5th regulation of arterial blood pressure and influence of drugs on arterial blood pressure
生理学第七版中英对照名词解释
28. 阈值(threshold) 指能够引起机体发生反应的最小刺激（强度或时间）是衡量兴奋性的高低的指标
29. 极化（polarization）细胞未受刺激时，膜两侧存在的内负外正的状态。
30. 去极化（depolarization）以静息电位的数值向膜内电位升高的反向变化。
16. 化学门控通道(chemically gated ion channel) 由化学物质控制开闭的通过。
17. 机械门控通道(mechanically gated ion channel) 由机械因素控制开闭的通道。
18. 原发性主动转运（primary active transport）离子泵利用分解ATP产生的能量将离子逆浓度梯Leabharlann 和（或）电位梯度进行跨膜转运的过程。
41. 阈电位（threshold potential）能引起膜对Na+通透性突然增大并产生动作电位的临界膜电位为阈电位。本质是激活电压门控性Na+通道开放的临界值
42. 局部电位（local potential）阈下刺激也可使膜去极化，但这种去极化电位只局限于受刺激部位局部，只能作电紧张扩布，故称为局部电位。
13. 经通道易化扩散（facilitated diffusion via ion channel）离子或水依靠膜上通道蛋白的介导，顺电化学驱动力或依靠渗透压差的跨膜转运。
14. 电压门控通道(voltage gated ion channel) 膜电位控制开闭的通道。
15. 离子通道（ion channel）是一类贯穿脂质双分子层，中央带的亲水性孔道的并能选择的允许离子通过的膜蛋白。
血液循环英文版
2 Cardiac contractility
The intrinsic property of myocardium to change its contraction Performance not depending on the preload and after-load is called myocardial contractility (inotropicstate).
Close
Open
isovolumic systole 0.05s
ejection period 0.5s
rapid ejection period
reduced ejection period
Ventricular
Atrial Ventricular Arterial
Atrial pressure
Chapter 4
Blood Circulation
Section One
Functions of heart as pump
Definition：the period from the beginning of heart contraction to the beginning of next consisting of a period of contraction called systole followed by a period of relaxation called diastole
NORMAL ECG
Significance of the typical normal ECG
P wave：
Derived from depolarization of the atria
QRS wave Signifies the depolarization of the ventricles T wave
2024年抗血小板治疗新规定(全文)英文版
2024年抗血小板治疗新规定(全文)英文版2024 Antiplatelet Therapy New RegulationsIn 2024, new regulations for antiplatelet therapy will be implemented to improve patient outcomes and standardize treatment protocols. These guidelines aim to enhance the effectiveness of antiplatelet medications in preventing blood clot formation and reducing the risk of cardiovascular events.The updated regulations emphasize the importance of individualized treatment plans based on the patient's medical history, risk factors, and response to previous antiplatelet therapy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to assess each patient's unique needs and tailor the treatment regimen accordingly.Furthermore, the new regulations highlight the significance of regular monitoring and adjustment of antiplatelet therapy to ensure optimal efficacy and safety. Healthcare professionals are advised toclosely monitor patients for any signs of adverse effects or inadequate response to treatment and make necessary modifications as needed.Additionally, the 2024 regulations stress the importance of patient education and adherence to treatment plans. Healthcare providers are tasked with educating patients about the benefits and risks of antiplatelet therapy, as well as the importance of compliance with prescribed medications and lifestyle modifications.Overall, the 2024 regulations for antiplatelet therapy aim to enhance patient care, improve treatment outcomes, and reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease. By adhering to these guidelines, healthcare providers can optimize the use of antiplatelet medications and ultimately improve the quality of care for patients at risk of cardiovascular events.。
