与一体化的思想一致㊂2㊀基于最小MSE准则的一体化波束赋形设计2.1㊀通信模型在混合波束赋形系统中,用户接收到的信号yɪC N sˑ1可以表示为:y=W H HF RF F BB s+W H n,(1)式中:sɪC N sˑ1为发送的数据信号向量,满足关系E(ss H)=I N s,F BBɪC N RFˑN s为数字波束赋形矩阵, F RFɪC N tˑN RF为模拟波束赋形矩阵,该矩阵仅提供相位变化,因此所有元素的模为1㊂HɪC N rˑN t为信道矩阵,N r为接收端的天线数量,WɪC N rˑN s为接收端的全数字波束赋形矩阵,nɪC N rˑ1为信道噪声矢量,服从均值为0㊁方差为σ2的复高斯分布㊂对于均匀线阵,其阵列响应矢量为:a(θ)=1㊀N[1,e j kd sin(θ),e j2kd sin(θ), ,e j(N-1)kd sin(θ)]T,(2)式中:k=2πλ,d为阵元间隔,通常取d=λ/2,N为天线数,θ为到达角或离开角㊂在毫米波频段下,信道矩阵为Saleh-Valenzuela 模型[16],可以表示为:H=㊀NtN rLðL l=1αl a r(θr,l)a H t(θt,l),(3)式中:L为多径数,αl为第l条传输路径的信道增益,服从标准复高斯分布,θr,l为第l条传输路径的到达角,θt,l为第l条传输路径的离开角㊂2.2㊀感知模型MIMO的雷达发射波束方向图为[17]:P(θ)=a H t(θ)R s a t(θ),(4)式中:R sɪC N tˑN t为发射信号的协方差矩阵,可以表示为:Rs=E(F RF F BB ss H F H BB F H RF)=F RF F BB E(ss H)F H BB F H RF=F RF F BB F H BB F H RF㊂(5)假设雷达感知的目标数量为K,相对于基站的离开角为{θt,1,θt,2, ,θt,K}㊂由式(3)可知,信道矩阵表示为L个不同离开角和到达角的散射路径的求和㊂信道的前K个散射路径即为雷达感知K个目标的路径㊂因此信道前K个路径的离开角应为雷达感知的离开角,即为{θt,1,θt,2, ,θt,K},剩下的L-K个离开角和L个到达角均服从[-π/2,π/2]的均匀分布㊂2.3㊀通信感知一体化的最小MSE模型在一体化系统的设计过程中,衡量通信系统性能的主要标准为误比特率(Bit Error Ratio,BER)等㊂在传统波束赋形设计中,通常通过降低MSE来达到降低误比特率的目的㊂本文将这一指标运用到一体化混合波束赋形的应用范围内,目的也是通过降低通信和雷达感知的均方误差来优化通信和感知的各项性能㊂通信性能的MSE定义为接收信号与原始信号的均方误差:MSE c=E( β-1y-s 2F)=E( β-1(W H HF RF F BB s+W H n)-s 2F)= tr(β-2W H HF RF F BB F H BB F H RF H H W-β-1W H HF RF F BB-β-1F H BB F H RF H H W+σ2β-2W H W+I Ns)(6)式中:引入的β因子可以将之后在功率约束下的优化求解问题大大简化,变成以β为优化目标的子问题㊂由雷达感知的波束图公式可知,雷达的波束设计等价于设计雷达的协方差矩阵㊂理想的全数字雷达发射矩阵F radɪC N tˑK为:F rad =[a t (θt ,1),a t (θt ,2), ,a t (θt ,K )]㊂(7)然而,混合波束赋形系统中的雷达发射矩阵为F RF F BB ɪCN t ˑN s,与理想的发射矩阵维度不一致,因此二者不能直接进行MSE 的计算㊂为使二者维度一致,可以引入一个辅助酉矩阵F u ɪC K ˑN s,其满足关系F u F H u =I K ,这样,理想雷达的发射矩阵可以表示为F r =F rad F u ɪCN t ˑN s㊂可以看到,引入辅助酉矩阵后,理想雷达的发射矩阵与混合波束赋形中的发射矩阵维度一致,并且原来理想雷达的方向没有改变,维持了原始的性能㊂辅助酉矩阵可以通过以下的优化问题解出:min F uF c -F rad F u 2Fs.t.㊀F u F Hu=I K{,(8)式中:F c 为理想的通信全数字波束赋形矩阵㊂对信道矩阵进行奇异值分解:H =U V H ㊂(9)取V 的前N s 列即为通信全数字波束赋形矩阵F c ㊂该优化问题表明构造辅助酉矩阵应尽可能减小全数字波束赋形下通信与雷达感知的差异,提高一体化的性能㊂该问题类似于正交普鲁克问题,可以求得F u的闭式解为[18]:F u =U 1CV H 1,(10)式中:U 1和V 1来自于F H rad F c 的奇异值分解F Hrad F c=U 11V H 1,C =[I K ,O K ˑ(N s -K )]㊂由此,雷达感知的MSE 可以定义为:MSE r = F RF F BB -F r 2F =tr(F RF F BB F H BB F H RF -F RF F BB F H r -F r F H BB F H RF +F r F Hr )㊂(11)在一体化的混合波束赋形设计中,需要同时以通信和雷达的性能作为优化对象,因此优化问题的目标函数应同时包含二者的均方误差㊂通感一体化下的混合波束赋形优化问题可以表示为:min W ,F RF ,F BB ,βρMSE c +(1-ρ)MSE r s.t.㊀(F RF )ij =1,∀i ,j F RF F BB 2FɤP ìîíïïïï,(12)式中:ρɪ[0,1]为一权重因子,代表通信性能在优化中所占的比重㊂该优化问题需要考虑模拟波束赋形矩阵的恒模约束和混合波束赋形矩阵的功率约束㊂3㊀基于交替迭代优化算法求解波束赋形设计3.1㊀基于坐标迭代的交替优化上文中通感一体化下的混合波束赋形优化问题涉及到4个待优化变量,难以直接求解㊂因此,可以每次在固定其他变量的条件下交替优化一个变量,通过多轮这样的迭代优化使目标函数最终落入目标区间内㊂①关于W 的子问题可以表示为:min W MSE c ㊂(13)将目标函数MSE c 对W 求偏导并使结果等于零可以得到W 的闭式解为:W =(HF RF F BB F H BB F H RF H H +σ2β-2I N r)-1ˑβ-1HF RF F BB ㊂(14)②关于β的子问题,由于存在发射功率的限制,只有在发射功率达到最大时β才能达到最优值㊂令F bb =β-1F BB 以简化表达,可以得到在发射功率最大时的β值为:β=P -12(tr(F RF F bb F HbbF H RF))-12㊂(15)从求解过程可以看出,若按照未引入β因子的传统MSE 标准来优化,则需要引入拉格朗日乘子将功率约束条件利用起来再进行复杂的求解,但在引入β因子后,就可以将功率约束分解为β的子问题求得闭式解,这无疑大大简化了算法流程㊂③关于F BB 的子问题可以表示为:min F BBρMSE c +(1-ρ)MSE r ㊂(16)将目标函数对F BB 求偏导并使结果等于零可以得到F BB 的闭式解为:F BB =(ρβ-2F H RF H H WW H HF RF +(1-ρ)F HRF F RF )-1ˑ(ρβ-1F H RF H H W +(1-ρ)F HRF F r )㊂(17)④关于F RF 的子问题可以表示为:min FRFρMSE c +(1-ρ)MSE rs.t.㊀(F RF )ij =1,∀i ,j{㊂(18)约束条件(F RF )ij =1,∀i ,j 使得上述优化问题是非凸的,这使得问题的理论求解十分困难㊂本文针对该问题提出坐标迭代优化法对其进行求解㊂F RF 的优化问题可以表示为:J (F RF )=ρMSE c +(1-ρ)MSE r =ρtr(β-2W H HF RF F BB F H BB F H RF H H W -β-1W HHF RF F BB -β-1F H BB F H RF H H W +σ2β-2W H W +I N s)+(1-ρ)tr(F RF F BB F H BB F H RF -F RF F BB F H r -F r F H BB F HRF +F r F H r )=ρtr(A l )+(1-ρ)tr(B l )+ρtr(β-2W H HV RF V BB V H BB V H RF H H W -2β-1W H HV RF V BB )+(1-ρ)tr(V RF V BB V H BB V H RF -2V RF V BB F H r ),(19)式中:A l =β-2W H HF -l RF F -l BB (F -l BB )H (F -l RF )H H H W -β-1W H HF -l RF F -l BB-β-1(F -l BB )H (F -l RF )H H H W +σ2β-2W H W +I Ns,(20)B l =F -l RF F -l BB (F -l BB )H (F -l RF )H -F -l RF F -l BB F Hr -F r (F -l BB )H (F -l RF )H +F r F H r,(21)式中:F -l RF 为矩阵F RF 移除第l 列后的子矩阵,F -l BB 为矩阵F BB 移除第l 行后的子矩阵,V RF 为矩阵F RF第l 列的矢量,V BB 为矩阵F BB 第l 行的矢量㊂固定矩阵F RF 其他列不变,将第l 列的矢量V RF单独作为变量优化,原优化问题可以转化为:min F RFρtr(β-2W H HV RF V BB V H BB V H RF H H W -2β-1W HHV RF V BB )+(1-ρ)tr(V RF V BB V HBBV H RF-2V RF V BB F H r)s.t.㊀(V RF )n =1,∀n ㊂(22)该优化问题同样可以用类似方法处理,每次固定V RF ,其他元素不变,将第n 个元素V RF (n )作为变量求最优解㊂令H w =W H H ,F v =V BB F H r ,由于模拟波束赋形矩阵仅有相移的功能,可令V RF (n )=e j θn ,则目标函数中与V RF (n )有关的项为:J (θn )=ρðN sm =1[β-2H w (m ,n )V BB (m )2ej2θn-2β-1H w (m ,n )ˑV BB (m )e j θn]+(1-ρ)ðN s m =1V BB (m )2e j2θn-2(1-ρ)F v (n )e j θn ㊂(23)令:X n =ðN sm =1H w (m ,n )V BB (m )2,(24)Y n =ðN s m =1H w (m ,n )V BB (m )㊂(25)求J (θn )关于θn 的偏导,使其等于零,可以求得V RF (n )的最优解为:V RF (n )=ej θn=ρβ-1Y n +(1-ρ)F v (n )ρβ-2X n +(1-ρ) V BB 2F㊂(26)对F RF 中的每个元素依次使用上述算法,即可求得当前条件下F RF 的最优解㊂基于坐标迭代的交替优化算法的详细步骤如算法1所示㊂算法1㊀交替优化算法输入:输入:H ,N s ,N RF ,N t ,N r ,P ,σ2,ρ,I max ,S min输出:F BB ,F RF ,W ,β1.