WTO Chapter 4
世界贸易组着(WTO)规则解读中英版 WTO专题(概述)
六
WTO的法律地位
WTO is a permanent international organization and is of equality in legal status with such international organizations as UN, etc. It has legal personality with the privileges and immunities. WTO是一个独立于联合国的永久性国际组织， 在法律上与联合国等国际组织是平等的，并享 有法人地位及特权和豁免权。
Cont’d
5. Seeking both to protect and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so in a manner consistent with their respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development; 6. Ensuring that developing countries, and especially the least developed among them, secure a share in the growth in international trade commensurate with the needs of their economic development.
2、“WTO造成失业和企业破产”。
WTO解释： 贸易是创造就业岗位和减少贫穷的重要 力量。自由流动和更稳定的贸易会促进 经济增长。 WTO 所倡导的贸易自由化是渐进的，允 许其成员作必要的调整。当成员不能作 必要的调整时，他们能并确实可以拒绝 开放相关的市场部门。
chapter 4 principle
Case study
LOGO
Open window
服装摊位
D. Objective criteria
Separate people from problem
LOGO
在心情愉快、感觉良好的心理状态下，人们会更 乐于助人，乐于关心他人利益，乐于做出让步， 使谈判进行的更顺利、更有效。 如果谈判双方意气用事、相互指责、抱怨，甚至 尖酸刻薄、充满敌意，谈判就很难有个好效果。
Separate people from problem
胡安的朋友玛丽亚 是一家大计算机公司 的经理， 的经理，她及其同事 都认为胡安的想法不 错，但只能提供给他 1万美元。胡安需要 万美元。 万美元 花个月来设计游戏， 花个月来设计游戏， 虽然1万美元能够维 虽然 万美元能够维 持生活， 持生活，但作为报酬 是不够的。 是不够的。
LOGO
What can we learn from this case?
Traditional Concept
LOGO
Win-lose model
utmost firm
1,Determie each party’s own interests and stance 2,Defend one’s own interests and stance
Very difficult to make
3,Discuss the possibilities of making concession 4,Reach an agreement of compromising or, 5,Declare failure of negotiation
hs编码分章 -回复
hs编码分章-回复HS编码分章是国际通用的商品分类系统，用于对各种商品进行统一编码和分类。
该系统由世界关贸组织（WTO）的《关税和贸易总协定》附录B 中的《国际商品名称和编码协定》（简称HS协定）所制定和管理。
它将商品按照不同的领域进行划分，每个领域又细分为若干章节，以便更好地进行国际贸易统计、关税征收和监管等工作。
下面将一步一步详细解答HS 编码分章的相关问题。
第一步：什么是HS编码？HS编码（Harmonized System Code）是国际通用的商品分类系统。
它由六位数字组成，按照一定的级别进行划分和分类。
HS编码根据商品的类别、用途、成分等特征，对所有商品进行了系统的分类和编码，使得不同国家在国际贸易中的商品分类可以达到一致的标准。
这样可以方便商品的统计、清关、征税等工作。
第二步：HS编码的组成结构是什么？HS编码由六位数字组成，按照一定的层级结构进行分类。
具体而言，前两位数字代表章（chapter），后四位数字代表章内分类（subheading）。
其中，章（chapter）是最高级别的分类，一共有21个章。
每个章再按照细分领域进行划分，形成很多的章内分类，也就是章内子目（subheading）。
第三步：HS编码的章节划分是怎样的？HS编码根据商品的性质和用途，将商品分为不同的领域和章节。
目前一共有21个章节，每个章节涵盖了不同的商品范畴。
以下是HS编码的章节划分的基本概述：- 第1章至第5章：活的或附着在生物体上的动植物- 第6章至第14章：食品及其制备品- 第15章至第24章：动、植物产品及其制品- 第25章至第27章：盐、硫、矿石及其精炼品、化学品- 第28章至第38章：化学品及其制品- 第39章至第40章：塑料及其制品- 第41章至第43章：皮革及其制品- 第44章至第49章：木材及其制品- 第50章至第63章：纺织品及其制品- 第64章至第67章：鞋帽和饰品等- 第68章至第71章：石膏石类、陶瓷产品、玻璃和玻璃制品等- 第72章至第83章：金属及其制品、机械设备等- 第84章至第85章：机械及其设备- 第86章至第89章：运输设备- 第90章至第97章：光学、精密仪器及钟表等- 第98章至第99章：项目分类每个章节再根据具体的商品细分为更详细的项（heading）和章内子目（subheading）。
2024年版国际贸易合规WTO规则详解3
20XX 标准合同模板范本PERSONAL RESUME甲方：XXX乙方：XXX2024年版国际贸易合规WTO规则详解本合同目录一览第一条：合同定义与范围1.1 合同定义1.2 合同范围第二条：国际贸易合规2.1 WTO规则概述2.2 WTO规则适用范围2.3 WTO规则遵守要求第三条：货物贸易合规3.1 货物贸易规则3.2 关税与非关税壁垒3.3 贸易救济措施第四条：服务贸易合规4.1 服务贸易规则4.2 电信与知识产权保护4.3 金融服务贸易合规第五条：知识产权保护5.1 知识产权规则5.2 专利、商标与著作权保护5.3 侵权行为与救济措施第六条：争端解决机制6.1 争端解决规则6.2 WTO争端解决机构6.3 争端解决程序与方法第七条：贸易政策审查7.1 贸易政策审查机制7.2 贸易政策报告7.3 政策评估与建议第八条：贸易便利化8.1 贸易便利化规则8.2 单一窗口制度8.3 海关程序与文件要求第九条：技术性贸易壁垒9.1 技术性贸易壁垒规则9.2 合格评定程序9.3 互认与协调第十条：农业贸易规则10.1 农业贸易规则概述10.2 农业补贴与支持措施10.3 农业市场准入第十一条：环境与贸易11.1 环境与贸易规则11.2 环境贸易措施11.3 环境合规要求第十二条：劳工与贸易12.1 劳工与贸易规则12.2 劳工权益保护12.3 社会责任与合规第十三条：合规风险管理13.1 风险识别与评估13.2 风险防范与控制13.3 风险应对策略第十四条：合同的生效、变更与终止14.1 合同生效条件14.2 合同变更程序14.3 合同终止与后续处理第一部分：合同如下：第一条：合同定义与范围1.1 合同定义1.2 合同范围第二条：国际贸易合规2.1 WTO规则概述本合同所指的WTO规则，是指世界贸易组织制定的各项贸易规则，包括货物贸易、服务贸易、知识产权保护、争端解决机制等方面的规定。
2.2 WTO规则适用范围双方应按照WTO规则，在其成员国之间开展贸易活动，遵守各项贸易规定，确保贸易行为的合规性。
国际贸易实务(英文版)(第四版)(PPT)ppt
Why trade with other nations?