生命探测仪—研究现状
这次大汶川地震中数百万房屋被震塌，十几万人被压埋在倒塌的房屋下面，尽快抢救被压埋的幸存者成为开始救灾的第一位紧急任务，但是由于房屋倒塌现场的各种复杂情况，许多被深埋的幸存者无法主动把呼救信息传递上来，在这种地震灾害中就急需一种被称为生命探测仪的信息检测技术。
生命探测技术是近代发展的一项新技术，主要用于废墟中发现存活者及寻找清理战场时的伤员。
传统的方法一般应用光学、红外线、无线电、卫星定位技术、声波等技术进行探测。
红外生命探测技术利用了人体的红外辐射特性，人体的红外辐射能量较集中的中心波长为9.4μm，人体皮肤的红外辐射范围为3～50μm，其中8～14μm占全部人体辐射能量的46%，这个波长是设计人体红外探测仪的重要的技术参数，决定了人体与周围环境的红外辐射特性不同与差别，探测仪可以用成像的方式把要搜索的目标与背景分开。
声波振动生命探测仪应用了声波及震动波的原理，采用声音/振动传感器，进行全方位的振动信息收集，可探测以空气为载体的各种声波和以其它媒体为载体的振动，并将非目标的噪音波和其它背景干扰波过滤，进而确定被困者的位置。
但这些技术都有各自的局限性，无法有效地探测到埋藏在废墟、瓦砾或建筑物下的人员。
随着无线电技术的迅猛发展，根据HAETC(Hughes Advanced Electro-magnetic Technology Center)对电磁波在多种介质中的穿透特性的测量研究可知：在低频段，在l～10GHz范围的电磁波在穿过混凝墙壁时衰减很小，并且随着频率的降低，衰减也在减少，其中在8GHz时衰减大约为l0dB，在2GHz 时衰减将下降到5dB以下【1】。
因此，低于10G 的频率适合对砖块和混凝土构筑的墙壁进行穿透探测。
所以微波多普勒雷达被用于探测几米厚的墙体后探测数十米距离幸存者的呼吸、心跳和体动等生命体征信息。
多普勒探测雷达发射电磁波探测信号，遇墙壁、废墟等穿透性较好，遇生命体后反射并由接收机接受解调，得到呼吸、心跳和体动等生命体征信息【2】。
实验14家兔动脉血压的神经与体液调节
讨论
1.本实验采用何种麻醉方法？麻醉时应注意什么？ 2.家兔颈总动脉血管鞘的位置？组成？如何确定并分离迷走
神经、交感神经和减压神经？
3.在家兔动脉血压调节实验中为什么要注射肝素？你认为: ①手术前注射②颈总动脉插管前注射③插管后注射比较 好?为什么?颈总动脉插管时，动脉夹应夹在何处？
i.v 0.01g/L ACh 0.1ml/kg
i.V 1g/L Atr 0.3ml/kg
i.V 1g/L Atr 0.3ml/kg+ 5V/30Hz刺激迷走神经外周端
i.V 1g/L Atr 0.3ml/kg +i.v 0.01g/L ACh 0.1ml/kg
表2 家兔急性失血后动脉血压和血红蛋白浓度的变化
头
尾
10
2.3.4 静脉注射0.1g/L去甲肾上腺素0.3ml，观察血压变化。 2.3.5 按0.1ml/kg体重剂量静脉注射10-2g/L乙酰胆碱，观察血压变化。 2.3.6 将分离的右侧迷走神经中部两处结扎。在两结扎间切断神经，用强度
5V，频率30Hz，波宽2ms的电脉冲刺激其中枢端、外周端，刺激持 续时间10s，观察血压变化。 2.3.7 按0.3ml/kg体重剂量静脉注射1g/L阿托品。 2.3.8 重复观察2.3.5和2.3.6项目，即用强度5V，频率30Hz，波宽2ms的电 脉冲刺激迷走神经外周端，刺激持续时间10s和按0.1ml/kg体重剂量 静脉注射10-2g/L乙酰胆碱，观察血压变化。
家兔动脉血压的神经与体液调节
Nervous and humoral regulation of arterial blood pressure in rabbit
肝内动脉-门静脉分流：功能性分流的诠释
肝内动脉-门静脉分流：功能性分流的诠释欧阳墉;欧阳雪晖;张学军;朝鲁孟【摘要】于本文中,作者将由于肝动脉和门静脉血流的功能性重新分配而形成的肝内动脉-门静脉分流(intrahepatic arterial-portal venous shunts, IHAPVSs),皆定义为功能性肝内动脉-门静脉分流(functional IHAPVSs或F-IHAPVSs)；以此从概念上区别于由于肝内动脉-门静脉瘘或直接交通而形成的器质性肝内动脉-门静脉分流(organic IHAPVSs或O-IHAPVSs),如伴发于进展期肝细胞癌和其他恶性肝脏肿瘤的O-IHAPVSs以及伴发于先天性肝脏血管畸形、遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症和肝脏外伤(包括医源性损伤)等的O-IHAPVSs。
在F-IHAPVSs中,最常见的是由于各种原因使向肝性门静脉血流减少而致肝动脉血流代偿性(或继发性)增多所形成的F-IHAPVSs,其形成机制分为3类：经肝窦性,如伴发于肝硬化的F-IHAPVSs；窦后性,如伴发于布加综合征患者急性期的F-IHAPVSs；窦前性,如伴发于胃肠道出血性休克患者的F-IHAPVSs。
另一种F-IHAPVSs常见于一些原发性肝动脉血流增多的肝脏疾患,如伴发于富血型肝海绵状血管瘤、血供丰富的小肝细胞癌和肝胆炎性病变等的IHAPVSs,皆归之于F-IHAPVSs范畴；然而,此类F-IHAPVSs的形成机制是随其基础疾病而不同。
临床上,依据下列3个要点可作出F-IHAPVSs的影像诊断：①首先是伴有肝内动脉-门静脉瘘或直接交通的各种肝脏疾病(已如上述)的临床和影像学表现皆已经被排除；②肝动脉DSA动脉期像上显示门静脉早显的特征性表现；或(和)③肝脏CT/MR动态增强成像动脉期像上显示一过性肝实质强化(THPE),特别是如同时见到门静脉早显,则可确认为F-IHAPVSs无疑。
但是,在鉴别诊断上,F-IHAPVSs必须仔细地与O-IHAPVSs、肝脏迷走静脉或体循环的异常向肝性引流静脉等所引起的局部肝实质灌注作鉴别；此外,伴发于肝硬化的小THPE 如呈现为孤立小结节状时,则需谨慎地与小的肝细胞癌灶作鉴别。
抗高血压药物对舒张压的疗效
医学综述 2001 年第 7 卷第 3 期 Medical Recapitulat e 2001, Vol. 7, No. 3
抗高血压药物对舒张压的疗效
河北省唐山市人民医院 ( 唐山 063000)
苑
杰