㊀在约束条件(F RF )ij =1,∀i ,j 下随机初始化矩阵F RF2.根据式(9)得到通信全数字波束赋形矩阵F c ,初始化F BB =F -1RF F c3.初始化β=P -1/2(tr(F RF F BB F H BB F H RF ))-1/24.for i =1,2, ,I max do5.㊀㊀根据式(15)更新β6.㊀㊀根据式(14)更新W7.㊀㊀根据式(26)用坐标迭代优化法更新F RF 8.㊀㊀根据式(17)更新F BB9.㊀㊀根据式(6)和式(11)计算MSE c 和MSE r10.㊀㊀if ρMSE c +(1-ρ)MSE r <S min then11.㊀㊀㊀结束循环12.㊀㊀end if13.end for3.2㊀仿真分析本节通过仿真结果来分析使用基于坐标迭代的交替优化算法求解的一体化混合波束赋形系统的性能㊂仿真中,发射天线数N t =64,接收天线数N r =8,N RF =N s =4,将每条射频链路使用的发射功率归一化为1,则总系统的归一化发射功率P =4,毫米波信道多径数L =10[19],雷达检测目标K =3,离开角分别为[-45ʎ,0ʎ,45ʎ],信道中其余离开角和到达角均服从[-π/2,π/2]的均匀分布㊂图2为不同权重因子ρ下频谱效率随信噪比变化的曲线㊂可以看出,随着通信性能权重ρ的增大,混合波束赋形的频谱效率也在增大,且越来越接近全数字波束赋形下的频谱效率㊂当ρ=1时,混合波束赋形系统只考虑通信的性能,此时的频谱效率与全数字状态非常接近㊂因此可以看出,权重因子ρ的大小在优化过程中会影响一体化系统的通信性能㊂图2㊀不同权重下频谱效率随信噪比的变化曲线Fig.2㊀Curve of spectral efficiency versus signal-to-noise ratio with different weights图3为不同权重下雷达波束图与理想全数字雷达波束图的比较㊂由于ρ值越小代表雷达性能在优化中占比越大,可以看到,随着ρ值的不断下降,一体化系统下的雷达波束图与全数字下的波束图越来越接近㊂在ρ=0.7时,雷达波束存在较大的旁瓣,这会较大地干扰正确的检测目标;ρ=0.5时,旁瓣干扰仍然存在,但此时主瓣强度明显高于旁瓣,可以进行有效的检测;ρ=0.3时,旁瓣强度被显著抑制,这时的旁瓣干扰很小,主瓣方向的波束容易分辨,雷达感知的精度较高,能够准确地识别目标方位㊂由上述分析可知,本文提出的基于坐标迭代的交替优化算法在保障通信性能的同时可以实现较高的雷达感知精度,且可以通过改变权重ρ值灵活地调整通信与感知性能的占比,实现二者的权衡,达到通感一体化的效果㊂图3㊀不同权重时的雷达波束方向图Fig.3㊀Radar beam patterns with different weight factors4　结论本文使用了毫米波信道下的混合波束赋形技术实现通信感知一体化㊂通过引入因子β导出基于最小均方误差准则的通信性能优化问题,并引入辅助酉矩阵,让理想雷达发射矩阵与混合波束赋形矩阵保持维度相同,得到了基于雷达感知性能的优化问题㊂接着利用权重因子ρ结合两方面性能提出了通感一体化下的混合波束赋形优化问题㊂针对非凸优化问题提出了基于坐标迭代的交替优化算法,完成了对波束赋形优化问题的求解㊂仿真结果表明,该算法能够很好地实现通信与感知性能的折中,即在不同权重下通信与感知的性能都能有所保证,实现了通信感知一体化的效果㊂参考文献[1]㊀LIU F,CUI Y,MASOUROS C,et al.Integrated Sensingand Communications:Towards Dual-functional WirelessNetworks for 6G and Beyond[J].IEEE Journal on Select-ed Areas in Communications,2022,40(6):1728-1767.[2]㊀吴晓文,焦侦丰,刘冰,等.面向6G 的卫星通感一体化[J].移动通信,2022,46(10):2-11.[3]㊀LIU Y J,LIAO G S,XU J W,et al.Adaptive OFDM Inte-grated Radar and Communications Waveform Design Based on Information Theory [J].IEEE communications letters,2017,21(10):2174-2177.[4]㊀高飞,王文剑,刘建国,等.通感一体化融合的研究及其挑战[J].移动通信,2022,46(5):45-51.[5]㊀李萍,郭晓江.通感一体化关键技术与应用[J].中兴通讯技术,2023,29(2):72-78.[6]㊀LIU F,MASOUROS C.Joint Beamforming Design for Ex-tended Target Estimation and Multiuser Communication [C]ʊ2020IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf20).Florence:IEEE,2020:1-6.[7]㊀LIU X,HUANG T,SHLEZINGER N,et al.Joint TransmitBeamforming for Multiuser MIMO Communications and MIMO Radar[J].IEEE Transactions on Signal Process-ing,2020,68:3929-3944.[8]㊀VOOK F W,THOMAS T A,VISOTSKY E.Massive MIMOfor mmWave Systems [C]ʊ201448th Asilomar Confer-ence on Signals,Systems and Computers.Pacific Grove:IEEE,2014:820-824.[9]㊀LIU F,MASOUROS C,PETROPULU A P,et al.Joint Ra-dar and Communication Design:Applications,State-of-the-art,and the Road Ahead[J].IEEE Transactions on Com-munications,2020,68(6):3834-3862. [10]EL AYACH O,RAJAGOPAL S,ABU-SURRA S,et al.Spatially Sparse Precoding in Millimeter Wave MIMO Sys-tems[J].IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communica-tions,2014,13(3):1499-1513.[11]RAPPAPORT T S,SHU S,MAYZUS R,et limeterWave Mobile Communications for5G Cellular:It WillWork[J].IEEE Access,2013,1(1):335-349. [12]RAI P K,IDSØE H,YAKKATI R R,et al.Localizationand Activity Classification of Unmanned Aerial VehicleUsing mmWave FMCW Radars[J].IEEE Sensors Jour-nal,2021,21(14):16043-16053.[13]罗涛,王昊.车辆无线通信网络及其应用[J].中兴通讯技术,2011,17(3):1-7.[14]邓瑾.大规模MIMO系统中的波束空间信道估计以及混合波束成形研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2022. [15]YU X,SHEN J C,ZHANG J,et al.Alternating Minimiza-tion Algorithms for Hybrid Precoding in Millimeter WaveMIMO Systems[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics inSignal Processing,2016,10(3):485-500.[16]AKDENIZ M R,LIU Y,SAMIMI M K,et limeterWave Channel Modeling and Cellular Capacity Evaluation[J].IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2014,32(6):1164-1179.[17]CHENG Z,LIAO B,HE Z,et al.Joint Design of theTransmit and Receive Beamforming in MIMO Radar Sys-tems[J].IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2019,68(8):7919-7930.[18]VIKLANDS T.Algorithms for the Weighted OrthogonalProcrustes Problem and Other Least Squares Problems[D].Sweden:UmeåUniversitet,2006.[19]LIU F,MASOUROS C.Hybrid Beamforming with Sub-arrayed MIMO Radar:Enabling Joint Sensing and Commu-nication at mmWave Band[C]ʊICASSP2019-2019IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech andSignal Processing(ICASSP).Brighton:IEEE,2019:7770-7774.作者简介:㊀㊀朱承浩㊀东南大学本科在读㊂主要研究方向:通信感知一体化㊂。

