天津大学考博英语历年真题-题型-参考书-分数线-资料-育明考博
天津大学考博英语模拟题
满分 (24%)PART ONE (30%)Direction: In this part of the test, there are 10 questions. For each question, you will have 5 segments. The segments are in mixed order. Drag them into right order to make a complete sentence. 题目1部分正确获得分中的分Drag the segments into right order to make a complete sentence. in North America,work absence are related todepression, according to some estimatesup to40% of disability claims for正确答案是：in North America,up to40% of disability claims forwork absence are related to depression, according to some estimates 题目2部分正确获得分中的分Drag the segments into right order to make a complete sentence. we welcomethis report’s emphasistackling this public health crisisthat physicians play inon the vital role我不知道反馈正确答案是：we welcomethis report’s emphasison the vital rolethat physicians play intackling this public health crisis题目3from different backgroundsto learn and thrive in a changing worldwho have dedicated themselveswe greatly admire the teachersto helping children正确答案是：we greatly admire the teacherswho have dedicated themselvesto helping childrenfrom different backgroundsto learn and thrive in a changing world题目4Drag the segments into right order to make a complete sentence. thinking about how to providea lot of timea better future fora typical Tiger Mum spendsher only child正确答案是：a typical Tiger Mum spendsa lot of timethinking about how to provide a better future forher only child题目5部分正确获得分中的分is more likerenting accessowning one outrightto a book thanthe transaction正确答案是：the transactionis more likerenting accessto a book thanowning one outright题目6不正确获得分中的分are merely upgradesto grasp that new goodsof existing onesmore subtly,statisticians sometimes fail正确答案是：more subtly,statisticians sometimes failto grasp that new goodsare merely upgradesof existing ones题目7不正确获得分中的分a good many yearsin advance of the people who are living in itmaterial progress has racedthat the world itself isso far ahead of mental and spiritual progress我不知道反馈正确答案是：material progress has racedso far ahead of mental and spiritual progress that the world itself isa good many yearsin advance of the people who are living in it题目8部分正确获得分中的分dominatedin 2006 the list wasby 84 companiesfrom the four BRIC countriesincluding 44 from China alone我不知道反馈正确答案是：in 2006 the list wasdominatedby 84 companiesfrom the four BRIC countriesincluding 44 from China alone题目9正确获得分中的分adapting to local circumstances meansrecognizing thatemerging-world consumers arean odd mixture ofignorance and sophistication我不知道题目10不正确获得分中的分disaster relief funding,mitigate the risk of living off the landadvances in agricultural technology,as well as the safety net ofcrop insurance, subsidies and我不知道反馈正确答案是：advances in agricultural technology,as well as the safety net ofcrop insurance, subsidies anddisaster relief funding,mitigate the risk of living off the land 题目11部分正确获得分中的分PART TWO (20%)Direction: In this part of the test, you will have 5 short paragraphs. Re-arrange them (by dragging) so that they are in right order and thus make a complete passage. The 3rd paragraph has been labeled for you.This pattern is occurring throughout the industrialized world. Even developing nations are facing increasing technological unemployment as transnational companies build state-of-the-art high-tech production facilities, letting go millions of cheap laborers who can no longer compete with the cost efficiency, quality control, and speed of delivery achieved by automated manufacturing.(3) Corporate leaders and mainstream economists tell us that the rising unemployment figures represent short-term "adjustments" to powerful market-driven forces that are speeding the global economy in a new direction. They hold out the promise of an exciting newworld of high-tech automated production, booming global commerce, and unprecedented material abundance. Millions of working people remain skeptical. In the United States, Fortune magazine found that corporations are eliminating more than 2 million jobs annually. While some new jobs are being created in the US economy, they are in the low-paying sectors and are usually temporary.More than 800 million human beings are now unemployed or underemployed in the world. That figure is likely to rise sharply between now and the turn of the century as millions of new entrants into the workforce find themselves without jobs.A technology revolution is fast replacing human beings with machines in virtually every sector and industry in the global economy. Already, millions of workers have been permanently eliminated from the economic process, and whole work categories and job assignments have shrunk, been restructured, or disappeared. Global unemployment has now reached its highest level since the great depression of the 1930s.With current surveys showing that less than five percent ofcompanies around the world have even begun the transition to the new machine culture, massive unemployment of a kind never before experienced seems all but inevitable in the coming decades. Reflecting on the significance of the transition taking place, the distinguished Nobel laureate economist Wasilly Leontief warned that with the introduction of increasingly sophisticated computers, "The role of humans as the most important factor of production is bound to diminish in the same way that the role of horses in agricultural production was first diminished and then eliminated by the introduction of tractors."我不知道反馈正确答案是：A technology revolution is fast replacing human beings with machines in virtually every sector and industry in the global economy. Already, millions of workers have been permanently eliminated from the economic process, and whole work categories and job assignments have shrunk, been restructured, or disappeared. Global unemploymenthas now reached its highest level since the great depression of the 1930s.More than 800 million human beings are now unemployed or underemployed in the world. That figure is likely to rise sharply between now and the turn of the century as millions of new entrants into the workforce find themselves without jobs.(3) Corporate leaders and mainstream economists tell us that the rising unemployment figures represent short-term "adjustments" to powerful market-driven forces that are speeding the global economy in a new direction. They hold out the promise of an exciting new world of high-tech automated production, booming global commerce, and unprecedented material abundance. Millions of working people remain skeptical. In the United States, Fortune magazine found that corporations are eliminating more than 2 million jobs annually. While some new jobs are being created in the US economy, they are in the low-paying sectors and are usually temporary.This pattern is occurring throughout the industrialized world. Even developing nations are facing increasing technological unemployment as transnational companies build state-of-the-arthigh-tech production facilities, letting go millions of cheap laborers who can no longer compete with the cost efficiency, quality control, and speed of delivery achieved by automated manufacturing.With current surveys showing that less than five percent of companies around the world have even begun the transition to the new machine culture, massive unemployment of a kind never before experienced seems all but inevitable in the coming decades. Reflecting on the significance of the transition taking place, the distinguished Nobel laureate economist Wasilly Leontief warned that with the introduction of increasingly sophisticated computers, "The role of humans as the most important factor of production is bound to diminish in the same way that the role of horses in agricultural production was first diminished and then eliminated by the introduction of tractors."