Advantages
International trade leads to more efficient and increased world production, thus allowing countries (and individuals) to consume a larger and more diverse bundle of goods.
Balance of Payments The balance of payment = the difference between money coming into a country and money going out of the country + money flows coming into or leaving a country from other factors. favorable balance of payments VS unfavorable balance of payments
A nation possessing limited natural resources is able to produce and consume more than it otherwise could.
the establishment of international trade expands the number of potential markets in which a country can sell its goods.
Because the balance of payments is one reflection of a nation's financial stability in the world market, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) uses these accounts to make decisions such as qualifying a country for a loan. The IMF also provides the information to its members so that they can make informed decisions about investments and trade.
世界贸易组织概论(英文版)Chapter 4 Tariff Concession
• The least developed countries fear that agricultural reforms may lead to increases in world prices, which could have adverse impacts on poor food-importing countries. • Increase in world prices of primary pntries increase their export earnings
73% 98%
78%
21% 73%
(These are tariff lines, so percentages are not weighted according to trade volume or value) Source: The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Market Access for Goods and Services — Overview of the Results, Geneva, 1994.
• A country can change its bindings, but only after negotiating with its trading partners, which could lead to compensation for losses in trade.
• For developed countries, the bound rates are generally the rates actually charged. • Most developing countries have bound the rates somewhat higher than the actual rates charged, so the bound rates serve as ceilings.
国际贸易英文版教材
作者、书名、出版社、出版年份、目录Thomas A．Pugel. International Economics(15th). Renmin University of China p ress. 2012-12CONTENTSChapter 1 International Economics Is DifferentFour ControversiesEconomics and the Nation-StateThe Scheme of This BookPART ONE THE THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADEChapter 2 The Basic Theory Using Demand and SupplyFour Questions about TradeA Look AheadDemand and SupplyCase Study Trade Is ImportantGlobal Crisis The Trade Mini-Collapse of 2009Two National Markets and the Opening of TradeChapter 3 Why Everybody Trades: Comparative Advantage 33Adam Smith’s Theory of Absolute AdvantageCase Study Mercantilism: Older Than Smith—and Alive TodayRicardo’s Theory of Comparative AdvantageRicardo’s Constant Costs and the Producti on-Possibility CurveFocus on Labor Absolute Advantage Does MatterExtension What If Trade Doesn’t Balance?Chapter 4 Trade: Factor Availability and Factor Proportions Are KeyProduction with Increasing Marginal CostsCommunity Indifference CurvesProduction and Consumption TogetherFocus on China The Opening of Trade and China’s Shift Out of AgricultureThe Gains from TradeTrade Affects Production and ConsumptionWhat Determines the Trade Pattern?The Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) TheoryChapter 5 Who Gains and Who Loses from Trade?Who Gains and Who Loses within a CountryThree Implications of the H–O TheoryExtension A Factor-Ratio ParadoxDoes Heckscher–Ohlin Explain Actual Trade Patterns?Case Study The Leontief ParadoxWhat Are the Export-Oriented and Import-Competing Factors?Focus on China China’s Exports and ImportsDo Factor Prices Equalize Internationally?Focus on Labor U.S. Jobs and Foreign Trade 86Chapter 6 Scale Economies, Imperfect Competition, and TradeScale EconomiesIntra-Industry TradeMonopolistic Competition and TradeExtension The Individual Firm in MonopolisticOligopoly and TradeExtension The Gravity Model of TradeChapter 7 Growth and TradeBalanced versus Biased GrowthGrowth in Only One FactorChanges in the Country’s Willingness to TradeCase Study The Dutch Disease and DeindustrializationEffects on the Country’s Terms of TradeTechnology and TradeFocus on Labor Trade, Technology, and U.S. WagesPART TWO TRADE POLICYChapter 8 Analysis of a TariffGlobal Governance WTO and GATT: Tariff SuccessA Preview of ConclusionsThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ProducersThe Effect of a Tariff on Domestic ConsumersThe Tariff as Government RevenueThe Net National Loss from a TariffExtension The Effective Rate of ProtectionCase Study They Tax Exports, TooThe Terms-of-Trade Effect and a Nationally Optimal TariffChapter 9 Nontariff Barriers to ImportsTypes of Nontariff Barriers to ImportsThe Import QuotaGlobal Governance The WTO: Beyond TariffsGlobal Crisis Dodging ProtectionismExtension A Domestic Monopoly Prefers a QuotaVoluntary Export Restraints (VERs)Other Nontariff BarriersCase Study VERs: Two ExamplesCase Study Carrots Are Fruit, Snails Are Fish, and X-Men Are Not HumansHow Big Are the Costs of