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# 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 英文縮寫 DAVIC DEC DECT DISM DMMS DPOF DRT DSP DSC DSO DVD DVB DVD DAC DCT DJIT DMA-33 DSD DIY DNS DPI DDR DINK DWG. NO. DBC DIB DIMM DRAM E.P.S. EE EPSON ESD EL EMC EMI EDI EDA EIA E-Mail EOS EVC EQ ECN EDRAM EPR EPROM ETCD ETA ETC ETD ETE ETR EPE EC 英文全文 Detail Digital Audio Visual Council Digital Equipment Corporation Digital European Cordless Telecommunication Digital Interface Standard For Monitor Digital Media Management System Digital Print Order Format Digital Real Time Digital Signal Processor Digital Still Camera Digital Storage Oscilloscope Digital Versatile Disc Digital Video Broadcasting Digital Video Disk Digital-Analog Convertor Dimension Direct Cosine Transform Direct Just In Time Direct Memory Access, Utra Ata At 33 Direct Stream Digital Do It Yourself Domain Name Service Dot Per Inch Double Data Rate Double Incoming No Kid Drawing Number Dual Beam Connector Dual Independent Bus Dual In-line Memory Module Dynamic Random Access Memory Earning Per Share Ejector; Eject Pin Electric Eye Electrical Printer's Son Electro Static Discharge Electroluminescencc Electro-Magnetic Compatibility Electro-Magnetic Interference Electronic Data Interchange Electronic Design Automation Electronic Industries Association Electronic Mail Electronic Ordering System Electronic Video Connector, 35 Pins Molex Emotional Intelligence Engineering Change Notice Enhanced Dram Enterprise Resource Planning Erasable And Programmable Read-Only Estimated Task Completion Date Estimated Time Of Arrival Estimated Time Of Completion Estimated Time Of Departure(Delivery) Estimated Time Of Enroute Estimated Time Of Return Evaluation Report Expanded Poly Ethylene Exposure Compensation 中文解釋詳圖,局部視圖客戶名 ....迪吉多歐規標準的系統的無線交換機數位監視器介面規格

计算机术语与中文解释对照

3C（China Compulsory Certification，中国强制性产品认证制度）3D（Three Dimensional，三维）3DCG（3D computer graphics，三维计算机图形）3DNow!（3D no waiting，无须等待的3D处理）3DPA（3D Positional Audio，3D定位音频）3DS（3D SubSystem，三维子系统）3GIO（Third Generation Input/Output，第三代输入输出技术）AA（Accuview Antialiasing，高精度抗锯齿）AAC（Advanced Audio Compression，高级音频压缩）AAM（AMD Analyst Meeting，AMD分析家会议）AAM（Automatic Acoustic Management，自动机械声学管理）AAS（Automatic Area Segments）AAT（Average access time，平均存取时间）ABB（Advanced Boot Block，高级启动块）ABP（Address Bit Permuting，地址位序列改变）ABP（Advanced Branch Prediction，高级分支预测）ABS（Auto Balance System，自动平衡系统）A-Buffer（Accumulation Buffer，积聚缓冲）AC（Acoustic Edge，声学边缘）AC（Audio Codec，音频多媒体数字信号编解码器）AC-3（Audio Coding 3，第三代音响编码）AC97（Audio Codec 97，多媒体数字信号解编码器1997年标准）ACCP（Applied Computing Platform Providers，应用计算平台提供商）ACG（Aggressive Clock Gating，主动时钟选择）ACIRC（Advanced Cross Interleave Reed - Solomon Code，高级交叉插入里德所罗门代码）ACOPS（Automatic CPU OverHeat Prevention System（CPU过热预防系统）ACPI（Advanced Configuration and Power Interface，先进设置和电源管理）ACR（Advanced Communications Riser，高级通讯升级卡）ACS（Access Control Software，存取控制软件）ACT（Action，动作类游戏）AD（Analog to Digitalg，模拟到数字转换）ADC（Analog to Digital Converter，模数传换器）ADC（Apple Display Connector，苹果专用显示器接口）ADI（Adaptive De-Interlacing，自适应交错化技术）ADIMM（advanced Dual In-line Memory Modules，高级双重内嵌式内存模块）ADIP（Address In Pre-Groove，预凹槽寻址）ADSL（Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line，不对称数字订阅线路）ADT（Advanced DRAM Technology，高级内存技术）AE（Atmospheric Effects，大气雾化效果）AE（Auto Focus，自动测光）AES-OCB（Advanced Encryption Standard-Operation Cipher Block，高级加密标准-操作密码块）AF（Auto Focus，自动对焦）AFC media（antiferromagnetically coupled media，反铁磁性耦合介质）AFC（Advanced Frame Capture、高级画面捕获）AFC（Amplitude-frequency characteristic，振幅频率特征）AFE（Analog Front End，模拟前置）AFM（Atomic Force Microscope，原子力显微镜）AFR（Alternate Frame Rendering，交替渲染技术）AG（Aperture Grills，栅条式金属板）AGBS（Advance GameBoy development System，高级GameBoy发展系统）AGC（Anti Glare Coatings，防眩光涂层）AGP（Accelerated Graphics Port，图形加速接口）AGPS（Assisted Global Positioning System，援助全球定位系统）AGTL+（Assisted Gunning Transceiver Logic，援助发射接收逻辑电路）AGU（Address Generation Units，地址产成单元）AH（Authentication Header，鉴定文件头）AHA（Accelerated Hub Architecture，加速中心架构）AI（Artificial Intelligence，人工智能）AIMM（AGP Inline Memory Module，AGP板上内存升级模块）AIS（Alternate Instruction Set，交替指令集）AL（Additive Latency，附加反应时间）AL（Artificial Life，人工生命）ALAT（advanced load table，高级载入表）ALDC（Adaptive Lossless Data Compression，适应无损数据压缩）ALU（Arithmetic Logic Unit，算术逻辑单元）Aluminum（铝）AM（Acoustic Management，声音管理）AMC（audio/modem codec，音频/调制解调器多媒体数字信号编解码器）AMR（Audio/Modem Riser，音效/调制解调器主机板附加直立插卡）An isotropic Filtering（各向异性过滤）ANSI（American National Standards Institute，美国国立标准协会）AOI（Automatic Optical Inspection，自动光学检验）AOL（Alert On LAN，局域网警告）APC（Advanced Power Control，高级能源控制）API（Application Programming Interfaces，应用程序接口）APIC（Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller，高级可编程中断控制器）APM（Advanced