题目12部分正确获得分中的分题干PART THREE (20%)Direction: In this part of the test, you will have a passage with 10 missing words/expressions. Choose ONE word/expression from the box below and drag your choice to its place.In a world where many traditional forms of work are ever changing, good academic qualifications alone will no longer guarantee work. This is partly because of the transience of many contemporary forms of work. It is because there are many more people with academic qualifications. As the of work changes, education itself is becoming one of the world’s biggest industries.It has been estimated that education and training now six per cent of world GDP. The United Nations predicts that in the next thirty years more people will be looking for qualifications in education than since the beginning of civilization. This has profound for the sorts of education people need, and for the of thequalifications they receive. One emergent issue is academic inflation. Qualifications are a form of currency. Their value is related to the prevailing exchange rate for employment or higher education. all currencies, they can inflate when there are too many in relation to the opportunities . Two or three A-levels once a university place: the baseline for many courses is now much higher. A first degree once guaranteed a job: the baseline is now a master’s degree or even a PhD. This is a structural problem for all education systems, and it may compound the number of people in formal education continues to increase. Whatever other issues it raises, one is already clear. Academic qualifications alone are no longer enough. Increasingly, employers and others emphasize the need for the qualities and aptitudes which academic qualifications are not designed to produce powers of creativity, of communication, of adaptability, and social skills.secured account for as nature value available implications also like consequencesecuredaccount foras naturevalue availableimplicationsalsolikeconsequence反馈The correct answer is:PART THREE (20%)Direction: In this part of the test, you will have a passage with 10 missing words/expressions. Choose ONE word/expression from the box below and drag your choice to its place.In a world where many traditional forms of work are ever changing, good academic qualifications alone will no longer guarantee work. This is partly because of the transience of many contemporary forms of work. It is [also] because there are many more people with academic qualifications. As the [nature]of work changes, education itself is becoming one of the world’s biggest industries.It has been estimated that education and training now [account for] six per cent of world GDP. The United Nations predicts that in the next thirty years more people will be looking for qualifications in education than since the beginning of civilization. This has profound [implications]for the sorts of education people need, and for the [value ]of the qualifications they receive. One emergent issue is academic inflation. Qualifications are a form of currency. Their value is related to the prevailing exchange rate foremployment or higher education. [like] all currencies, they can inflate when there are too many in relation to the opportunities [available]. Two or three A-levels once [secured]a university place: the baseline for many courses is now much higher. A first degree once guaranteed a job: the baseline is now a master’s degree or even a PhD. This is a structural problem for all education systems, and it may compound [as ]the number of people in formal education continues to increase. Whatever other issues it raises, one [consequence]is already clear. Academic qualifications alone are no longer enough. Increasingly, employers and others emphasize the need for the qualities and aptitudes which academic qualifications are not designed to produce powers of creativity, of communication, of adaptability, and social skills.窗体底端。
天津大学考博英语翻译真题解析—育明考博
天津大学考博英语翻译真题解析 The market share of international students enjoyed by British andUS universities has dropped sharply as Australia，Japan and NewZealand become increasingly popular destinations，according to aninternational comparison of education systems published yesterday.The latest edition of Education at a Glance，an annual auditpublished by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment，showed that although foreign students continue to beattracted to the two countries because of the English languageteaching and perceived quality of education，in relative terms theirposition is weakening.The Paris-based organisation reported that US market share fell2 per cent from 2002-3，while the UK suffered the fastest decline amongOECD members，falling from 16.2 per cent in 1998 to 13.5 percent in2003.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) The most recent year used by the report is 2003 so the percentagesdid not include a 21.3 per cent fall in the number of Chinese studentsaccepted for university courses in Britain this year. Britain isincreasingly reliant on the higher fees paid by students from outsidethe European Union to help sustain its universities for domesticstudents.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) The overall number of students studying outside their owncountries stood at 2.1m in 2003，an 8.3 percent annual average increasesince 1998.According to the report the international complexion of US campuses has changed strikingly since September 11 2001. The country''s universities have seen decreases of 10-37 per cent in students from the Gulf states，northern Africa and some south-east Asian countries.The report also concluded that despite continued，if uneven，growth in the number of graduates churned out by the rich world''s universities，the monetary value of a degree showed no sign of having been tarnished.Andreas Schleicher，head of the Indicators and Analysis Division of the OECD''s Directorate of Education，said there was no evidence of inflation of the labour-market value of qualifications and that graduates could expect to continue to earn considerably more than those without a degree.Assessing the performance of the world''s schools，Mr Schleicher said Asia was soaring while Europe remained level and South America had slipped into relative decline.一、全文翻译英美大学留学生人数骤跌据昨天公布的一项国际教育体系比较研究称，英美大学的留学生市场份额急剧下降，而澳大利亚、日本和新西兰日益成为受欢迎的留学目的地。
天津大学考博英语真题整理及考试方式
天津大学考博英语真题整理及考试方式一、考试方式考试采用笔试方式 时间为180分钟 满分为100分。
二、考试内容与试卷结构试题共分为五个部分 听力理解、选词填空、阅读理解、英汉翻译、写作。
1、听力理解该部分测试考生听力理解的技能及对英语口语信息的短期记忆能力 考查考生判断对话场景、人物关系及身份 理解说话者的意图、观点或态度 理解话语要点和含义 获取具体信息 理解中心思想等方面的能力。
考生听过一段对话后 回答所提问题 录音只放一遍。
该部分共10小题 考生从每题给出的4个选项中 选出最佳答案。
每小题1分 共10分。
（PS：育明考博课程咨询方式 扣扣：547.063 .862 TEL：四零零六六八六九七八 有售各院校真题）2、选词填空该部分考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素的掌握程度 包括词汇、短语和句子结构以及对语段特征的辨识能力 如衔接与连贯等。
此题中在一篇文章中留出10个空白要求考生从所提供的15个词汇中选出最佳答案 使填空后的文章意义通顺、连贯 结构完整。
该部分共10小题 每题1分 共10分。
3、阅读理解A. 该部分考查考生对书面英语的理解能力 其中包括理解具体信息 掌握文章大意 以及根据语境推断未知信息。
该部分共3篇文章 每篇文章5个问题 考生从4个选项中选出最佳答案。
每篇文章约600词左右 每题2分 共30分。
B. 该部分为一篇文章 其中有5段空白 文章后有7~8段文字。
考生根据文章内容选择合适的段落填入文章的空白处。
该部分共5题 每题2分 共10分。
4.翻译个部分翻译成汉语。
主要测试考生是否能从语篇的角度正确理解英语原句的意思 并能用准确、达意的汉语书面表达出来 共20分。
5、写作该部分考查考生的书面表达能力。
要求考生根据提示信息、所给题目或所提供的图或 表格等写出一篇说明或议论型短文或根据提供的一篇文章写出其摘要。
文章应主题明确有逻辑性语言规范长度不少于200词共20分。