Protection?International Trade DisputesFocus on China China’s First Decade in the WTOChapter 10 Arguments for and against ProtectionThe Ideal World of First BestThe Realistic World of Second BestPromoting Domestic Production or EmploymentThe Infant Industry ArgumentFocus on Labor How Much Does It Cost to Protect a Job?The Dying Industry Argument and Adjustment AssistanceThe Developing Government (Public Revenue) ArgumentOther Arguments for Protection: Non=economic ObjectivesThe Politics of Protection The Basic Elements of the Political-Economic Analysis Case Study How Sweet It Is (or Isn’t)Chapter 11 Pushing ExportsDumpingReacting to Dumping: What Should a Dumpee Think?Actual Antidumping Policies: What Is Unfair?Case Study Antidumping in ActionProposals for ReformExport SubsidiesWTO Rules on SubsidiesShould the Importing Country Impose Countervailing Duties?Case Study Agriculture Is AmazingStrategic Export Subsidies Could Be GoodGlobal Governance Dogfight at the WTOChapter 12 Trade Blocs and Trade BlocksTypes of Economic BlocsIs Trade Discrimination Good or Bad?The Basic Theory of Trade Blocs: Trade Creation and Trade DiversionOther Possible Gains from a Trade BlocThe EU ExperienceCase Study Postwar Trade Integration in EuropeNorth America Becomes a BlocTrade Blocs among Developing CountriesTrade EmbargoesChapter 13 Trade and the EnvironmentIs Free Trade Anti-Environment?Is the WTO Anti-Environment?Global Governance Dolphins, Turtles, and the WTOThe Specificity Rule AgainA Preview of Policy PrescriptionsTrade and Domestic PollutionTrans-border PollutionGlobal Environmental ChallengesChapter 14 Trade Policies for Developing CountriesWhich Trade Policy for Developing Countries?Are the Long-Run Price Trends against Primary Producers?Case Study Special Challenges of TransitionInternational Cartels to Raise Primary-Product PricesImport-Substituting Industrialization (ISI)Exports of Manufactures to Industrial CountriesChapter 15 Multinationals and Migration: International Factor MovementsForeign Direct InvestmentMultinational EnterprisesFDI: History and Current PatternsWhy Do Multinational Enterprises Exist?Taxation of Mul tinational Enterprises’ProfitsCase Study CEMEX: A Model Multinational from an Unusual PlaceMNEs and International TradeShould the Home Country Restrict FDI Outflows?Should the Host Country Restrict FDI Inflows?Focus on China China as a Host CountryMigrationHow Migration Affects Labor MarketsShould the Sending Country Restrict Emigration?Should the Receiving Country Restrict Immigration?Case Study Are Immigrants a Fiscal Burden?APPENDIXESA The Web and the Library: International Numbers and Other InformationB Deriving Production-Possibility CurvesC Offer CurvesD The Nationally Optimal Tariff周瑞琪. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2011.9CONTENTSChapter One General Introduction（第一章导论）1.1 Reasons for International Trade （国际间贸易的起因）1.2 Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade （国际贸易与国内贸易的差异）1.3 Classification of International Trade（国际贸易的分类）1.4 Export and Import Procedures（进出口贸易的程序）1.5 Overview of This Book （本书的基本内容）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Two International Trade Terms（第二章国际贸易术语）2.1 Three Sets of Rules （三种贸易术语的解释规则）2.2 Basics of Incoterms 2010 （2010年国际贸易术语解释通则基本概念）2.3 Application Issues（贸易术语在使用中应注意的问题）2.4 Determinants of Choice of Trade Terms （贸易术语选用的决定因素）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Three Export Price（第三章出口商品的价格）3.1 Expression of Export Price（出口价格的表达）3.2 Pricing Considerations（影响定价的因素）3.3 Calculation of Price（价格的计算）3.4 Understanding the Price（价格的评估）3.5 Communication of Price（价格的沟通）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Four Terms of Commodity（第四章商品条款）4.1 Name of Commodity （商品的名称）4.2 Specifying Quality（商品的品质）4.3 Measuring Quantity（商品的数量）4.4 Packing and Marking（商品的包装及标志）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Chapter Five Cargo Transportation（第五章国际货物运输）5.1 Ocean Transportation （海洋运输）5.2 Other Modes of Transportation （其他运输方式）5.3 Transportation Documents（运输单据）5.4 Shipment Clause in the Sales Contract（销售合同中的装运条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Six Cargo Transportation Insurance（第六章货物运输保险）6.1 Fundamental Principles of Cargo Insurance（货物保险的基本原则）6.2 Marine Risks and Losses（海上风险和损失）6.3 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of CIC（我国海上货物保险范围）6.4 Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance of ICC（协会货物保险范围）6.5 Other Types of Cargo Insurance（其他货物保险的种类）6.6 Procedures of Cargo Insurance（货物保险程序）6.7 Insurance Terms in the Sales Contract（销售合同中的保险条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Seven International Payments（第七章国际货款支付）7.1 Issues in Concern（影响支付条件的因素）7.2 Paying Instruments（支付工具）7.3 Remittance（汇付）7.4 Collection（托收）7.5 Basics of Letter of Credit（信用证基础知识）7.6 Types of Documentary Credit（跟单信用证的种类）7.7 Letter of Guarantee（L/G）（保函）7.8 Export Financing（出口融资）7.9 Payment Problems（支付中出现的问题）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Eight