Power Management，高级能源管理）APPE（Advanced Packet Parsing Engine，增强形帧解析引擎）APS（Alternate Phase Shifting，交替相位跳转）APS（Audio Production Studio，音频生产工作室）APU（Audio Processing Unit，音频处理单元）APX（All Position eXpansion，全方位扩展）AR（Auto-Resume，自动恢复）ARC（Anti Reflect Coating，防反射涂层）ARF（Asynchronous Receive FIFO，异步接收先入先出）ARP（Address Resolution Protocol，地址解析协议）ARPG（Action Role Play Games，动作角色扮演游戏）ARR（Annual Return Rate，年返修率）ASB（Advanced System Buffering，高级系统缓冲）ASC（Advanced Size Check，高级尺寸检查）ASC（Anti Static Coatings，防静电涂层）ASC（Auto-Sizing and Centering，自动调效屏幕尺寸和中心位置）ASCI（The 10-year Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative，领先10年战略加速计算机）ASCII（American Standard Code for Information Interchange，美国国家标准信息交换代码）ASD（Auto Stereoscopic Display，自动立体显示）ASF（Advanced Streaming Format，高级数据流格式）ASF（Alert Standards Forum，警告标准讨论）ASIC（Application Specific Integrated Circuit，特殊应用积体电路）ASIO（Audio Streaming Input and Output interface，音频流输入输出接口）ASK IR（Amplitude Shift Keyed Infra-Red，长波形可移动输入红外线）ASMO（Advanced Storage Magneto-Optical，增强形光学存储器）ASP（Active Server Pages，活动服务页）ASP（Application Service Provider，应用服务提供商）ASPI（Advanced SCSI Programming Interface，高级SCSI可编程接口）AST（amorphous-silicon TFT，非晶硅薄膜晶体管）AST（Average Seek time，平均寻道时间）AT（Advanced Technology，先进技术）ATA（Advanced Technology Attachment，高级技术附加装置）ATAPI（AT Attachment Packet Interface，AT扩展包接口）ATC（Access Time from Clock，时钟存取时间）ATC（Advanced Transfer Cache，高级转移缓存）ATD（Assembly Technology Development，装配技术发展）ATL（ActiveX Template Library，ActiveX模板库）ATM（Asynchronous Transfer Mode，异步传输模式）ATM（Automatic Teller Machine，自动提款机）ATOMM（Advanced super Thin-layer and high-Output Metal Media，增强形超薄高速金属媒体）ATP（Active to Precharge，激活到预充电）ATRAC（Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coding，可适应转换声学译码）ATSC（Advanced Television Systems Committee，高级电视系统委员会）ATX（AT Extend，扩展型AT）AUD_EXT（Audio Extension，音频扩展）AUX（Auxiliary Input，辅助输入接口）AV（Analog Video，模拟视频）AV（Audio & Video，音频和视频）AVG（Adventure Genre，冒险类游戏）AVI（Audio Video Interleave，音频视频插入）B Splines（B样条）B.O.D.E（Body Object Design Envioment，人体/物体/设计/环境渲染自动识别）BAC（Bad Angle Case，边角损坏采样）Back Buffer（后置缓冲）Backface culling（隐面消除）BAD（Best Amiga Dominators）BASIC（Beginner s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Codec，初学者通用指令代码）Battle for Eyeballs（眼球大战）BBS（BIOS Boot Specification，基本输入/输出系统启动规范）BBUL（Bumpless Build-Up Layer，内建非凹凸层）BCF（Boot Catalog File，启动目录文件）BEDO（Burst Enhanced Data-Out RAM，突发型数据增强输出内存）Benchmarks（基准测试程序数值BGA（Ball Grid Array，球状网阵排列）BHT（branch prediction table，分支预测表）BIF（Boot Image File，启动映像文件）Bilinear Filtering（双线性过滤）BIOS（Basic Input/Output System，基本输入/输出系统）BLA（Bearn Landing Area，电子束落区）BLP（Bottom Leaded Package，底部导向封装）BMC（Black Matrix Screen，超黑矩阵屏幕）BMS（Blue Magic Slot，蓝色魔法槽）BOD（Bandwidth On Demand，弹性带宽运用）BOPS（Billion Operations Per Second，十亿次运算/秒）BP（Brach Prediction，分支预测）BPA（Bit Packing Architecture，位封包架构）BPI（Bit Per Inch，位/英寸）bps（bit per second，位/秒）bps（byte per second，字节/秒）BPU（Branch Processing Unit，分支处理单元）BRC（Beta Release Candidate，测试发布候选版0）BSD（Berkeley Software Distribution，伯克利软件分配代号）BSP（Binary Space Partitioning，二进制空间分区）BSP（Boot Strap Processor，启动捆绑处理器）BSRAM（Burst pipelined synchronous static RAM，突发式管道同步静态存储器）BTAC（Branch Target Address Calculator，分支目标寻址计算器）BTO（Build-To-Order，按序构建）BURN-Proof（Buffer UnderRuN-Proof，防止缓冲区溢出）C.O.P（CPU overheating protection，处理器过热保护）C2C（card-to-card interleaving，卡到卡交错存取CAD（computer-aided design，计算机辅助设计）CAM（Common Access Model，公共存取模型）CAM（Computer-aided manufacturing，计算机辅助制造）CAS（Column Address Strobe，列地址控制器）CAV（Constant Angular Velocity，恒定角速度）CBDS（Continuous Background Defect Scanning，连续后台错误扫描）CBF（Cable Broadband Forum，电缆宽带论坛）CBGA（Ceramic Ball Grid Array，陶瓷球状网阵排列）CBMC（Crossbar based memory controller，内存控制交叉装置）CBR（Committed Burst Rate，约定突发速率）CBR（Constant Bit Rate，固定比特率）CBU（color blending unit，色彩混和单位）CCD（Charge Coupled Device，电荷连接设备）CCIRN（Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Research Networking，洲际研究网络协调委员会）CCM（Call Control Manager，拨号控制管理）cc-NUMA（cache-coherent non uniform memory access，连贯缓冲非统一内存寻址）CCS（Cross Capacitance Sensing，交叉电容感应）CCS（Cut Change System）CCT（Clock Cycle Time，时钟周期）CD（Compact Disc）cd/m^2（candela/平方米，亮度的单位）CDIP（Ceramic Dual-In-Line，陶瓷双重直线）CDPD（Cellular digital Packet data，细胞数字信息包数据）CDR（CD Recordable，可记录光盘）CDRAM（Cache DRAM，附加缓存型DRAM）CD-ROM/XA（CD-ROM eXtended Architecture，唯读光盘增强形架构）CDRS（Curved Directional Reflection Screen，曲线方向反射屏幕）CDRW（CD-Rewritable，可重复刻录光盘）CDSL（Consumer Digital Subscriber Line（消费者数字订阅线路）CE（Consumer Electronics，消费电子）CEA（Consumer Electronics Association，消费者电子协会）CEA（Critical Edge Angles，临界边角）CEM（cube environment mapping，立方环境映射）CEMA（Consumer Electronics Manufacturing Association（消费者电子制造业协会）Center