天津大学博士研究生入学考试非英语专业考试大纲样题Part I. Listening Comprehension (10 %)Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B),C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. A) He has proved to be a better reader than the woman.B) He has difficulty understanding the book.C) He cannot get access to the assigned book.D) He cannot finish his assignment before the deadline.2. A) She will drive the man to the supermarket. B) The man should buya car of his own. C) The man needn't go shopping every week.D) She can pick the man up at the grocery store.Part IV Banked Cloze (10 %)Directions: Fill in the blanks in the following passage by selecting suitable words from the Word Bank. You may not use any of the words more than once. You have seen a friend succeed. No doubt you feel joy at this.You love your friend,and maybe you even helped him accomplish his goal. ____1____, there is another feeling, a dark feeling, within you. You begin to wish that it was youthis envious feeling starts off like a tiny seed. But then, like aseed, it grows. It threatens to ____2____ you. Of course you feel bad about your feelings, as they have become a(n) ____3____ to your friendship. Still, there doesn't seem to be anything that you can do. Facing your friend invariably leads to more ____4____ between you. Avoiding him just seems to ____5____ the gulf between you.Instead of feeling ____6____ about your envy or hating your friend, you should take a different ____7___. Use your friend's success as a challenge. He has succeeded. This means that you can succeed as well. By thinking this way, you are ____8____ your feelings and redirecting them into a course of action that won't ruin your friendship. Remember that friendships can ____9_____ friendly competition. You cannot, however, maintain your friendship if you ____10____ envy.A) approach B) goal C) tension D) harbor E) remainF) survive G) harnessing H) widen I) overwhelm J) overtakeK) establish L) still M) guilty N) responsible O) handicapPart III. Reading Comprehension (40%)Part A.Directions: In this part there are three passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long periodotherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of thefamilies who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality.Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choicefor the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in thestranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especiallyin the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invitedme home for dinner—amazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the US arenot uncommon, but are not always understood properly.The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America a complexset of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily meanthat someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue1、In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ___________.A. rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the USB) small-minded officials deserve a serious commentC) Canadians are not so friendly as their neighborsD. most Americans are ready to offer help2、It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ___________.A) culture exercises an influence over social interrelationshipB) courteous convention and individual interest are interrelatedC) various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friendsD) social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions3、Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ___________.A) to improve their hard lifeB) in view of their long-distance travelC) to add some flavor to their own daily lifeD) out of a charitable impulse4、The tradition of hospitality to strangers ___________.A) tends to be superficial and artificialB) is generally well kept up in the united StatesC) is always understood properlyD) has something to do with the busy tourist trails5、What’s the author’s attitudes toward the American’s friendliness?A) Favorable.B) Unfavorable.C) Indifferent. D) Neutral.Part BDirections: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-H to fit into eachuse. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10%)From her vantage point she watched the main doors swing open and the first arrivals pour in.Those who had been at the head of the line paused momentarily on entry, looked around curiously, then quickly moved forward as others behind pressed in. Within moments the central public area of the big branch bank was filled with a chattering, noisy crowd. The building, relatively quiet less than a minute earlier, had become a Babel. Edwina saw a tall heavyset black man wave some dollar bills and declare loudly, "I want to put my money in the bank".1.It seemed as if the report about everyone having come to open an account had been accurate after all.Edwina could see the big man leaning back expansively, still holding his dollar bills. His voice cut across the noise of other conversations and she heard him proclaim, "I'm in no hurry. There's something I'd like you to explain." Two other desks were quickly manned by other clerks. With equal speed, long wide lines of people formed in front of them.Normally, three members of staff were ample to handle new account business, but obviously were inadequate now. Edwina could see Tottenhoe on the far side of the bank and called him on the intercom. She instructed, "Use more desks for new account and take all the staff you can spare to man them."2.Tottenhoe grumbled in reply, "You realize we can't possibly process all these people today, and however many we do will tie us up completely." "I' ve an idea," Edwina said, "that's what someone has in mind. Just hurry the processing all you can."3.security, and family matters. A specimen signature was obtained. Then proof of identity was needed. After that, the new accounts clerk would take all documents to an officer of the bank for approval and initialing. Finally, a savings passbook was made out or a temporary checkbook issued.Therefore the most new accounts that any bank employee could open in an hour were five, so the three clerks presently working might handle a total of ninety in one business day, if they kept going at top speed, which was unlikely. 4.Still the noise within the bank increased. It had become an uproar. A further problem was that the growing mass of arrivals in the central public area of the bank was preventing access to tellers' counters by other customers. Edwina could see a few of them outside, regarding the milling scene with consternation. While she watched, several gave up and walked away.Inside the bank some of the newcomers were engaging tellers in conversation and the tellers, having nothing else to do because of the melee, chatted back. Two assistant managers had gone to the central floor area and were trying to regulate the flood of people so as to clear some space at counters. They were having small success.5.She decided it was time for her own intervention. Edwina left the platform and a railed-off staff area and, with difficulty, made her way through the milling crowd to the main front door.A. Yet she knew however much they hurried it would still take ten to fifteen minutes to open any single new account. It always did. The paperwork required that time.B. But still no hostility was evident. Everyone in the now jam-packed bank who was spoken to by members of the staff answered politely and with a smile. It seemed,C. It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.D. Even leaning close to the intercom, it was hard to hear above the noise.E. Even tripling ate present complement of clerks would permit very few more than two hundred and fifty accounts (o be opened in a day, yet already, in the first few minutes of business, the bank was crammed with at least four hundred people, with still more flooding in, and the line outside, which Edwina rose to check, appeared as long as ever.F. Obviously someone had alerted the press in advance, which explained the presence of the TV camera crew outside. Edwina wondered who had done it.G. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.H. A security guard directed him, "Over there for new accounts." The guard pointed to a desk where a clerk - a young girl - sat waiting. She appeared nervous. The big man walked toward her, smiled reassuringly, and sat down. Immediately a press of others moved into a ragged line behind him, waiting for their turn.Part IV Translation (20%)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written carefully on the ANSWER SHEET. In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror — the glass in the roofof a greenhouse which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.According to a weather experts prediction, the atmosphere will be 3℃ warmer in2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up tookplace, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres andseverely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to greatchanges in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of earth’schief food-growing zones.In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arcticbecause the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts arenow paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees ofwarming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fiftyyears from the burning of fuels. Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. Theevidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbondioxide warms the earth.However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem tobe falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather haveexceeded those caused by man. The question is: Which natural cause has most effectweather?One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station havestudied the hot spots and “cold” spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sunrotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or “colder” faces to the earth, and different aspects todifferent parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of theearth’s atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over along term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions andthe actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is thatthe models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One wayof solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solareffects overcome the inertia (惯性) of the earth's climate. If this is right, the warming effect ofcarbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balance to the sun’s diminishing heat.Part V. Writing (20%)Directions: People are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of health.中国考博辅导首选学校different ways to stay healthy. Some exercise everyday; others try to keep abalanced diet; stillothers try to keep happy all the time. What do you think is the best way to stayhealthy?Write an essay of about 200 words about the following topic:The Best Way to Stay HealthyYou are to write in three paragraphs:1. The importance of health2. Different people have different ideas about staying healthy3. What you think is the best way to stay healthy本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
天津大学考博各专业复习要求及参考书
天津大学考博各专业复习要求及参考书天津大学博士研究生考试化工分离工程复习提纲一、 考试的总体要求1、掌握各精馏(间歇精馏、反应精馏、分子蒸馏)、结晶、吸附、离子交换、色谱、膜分离等传统与新型分离过程的基本原理、方法、特点、适用范围和计算;2、熟悉上述分离过程对应的分离装置;3、了解分离过程的发展方向和趋势;4、能够综合运用所学的各种分离知识，针对具体的分离任务选择合理的分离方法和过程，并能够进行简单设计。
二、 考试的内容及比例1 气液传质过程(～20%)包括间歇精馏、反应精馏、非平衡级模型和分子蒸馏。
2 结晶(～20%)溶液和熔融结晶的原理、相平衡及动力学基础、工业结晶过程及装置。
吸附、离子交换和色谱(～30%)膜分离过程 (～30%)常用膜材料，膜的分类与结构形态，常用膜分离过程的传质机理、过程特点和工业应用。
三、 考试的题型及比例概念题(包括填空题、选择题和判断题)40%;简答题30%;计算题30%。
（ＰＳ：The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba ;QQ:wu si qi ling liu san ba liu er）天津大学博士研究生考试化工过程传递原理复习提纲一、考试的总体要求1. 考察考生是否总体上掌握传递过程原理;2. 考察考生对传递过程原理重点内容的掌握程度，同时考察考生能否利用传递过程原理知识解决化工过程中的动量传递、热量传递与质量传递问题;3. 关于连续性方程、运动方程、能量方程和传质微分方程，不要求死背公式，但要求理解方程及各项的物理意义。
二、考试内容及比例1、动量传递连续性方程与运动方程的应用(阻力系数、稳态与非稳态层流、爬流、势流、流函数);边界层流动(普兰德边界层理论、普兰德边界层方程及其解、边界层积分动量方程、边界层分离与形体曳力);湍流(湍流的特点、起因及表征，湍流时的运动方程，无界固体壁面上的稳态湍流、圆管中的稳态湍流)。
天津大学考博英语复习技巧与方法1—育明考博
天津大学考博英语复习技巧与方法 在英语学习过程中，每一阶段的提升都需要词汇量的提升。
因而词汇的记忆在任何时候都不能放松，需要我们不断的补充提高。
很多学生都有着自己习惯背诵单词的办法，而在我们记忆词汇的过程中是否有什么缺陷和误区呢，对于词汇记忆我们还有什么更好的办法呢?在词汇的学习中，大部分考生刚开始学单词的时候总是把一个单词按字母拆开一个个地背，记住它的一个汉语意思就觉得够了。
其实，少量的单词效果还是不错的，后来词汇量要加大的时候就觉得力不从心了。
记单词要掌握英语字母音节的发音规律，通过发音来背单词，再写出拼写。
而不要只背拼写，一定要会读这个单词，这样才不容易遗忘。
学习英语的时候，不能只重视长难的单词。
有的看到多音节词就查字典，而对一些单音节的词或它们组成的短语常常忽略掉，不查也不记，觉得没什么用。
其实，像那些比较长的单词用作专业词汇的比较多。
那些小的单词则是英语的本土字，在日常生活中使用较频繁，而且词义一般比较多、变化也比较多，是较难掌握的，应该是大家学习的重点。
只记单词的中文含义是不可取的。
对于英文单词，不能只记它的中文意思，英文单词是有词性的，如果不清楚词性很容易导致句子结构的错误。
英语单词的每个词除了有多种意思，还几乎都有多个词性，比如名词、动词、形容词、副词和介词等等，各种词性的使用都是有明确规定的，比如介词总跟名词或名词从句连用、副词跟动词或形容词连用。
每句话的基本组成部分是主语、谓语和宾语，还会有一些从句、介词短语和副词短语等用作修饰。
所以大家不管是读句子还是写句子，都要注意短语、单词的词性和使用。
关于英语词汇记忆的方法：（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537)1.逻辑记忆：通过词的本身的内部逻辑关系，词与词之间的外部逻辑关系记忆单词。
2.联想记忆：(1)音与形的联想，即根据读音规则记忆单词。
天津大学考博英语翻译真题解析 9
天津大学考博英语翻译真题解析1.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility,they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least'a few decisions for them-selves-goals that pose a real challenge.[参考译文]但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段，它们将必须在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要能够自己作出至少几个决定--这些目标才会引发真正的挑战。
2.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the98percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.[参考译文]但是人类的头脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立刻放弃98%的不相关部分，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。
3.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged$22a barrel for a full year,compared with$13in1998,this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only0.25---0.5%of GDP.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) [参考译文]OECD在其最近的《经济瞭望》中估计，如果石油价格与1998年的每桶13美元相比在一年中平均为每22美元，这也只会给富裕的经济体的石油进口账单上增加GDP的0.25%到0.5%。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-天津师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：86
2022年考研考博-考博英语-天津师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题It （）to see so many children in that mountainous area cannot even afford elementary education.问题1选项A.pains herB.makes her painC.is painingD.is pained【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。
it pains sb. to see意为“看到……使某人心痛”。
句意：看到很多山区的孩子无法接受基础教育使她心痛。
2.翻译题Translate the following into ChineseReading can only be fun if you expect it to be. If you concentrate on books somebody tells you you ‘‘ought” to read, you probably won’t h ave fun. But if you put down a book you don’t like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time—and if you become, as a result of reading, better, wiser, kinder, or more g entle, you won’t have suffered during the process.【答案】只有当你期望阅读是有趣的时候，它才是有趣的。
如果你全神贯注于别人告诉你“应该”读的书，你可能不会有乐趣。
天津大学博士生考试英语
天津大学博士英语考试试卷科目： 博士生英语学院：专业：I. Listening Comprehension: (25%)Section ADirections : In this section, you will hear 8 short conversationsand 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.1. A) She is a little tired. B) She is going to study.C) She wants to listen to music.D) She is going to make a reservation. 2. A) At an art exhibit. B) In a supermarket. C) In a shoe store. D) In a clothing store. 3. A) They had no time.B) They couldn’t afford it after buying their motor -bike. C) The old one was still working.D) They both want to buy a motor-bike.4. A) She doesn’t understand the man’s question. B) She’ll have the test ready in a few days.C) She has a few questions about the man ’s schedule.D) The man may not take the test early.5. A) In a hotel.B) In a furniture store.C) In a campground.D) In a private home.6. A) A prince lives a better life than a princess.B) He wishes he could be a prince.C) He is not sure if he wants to be a prince.D) He hates the idea of being a prince.7. A) She can’t understand why the man is thirsty.B) The man ought to go to the laundromat.C) The laundromat is too far away.D) She will not wash the man’s clothes for him.8. A) Work on the assignment a little bit at a time.B) Finish the assignment on time.C) Take the assignment to someone else this time.D) Stop working on the assignment.