面对目前种类繁多的抗高血压 药物 , 在强调高血 病 ( EH) 患者个体化 治疗的今天 , 更有必 要全面 理解和 掌握各 种药物 对舒张压 ( DBP) 的疗效 , 取得最佳治疗效益。现阐述如 下。 1 药物单独使用的疗效 目前临床常用的六类降压药 , 即利尿剂、 - 受体阻滞剂、 受体阻滞剂、 钙拮抗剂、 血管紧 张素转 换酶抑 制剂 ( ACEI) , 血 管紧张素 ( Ang ) 受体拮抗剂 , 对一般的高血压患者都有较 好的降压效果 , 其中任何一类均可以在开始治疗时单独 选用。 根据通常应用的剂量和标准 , ACEI 单一治疗的反应率 在 35% ~ 70% 。最新的 研究 显示 [ 1] , 47 253 例患 者开 始研 究时 的平 均 DBP 为 100mmHg ( 1mmHg = 0. 133kPa) , 经过 1 年 成 功治 疗 后 , 有 46 799 例患 者的 DBP 下降 了 ( 28 8) mmHg, 其 中 只有 13% 的 患者除了 培垛 普利 以外 还同 时服 用 其他 抗高 血 压药 物。24h 动态 血 压监 测 ( ABPM ) 表 明 , 洛 沙坦 每 天口 服 50~ 100mg 12 周 , 白 天 DBP 降 低 8mmHg, 夜 间 DBP 降 低 6 8 mmHg[ 2] 。长达 4 年的 TOMHS 研究表明 [ 3] , 氨氯地平可使 DBP 降低12 2mmHg , 显示了其长期治疗的可能性。 2 药物不同剂量的疗效 药物疗效的差异除了个 体间反 应的不 同外 , 另外一 个更
课程简介模板.doc
1．课程简介课程名称：生理学课程时间：第2学期课程安排: 总课时数 116科目授课学时数理论课 80实验 36总课时 116课程简介：生理学作为天津市留学生英语教学品牌课程和双语示范课程，目标是培养掌握基础知识与基础理论、具有基本实验技能、具有分析与解决问题能力和创新精神的高素质医学留学生。
生理学是研究机体各种生命现象及其活动规律的一门科学，是医学生完成正常人体形态学课程后首次接触的功能学科，内容涉及人体各系统、各重要器官的重要生理功能及其功能活动调节的原理。
通过对各章节重要的生理学概念、各器官的主要生理功能的学习理解，使学生全面整体地认识人体各种结构与功能之间的联系；通过生理实验训练学生的基本技能，培养学生的医学逻辑思维、分析综合能力和创新意识。
人体生理学作为医学专业的主干基础课程，是药理学、病理生理学及临床各学科的重要功能科学基础，对后续学科的学习起到至关重要的作用。
COURSE INTRODUCTIONName of Course: PhysiologyTime of Course: The 2nd semesterCurriculum arrangement: Total teaching hours 116Subject Teaching hoursLecture 80Experiment 36Total 116COURSE DESCRIPTION:As the Municipal Brand Course of Tianjin for International Students in English and the Excellent Bilingual Model Course, the aim of our Physiology Course is to cultivate high quality medical students with abilities of mastering the basic medical knowledges and theories, the basic experiment skills, the competence in analyzing and solving problems and the creative spirit. Physiology is a science of studying various kinds of life phenomena and their law of activities, and is a subject about body function that students first contact after they complete the nomal Human Morphology courses. The contents include the important physiological functions of every human body system, organs, as well as the principle of regulation on their activities.Through the learning and comprehending of important physiological concepts and the main physiological functions of different organs in each chapter, students are enabled to fully understand the relationship between the structure and function of human body. Physiological experiments are used to train students' basic skills, cultivate the students' ability of medical logic thinking, analyze the comprehensive competence and innovation consciousness. The Human Physiology as the main basic course of medical science is an important foundation of Pharmacology, Pathophysiology and related Clinical Sciences. It plays a crucial role in the study of the following subjects in the medical education for overseas students.2. 教学大纲Syllabus of PhysiologyDepartment of Physiology2016.4Syllabus of Pathophysiology(For International Students)PREFACEThis syllabus is based on the outline of Physiology teaching for international medical students. The overall objective of this curriculum is to provide the basic principles of Physiology.THEORYChapter 1 IntroductionPurpose and Requirement:1. To master the concepts of physiology.2. To understand the fundamental characteristics of life phenomena3. To study the regulation of body function.4. To master feedback control systemTeaching Contents:1. Physiology is a