Export Documentation（第八章出口单证）8.1 Significance of Documentation（单证的重要性）8.2 Basic Requirements for Documentation（单证的基本要求）8.3 Prerequisites of Documentation（制单的依据）8.4 Export Documents（出口单证的种类）8.5 Clause Concerning Documents in the Sales Contract（销售合同中有关单证的条款）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Specimens（单证样本）Chapter Nine Inspection, Claim, Force Majeure and Arbitration（第九章商检、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁）9.1 Commodity Inspection（商品检验）9.2 Disputes and Claims（争议和索赔）9.3 Force Majeure（不可抗力）9.4 Arbitration（仲裁）Summary（总结）Key Terms（主要术语）Abbreviations（缩略语）Exercises（练习）Key to Exercises（练习答案）Glossary（词汇表）Appendix 1INCOTERMS 2010 （FOB, CFR, CIF）（附录12010年国际贸易术语解释通则（FOB，CFR，CIF））Appendix 2CISG 1980 （Part II）（附录2联合国国际货物销售合同公约1980（第二部分）) References （参考书目）帅建林. International Trade Practice. University of International Business and Economics press. 2007.9CONTENTSPart 1 OverviewChapter 1 Introduction to International TradeChapter 2 International Trade PolicyChapter 3 Trade Bloc and Trade BlockChapter 4 WTO :A Navigation GuidePart 2 Terms of International TradeChapter 5 International Trade TermsChapter Terms of CommodityChapter International Cargo TransportChapter 8 Cargo InsuranceChapter 9 Terms of PriceChapter 10 International Payment and SettlementChapter 11 Claims, Force Majeure and ArbitrationPart 3 International Trade ProcedureChapter 12 Launching a Profitable TransactionChapter 13 Business Negotiation and Establishment of ContractChapter 14 Exporting ElementsChapter 15 Importing ElementsChapter 16 DocumentationPart 4 Trade FormsChapter 17 Agency, Distribution and ConsignmentChapter 18 TendersChapter 19 Counter TradeChapter 20 Futures TradingChapter 21 E-CommerceAppendix Glossary of International Trade Terms with English-Chinese InterpretationsBibliographyPaul R.Krugman & Maurice Obstfeld. International Economics:Theory andPolicy,8E. Tsinghua University press. 2011-11Contents前言第1章绪论第1部分国际贸易理论第2章世界贸易：概览第3章劳动生产率和比较优势：李嘉图模型第4章资源、比较优势和收入分配第5章标准贸易模型第6章规模经济、不完全竞争和国际贸易第7章国际要素流动第2部分国际贸易政策第8章贸易政策工具第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学第10章发展中国家的贸易政策第11章贸易政策中的争论数学附录第4章附录要素比例模型第5章附录贸易下的世界经济第6章附录垄断竞争模模型张素芳，International trade: theory and practice. University of International Business & Economics Press, Beijing, 2010contentsSection I. International Trade Theory and PolicyCHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE1.The Reasons for International Trade1.1. Resources reasons1.2. Economic reasons1.3. Other reasons2. The Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade'.'2.1. More plex context2.2. More difficult and risky2.3. Higher skills required3.Basic Concepts Relating to International Trade3.1. Visible trade and invisible trade3.2. Favorable balance of trade and unfavorable balance oft rade3.3. General trade system and special trade system3.4. Volume of international trade and quantum of international trade3.5. Commodity position of international trade3.6. Geographical position of international trade3.7. Degree of dependence on foreign tradeCHAPTER 2.CLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES1.Mercantilism1.1. The development of mercantilist thought1.2. The mercantilist economic system1.3. Economic policies pursued by the mercantilists1.4. Discussions2.David Hume's Challenge to Mercantilism2.1. Assumptions of price-specie=flow mechanism2.2. The price-specie-flow mechanism3.Adam Smith's Theory of Absolute Advantage3.1. Assumptions of Adam Smith's theory of absolute advantage3.2. Challenge to Mercantilism3.3. Example4.David Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage4.1. The concept of parative advantage4.2. Example4.3. Analysis of the theory of parative advantage by using modemtools. CHAPTER 3.NEOCLASSICAL TRADE THEORIES.1.Gains from Trade in Neoclassical Trade Theory1.1. Increasing opportunity costs on the PPF1.2. General equilibrium and gains in autarky1.3. General equilibrium and gains after the introduction of international trade ...2.Reciprocal Demand Theory2.1. A country's offer curve2.2. Trading equilibrium2.3. Measurement of terms of trade3.Factor Endowment Theory3.1. Factor intensity in production3.2. Factor endowments, factor prices, and parative advantage3.3. Assumptions of the factor proportions theory.,3.4. The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem.:3.5. An example to illustrate H-O theorem.3.6. The factor price equalization theorem:3.7. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem4.The Leontief Paradox——An Empirical Test of the Factor Proportions Theory 4.1. The Leontief paradox.-4.2. Suggested explanations for the Leontief Paradox and related theories CHAPTER 4.POST-HECKSHER-OHLIN THEORIES OF TRADE1.The Product Cycle Theory1.1. The imitation lag hypothesis1.2. The product cycle theory2.The Linder Theory2.1. Assumptions of the Linder theory2.2. Trade es in the overlapping ranges of products ophistication.:3.Intra-Industry Trade Theory3.1. Explanations of intra-industry trade3.2. Measurement of intra-industry tradeCHAPTER 5.