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9.A) He prefers the smaller evening classes.B) He has signed up for a day course.C) He has to work during the day.D) He finds the evening course cheaper.10. A) Learn a computer language.B) Learn data processing.C) Buy some computer software.D) Buy a few course books.11. A) Thursday evening, from 7:00 to 9:45.B) From September 1 to New Year’s eve.C) Every Monday, lasting for 12 weeks.D) Three hours a week, 45 hours in total.12. A) What to bring for registration.B) Where to attend the class.C) How he can get to Frost Hall.D) Whether he can use a check.Questions 13 to15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.13. A) A training coach.B) A trading adviser.C) A professional manager.D) A financial trader.14. A) He can save on living expenses.B) He considers cooking creative.C) He can enjoy healthier food.D) He thinks take-away is tasteless.15. A) It is something inevitable.B) It is frustrating sometimes.C) It takes patience to manage.D) It can be a good thing.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) Stopped migrating.B) Continued migrating.C) Began migrating again.D) Migrated south and stay there.17. A) There was not enough food there in the winter.B) There were too many birds.C) There were too many glaciers.D) There was too much daylight.18. A) To test the relationship between daylight and a disease of the glands commonto birds.B) To test the relationship between daylight and migration.C) To test the relationship between migration and temperature.D) To test the relationship between daylight and changes in the season.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) A scientist.B) A graduate.C) A colleague.D) An undergraduate20. A) To present their results.B) To show off their results.C) To make themselves brave.D) To become active people.21. A) To get information.B) To know the related areas.C) To know the latest news.D) To make friends.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) It’s an urgent announcement.B) It’s an important announcement.C) The managers wish to divert their workers from their work.D) It’s about an important promotion.23. A) 7 a.m. B) 11 p.m. C) 8 p.m. D) 3 a.m.24. A) To show the importance of their decision.B) To play a joke on the American manager.C) To start cooperation as soon as possible.D) To show that they were very efficient.25. A) He was irritated.B) He was well pleased.C) He was very much troubled.D) He prepared himself for a fight.II. Vocabulary: (35%):A. Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For eachsentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the one interview that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheetwith a single line through the center.26. The ______ of consultation is to listen to, and take account of, the views ofthose consulted.A. essenceB. thesisC. synthesisD. instinct27. At the far end of the lake some buffaloes were bathing, ______ so deeply thatonly their heads were visible.A. overwhelmedB. immersedC. degeneratedD. engulfed28. With their far superior technology, the Western forces completely ______Saddam’s army.A. suppressedB. overwhelmedC. bledD. segregated29. The two ingredients should be placed together in a bottle and shakenvigorously until they are ______.A. filteredB. discriminatedC. blendedD. engaged30. The little girl started to cry in order to ______ sympathy and pity in herparents.A. confineB. evokeC. awaitD. induce31. They ______ to safety as a massive wall of water smashed their caravans andswept away dozens of cars.A. paralyzedB. spunC. roamedD. dashed32. In 20 years only one company with an investment-grade rating from Moody’has ______ long-term debt – one that went bankrupt voluntarily to protect itself from lawsuits.A. defaulted onB. relied onC. accounted forD. cried for33. He said he did not ______ the difficulties the party faced in regaining ameasure of popular trust.A. demonstrateB. underestimateC. speculateD. outweigh34. The king was forced to leave the country over which he had ______ for morethan 30 years.A. prevailB. reignedC. stumbledD. lingered35. His health had been affected, and might ______ altogether if the straincontinued.A. break downB. cool offC. lit upD. sprout up36. We shall be grateful if you will ______ space for any of the enclosedadvertisements in your publications.A. donateB. forgeC. impartD. specify37. From his office on the 22nd floor of the famous four-towered BMW HQ, he______ formidable power and commands enormous respect.A. swingsB. wieldsC. yieldsD. contemplated38. The little woman looked a ______ sight, standing before him with red, swolleneyes and tear-streaked cheeks.A. desirableB. rottenC. shabbyD. pathetic39. Since my father’s death there had been, as it were, a ______ in my homewhich nobody could fill.A. liabilityB. vacancyC. agonyD. bureaucracy40. The report praises the efforts being made in our city to extract energy fromwaste and to ______ paper, glass, plastics and steel cans.A. differentiateB. resistC. recycleD. mobilize41. Some articles are clearly written as a by-product of teaching, perhaps ______from lectures or intended to form part of a book.A. adaptedB. reformedC. revivedD. sprayed42. At one point last fall, when Swedish rates rose to 17%, such deals ______ anet annualized return of 8%, with little exchange-rate risk.A. fulfilledB. yieldedC. exemplifiedD. documented43. T ales of squadrons bombing their own units are here in ______.A. exposureB. abundanceC. incidenceD. arrangement44. The church is full of ______ works of craftsmanship which have been donatedby individuals.A. exquisiteB. commercialC. metallicD. remote45. It is a question Michael Joseph is likely to ______ long and hard over theweeks to come.A. poseB. superviseC. harborD. ponderB. Directions: Study the meaning of the phrasal verbs listed below andthen complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate phrasal verb in its proper form.46. We already have our hands full. Let the matter ________ till next week.47. The emergency ________ reserves of energy which she did not know shepossessed.48. It wasn’t long before we ________ a plan acceptable to all.49. Though very tired, the students ________ the discussion late into the night.50. ________ facts, I can’t see anything to support what he says.51. It is usually easier to ________ the meaning of a sentence in a given context.52. I’m not sure if I want to take this course; may I ______ for the first week tosee if I like it?53. Don’t be afraid. No matter what happens, I’ll ________ you.54. Thieves ________ last night while the family was away on vacation.55. There is no point in waiting for something to ________; you have to takeaction.56. We can come through any crisis if we ________. I’m certain of that.57. The village was ________ by floods for nearly a week.58. Miss Green returned to work after she ________ her illness.59. The custom is said to have been ________ from the 18th century.60. John must ________ for a few days until his leg mends.III. Reading Comprehension (20%)Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:The current vogue, in the West, of Yoga and Zen（禅宗）may prove to have been no more than a transitory Western fashion. It may be doubted whether the average modern Westerner genuinely understands and practices either Zen or Yoga. However, it is also possible that these are sincere attempts to re-activate, among Westerners, the normal human faculty of spiritual contemplation. In the Middle Ages, Westerners, like other people, did practice contemplation. This is a necessary condition for spiritual health, and modern Westerners are suffering spiritually for having abandoned the practice of contemplation deliberately. Moreover, the East has other lessons for the West which the West certainly ought to learn and to take to heart.For instance, the West could perhaps learn from the East how to re-capture Man's original harmony with the rest of Nature. Man is an integral part of Nature. When he alienates himself from her and tries to dominate her as if he were outside Nature and were not rooted in Nature, Man runs into trouble. The degree of modern Western Man's alienation from Nature can be measured by the potency of modern technology, for technology is an instrument for dominating Nature. The technologically advanced countries are already paying the price of theirsuper-technology. Two items in this price