science that studies the vital regularity in living organisms.2. Basic characteristics of life phenomena: metabolism, excitability and reproduction.3. The concept of internal environment and homeostasis.4. Regulation of body function and homeostasis: nervous regulation, hormonal regulation and autoregulation.5. The concept of feedback regulation: negative feedback and positive feedback.6. Two ways and 3 levels for study of physiology.Part 1. Research contents and methods of Physiology1. The development of modern physiologyKnowing the important events in the history of Physiology and understanding the research object and task of physiology.2. Different levels of physiological researchAble to know the significance of studying body function from the overall level, the organ and system levels as well as cell and molecular levels.3. Research methods of PhysiologyPart 2. Basic characteristics of life1. Metabolism: Can explain the related physiological phenomena with the theory of metabolism.2. Excitability: The concept and significance of excitability.3. Reproduction: Can explain the important meaning of reproduction.4. Adaptability：Be able to explain the phenomenon of adaptation。
不同部位动脉置管有创血压监测在NICU危重患儿中应用效果
新生儿重症监护病房(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)是收治病情危重、体重极低新生儿的科室。
由于患儿病情变化快、血压不稳定,常合并各种并发症,及时有效的血压监测不仅能保证血压稳定性,更能为抢救与治疗提供有效依据[1]。
以往常采用无创血压监测,人工袖带常会压迫患儿上肢,给患儿带来约束及不适感,且生命体征监测过程中危重患儿出现血压过低或过高、脉搏弱甚至休克症状时,无法连续、及时显示血压数据,甚至数据存在一定偏差,血压监测效果不够理想[2-3]。
有创动脉血压监测(invasive arterial blood pres⁃sure,IABP)是重症患儿在抢救中监测血压的重要手段,通过外周动脉置管的方式直接获得的动脉内血压,不受人工加压等因素影响,能够动态、准确、及时反映患儿动脉压、血容量以及心肌收缩力的变化,且便于血标DOI:10.16662/ki.1674-0742.2020.35.128不同部位动脉置管有创血压监测在NICU危重患儿中应用效果林乌巧,苏平,何梅凤,周雪芬泉州市儿童医院新生儿重症监护室,福建泉州362000[摘要]目的探究不同部位动脉置管在新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)危重患儿行持续有创血压监测中的应用效果。
方法方便选择2019年2—10月该院NICU收治的72例危重患儿,按不同置管部位分为足背动脉组、桡动脉组,每组36例。
比较两组一次性穿刺成功率、反复穿刺成功率、留置时间,并记录并发症发生情况。
结果足背动脉组一次穿刺成功率为83.33%,高于对照组的58.33%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.445,P=0.020)。
足背动脉组并发症发生率为5.56%,低于桡动脉组的25.00%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.258,P=0.022)。
足背动脉组留置时间为(5.11±1.24)d,长于桡动脉组(2.64±0.67)d,差异有统计学意义(t=10.515,P<0.05)。
《血气分析 影响结果的7大因素》
《血气分析影响结果的7大因素》第一篇：血气分析影响结果的7大因素血气分析影响结果的7大因素动脉血是临床实验室中最为敏感的样本之一[2]，分析前阶段（错误的患者评估、检测申请、样本采集、储存运输等）的操作更容易造成样本中的相关检验结果的偏差。
统计结果显示，46%~48.2%的错误检验结果是分析前处理不当引起的[3]。
针对血气分析项目，分析前处理不当造成的错误占总差错率74.5%[4]。
错误的检验结果会给医院和患者双方带来不必要的医疗损失。
根据solf.green的研究，在所有因不合格样本所增加的成本中，使病人增加的额外治疗成本占80%，其次是重采的时间和人员成本，而问题原因查找、采血耗材和机器成本综合不到10%[5]。
因此，错误的血气分析结果远比不检测的后果更为严重。
为提高动脉血气分析前质量控制和血气报告结果准确性，国内外指南和文献均对动脉血气分析样本分析前处理变异影响因素进行分析并提出指导性建议[2，6-17]。
一、采血器材质对血气结果的影响目前注射器材质分为两种，玻璃和塑料。
玻璃材质能够较好地防止气体的渗透，因此，一个活塞密封得较好的玻璃注射器能保证样本内的气体在2小时内基本不变。
塑料注射器由于材质本身的特性相对比玻璃注射器具有一定的气体透过性，因此氧气以及二氧化碳可通过针筒筒壁和针栓末端，塑料注射器中氧气透过率是玻璃注射器的4倍至150倍。
因次，为了避免管壁塑料材质透气性对标本气体交换的影响，最好选择管壁较厚、材质坚韧的高密度塑料材质。
由于po2和pco2会逐渐改变，比较务实的做法是在采血后的15min内立即上机检测。
二、肝素的影响液体肝素对样本有一定的稀释作用。
会下降的指标包括电解质、hco3-、co2、血红蛋白，而po2和so2在大多数情况下会上升，因为肝素溶液中的氧分压约为150mmhg。
尤其是电解质变化最明显，因为血气分析仪所用的电极-电位差法所测的是血浆而非细胞中的电解质。
实验证明，随着肝素对血液比例的加大，血气分析结果中，ph、po2随之增加，pco2随之降低。
影响动脉血压的因素实验报告doc_