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: TARIFFS1.Types of Import Tariffs1.1. In terms of the means of collection1.2. In terms of the different tariff rates applied1.3. In terms of special purposes for collection2.The Effects of Import Tariffs2.1. Concepts of consumer surplus and producer surplus2.2. The welfare effects of import tariffs3.Measurement of Import Tariffs3.1. The 'height' of import tariffs3.2. Nominal versus effective tariff ratesCHAPTER 6.IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY: NON-TARIFF BARRIERS''1.Forms of Non-tariff Barriers.1.1. Quantity control measures1.2. Price control measures1.3. Para-tariff measures1.4. Finance measures1.5. Anti-petitive measures.,.1.6. Miscellaneous measures2.Effects of Non-tariff Barriers2.1. The effects of an import quota2.2. The effects of a subsidy to an import-peting industryCHAPTER 7.EXPORT PROMOTION AND OTHER POLICIES1.Export Subsidy and Production Subsidy1.1. Export subsidy and its effects1.2. Production subsidy and its effects.2.Other Export Promotion Policies2.1. Devaluation of home currency.2.2. Commodity dumping2.3. Bonded warehouse2.4. Special trade zone2.5. Export promotion programs3.Export Restrictions and Import Promotion Policies3.1. Export restrictions policies3.2. Import promotion policies4.Trade Sanctions4.1. Introduction to trade sanctions4.2. Effectiveness of trade sanctionsCHAPTER 8.ARGUMENTS AGAINST FREE TRADE1.Traditional Arguments against Free Trade1.1. Infant industry argument.1.2. Terms of trade argument1.3. Balance of trade argument1.4. Tariff to reduce aggregate unemployment argument1.5. Fair petition argument1.6. National security argument2.New Protectionism2.1. Tariff to extract foreign monopoly profit2.2. Export subsidy in duopoly3.The Political Economy of Trade Policy3.1. Median voter model3.2. Collective action theory.3.3. Contribution in political campaignsCHAPTER 9.REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATIONof Regional Economic Integration1.1. Preferential tariff arrangement1.2. Free trade area1.3. Customs union1.4. Common market.1.5. Economic union2.The Static and Dynamic Effects of Regional Economic Integration2.1. Static effects of regional economic integration2.2. Dynamic effects of regional economic integration3.Economic Integration in Europe, North America and Asia3.1. Economic integration in Europe……………………………………Chapter 10 International Cargo Transportation InsuranceChapter 11 International Trade PaymentChapter 12 Inspection,Claim,Force Majeure and ArbitrationChapter 13 Trade Negotiation and Formation of the ContractChapter 14 Implementation of the Contract丹尼斯·R·阿普尔亚德 & 小艾尔弗雷德·J·菲尔德 & 史蒂文·L·科布.国际贸易.中国人民大学出版社. 2012-7第1章国际经济学的世界第一部分古典贸易理论第2章早期的国际贸易理论：由重商主义向大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论的演进第3章大卫·李嘉图的古典贸易理论和比较优势第4章对古典贸易模型的扩充及验证第二部分新贸易理论第5章新古典贸易理论——基本分析工具的介绍第6章新古典贸易理论中的贸易利得第7章贸易提供曲线和贸易条件第8章贸易的基础：要素禀赋理论和赫克歇尔俄林模型第9章要素禀赋理论的实证分析第三部分贸易理论的扩展第10章后赫克歇尔俄林贸易理论与产业内贸易第11章经济增长与国际贸易第12章国际要素流动第四部分贸易政策第13章贸易政策工具第14章贸易政策的影响第15章对干涉主义贸易政策的争论第16章经济的政治因素与美国的对外贸易政策第17章经济一体化第18章国际贸易与发展中国家参考文献当我被上帝造出来时，上帝问我想在人间当一个怎样的人，我不假思索的说，我要做一个伟大的世人皆知的人。
《WTO规则》PPT课件
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（三）逐渐削减农产品出口补贴
出口补贴是根据出口行为而给予的补贴，是最容易 产生不公平竞争（贸易扭曲）的政府政策。
1、出口补贴的措施范围
（1）政府或其机构给农产品出口提供的直接补贴，包括实物 支付，不论是给予企业、行业、生产者或其所组成的社团； （2）政府或其机构以低于国内市场的价格销售或处理农产品 库存以供出口； （3）给出口的农产品或用作出口产品原料的农产品融资付款； （4）为降低出口产品的营销成本而给予的补贴； （5）为降低出口农产品的交通费用而给予的补贴； （6）根据农产品在出口产品中的比重而给予的补贴。
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2．削减农产品进口关税
对于混合关税，发达国家在1995～2000年平均 削减36%，发展中国家在1995～2005年平均削减 24%。对每一单项产品，发达国家至少削减15%， 发展中国家至少削减10%，最不发达国家不承担任 何义务。
3 ．规定最低市场准入机会
实施最低市场准入机会的条件：
第二章 WTO的主要协议
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第一节《农业协议》 第二节 《纺织品与服装协议》 第三节 《技术性贸易壁垒协议 》 第四节《卫生与植物检疫措施协议》 第五节 《海关估价协议》 第六节 《装运前检验协议》
第十节 《反倾销协议》 第十一节 《补贴与反补贴措施协议》 第十二节 《保障措施协议 》 第十三节 《服务贸易总协定 》 第十四节 《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》 第十五节《政府采购协议》
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二、协议的主要内容
(一)扩大市场准入，维护公平竞争
1．取消非关税措施或将其关税化
每个成员必须取消全部非关税措施，并将这些非关税措 施按一定公式转化为“等量关税”。
WTO全面精华知识点
WTO与国际经贸惯例第一章世贸组织和国际经贸惯例概述1、关税与贸易总协定签署的时间与地点是（1947 年10 月于日内瓦），用于调整国家间（关税与国际贸易关系的多边国际协定）关系，生效于（1948-01-01 ），成为战后世界经济体系的三大支柱之一。
2、关贸总协定1948 年始创締约方有英美（23）个。
3、世贸组织成立于（1995-01-01 ），中国加入WTO的时间是:20XX年12 月11 日。
4、GATT 的基本目标和WTO 所追求的最终目标是（贸易自由化），WTO 的最基本原则是（以市场经济为基础，开展自由竞争的原则）。
5、八轮多边贸易谈判第一轮：1947 年 4 月日内瓦二：：1949 年 4 月10 日法国安纳西三：：1950-1951英国托奎四：1956 年1-5日内瓦五：1960-1962日内瓦，又称“狄龙会议”六：1964-1967日内瓦，又称“肯尼迪会议”，通过了反倾销协议七：1973年9 月东京又称“东京回合”* 八：1986 年9 月乌拉圭又称“新一轮谈判”，保障措施、补贴与反补贴、与贸易有关的知识产权与投资惯例是在该谈判中被纳入谈判议题的。
《农产品协议》与《纺织品与服装协议》最终也是在GATT （第八轮）谈判通过。
6、关贸总协定中最为重要的原则是（非歧视原则）。
7、在关贸总协定（“肯尼迪回合”谈判）中正式将给予发展中国家的优惠待遇纳入其具体条款中。
8、在关贸总协定（“肯尼迪回合”谈判）中第一次涉及非关税措施的谈判。
9、关税与贸易总协定有史以来议题最多、范围最广的多边贸易谈判是（“乌拉圭回合”多边贸易谈判）。
11、决定成立世贸组织的时间与地点是（1994-04-15 摩洛哥的马拉喀什）。
12、世贸组织的最高权力机构是（部长会议），GATT的最高权力机构是（缔约方全体大会）。
休会期间由（理事会）主持和管理締约方间的关税与贸易关系，日常事务由（关贸秘书处）负责。
13、WTO 的议事规则是（协商一致）。
WTO课后习题答案(1-16)