are pollution and inflation.Shinto stands for a harmonious cooperation between Man and the rest of Nature. It recognizes that Nature is holy; that she has sacred rights; that Man has a religious obligation to respect these rights; and that, if he violates them, he will bring retribution on himself. The Japanese people have already begun to bring retribution on themselves by polluting Nature.Taoism (道教) sets its face against imposing Man's will on Nature by means of technology. This Chinese philosophy took shape at some dale between the sixth and the fourth century B. C., when technology was still rudimentary, if judged by present-day standards. Yet already the Taoist philosophers were taking alarm; they were calling for a return to a simpler way of life. It is now evident that they were far-sighted. The Taoist philosophy is what the world now needs. It is needed today by West and East alike, now that the potent modern technology, which was invented in the West two hundred years ago, is being adopted all round the globe.61. Yoga or Zen ___________.A.is only a transitory Western fashionB.is not genuinely understood by the average modern westernersC.is in fashion now in the WestD.is a popular sport .62. This passage implies that ____________.A.it is wrong to abandon spiritual contemplationB.the Westerners practice contemplation in the Middle EastC.the Westerners abandon the practice of contemplation deliberatelyD.the East has other lessons for the West63. What is the main topic of this passage?A.Why are Yoga and Zan popular in the West?B.What does the West have to learn from the East?C.How to recapture Man’s original harmony with the rest of Nature?D.How to practice spiritual contemplation?64. The author of this passage _________________.A.disagrees with Taoist’s philosophyB.prefers Shinto to TaoismC.seems to be against modern technologyD.prefers super-technology to spiritual contemplation65. According to the passage ______________.A.it is very expensive to buy super-technologyB.it costs a lot to deal with the problems of pollution and inflationC.the technologically advanced countries are richer than other countriesD.both pollution and inflation are caused by modern technologyQuestions 66-70 are based on the following passage.There is one kind of pain for which nobody has yet found a cure--the pain that comes from the ending of a relationship. The relationship could be a marriage or a deep friendship. Such a relationship may come to a sudden end; or it may simply fade away slowly as people and circumstances change. You may be the one to "break it off ", with a short note or a brief phone call. Or you may be on the receiving end. However it ended and whoever decided to end it, the pain is equally hard to hear and it requires the same time for grief. Although there is no cure for grief, we can not help looking for one, to ease the pain and to make us forget our tears. We keep ourselves busy with work, or we try to plunge ourselves in our hobbies. Perhaps we start to drink more than we should to drown our sorrows, or we follow the conventional advice and join a club or society. But these things cannot cure it. Moreover, we are always in a hurry to get rid of our grief. We feel that we should try to convince ourselves, as we bite on the pillow, that we are much too old to be crying. Some people bury their grief deep inside themselves. Others seek relief by pouring their hearts out to their friends, or to anyone else who can offer a sympathetic shoulder to cry on. It is not easy to explain why we adopt this attitude to emotional pain, when we would never expect anyone to overcome physical pain simply by an effort of will power. Part of the answer must lie in the nature of grief itself. The important thing to admit about grief, then, is that it will take its time. By trying to convince ourselves that it ought to be over sooner, we create an additional tension which can only make things worse. How much time is needed will vary from person to person, butpsychiatrists have a rule of thumb: grief will last as long as the original relationship lasted. The sad thing is that, when the breakdown occurs, we can only stumble forward over the stones beneath our feet. It is dark ahead, and we will fall painfully many times before we begin to see the light at the end of the tunnel.66. It is the author’s belief that _______________.A.there is no way to kill the pain from the ending of a relationshipB.those who break up the relationship do not suffer from the pain from the endingof a relationshipC.people suffer from the pain only when the relationship comes to a sudden endD.Both A and B.67. Which is closest in meaning to the underlined term drown our sorrow?A.To get rid of grief by drinking too much alcohol.B.To feel sorry for drinking too muchC.To end our life by drinking an excessive amount of alcoholD.To be overwhelmed by grief68. Psychiatrists believe that _____________.A.grief lasts longer if your friends break off the relationshipB.grief lasts in proportion to the duration of your friendshipC.grief lasts longer if you value your friendship a lotD.grief ends as soon as you set up a new friendship with someone else69. The passage tells us that __________.A.we cannot relieve our emotional pain no matter how hard we tryB.it takes time and efforts to relieve our emotional painC.we do not have to suffer from any emotional pain if we try our best to reduce itD.there is little point in making our efforts to relieve our emotional pain70. What is the best title for this passage?A.Emotional painB.How to relieve your emotional pain?C.Emotional pain and physical painD.Who suffers most?Part IV Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.An important factor of leadership is attraction. This does not mean attractiveness in the ordinary sense, for that is a quality 71 our control. The leader has, nevertheless, to be a magnet; a 72 figure towards whom people are 73 .Magnetism in that sense depends, first of all, on being 74 . There is a type of Authority which can be 75 from behind closed doors, but that is not a leadership. 76 there is movement and action, the true leader is in the forefront and may seem, indeed, to be everywhere at once. He has to become a legend; the 77 for anecdotes, whether true or false; a character. One of the simplest devices is to be 78 on the occasion when the leader might be 79 to be there, enough in itself to start a rumor about the vital 80 which has detained him. To make up for this, he can 81 when least expected, giving rise to another story about the interest he can display 82 things which other folks might 83 as trivial. With this gift for 84 curiosity the leader always combines a reluctance to 85 about himself. His interest is plainly in other people; he questions them and encourages them to talk and then 86 all that is relevant. He never leaves a party 87 he has mentally filed a minimum dossier (档案) on 88 present, ensuring that he knows 89 to say when he meets them again. He is not artificially extrovert (性格外向的) but he would usually rather listen than talk. Others 90 gradually that his importance needs proof.71. A. beyond B. of C. under D. by72. A. vital B. central C. strange D. conspicuous73. A. united B. dragged C. drawn D. hauled74. A. observed B. heard C. watched D. seen75. A. exercised B. respected C. recognized D. imposed76. A. Whether B. Where C. As D. Since77. A. object B. topic C. subject D. excuse78. A. present B. absolute C. abstract D. absent79. A. appointed B. instructed C. arranged D. expected80. A. matter B. thing C. business D. affair81. A. leave B. appear C. show D. hide82. A. in B. at C. on D. about83. A. think B. regard C. look D. deal84. A. creating B. originating C. inspiring D. spreading85. A. communicate B. say C. reveal D. talk86. A. commits B. cites C. remembers D. notes87. A. when B. until C. as D. while88. A. everyone B. anyone C. someone D. one89. A. how B. what C. that D. whether90. A. know B. appreciate C. realize D. acknowledgeVI. Writing (10%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to a composition on the topic Success.