••••••••••••••当前位置：›影响动脉血压的因素实验报告doc影响动脉血压的因素实验报告doc影响动脉血压的因素实验报告篇一：不同因素对家兔血压的影响.实验结果中英文分析不同因素对家兔血压的影响实验原理动脉血压主要受心输出量和外周阻力的影响。
动脉血压的高低是衡量心血管活动的重要指标。
正常情况下，机体的动脉血压保持相对恒定。
这种恒定是通过神经体液调节实现的。
神经调节主要是心血管反射，其中最重要的是颈动脉窦和主动脉弓压力感受性反射。
体液调节最主要的是儿茶酚胺类激素（如肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素）。
Arterial blood pressure is mainly influenced by cardiac output and peripheral resistance.The discretion of the arterial blood pressure is the important indicators of cardiovascular events.Under normal circumstances, the body's arterial bloodpressure remained relatively constant.This constant is achieved by neurohumoral regulation.Neuromodulation mainly cardiovascular reflex, one of the most important is the carotid sinus and aortic arch baroreceptor reflex.Humoral regulation is the most important of catecholamine hormone (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine)..1. 加入去甲肾上腺素后，观察到平均动脉压抬高，心率减慢。
高血压英文PPT精品课件HYPERTENSIVE
GRADE 2 HTR
SEVERE GENERALIZED AND FOCAL ARTERIOLAR CONSTRICTION
A-V CROSSING CHANGES (SALUS SIGN)
GRADE 3 HTR
Copper wiring of arterioles Venous banking distal to A-V
the arterial & venous circulation
Green et al – Thrombus formation in the region of lamina cribrosa is the primary event
GRADE 4 HTR
All changes of grade 3
Silver wiring of arterioles
Disc edema
Ocular associations of hypertension
Retinal vein occlusion
• CRVO (Central Retinal Vein Occlusion)
crossing (bonnet’s sn) Venous tapering on either
side of crossing (gunn’s sn) Right angle deflection of
veins. Flame shaped hemorrhages
cotton wool spots, hard exudates.
• HRVO (Hemi Retinal Vein Occlusion)
• BRVO (Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion) Constitutes 69.5 % of all RVO cases
动脉导管抽血操作流程
动脉导管抽血操作流程英文回答：Arterial cannulation is a procedure used to draw blood from the arterial system, typically the radial artery. This technique is commonly used in various clinical settings, such as during surgery, in intensive care units, or when continuous monitoring of arterial blood pressure is required. The process involves several steps to ensure a safe and accurate blood draw.1. Preparation:Gather the necessary equipment, including a blood collection kit, alcohol swabs, gloves, and a tourniquet.Verify the patient's identity and explain the procedure to them.Ensure a clean and well-lit area for the procedure.Wash hands thoroughly and put on gloves.2. Patient positioning:Position the patient's arm in a comfortable and accessible position, usually extended and slightly supinated.Place a rolled towel or small pillow under the patient's wrist to support it.3. Site selection:Identify the radial artery by palpating the pulse at the wrist.Clean the selected site with an alcohol swab and allow it to dry.Apply a tourniquet proximal to the puncture site to enhance arterial pulsation.4. Local anesthesia:Administer a local anesthetic, usually lidocaine, to minimize pain and discomfort during the procedure.Wait for a few minutes to allow the anesthetic to take effect.5. Arterial puncture:Hold the patient's arm firmly and stabilize the artery by applying gentle pressure below the puncture