WTO课后习题答案Chapter 1Ⅰ.Discussion1．The GATT was established on a provisional basic after the Second World War in the wake of other new multilateral institutions dedicated to international economic cooperation.2．The GATT remained the only multilateral instrument governing international trade from 1948 until the establishment of the WTO.3．Most of the rounds of GATT dealt with tariff reduction only, but as tariff came down, non-tariff barriers went up. 4．Success:①Promote and secure the liberalization of much of world trade over 47 years.②Continual reductions in tariff alone helped spur very high rates of world trade growth.③The momentum of trade liberalization helped ensure that trade growth consistently out-paced production growth throughout the GATT era.④It is an anchor for development and an instrument of economic and trade reform for some countries.Failure:①The General Agreement was on longer as relevant to the realities of world trade as it had been in the 1940s.②The GATT had been found wanting.5．Yes, it does.Ⅱ.Study of words and terms1(1) 1995(2) provisional(3) tariff anti-dumping(4) liberalization protectionist contracting(5) deterioration2(1)关税及贸易总协定(2)回合(3)布雷顿森林机构(4)双边的(5)诸边的(6)多边的(7)国际货币基金组织(8)贸易自由化(9)非关税贸易壁垒规则(10)破坏，削弱Ⅲ. Translation关税及贸易总协定，又称GATT，是于二战后建立的，用于确保一个稳定的贸易和经济的世界环境的布雷顿森林机构下三大协定之一的协定。
国际服务贸易电子教材
第一节WTO 体制概述一、GATT 产生与发展1929 年到1934 年的资本主义世界经济大危机以及第二次世界大战造成了人类历史上的最大灾难，这促使各国开始认识到国际贸易协调与合作的必要性。
而第二次世界大战后，经济实力雄厚的美国在金融、投资和贸易等领域向世界各国扩张，西方各国百废待兴、亦需建立国际经济法律秩序。
继布雷顿森林体系的两个支柱---国际货币基金组织和国际复兴开发银行成立之后，1945 年底，美国向联合国经济社会理事会提议召开国际贸易和就业会议，并建立布雷顿森林体系的另一支柱国际贸易组织。
1946 年 2 月，联合国经社理事会接受建议并成立筹备委员会。
同时，筹委会在伦敦举行首次会议，讨论美国提出的国际贸易组织宪章草案。
1947 午10 月，联合国贸易和就业会议在古巴哈瓦那举行，审议并通过了《国际贸易组织宪章》，送给各国政府批准，与此同时，美、英、法、中等23 个国家举行的多边关税谈判取得成功，各参加国共达成123项有关关税减让的双边协议。
为了使关税减让的成果能够尽快实施，参加国将国际贸易组织宪章中有关关税与贸易政策的内容同谈判达成的关税即减让协议合在一起，构成一项单独协定，即《关税与贸易总协定》(称为GATT)。
同年10 月，美、英等18 个国家(《最终文件》“国家”(Country)一词理解包含独立“关税区”)签署了总协定的"临时适用协定书"，宣布在《国际贸易组织宪章》生效之前"临时"适用总协定。
后来因美国国会的阻挠，《国际贸易组织宪章》终未生效。
1947 年关税与贸易总协定虽然在各国降低关税方面起了相当的作用但它只是当时国际贸易组织流产后主要在关税减让等方面达成的临时协定，这个协定一直延续到1995 年1 月1 日世界贸易组织(WTO)诞生，才结束了其临时适用性。
在1947 年至1994 年间，经历了8 轮回合的谈判，乌拉圭回合开辟了世界贸易新篇章。
hscode编码规则
HS编码（也称为HS Code或海关编码）是国际上通用的商品分类编码系统，由世界关贸 组织（WTO）制定和管理。它用于对商品进行分类和识别，以便在国际贸易中进行统计、监 管和征税。
HS编码由6位数字组成，每个数字代表不同的层级和含义。以下是HS编码的一般规则：
1. 第1位：章（Chapter）- 表示商品的大类别，共有21个章节，按照商品的性质进行分 类。
hscode编码规则
2. 第2位：组（Heading）- 表示商品的更具体的类别，每个章节下有多个组。
3. 第3位：类（Subheading）- 表示商品的更具体的分类，每个组下有多个类。
4. 第4位：品目（Item）- 表示商品的更具体的品目，每个类下有多个品目。
5. 第，每个品目下有多个细目。
HS编码的层级结构使得商品可以被准确地分类和识别。每个国家或地区都有自己的HS编 码版本，通常会在国际贸易中使用国际通用版本（如HS2017版）。
hscode编码规则
在进行国际贸易时，商家需要根据自己的商品特性和国际贸易规则，确定适用的HS编码 。正确的HS编码对于海关申报、关税计算和贸易统计非常重要，因此商家应该仔细研究HS 编码规则，并咨询专业人士或海关部门以获取准确的编码信息。
TheWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）世界贸易组织
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.> WTO 10th AnniversaryThe WTO in BriefA starting point for essential information about the WTO.> Browse html version online> Download in pdf format (8 pages, 402 KB, opens in a new window)About the WTO — ‘Understanding the WTO’An introduction, in more depth, to the WTO and its agreements.Browse> Browse html version online “revised February 2007”Download whole document> Download in pdf format (116 pages; 1298KB, opens in a new window)Download by chapter (pdf format):> Chapter 1: Basics (23 pages; 366KB, opens in a new window)> Chapter 2: The Agreements (31 pages; 284KB, opens in a new window)> Chapter 3: Settling disputes (7 pages; 134KB, opens in a new window)> Chapter 4: Cross-cutting and new issues (13 pages; 134KB, opens in a new window)> Chapter 5: The Doha Agenda (15 pages; 240KB, opens in a new window)> Chapter 6: Developing Countries (7 pages; 147KB, opens in a new window)> Chapter 7: The Organization (12 pages; 185KB, opens in a new window)10 benefits of the WTO trading systemFrom the money in our pockets and the goods and services that we use, to a more peaceful world — the WTO and the trading system offer a range of benefits, some well-known, others not so obvious.> Browse html version online> Download in pdf format (18 pages, 350KB, opens in a new window)10 common misunderstandings about the WTOIs it a dictatorial tool of the rich and powerful? Does it destroy jobs? Does it ignore the concerns of health, the environment and development?Emphatically no. Criticisms of the WTO are often based on fundamental misunderstandings of the way the WTO works.> Browse html version online> Download in pdf format (14 pages, 261 KB, opens in a new window)Multimedia presentations> Overview of the WTO — Includes a self-evaluation sectionVideos> From GATT to WTO> To the heart of the WTO> Basic principles of the WTO system> Why is it important to liberalize?> A virtual tour of the WTOWTO/CPA booklet for MPsThe WTO and Commonwealth Parliamentary Association have published a new booklet on the multilateral trading system, based on regional workshops for African and Caribbean Parliamentarians held in Cape Town and Port-of-Spain in 2003.