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in English:Success1.成功的含义2.我的见解3.怎样才能成功？Answer SheetI. Listening Comprehension:1. __________2. __________3. __________4. __________5. __________6. __________7. __________8. __________9. __________ 10. _________ 11. _________ 12. _________ 13. _________ 14. _________ 15 _________ 16. _________ 17. _________ 18. _________ 19. _________ 20. _________ 21. _________ 22. _________ 23. _________ 24. _________ 25. _________ II. VocabularyA: 26. ________ 27. ________ 28. ________ 29. ________ 30. _________ 31. _______ 32. _______ 33. _______ 34. ______ 35. ________ 36. _______ 37. _______ 38. _______ 39. ______ 40. ________ 41. _______ 42. _______43. ________ 44. ______ 45. ________ B: 46. ________ 47. ________ 48. ________ 49. ________ 50. _________ 51. _______ 52. _______ 53. _______ 54. ______ 55. ________ 56. _______ 57. _______ 58. _______ 59. ______ 60. ________ III. Reading Comprehension:61. __________ 62. __________ 63. __________ 64. __________ 65. __________ 66. _________ 67. ________ 68. _________ 69. ________ 70. ________ IV Cloze71. __________ 72. __________ 73. __________ 74. __________ 75. __________ 76. ________ 77. ________ 78. _________ 79. ________ 80. ________ 81. ________ 82. _______ 83. ________ 84. _______ 85. ________ 86. ________ 87. _______ 88. ________ 89. _______ 90. ________V. Composition:_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________KeysI. Listening Comprehension: （25%）(每题1分)1 D2 D3 B4 D5 C6.B 7 B 8 A 9 C 10 B11 C 12 A 13 D 14 B 15D16 B 17 B 18 B 19 B 20 A21 D 22 B 23 C 24 A 25 CII. Vocabulary (35%): (每题1分)A. 26．A 27．B 28．B 29．C 30．B 31．D 32．A 33．B 34．B 35．A36. A 37. B 38. D 39. B 40.C 41. A 42. B 43. B 44. A 45. DB. 46. lie over 47. called forth 48. worked out 49. carried on50. Getting down to 51. pick out 52. sit in 53. stand by 54. broke in55. turn up 56. hang together 57. cut off 58. got over 59. carried down 60. lie upIII. Reading Comprehension: （20%）（每题2分）61 C 62 A 63 B 64 C 65 D66 A 67 A 68 B 69 D 70 APart IV Cloze （10%）（每题0.5分）71. A 72. B 73. C 74. D 75. A 76. B 77. C 78.D 79. D 80.C81. B 82. A 83. B 84. C 85. D 86. C 78. B 88.A 89. B 90.CVI. Composition: （10%）(共10分)。
天津大学考博英语阅读理解解析
天津大学考博英语阅读理解解析The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects: transportation and storage. Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing. The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products. Transportation can be by truck, rail-way, ship, or barge. For some items, such as exotic plants and flowers, or when rapid delivery is essential, air freight may be used.Storage, or warehousing, is a necessary function because production and consumption of goods rarely match: items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made. Inventories build up, both in warehouses and at retail establishments, before the foods are sold. The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores.Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price. If, for example, no agricultural product could be stored, all food would have to be put on the market immediately. This would, of course, create a glut and lower prices drastically. There would be an immediate benefit to consumers, but in the long run they would suffer. Farmers, because of low prices, would be forced off the land, and the amount of food produced would decrease. This, in turn, would raise consumer prices.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537) Warehouses for storage are of several types. Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses, in spite of their name, are privately owned facilities, but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership. General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety of products. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods, especially food products. Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling. A bonded warehouse is one that stores foods, frequently imported, on which taxes must be paid before they are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples.The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse. Many large com- panics have several manufacturing plants, sometimes located outside the country. Each plant does not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them. The distribution center allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place. Its purpose is to minimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build up extensive inventories. It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover. Very large corporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationallybased1. The main subject of this passage is______.A) transportation and storageB) storage of productsC) distribution centerD) two main aspects of product distribution2. Warehousing is important in that ______.A) inventories build up before the goods are soldB) the prices will go downC) more goods are produced than can be consumedD) the food has to be put on the market immediately3. How many types of warehouses for storage are discussed in the passage?A) 3.B) 4.C) 6.D) 7.4. Where might one find meat and milk?A) Grain elevator.B) Cold-storage warehouse.C) Private warehouse.D) Bonded warehouse.5. What is NOT true of a distribution center?A) It is a relatively new type of warehouse.B) Product is replaced more quickly and costs are down.C) Some distribution centers are not built in the sane country as the factoryD) It builds up extensive inventories to minimize storage.Passage 1文章大意：这篇文章讲产品实物分配中的两个环节，运输和储存，运输环节只在第一段和第二段最后一句略述，从第二段(除最后一句)到第五段详细讨论产品的储存问题。
天津大学考博英语完形填空模拟测试
天津大学考博英语完形填空模拟测试Chronic insomnia is a major public health problem.And too many people are using__1__therapies，even while there are a few treatments that do lions of Americans__2__awake at night counting sheep or have a stiff drink or__3__an pill，hoping it will make them sleepy.__4__experts agree all that self-medicating is a bad idea，and the causes of chronic insomnia remain__5__.Xu yao quan guo ge da yuan xiao kao bo ying yu zhen ti shi juan qing jia qq：qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi,huo er ba jiu ling ling liu si san wu yi.ye ke yi bo da quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba xiang shou kao bo fu dao ti yan.Almost a third of adults have trouble sleeping，and about10 percent have__6__of daytime impairment that signal true insomnia. But__7__the complaints，scientists know surprisingly little about what causes chronic insomnia，its health consequences and how best to treat it，a panel of specialists__8__together by the National Institutes of Health concluded Wednesday.The panel called__9__a broad range of research into insomnia，__10__that if scientists understood its__11__causes，they could develop better treatments.Most，but not all，insomnia is thought to__12__other health problems，from arthritis and depression to cardiovascular disease. The question often is whether the insomnia came first or was a result of the other diseases and how trouble sleeping in__13__complicates those other problems.Other diseases__14__，the risk of insomniaseems to increase with age and to be more__15__among women，especially after their50s.Smoking，caffeine and numerous__16__drugs also affect sleep.The NIH is spending about$200million this year on sleep-related research，some__17__to specific disorders and others__18__the underlying scientific laws that control the nervous system of sleep. The agency was__19__the panel‘s review before deciding what additional work should be__20__at insomnia.1.[A]unproven[B]unknown[C]improper[D]imperative2.[A]fall[B]lie[C]seem[D]become3.[A]prescribe[B]pop[C]abuse[D]experiment4.[A]And[B]Though[C]Thus[D]But5.[A]peculiar[B]anonymous[C]mysterious[D]unexpected6.[A]signals[B]symptoms[C]signs[D]symbols7.[A]in addition to[B]except for[C]owing to[D]for all8.[A]pulled[B]collected[C]brought[D]drawn9.[A]on[B]for[C]up[D]in10.[A]noting[B]notifying[C]nosing[D]nominating11.[A]undertaking[B]underlining[C]underlying[D] undermining12.[A]cause[B]accompany[C]follow[D]attend13.[A]short[B]case[C]essence[D]turn14.[A]inside[B]outside[C]aside[D]besides15.[A]common[B]popular[C]frequent[D]regular16.[A]conscription[B]description[C]subscription[D] prescription17.[A]aimed[B]targeted[C]designated[D]designed18.[A]examining[B]inspecting[C]verifying[D]assessing19.[A]conducting[B]awaiting[C]receiving[D]considering20.[A]assigned[B]charged[C]directed[D]attended答案1.A2.B3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.C9.B10.A11.C12.B13.D14.C15.A16.D17.B18.A19.B20.C总体分析本文主要介绍了对失眠的研究工作。