site.Use a sterile arterial cannula or a blood collection needle to puncture the artery at a 30-degree angle.Observe for a flashback of arterial blood to confirm successful puncture.6. Blood collection:Connect a syringe or blood collection tube to the cannula and withdraw the desired amount of blood.Release the tourniquet and remove the cannula carefully to avoid bleeding.Apply pressure to the puncture site with a sterile gauze pad until bleeding stops.Secure the gauze pad with adhesive tape.7. Post-procedure care:Dispose of used needles and sharps in designated containers.Label the blood samples correctly and send them to the laboratory for analysis.Monitor the puncture site for any signs of bleeding, hematoma, or infection.Document the procedure, including the date, time,and any complications.中文回答：动脉导管抽血是一种从动脉系统（通常是桡动脉）抽取血液的操作流程。
[生理学]循环(血管与调节)总结
![[生理学]循环(血管与调节)总结](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/7035da3d192e45361066f537.png)
随温度变化
thoroughfare capillaries
调节体温
（二）Cap壁的结构特点
1. 特点： 管壁由单层内皮C构成（厚度0.5μ），管壁无平滑肌。 内皮C之间存在裂隙，构成Cap内外的物质交换通路。
Left: Continuous Capillary
Right: Fenestrated Capillary
（ 5 ）循环血量 / 血管容积的比例：失调 → 体循环平均压变
→ABP变 如：大失血→循环血量→ABP↓（显著） 过敏休克→血管容积↑→回心血量↓→ABP↓
影响动脉血压的因素（小结）
因素改变 搏出量↑ 心率↑ 外周阻力↑ 有效血量↓ 大A弹性↓ SP ↑↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ DP ↑ ↑↑ ↑↑ ↓ ↓ 脉压 ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ ABP ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ ↑
（二） 血流阻力：
1. 概念：血液在血管内流动时遇到的阻力（离子、分子间的
摩擦力）。湍流阻力比层流时大。 R＝8ηL/πr4 可见，血流阻力主要由血管口径和血液粘滞度决定 （π常数，L变化不大）
（1）血管口径是形成血流R的主要因素。对器官来说，阻力
血管口径缩小，则器官血流量减少。（控制器官阻力血管 口径，实现血流量在器官间的分布）
（三）血压
1. 概念：流动着的血液对单位面积血管壁的侧压力（压强）。
2. 血压：分动脉血压、Cap压、静脉血压。
各段血管的血压不同，平常说的血压一般指ABP。
Blood pressures in the different portions of the systemic circulation
三、动脉血压和动脉脉搏：
2. 数量（密度）：人体Cap总数约400亿根。 心脑肝肾：Cap密度高（2500-3000根/mm3） 骨骼肌：密度低（100-400根/mm3 ） 骨、脂肪、结蹄组织：更低。 交换面积大：Cap半径3μ，平均长度750μ，则每根 Cap面积约14000μm2 ，加上微静脉交换面积，每根可 达22000μm2。 全身Cap交换面积约1000m2
血流动力学操作流程
血流动力学操作流程英文回答：Hemodynamic monitoring is a crucial aspect of patient care in various clinical settings, including intensive care units and operating rooms. It involves the assessment and evaluation of the cardiovascular system to determine the patient's hemodynamic status and guide appropriate interventions. The process of hemodynamic monitoring can be summarized into several key steps.Step 1: Patient Preparation.Before initiating hemodynamic monitoring, the patient needs to be appropriately prepared. This includes obtaining informed consent, ensuring the patient's comfort, and positioning them in a suitable manner. The monitoring equipment should be checked for proper functioning and calibrated if necessary.中文回答：血流动力学监测是各种临床环境中患者护理的重要方面，包括重症监护室和手术室。
它涉及对心血管系统的评估和评估，以确定患者的血流动力学状况，并指导适当的干预措施。
血流动力学监测的过程可以总结为以下几个关键步骤。
生理学肾脏泌尿功能的调节2
Regulation of urine formation of the kidney
中山大学基础医学院生理学教研室 王庭槐
尿生成的调节 regulation of urine formation
肾血流量的调节
regulation of renal blood flow
(对滤过的调节)
2.增加内髓部集合管对尿素的通透性并减少肾 髓质的血流量。
ADH increases the urea permeability of collecting tubule in inner zone and decreases the blood flow in medulla.