Processing Unit Utilization，中央处理器占用率CEO（Chief Executive Officer，首席执行官）CF（CompactFlash Card，紧凑型闪存卡）CFM（cubic feet per minute，立方英尺/秒）CG（C for Graphics/GPU，用于图形/GPU的可编程语言）CG（Computer Graphics，计算机动画）CGI（Common Gateway Interface，通用网关接口）CG-Silicon（Continuous Grain Silicon，连续微粒硅）CHRP（Common Hardware Reference Platform，共用硬件平台）CHS（Cylinders、Heads、Sectors，柱面、磁头、扇区）CIEA（Commercial Internet Exchange Association，商业因特网交易协会）CIR（Committed Information Rate，约定信息速率）CIS（Contact Image Sensors，接触图像传感器）CISC（Complex Instruction Set Computing，复杂指令集计算机）CL（CAS Latency，CAS反应时间）Clipping（剪贴纹理）CLK（Clock Cycle，时钟周期）Clock Synthesizer，时钟合成器CLV（Constant Linear Velocity，恒定线速度）CMOS（Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor，互补金属氧化物半导体）CMOV（conditional move 包含uction，条件移动指令）CMP（on-chip multiprocessor，片内多重处理）CMR（Colossal Magneto Resistive，巨磁阻抗）CMS（Code Morphing Software，代码变形软件）CMSS（Creative Multi Speaker Surround，创新多音箱环绕）CMT（course-grained multithreading，过程消除多线程）CNPS（Computer Noise Prevention System，计算机噪音预防系统）CNR（Communication and Networking Riser，通讯和网络升级卡）CNT（carbon nano-tube，碳微管）COAST（Cache-on-a-stick，条状缓存）COB（Cache on board，板上集成缓存）co-CPU（cooperative CPU，协处理器）COD（Cache on Die，芯片内核集成缓存）COM（Component Object Model，组件对象模式）COMDEX（Computer Distribution Exposition，计算机代理分销业展览会）compressed textures（压缩纹理）Concurrent Command Engine，协作命令引擎COO（Chief Organizer Officer，首席管理官）Copper（铜）CP（command processor，指令处理器）CPA（Close Page Auto recharge，接近页自动预充电）CPE（Customer Premise Equipment，用户预定设备）CPGA（Ceramic Pin Grid Array，陶瓷针型栅格阵列）CPI（count per inch，每英寸计数）CPI（cycles per 包含uction，周期/指令）CPLD（Complex Programmable Logic Device，复杂可程序化逻辑组件）CPRM（Content Protection for record able media，记录媒体内容保护）CPS（Certification Practice Statement，使用证明书）CPU（Center Processing Unit，中央处理器）CRC（Cyclical Redundancy Check，循环冗余检查）CRM（Customer Relationship Management，顾客关系管理）CRT（Cathode Ray Tube，阴极射线管）CRT（Cooperative Redundant Threads，协同多余线程）CS（Channel Separation，声道分离）CSA（Canadian Standards Association，加拿大标准协会）CSA（Communication Streaming Architecture，通讯流架构）CSC（Colorspace Conversion，色彩空间转换）CSD（Circuit Switched Data，电路切换数据通话）CSE（Configuration Space Enable，可分配空间）CSG（constructive solid geometry，建设立体几何）CSP（Chip Scale Package，芯片比例封装）CSP（Chip Size Package，芯片尺寸封装）CSS（Cascading Style Sheets，层叠格式表）CSS（Common Command Set，通用指令集）CSS（Content Scrambling System，内容不规则加密）CTI（Computer Telephone Integration，计算机电话综合技术）CTO（Chief Technology Officer，首席技术官）CTR（CAS to RAS，列地址到行地址延迟时间）CTS（Carpal Tunnel Syndrome，计算机腕管综合症）CTS（Clear to Send，清除发送）CVS（Compute Visual Syndrome，计算机视觉综合症）CXT（Chooper eXTend，增强形K6-2内核）DA（Digital to Analog，数字到模拟转换）DAB（digital audio broadcast，数字音频广播）DAC（Digital to Analog Converter，数模传换器）DAC（Dual Address Cycle，双重地址周期）DAE（digital Audio Extraction，数据音频抓取）DAN（Dance，跳舞类游戏）DAO（Disc At Once，整盘刻录）DAO-RAW（Disc At Once Read after Write，整盘刻录-写后读）DASP（Dynamic Adaptive Speculative Pre-Processor，动态适应预测预处理器）Data Forwarding（数据前送）dB（decibel，分贝）DB（Deep Buffer，深度缓冲）DB（Device Bay，设备插架）DBBS（Dynamic Bass Boost System，动态低音增强系统）DBI（dynamic bus inversion，动态总线倒置）DBS（Direct Broadcast Satellite，直接卫星广播）DBS-PC（Direct Broadcast Satellite PC，人造卫星直接广播式PC）DC（Digital Camera，数码相机）DC（Dreamcast，世嘉64位游戏机）DCA（Defense Communication Agency，国防部通信局）DCC（Digital Compact Cassette，数字盒式磁带）DCC（Digital Content Creation，数字内容创造）DCD（Directional Corelational De-interlacing，方向关联解交错）DCD（Document Content De脚本ion for XML，XML文件内容描述）DCE（Data Circuit Terminal Equipment，数据通信设备）DCLK（Dot Clock，点时钟）DCOM（Distributing Component Object Model，构造物体模块）DCT（Display Compression Technology，显示压缩技术）DCT（DRAM Controller，DRAM控制器）DD（Double Side，双面内存）DDBGA（Die Dimension Ball Grid Array，内核密度球状矩阵排列）DDC（Display Data Channel，显示数据通道）DDC（Dynamic Depth Cueing，动态深度暗示）图像DDE（dynamic data exchange，动态数据交换）DDMA（Distributed DMA，分布式DMA）DDP（Digital Display Port，数字输出端口）DDR SDRAM（Double Date Rate，上下行双数据率SDRAM）DDR（Double Date Rate，上下行双数据率）DDS（Direct Draw Surface，直接绘画表面）DDSS II（Double Dynamic Suspension System II，第二代双层动力悬吊系统）DDSS（Dolby Digital Surround Sound，杜比数字环绕声）DDSS（Double Dynamic Suspension System，双悬浮动态减震系统）DDT（Dynamic Deferred Transaction，动态延期处理）DDWG（Digital Display Working Group，数字化显示工作组）DEC（Direct Etching Coatings，表面蚀刻涂层）Decal（印花法）Decode（指令解码）Deflection Coil（偏转线圈）DES（ata Encryption Standard，数据加密标准）DFL（Dynamic Focus Lens，动态聚焦）DFP（Digital Flat Panel，数字平面显示标准）DFPG（Digital Flat Panel Group，数字平面显示标准工作组）DFS（Digital Flex Scan，数字伸缩扫描）DFS（Dynamic Flat Shading，动态平面描影）DHCP（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol，动态主机分配协议）DHHF（Dual Head - High Fidelity，高精度第四代双头）DHT（Dolby Headphone Technology，杜比耳机技术）DIB（Dual Independent Bus，双重独立总线）DIC（Digital Image Control，数字图像控制）DID（Device ID，设备ID）Digital