> Download (pdf format, 36 pages, 1.4MB, opens in a new window)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------A word of caution: the fine printWhile every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the texts in this introductory section, they cannot be taken as an official legal interpretation of the agreements.In addition, some simplifications are used in order to keep the text simple and clear. In particular, the words “country” and “nation” are frequently used to describe WTO members, whereas a few members are officially “customs territories”, and not necessarily countries in the usual sense of the word (see list of members). The same applies when participants in trade negotiations are called “countries” or “nations”.Where there is little risk of misunderstanding, the word “member” is dropped from “member countries (nations, governments)”, for example in the descriptions of the WTO agreements. Naturally, the agreements and commitments do not apply to non-members.In some parts of the text, GATT is described as an “international organization”. The phrase reflects GATT's de facto role before the WTO was created, and it is used simplistically here to help readers understand that role. As the text points out, thisrole was always ad hoc, without a proper legal foundation. International law did not recognize GATT as an organization. For simplicity, the text also uses the term “GATT members”. Officially, GATT signatories were “contracting parties”.。
2024年全球服务贸易WTO规范协议模板
2024年全球服务贸易WTO规范协议模板本合同目录一览第一条：定义与解释1.1 合同双方1.2 服务内容1.3 合同期限1.4 附加条款第二条：服务内容与范围2.1 服务提供方责任2.2 服务接受方责任2.3 服务变更第三条：合同价格与支付条款3.1 服务费用3.2 支付方式3.3 税费及其他费用第四条：合同履行与交付4.1 服务提供方的义务4.2 服务接受方的义务4.3 交付方式与时间第五条：违约责任5.1 服务提供方的违约5.2 服务接受方的违约第六条：争议解决6.1 协商解决6.2 调解解决6.3 法律诉讼第七条：不可抗力7.1 不可抗力事件7.2 不可抗力事件的后果第八条：隐私与保密8.1 保密义务8.2 隐私保护第九条：法律适用与争议解决9.1 适用法律9.2 争议解决方式第十条：合同的生效、变更与终止10.1 合同生效条件10.2 合同变更10.3 合同终止第十一条：通知与通讯11.1 通知方式11.2 通讯地址与联系方式第十二条：合同附件12.1 附件列表12.2 附件的有效性第十三条：其他条款13.1 附加条款13.2 双方协商确定的其他事项第十四条：最终条款14.1 合同的完整性14.2 修改权与解释权14.3 合同签署日期与地点第一部分：合同如下：第一条：定义与解释1.1 合同双方1.2 服务内容1.3 合同期限本合同自双方签字盖章之日起生效，有效期为[具体年限]，除非双方另有约定。
1.4 附加条款本合同附加条款包括：[附加条款列表]，附加条款与本合同具有同等法律效力。
第二条：服务内容与范围2.1 服务提供方责任服务提供方应按照本合同约定的服务内容，向服务接受方提供高质量的服务，并确保服务的合法性和合规性。
2.2 服务接受方责任服务接受方应按照本合同约定的条件，按时支付服务费用，并履行合同中约定的其他义务。
2.3 服务变更如双方同意变更服务内容或范围，应签订书面变更协议，经双方签字盖章后生效。
2024第4章WTO与国际贸易
2024第4章WTO与国际贸易合同编号：__________合同各方：1. 甲方：甲方全称：（填写甲方全称）地址：（填写甲方地址）联系人：（填写甲方联系人）联系电话：（填写甲方联系电话）2. 乙方：乙方全称：（填写乙方全称）地址：（填写乙方地址）联系人：（填写乙方联系人）联系电话：（填写乙方联系电话）鉴于：1. 甲方为（填写甲方经营范围），乙方为（填写乙方经营范围）；2. 甲方愿意向乙方提供（填写货物或服务名称）一批，乙方愿意接受并提供相应的价款；3. 双方为了明确双方的权利义务，经友好协商，达成如下协议：第一条合同标的1.1 本合同标的为甲方提供的（填写货物或服务名称）。
1.2 甲方应按照本合同约定的数量、质量、规格、包装等要求提供货物或服务。
第二条数量和质量2.1 甲方应按照乙方提供的订单，提供（填写数量）的（填写货物或服务名称）。
2.2 甲方提供的货物或服务应符合（填写标准或要求）。
第三条价款和支付方式3.1 本合同货物或服务的价款为（填写价款）。
3.2 乙方应按照本合同约定的付款方式，向甲方支付价款。
第四条交货和交付4.1 甲方应在本合同约定的交货期内，将货物或服务交付给乙方。
4.2 甲方应按照乙方提供的交付地址，将货物或服务送达乙方。
第五条违约责任5.1 任何一方违反本合同的约定，应承担相应的违约责任。
5.2 违约方的违约行为给另一方造成损失的，违约方应赔偿损失。
第六条争议解决6.1 对于因执行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关的一切争议，双方应通过友好协商解决。
6.2 如果协商不成，任何一方均可向（填写法院或仲裁委员会）提起诉讼或仲裁。
第七条其他约定7.1 本合同自双方签字盖章之日起生效。
7.2 本合同一式两份，甲乙双方各执一份，具有同等法律效力。
甲方（盖章）：__________ 乙方（盖章）：__________代表（签名）：__________ 代表（签名）：__________日期：__________ 日期：__________。
WTO选择“再全球化”作为2024年公共论坛主题
WTO选择“再全球化”作为2024年公共论坛主题作者：雷蒙来源：《可持续发展经济导刊》2024年第04期4月4日，世贸组织在官网上刊登消息，世贸组织将于2024年9月10—13日在日内瓦举行2024年公共论坛。
今年的公共论坛以“再全球化：更好的贸易促进更好的未来”为题，还将设立“绿色政策使贸易利益最大化”“服务贸易促进发展并增进福祉”“数字化是包容性贸易的催化剂”等分论坛，探索“再全球化”如何更好地帮助实现包容性贸易，推动贸易的益处能够惠及更多人群。
公共论坛是世贸组织最大的外联活动，每年参加公共论坛的人员有几千人，既有政府部门代表，也有研究机构和民间团体，还包括业界代表和智库学者，不同群体围绕同一主题也有不同看法，颇有些百家争鸣的味道。
为更好地反映不断变化的世界经济形势和热点问题，公共论坛每年都会设立不同的主题，例如，2021年主题是“新冠过后的贸易：建立韧性”，2022年主题是“迈向更加可持续和包容性复苏：从雄心到行动”。
在笔者看来，今年的公共论坛选择以“再全球化”为主题，有很强的现实意义。
在全球经贸格局显著变化、经济全球化深度调整的背景下，单边主义和保护主义抬头，过去的经济全球化模式已经难以维系，经济“半球化”“慢球化”等概念涌现，“脱钩”“断链”“去风险”等言论甚嚣尘上，全球贸易规则“区域化”“碎片化”风险加剧。
面对这些概念和言论，作为全球经济治理体系的组成部分，世贸组织不可能置身事外，需要提出相对客观、公正的观点。
伊维拉总干事上任后，很早就提出“再全球化”的观点，提出将更多的人、更多的经济体和紧迫问题纳入全球贸易议程讨论，并加强各方在贸易政策上的合作协调。
世贸组织2023年的旗舰报告《世界贸易報告》也以“再全球化”为主题，强调全球化仍是保持经济稳定增长和克服危机的最有效工具，未来要通过多边贸易体制改革，进一步促进贸易的安全性、包容性和可持续性。
与此同时，“绿色”“数字”“包容”是当今全球经济领域的热词，也是国际经贸规则重构无法回避的主题。
(完整版)WTO的法律框架
WTO的法律框架世界贸易组织的法律框架，由《建立世界贸易组织协定》及其4个附件组成。
附件一是货物贸易多边协定、《服务贸易总协定》和《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》，附件二是《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》，附件三是《贸易政策审议机制》，附件四是《政府采购协议》、《民用航空器贸易协议》、《国际奶制品协议》和《国际牛肉协议》。
其中，《国际奶制品协议》和《国际牛肉协议》已于1997年12月31日终止。
附件一、附件二和附件三作为多边贸易协定，所有成员都必须接受。
附件四属于诸边贸易协定，仅对签署方有约束力，成员可以自愿选择参加。
世界贸易组织的法律框架，由《建立世界贸易组织的马拉喀什协议》及其四个附件组成。
其中附件一是《货物贸易多边协定》、《服务贸易总协定》和《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》，分别作为附件1A、附件1B、附件1C出现。
附件二是《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》。
附件三是《贸易政策审议机制》。
附件四是诸边协议，包括：（一）《建立世界贸易组织的马拉喀什协议》该协议共有十六条，规定了世界贸易组织的地位、范围、职能、机构、世界贸易组织的决策程序，创始成员方和新成员方的加入，特殊成员之间的互不适用，协议的接受、生效、修改、退出等，同时该协议对世界贸易组织的预算与接受捐款等问题做出了规定，此外，该协议还对世界贸易组织的组织结构及其活动规则的各个方面做出了规定，该协议是对世界贸易组织各成员方进行约束的法律依据。
（二）附件1A：有关货物贸易的多边协议这些协议主要包括：（1）1994年关税与贸易总协定。
（2）农产品协议。
（3）实施动植物卫生检疫措施的协议。
（4）纺织品与服装协议。
（5）技术性贸易壁垒协议。