3.促进髓绊升支粗段对NaCl的重吸收，使直小 血管收缩。
释放ADH
远曲小管集合管对水通透性
对水重
吸收
尿量 。
When blood volume increases because of excess transfuse, the volume
receptor in endometrium of left atrium sends impulse through Vagus
水利尿water diuresis 大量饮清水
饮1000ml清水，隔30分钟 峰，2—3小时恢复）
尿量
尿量 ，（1小时末达高
饮1000ml NS，隔30分钟 变化不大
2、循环血量的改变（容量感受器途径）
过度输液，血量过多(+) 左心房内膜下容量感受器
迷走N，传入冲动
中枢，间接抑制下丘脑—垂体后叶系统
小管液（排K+)
Aldosterone diffuses readily to the interior of the tubulaar epithelial
动脉导管抽血操作流程
动脉导管抽血操作流程英文回答：Arterial cannulation is a technique used to collect blood samples from the arteries for various diagnostic purposes. The procedure involves inserting a cannula intoan artery, typically the radial artery or the brachial artery, to collect arterial blood.The following is a step-by-step guide on how to perform arterial cannulation:1. Preparation: Gather all the necessary equipment, including a cannula, syringe, alcohol swabs, gloves, and a blood collection tube. Ensure that the patient ispositioned comfortably, with the arm extended and supported.2. Hand hygiene: Wash your hands thoroughly or use hand sanitizer before starting the procedure. Put on a pair of sterile gloves to maintain aseptic technique.3. Site selection: Identify the appropriate artery for cannulation. The radial artery is commonly used due to its accessibility and superficial location. However, in certain situations, the brachial artery may be preferred.4. Skin preparation: Cleanse the selected site with an alcohol swab in a circular motion, starting from the center and moving outward. Allow the area to dry completely.5. Local anesthesia: Administer a local anesthetic to numb the site and reduce discomfort for the patient. Lidocaine is commonly used for this purpose.6. Cannulation: Hold the cannula at a 30-degree angleto the skin and insert it slowly into the artery. Ensurethat the bevel is facing upward. As you advance the cannula, blood will flow into the syringe. Once blood is obtained, secure the cannula in place.7. Blood collection: Attach a syringe to the cannulaand withdraw the desired amount of arterial blood. Takecare not to pull the plunger too forcefully to avoid hemolysis of the sample.8. Removal and hemostasis: Once the blood sample is collected, remove the syringe and apply pressure to the cannulation site using a sterile gauze pad. Maintain pressure for a few minutes to achieve hemostasis.9. Post-procedure care: Dispose of the used materials appropriately and remove the gloves. Monitor the patient for any signs of complications, such as bleeding or infection.中文回答：动脉导管抽血是一种用于收集动脉血样进行各种诊断目的的技术。
家兔血压实验报告-家兔血压实验报告结论
家兔血压实验报告篇一：4.兔血压实验报告实验题目：传出神经系统药物对家兔心血管系统的影响班级：12级临七3班姓名：廖梦宇学号：2012021320一、实验原理：1. 传出神经系统药物通过作用于心脏和血管平滑肌上相应的受体而产生心血管效应，导致血压变化。
2. 本实验通过观察麻醉家兔动脉血压的变化，分析肾上腺素受体激动剂与拮抗剂之间的相互作用。
二、实验目的：1.掌握测定麻醉动物动脉血压及心电图的实验方法.2.观察三个肾上腺素受体激动剂和两个拮抗剂对动脉血压及心率的影响三、实验步骤：1. 麻醉：取家兔，称重，用25%乌拉坦麻醉, 4ml/kg, 耳缘静脉注射；2. 备皮：麻醉后，将家兔仰位固定于手术台上，剪去颈部的毛，正中切开颈部皮肤；3. 气管插管：分离气管，在气管上作一倒“T”型切口，插入气管插管并以粗线固定。
4. 动脉插管：自气管左侧分离颈总动脉到2cm，动脉下穿两根丝线。
结扎远心端，近心端以动脉夹夹闭。
用眼科剪在结扎端与动脉夹之间剪开一小口。
将连于压力传感器的动脉套管充满1%肝素生理盐水后，插入颈总动脉，并用手术线固定。
松开动脉夹。
5. 记录血压：将压力传感器连接于主机前面板的1通道，打开BL-410生物机能实验系统，将1通道设置成血压和心电，点击开始记录血压。
6. 稳定5~10min，记录正常血压和心率。
7. 给药：按下列顺序静脉给药肾上腺素/kg, 10min去甲肾上腺素/kg, 10min异丙肾上腺素/kg, 10min8. 给药：按下列顺序静脉给药酚妥拉明/kg, 5min肾上腺素/kg, 5min去甲肾上腺素/kg, 5min异丙肾上腺素/kg, 10min9. 给药：按下列顺序静脉给药普萘洛尔/kg, 5min肾上腺素/kg, 5min去甲肾上腺素/kg, 5min异丙肾上腺素/kg, 10min四、实验结果：1. 正常心率和血压：260次/分，115mmHg。
2. 拟肾上腺素药对血压和心率的影响（第七步给药后）对血压的影响：（上图）对心率的影响：肾上腺素：加快去甲肾上腺素：减慢异丙肾上腺素：加快（比肾上腺素强烈）3. α—受体阻断剂对血压和心率的影响（第八步给药后）对血压的影响：（上图）对心率的影响：酚妥拉明：加快肾上腺素：加快去甲肾上腺素：加快不明显异丙肾上腺素：加快4. β—受体阻断剂对血压和心率的影响（第九步给药后）对血压的影响：（上图）对心率的影响：普萘洛尔：减慢肾上腺素：加快去甲肾上腺素：加快异丙肾上腺素：加快不明显五、讨论：1.肾上腺素为α、β受体激动药，作用广泛复杂。
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Receptor specificity
Effect
agonist agonist agonist antagonist antagonist
The underlying action mechanism of adrenaline
cardiac output (slightly) Peripheral resistance Systolic BP Diastolic BP - pulse pressure Cardiac inhibition via reflex (baroreceptor)
Heart rate
The underlying action mechanism of isoproterenol
CONTROL OF ABP
Factors that determine and maintain ABP
1. 2. 3. 4. -
Cardiac output. Peripheral resistance Arterial elasticity Blood volume
ABP is related to the cardiac output and peripheral resistance according to the following equation:
Systolic BP Diastolic BP (slightly)
Pulse pressure
The underlying action mechanism of noradrenaline
：vasoconstriction ：inhibiting NE release : weak directly cardiac stimulates
• More global control, such as: - Redistribution of blood flow - Regulating heart rate - Rapid control of arterial pressure
• Autonomic nervous system provides the main nervous control of CV function. - For circulation, sympathetic is the main regulator.