Multiscan II（数字式智能多频追踪）DIL（dual-in-line）DIMM（Dual In-line Memory Modules，双重内嵌式内存模块）Directional Light（方向性光源）DiscWizard（磁盘控制软件）DIT（Disk Inspection Test，磁盘检查测试）Dithering（抖动）DIVA（Data IntensiVe Architecture，数据加强架构）DIY（Do it Yourself，自己装机）DLL（Delay-Locked Loop，延时锁定循环电路）dll（dynamic link library，动态链接库）DLP（digital Light Processing，数字光处理）DLS（Downloadable Sounds Level，可下载音色）DLS-2（Downloadable Sounds Level 2，第二代可下载音色）DM（Displacement mapping，位移贴图）DMA（Direct Memory Access，直接内存存取）DMAC（Direct Memory Access Controller，直接内存存取控制器）DME（Direct Memory Execute，直接内存执行）DMF（Distribution Media Format）DMI（Desktop Management Interface，桌面管理接口）DMT（Discreet Monitor Timing，智能型显示器调速）DMT（Discrete Multi - Tone，不连续多基频模式）DMT（Dynamic Multithreading Architecture，动态多线程结构）DNA（Distributed Internet Application，分布式因特网应用程序）DNS（Domain Name System，域名解析系统）DOA2 HC（Deal or Live 2 hardcore，生与死2完整版）DOC（Disk On Chip，芯片磁盘）DOCSIS（Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications，线缆服务接口数据规格）DOF（Depth of Field，多重境深）DOJ（Department of Justice，反不正当竞争部门）DOM（Document Object Model，文档目标模型）DoS（Denial of Service，拒绝服务）DOS（Disk Operating System，磁盘操作系统）DOSD（Digital On Screen Display，同屏数字化显示）Dot Pitch（点距）dot texture blending（点型纹理混和）DOT（Dynamic Overcooking Technology，动态超频技术）DOT3（Dot product 3 bump mapping，点乘积凹凸映射）Double Buffering（双缓冲区）DP（Dual Processor，双处理器）DPBM（Dot Product Bump Mapping，点乘积凹凸映射）DPC（Desktop PC，桌面PC）dpi（dot per inch，每英寸的打印像素）DPMS（Display Power Management Signaling，显示能源管理信号）DPP（Direct print Protocol，直接打印协议DQL（Dynamic Quadra pole Lens，动态四极镜）DQS（Bidirectional data strobe，双向数据滤波）DQUICK（DVD Qualification and Integration Kit，DVD资格和综合工具包）DRA（deferred rendering architecture，延迟渲染架构）DRAM（Dynamic Random Access Memory，动态随机存储器）DRCG（Direct Rambus Clock Generator，直接Rambus时钟发生器）DRDRAM（Direct RAMBUS DRAM，直接内存总线DRAM）DRF（Digital radio frequency，数字无线电频率）DRI（Direct Rendering Infrastructure，基层直接渲染）DRM（Digital rights management，数字版权保护）DRM（Digital Rights Management，数字适当管理）DRSL（Differential Rambus Signaling Level，微分RAMBUS信号级）DRSL（Direct Rambus Signaling Level，直接RAMBUS信号级）DS3D（DirectSound 3D Streams）DSD（Direct Stream Digital，直接数字信号流）DSL（Data Strobe Link，数据选通连接DSL（Down Loadable Sample，可下载的取样音色）DSM（Dedicated Stack Manager，专门堆栈管理）DSM（Distributed shared memory，分布式共享内存）DSMT（Dynamic Simultaneous Multithreading，动态同步多线程）DSO（Dynamic Sound-stage Organizer，动态声音层组建）DSP（Delivery Service Partner，交付服务合伙人）DSP（Digital Signal Processing，数字信号处理）DSP（Digital Sound Field Processing，数字音场处理）DSP（Dual Streams Processor，双重流处理器）DST（Depleted Substrate Transistor，衰竭型底层晶体管）DST（Drive Self Test，磁盘自检程序）DSTN（Double layers Super Twisted Nematic，双层超扭曲向列，无源矩阵LCD）DSVD（Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data）DTD（Document Type Definition，文件类型定义）DTE（Data Terminal Equipment，数据终端设备）DTL（Developer Tool，发展工具包）DTR（Disk Transfer Rate，磁盘传输率）DTS（Digital Theater System，数字剧院系统）DTT（DeskTop Theater，桌面剧院）DTV（Digital TV，数字电视）DTV（Dual Threshold Voltage，双重极限电压）DTXS（Decryption Transform for XML Signature，XML签名解密转换）DUN（Dial-Up Networking，拨号网络）DUV（Deep Ultra-Violet，纵深紫外光）DV（Digital Vidicon，数码摄录机）DVB（Digital Video Broadcasting，数字视频广播DVC（Digital Vibrance Control，数字振动控制）DVD（Digital Video/Versatile Disk，数字视频/万能光盘）DVD-R（DVD Recordable，可记录DVD盘）DVD-RAM（Digital Video/Versatile Disk - Random Access Memory，随机存储数字视频/万能光盘）DVD-RW（DVD Rewritable，可重复刻录DVD盘）DVFM（Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Management，动态电压和频率管理）DVI（Digital Video Interface，数字视频接口）DVI（Digital Visual Interface，数字化视像接口）DVMT（Dynamic Video Memory Technology，动态视频内存技术）DVMT（Dynamic Video Memory Technology，动态视频内存技术）DWDM（Dense WaveLength Division Multiplex，波长密集型复用技术）DxR（DynamicXTended Resolution，动态可扩展分辨率）DXTC（Direct X Texture Compress，DirectX纹理压缩）Dynamic Z-buffering（动态Z轴缓冲区）E（Economy，经济，或Entry-level，入门级）E3（Electronic Entertainment Expo，电子娱乐展览会）EAP（Extensible Authentication Protocol，扩展证明协议）EAX（Environmental Audio Extensions，环境音效扩展技术）EB（Expansion Bus，扩展总线）EBGA（Enhanced Ball Grid Array，增强形球状网阵排列）EBL（electron beam lithography，电子束平版印刷）EBR（Excess Burst Rate，超额突发速率）EC（Early Childhood，学龄前儿童）EC（Embedded Controller，嵌入式控制器）ECC（Elliptic Curve Crypto，椭圆曲线加密）ECC（Error Checking and Correction，错误检查修正）ECD（Electro Chromic Display，电铬显示器）ECP（Extended Capabilities Port，延长能力端口）ED（Execution driven，执行驱动）EDA（Electronic Design Automatic，电子设计自动化）E-DDC（Enhanced Display Data Channel，增强形视频数据通道协议）EDEC（Early Decode，早期解码）Edge Anti-aliasing（边缘抗锯齿失真）EDO（Enhanced Data-Out RAM，数据增强输出内存）EE（Emotion Engine，情感引擎）E-EDID（Enhanced Extended Identification Data，增强形扩充身份辨识数据）EEPROM（Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM，电擦写可编程只读存储器）eFB（embedded Frame Buffer，嵌入式帧缓冲）EFEAL（Extended Field Elliptical