（6）与贸易有关的投资措施协议。
（7）关于履行1994年关税与贸易总协定第六条的协议。
（8）关于履行1994年关税与贸易总协定第七条的协议。
（9）装运前检疫协议。
（10）原产地规则协议。
（11）进口许可程序协议。
（12）补贴与反补贴措施协议。
世界贸易组织概论(英文版)Chapter 4 Tariff Concession
精品文档
• In the WTO, when a country agrees to open their markets for goods or services, means that this country "bind" their commitments. These consolidations in the goods market amount to ceilings on customs tariff rates.
• For developed countries, the bound rates are generally the rates actually charged.
• Most developing countries have bound the rates somewhat higher than the actual rates charged, so the bound rates serve as ceilings.
精品文档
• Developed countries agreed to reduce tariffs on industrial products in 40% by 2000. Then about 44% of all products exported to developed countries will have a duty-free treatment. Besides this, 40 industrialized countries agreed to eliminate tariffs on industrial products by the year 2000.
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Regulations have to be objective and reasonable International payments: normally unrestricted Individual countries‟ commitments: negotiated and bound Progressive liberalization: through further negotiations
publish all relevant laws and regulations set up enquiry points
Regulations: Recognition
International payments and transfers
Progressive liberalization
The annexes: services are not all the same
Movement of natural persons
Financial services Telecommunications
Air transport services
Current work
Negotiations (Article 19) Work on GATS rules (Articles 10, 13, and 15)
For services (the GATS annexes) ·Movement of natural persons ·Air transport ·Financial services ·Shipping ·Telecommunications
2.Tariffs
Tariff cuts Tariff bindings
Work on domestic regulations (Article 6.4)
MFN exemptions (Annex on Article 2) Taking account of “autonomous” liberalization (Article 19) Special treatment for least-developed countries (Article 19) Assessment of trade in services (Article 19) Air transport services
Japan，REP of Korean，Philippines for rice Israel for sheepmeats
Domestic support： something you can， and some you can„t
Red Box——Total aggregate Measurement of support （Total AMS） Gariff rates Tariff peak
3、Agriculture：
The Agriculture Agreement：new rules and commitments
Market Access：“tariffs only”
——tariffication Minimum Market Access for agricultural products—— tariff-quotas Special safeguards
The Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement (TBT) countries‟ rights a code of good practice Mutual recognize fair and equitable procedures national enquiry points
Governments can add any other international organizations or agreements whose membership is open to all WTO members. When members apply these standards, they are likely to be safe from legal challenge through a WTO dispute.
Export Subsidies： limits on spending and quantities The least- developed and those depending on food imports
4. Standards and safety
Article 20 of GATT Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement (SPS)
General obligations and disciplines Total coverage： four ways (or “modes”) of trading services
“cross-border supply” (“mode 1”) “consumption abroad” (“mode 2”) “commercial presence” (“mode 3”) “presence of natural persons” (“mode 4”)
Additional Details for understanding GATS
1. What is the main purpose of the GATS?
2. Which countries participate? 3. What services are covered? 4. Is it true that the GATS not only applies to cross-border flows of services, but additional modes of supply?
The „additional details
Scope of the agreements and annexes
For goods (under GATT) · Agriculture ·Health regulations for farm products (SPS) · Textiles and clothing · Product standards (TBT) · Investment measures · Anti-dumping measures · Customs valuation methods · Preshipment inspection · Rules of origin · Import licensing · Subsidies and counter-measures · Safeguards
Countries‟ schedule of commitments（and MFN exemption）
Transparency
Trade Policy Review
Trade in goods & services
Basic principles
Extra Agreements and annexes—— special requirements of sectors and issues Schedules of commitments—— made by individual countries
Additional Details: Whose international standards?
An annex to the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement names: the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission: for food
5. Textiles: back in the mainstream
Self-study
6. Services: rules for growth and investment
GATS explained
three elements: the main text ----- general obligations and disciplines; annexes ------ rules for specific sectors; individual countries‟ specific commitments------ market access
Most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment
special temporary exemptions
Commitments on market access and national treatment_____“bound schedules”:
market-access commitment-------- the sectors being opened
Chapter 4
Outline Of The Agreements
1. Overview
Six-part board Outline
Agreement Establishing WTO
unbrella
goods
Services
Intellectual Property
Basic principles
GATT