X drug
antagonist X drug
BP
Experiment Report
1. 2.
3.
4. 5. 6.
Subject ObjectiFra bibliotekes Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusions
Regulation of arterial blood pressure and
influence of drugs on arterial blood pressure
Arterial Blood Pressure (ABP)
ABP：is the lateral pressure exerted by the blood on the arterial walls. It oscillates during each cardiac cycle between a maximum called systolic BP and a minimum called diastolic BP.
1 :contractility HR
2 : dilatation of skeletal muscles and coronary vessels
cardiac output Peripheral resistance
Systolic BP Diastolic BP pulse pressure
Rapid Increase in Arterial Pressure
• 3 Ways in which sympathetic nervous system increases arterial pressure: 1. Constrict arterioles. 2. Constrict veins and other large vessels. 3. Increase heart rate and contractility.
Humoral Control of Circulation
• Controlled by substances secreted or absorbed into the body fluids.
- Vasoconstriction - Vasodilation
Receptor type Distribution
4.Noradrenaline (0.01%) 0.15ml/kg-0.2ml/kg.
5.Isoprenaline sulfate (0.1%) 0.15ml/kg-0.2ml/kg. 6.Dopamine (0.01%) 0.15ml/kg-0.2ml/kg. 7.Phentolamine (1% ) 0.2ml/kg after 1min, repeat 2-3. 8. Propranolol (0.01%) 0.5ml/kg, 10mins later, repeat 2. 9. Acetylcholine (0.001%) 0.05ml/kg-0.1ml/kg. 10. Atropine sulfate (0.01%) 0.1ml/kg 10mins later, repeat 8.
: contractility HR ：vasoconstriction (skin, mucous, viscera) ：vasodilatation of skeletal muscles and coronary vessels
cardiac output Peripheral resistance
ABP = Cardiac output x Peripheral resistance
Regulation of Cardiovascular System
3 factors influence ABP
Sympathetic Nervous System
Short-term regulation of the ABP
Nervous mechanisms : baroreceptors reflexes.
Hormonal mechanisms : epinephrine – nor epinephrine.
Humoral mechanisms: adrenaline/noradrenaline/Ach.
Nervous Regulation of Circulation
α1
Postsynaptic, Smooth muscular cells of blood vessels
α2
Presynaptic
β1
Postsynaptic, heart
β2 Postsynaptic, blood vessels
Effects
Vasoconstriction
inhibition of enhancement (arterioles, veins) norepinephrine of heart rate, release contractility and conduction velocity
?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
11.Ligate the right vague nerve with the guide string cut the nerve above the tie and put its peripheral end on the protective electrode.stimulate the peripheral end of the vague for 15-20secs
•
Instrument adjusting
1. To enter operational system of computer according the procedure. 2. Enter the menu item named “experimental item column” in the interface of BL-420 software, choose “rabbit arterial pressure regulating”in “circullar experiment”after that the surveillance begins. 3. Mark the parameter before every step.
Objectives
•
To observe the pharmacological effects of adrenergic agonists on regulation of arterial blood pressure in rabbit. To demonstrate and analyze the underlying mechanisms of adrenergic agonists actions by using adrenergic antagonists.
Vasodilation
(skeletal muscle vasculature)
Drug Adrenaline (epinephrine) Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) Isoprenaline (isoproterenol) phentolamine propranolol
Procedures
Anesthesia fixation
Venous injection (pentobarbital sodium , 1ml/kg)