Aperture Lens，可扩展扫描椭圆孔镜头）EFF（Electronic Frontier Foundation（电子前线基金会）EFI（Extensible Firmware Interface，扩展固件接口）EFM（Eight to Fourteen Modulation，8位信号转换为14位信号）EFU（Elemntary Functional Unit，增强功能单元）EHCI（Enhanced Host Controller Interface，加强型主机端控制接口）EHSDRAM（Enhanced High Speed DRAM，增强型超高速内存）EIDE（enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics，增强形电子集成驱动器）EISA（Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture，增强形工业标准架构）EL DDR（Enhanced Latency DDR，增强反应周期DDR内存）Embedded Chips（嵌入式）EMBM（environment mapped bump mapping，环境凹凸映射）Embosing（浮雕）EMC（Electron Magnetic Compatibility，电磁兼容）EMF（Electron Magnetic Field，电磁场）EMI（Electromagnetic Interference，电磁干扰）EMP（Emergency Management Port，紧急事件管理端口）EMS（Enhanced Memory System，增强内存系统）EMS（Enhanced Message Service，扩展型信息服务）EMS（Expanded Memory Specification，扩充内存规格）EOL（End of Life，最终完成产品）EOS（eBookMan Operating System，电子书操作系统）EPA（edge pin array，边缘针脚阵列）EPA（Environmental Protection Agency，美国环境保护局）EPF（Embedded Processor Forum，嵌入式处理器论坛）EPIC（explicitly parallel 包含uction code，并行指令代码）EPL（electron projection lithography，电子发射平版印刷）EPM（Enhanced Power Management，增强形能源管理）EPM（enterprise project manage）EPOC（Electronic Piece of Cheese，小型电子块）EPOC（Elevated Package Over CSP，CSP架空封装）EPP（Enhanced Parallel Port，增强形平行接口）EPROM（erasable，programmable ROM，可擦写可编程ROM）EPV（Extended Voltage Protection，扩展电压保护）ERD（Emergency Repair Disk，应急修理磁盘）ERP（Enterprise Requirement Planning，企业需求计划）ERP（Enterprise Resource Planning，企业资源计划）ERP（estimated retail price，估计零售价）ES（Energy Star，能源之星）ES（Engineering Sample，工程样品）eSATA（External Serial ATA，扩展型串行ATA）ESCD（Extended System Configuration Data，可扩展系统配置数据）ESD（electro-static discharge，静电释放）ESDJ（Easy Setting Dual Jumper，简化CPU双重跳线法）ESDRAM（Enhanced SDRAM，增强型SDRAM）ESER（EAC Secure Extract Ripping，EAC安全抓取复制）ESP（Electronic-Shock Protection，电子抗震系统）ESP（Embedded System Platform，嵌入式系统平台）ESP（Encapsulating Security Payload，压缩安全有效载荷）ESR（Equivalent Series Resistance，等价系列电阻）ESRAM（Enhanced SRAM，增强型SRAM）ETC（etc，其它类游戏，包括模拟飞行）eTM（embedded Texture Buffer，嵌入式纹理缓冲）ETRI（Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute，电子和电信研究协会）EULA（End-User License Agreement，最终用户释放协议）EUV（Extreme Ultra Violet，紫外光）EUV（extreme ultraviolet lithography，极端紫外平版印刷）EVF（Electronic Viewfinder，电子取景窗）E-WDM（Enhanced Windows Driver Model，增强型视窗驱动程序模块）Execute Buffers（执行缓冲区）Extended Burst Transactions（增强式突发处理）Extended Stereo（扩展式立体声）Factor Alpha Blending（因子阿尔法混合）FADD（Floationg Point Addition，浮点加）FAQ（Frequently Asked Questions，常见问题回答）Fast Z-clear（快速Z缓冲清除）FAT（File Al本地 Tables，文件分配表）FB（fragment buffer，片段缓冲）FBC（Frame Buffer Cache，帧缓冲缓存）FBGA（Fine-Pitch Ball Grid Array，精细倾斜球状网阵排列）FBGA（flipchip BGA，轻型芯片BGA）F-Buffer（Fragment Stream FIFO Buffer，片段流先入先出缓冲区）FC（Famicom，任天堂8位游戏机）FC（Fibre Channel，光纤通道）FC-BGA（Flip-Chip Ball Grid Array，反转芯片球形栅格阵列）FCC（Federal Communications Commission，联邦通信委员会）FC-PGA（Flip-Chip Pin Grid Array，反转芯片针脚栅格阵列）FCRAM（Fast Cycle RAM，快周期随机存储器）FDB（Fluid Dynamic Bearing，非固定动态轴承）FDB（fluid-dynamic bearings，动态轴承）FDBM（Fluid dynamic bearing motors，液态轴承马达）FDC（Floppy Disk Controller，软盘驱动器控制装置）FDD（Floppy Disk Driver，软盘驱动器）FDIV（Floationg Point Divide，浮点除）FDM（Frequency Division Multi，频率分离）FED（Field Emission Displays，电场显示器）FEMMA（Foldable Electronic Memory Module Assembly，折叠电子内存模块装配）FEMMS（Fast Entry/Exit Multimedia State，快速进入/退出多媒体状态FFB（Force Feed Back，力反馈）FFJ（Force Feedback Joystick，力量反馈式操纵杆）FFT（fast Fourier transform，快速热欧姆转换）FGM（Fine-Grained Multithreading，高级多线程）FID（FID（Frequency identify，频率鉴别号码）FIFO（First Input First Output，先入先出队列）FIR（finite impulse response，有限推进响应）FireWire（火线，即IEEE1394标准）FISC（Fast Instruction Set Computer，快速指令集计算机）FL（fragment list，片段列表）FL（Function Lookup，功能查找）Flat（平面描影）FlexATX（Flexibility ATX，可扩展性ATX）flip double buffered（反转双缓存）flip-chip（芯片反转）FLIR（Forward Looking Infra-Red，前视红外）FLOPs（Floating Point Operations Per Second，浮点操作/秒）Flow-control（流控制）FLS（Front Light Screen，前发光屏幕）Flyback Transformer（回转变压器）FM（Flash Memory，快闪存储器）FM（Frequency Modulation，频率调制）FMA（full-motion animated backdrops）FMAC（Floating-Point Multiply-Accumulators，浮点累积乘单元）FMC（Frictionless Memory Control，无阻内存控制）FMD ROM（Fluorescent Material Read Only Memory，荧光质只读存储器）FMT（fine-grained multithreading，纯消除多线程）FMUL（Floationg Point Multiplication，浮点乘）Fog table quality（雾化表画质）Fog（雾化效果）FPD（flat panel display，平面显示器）FPM（Fast Page Mode，快页模式内存）FPRs（floating-point registers，浮点寄存器）FPS（First Person Shooters，第一人称射击游戏）FPS（FourPointSurround，创新的四点环绕扬声器系统）fps（frames per second，帧/秒）FPU（Float Point Unit，浮点运算单元）FR（Frames Rate，游戏运行帧数）FR（Frequence Response，频率响应）Frames rate is King（帧数为王）FRC（Frame Rate Control（帧比率控制）FRC（Frame Rate Control，帧率控制）FRICC（Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee，联邦调查因特网协调委员会）FRJS（Fully Random Jittered Super-Sampling，完全随机移动式超级采样）Front Buffer（前置缓冲）FSAA（Full Scene/Screen Anti-aliasing，全景/屏幕抗锯齿）FSB（Front Side Bus，前端总线）FSE（Frequency Shifter Effect，频率转换效果）FSR（force sensor resistance，动力感应电阻）FSTN（Film compensated Super Twisted liquid crystal，带补偿膜超扭曲相列）FSUB（Floationg Point Subtraction，浮点减）FTC（Federal Trade Commission，联邦商业委员会）FTG（Fighting Game，格斗类游戏）FTP（File Transfer Protocol，文件传输协议）Fur（软毛效果）FW（Fast Write，快写，AGP总线的特殊功能）FWH（Firmware Hub，固件中心）GART（Graphic Address Remappng Table，图形地址重绘表）GB（Game Boy，任天堂4位手提游戏机）GB（Garibaldi架构，Garibaldi基于ATX架构，但是也能够使用WTX构架的机箱）GBA（Game Boy Advanced，任天堂增强型手提游戏机）GBC（Game Boy Color，任天堂手提16色游戏机）GBL（GameBoy Light，GB夜光型）GBP（GameBoy Pocket，GB口袋型）GDC（Game Developer Conference，游戏发展商会议）GDI（Graphics Device Interface，图形设备接口）GFD（Gold finger Device，金手指超频设备）GG（Game Gear，世嘉彩色手提游戏机）GHC（Global History Counter，通用历史计数器）Ghost（（General Hardware Oriented System Transfer，全面硬件导向系统转移）GI（Global Illumination，球形光照）GIC（Gold Immersion Coating，化金涂布技术）GIF（Graphics Interchange Format，图像交换格式）GIF（Graphics Interface unit，图形接口单元）GLV（grating-light-valve，光栅亮度阀）GM（General Midi，普通MIDI）GM（Glass Mould，玻璃铸制）GMCH（Graphics & Memory Controller Hub，图形和内存控制中心）GMR（giant magnetoresistive，巨型磁阻）Gouraud Shading，高洛德描影，也称为内插法均匀涂色GPA（Graphics Performance Accelerator，图形性能加速卡）GPF（General protect fault，一般保护性错误）GPIs（General Purpose Inputs，普通操作输入）GPL（GNU Public License，GNU公众授权）GPRS（General Packet Raice，整合封包无线服务）GPRs（General Purpose Registers，通用寄存器）GPS（Global Positioning System，全球定位系统）GPT（Graphics Performance Toolkit，图形性能工具包）GPU（Graphics Processing Unit，图形处理器）GS（Graphic Synthesizer，图形合成器）GS（Graphics Synthesizer，图形合成器）GSM（Galvanization Superconductive Material，电镀锌超导材料）GTF（General Timing Formula，普通调速方程式）GTL（Gunning Transceiver Logic，发射接收逻辑电路）GTS（Giga Textel Sharder，十亿像素填充率）Guard Band Support（支持保护带）GUI（Graphics User Interface，图形用户界面）GVPP（Generic Visual Perception Processor，常规视觉处理器）GWS（graphics workstations，图形工作站）HAL（Hardware Abstraction Layer，硬件抽像化层）HCF（Host Controller，主体控制处理）HCI（Host Controller Interface，主机控制接口HCL（Hardware Compatibility List，硬件兼容性列表）HCRP（Hardcopy Cable Replacement Profile，硬复制电缆复位协议子集）HCT（Hardware Compatibility Test，硬件兼容性测试HDA（Head Disk Assembly，头盘组件）HDA（high-efficiency Audax High Definition Aerogel，高效高清楚气动）HDIT（High Bandwidth Differential Interconnect Technology，高带宽微分互连技术）HDMI（High Definition Multimedia Interface，高精度多媒体接口）HDR（High Dynamic Range，高级动态范围）HDRL（high dynamic-range lighting，高动态范围光线）HDSL（High bit rate DSL，高比特率数字订阅线路）HDSS（Holographic Data Storage System，全息数据存储系统）HDTV（high definition television，高清晰度电视）HDVP（High-Definition Video Processor，高精度视频处理器）HE（Home Edition，家庭版）HEL（Hardware Emulation Layer（硬件模拟层）HID（Human Interface Device，人机对话接口设备）Hierarchical Z（Z分级）HiFD（high-capacity floppy disk，高容量软盘）Hi-fi（high fidelity，高精度设备）high triangle count（复杂三角形计数）HLL（high level language，高级语言）HLLCA（High-Level Language Computing Architecture，高级语言计算架构）HL-PBGA（表面黏著，高耐热、轻薄型塑胶球状网阵封装HLSL（High Level Shading Language，高级描影语言）HMC（hardware motion compensation，硬件运动补偿）HMC（holographic media card，全息媒体卡）HMD（holographic media disk，全息媒体磁盘）Home PNA（Home Private Network Adapter，家庭私人网络适配器）HOS（Higher-Order Surfaces，高次序表面）HPC（Hand held PC，手持电脑设备）HPDR（High-Precision Dynamic-Range，高精度动态范围）HPF（High-Pass Filter，高通滤波器）HPNA（home phoneline networking，家庭电话线网络）HPS（High Performance Server，高性能服务器）HPTC（high performance technical computing，高性能技术运算）HPW（High Performance Workstation，高性能工作站）HRAA（High Resolution Anti-aliasing，高分辨率抗锯齿）HRTF（Head Related Transfer Function，头部关联传输功能）HSCSD（High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data，高速巡回开关数据）HSDRAM（High Speed DRAM，超高速内存）HSF（Host Signal，主体信号处理）HSI（High Speed Interconnect，高速内连）HSLB（High Speed Link Bus，高速链路总线）HSP（Host Signal Processing，主体信号处理）HSR（Hidden Surface Removal，隐藏表面移除）HT（Hyper Transport，超级传输）HTA（Hypertext Application，超文本应用程序）。

iQNC iQ Nano 可吊床 LED 灯具说明书

Example: IQNCX3-NF30D10W
Luminaire Wattage / Optic
IQNC
X1-SP (13W / 15° Spot)
X1-NF (10W / 25° Narrow Flood)
X1-FL (10W / 40° Flood)
X2-SP (18W / 15° Spot)
IQNX3-NF30 (x 1.00)
IQNX1-FL30
(x 0.50)
IQNX2-FL30
(x 0.75)
IQNX3-FL30
(x 1.00)
CRI Multiplier: IQNX1-SP30 IQNX1-SP309 IQNX2-SP30 IQNX2-SP309 IQNX1-NF30 IQNX1-NF309 IQNX2-NF30 IQNX2-NF309 IQNX3-NF30 IQNX3-NF309 IQNX1-FL30 IQNX1-FL309 IQNX2-FL30 IQNX2-FL309 IQNX3-FL30 IQNX3-FL309
(x 1.00) (x 0.72) (x 1.00) (x 0.72) (x 1.00) (x 0.80) (x 1.00) (x 0.80) (x 1.00) (x 0.80) (x 1.00) (x 0.80) (x 1.00) (x 0.80) (x 1.00) (x 0.80)
15° Spot (X2-SP)
connectivity via smart device (IOS or Android app) ■ Windows based configurability and analytics ■ Embedded beacon technology (Eddystone, iBeacon, and Alt