2002年春季天津大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2002年春季天津大学考博英语真题及详解TEST SIXPart I. Dictation (20%)Directions: Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read four times. During the first reading the passage will be read at normal speedand you are supposed to listen only and try to have a generalunderstanding of it. For the second and third readings the passage will beread sentence by sentence or phrase by phrase with an interval of 10-15seconds in between for writing. The last reading will be done at thenormal speed again for you to check up.【答案】略Part II. Vocabulary and structure (10%)Directions: There are twenty incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Circle the one that bestcompletes the sentence.1. If Henry had not pulled his caps low over his brow, he ______ by the police.A. might be recognizedB. might have been recognizedC. would have recognizedD. was to have been recognized【答案】B【解析】“may/might have +过去分词”的结构表示“对过去的某件事情进行的推测”，意思是“可能已经……”。
天津大学考博英语翻译真题解析 7
天津大学考博英语翻译真题解析1.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers,"Pluff! Pluff!"A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."[参考译文]但当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上动手打架并双双掉进河里，而后却发现该行诗中不过只充斥着"扑通，扑通，185公斤重"这类对他们落水时的动静以及对军官们体重的描写时，我们不免感到困惑不安。
2.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.[参考译文]战后婴儿潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极为有限，他们已经在不停地质疑为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯而做出的巨大的个人牺牲。
天津大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
天津大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲天津大学博士研究生公共英语入学考试是学校为招收博士研究生而设置的选拔性考试。
教育部颁布的《硕士、博士研究生英语教学大纲》规定："博士生入学其英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的水平"。
根据这一规定，并结合我校招收博士研究生的具体情况，要求博士生入学英语考试既考查考生的语言知识，更注重测试考生的语言应用能力。
一、考试方式考试采用笔试方式。
考试时间为180分钟，试卷满分为100分。
二、考试内容与试卷结构试题共分为六个部分：听写、词汇与语法、句型转换、综合填空、阅读理解、写作。
1、听写该部分主要测试考生听力理解的技能及对口头英语信息的短期记忆能力。
要求考生听一篇英语短文，在理解的基础上将其中部分内容复写出来。
录音材料播放四遍，第一遍和第四遍为正常语速，第二遍和第三遍为较慢速度的朗读，句际间有短暂停顿。
听写的文章语言程度适中，大约300词。
该项目所需时间约20分钟，共20分。
2、词汇与语法该部分主要测试考生对在句子层面中的词汇使用和语法结构掌握的程度。
词汇题的测试重点是对名词、形容词、动词、各种短语及固定搭配结构的判断和理解，其中包括对同义词、近义词、反义词的辨认与区分等。
语法测试的重点包括时态、语态、语气、动词非限定形式、强调、倒装、平行结构等。
该部分共20小题，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中，选出最佳答案，每小题0.5分，共10分。
3、句型转换此项题目主要考查考生用不同的语言形式（句型）表达相同意义的能力。
要求考生在理解原句意义的基础上，按照要求写出符合语法规则，且与原句意义相同或相近的句子，该部分共10题，每小题2分，共20分。
4、阅读理解该部分考查考生理解书面英语的能力，其中包括理解具体信息、掌握文章大意、以及根据语境推断未知信息的能力。
要求考生根据所提供的四篇文章的内容，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳答案，该部分每篇文章约350词，共20题，每题1分，共20分。
天津大学博士面试英语流程
天津大学博士面试英语流程The PhD Interview Process at Tianjin UniversityApplying for a doctoral program at a prestigious institution like Tianjin University is an exciting and challenging endeavor. The interview process plays a crucial role in the admissions decision, as it allows the university to assess the candidate's academic credentials, research potential, and fit within the program. As an aspiring PhD candidate, it is essential to prepare thoroughly for this important stage of the application process.The first step in the PhD interview process at Tianjin University is the submission of a comprehensive application package. This typically includes a detailed curriculum vitae, transcripts from previous academic institutions, letters of recommendation from respected scholars, and a well-crafted research proposal outlining the candidate's intended area of study and the potential impact of their research. The admissions committee will carefully review these materials to determine which applicants will be invited for an interview.Once the candidate has been selected for an interview, they willreceive detailed information about the format and expectations of the process. The interview may be conducted in person, or in some cases, it may be held virtually via video conferencing. Regardless of the format, the candidate should prepare thoroughly to ensure they present themselves in the best possible light.During the interview, the candidate will likely be asked a range of questions designed to assess their academic knowledge, research skills, and overall fit for the program. These questions may cover topics such as the candidate's previous research experience, their proposed dissertation project, their long-term career goals, and their understanding of the specific research areas and faculty expertise within the Tianjin University doctoral program.It is important for the candidate to be prepared to articulate their research interests and goals clearly and concisely. They should be able to demonstrate a deep understanding of the relevant literature in their field, as well as the ability to critically analyze and synthesize information. Additionally, the candidate should be prepared to discuss any challenges or obstacles they have overcome in their academic or professional pursuits, as this can showcase their resilience and problem-solving abilities.Beyond the academic and research-focused questions, the interview may also include more personal inquiries. The admissions committeemay ask the candidate about their hobbies, interests, and extracurricular activities, as well as their reasons for choosing Tianjin University and their long-term career aspirations. These questions are designed to help the committee assess the candidate's overall fit within the program and the university community.Throughout the interview process, it is important for the candidate to maintain a professional and composed demeanor. They should dress appropriately, make eye contact with the interviewers, and speak clearly and confidently. Additionally, the candidate should be prepared to ask thoughtful questions of their own, demonstrating their genuine interest in the program and their desire to learn more about the research and academic opportunities available at Tianjin University.After the interview, the admissions committee will carefully consider all of the information gathered during the process, including the candidate's application materials, their performance during the interview, and any additional factors that may be relevant. The final decision will be communicated to the candidate in a timely manner, and successful applicants will be invited to join the Tianjin University doctoral program.Overall, the PhD interview process at Tianjin University is a crucial step in the admissions process, and candidates should approach itwith a combination of preparation, confidence, and a genuine enthusiasm for the research and academic opportunities available at this prestigious institution. By demonstrating their academic excellence, research potential, and fit within the program, aspiring PhD candidates can increase their chances of being selected for this prestigious and rewarding opportunity.。
天津师范大学2019年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
博士研究生入学考试英语试题考试科目名称：英语试题适用招生专业：全校考生答题须知1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。
请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。
2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。
3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。
4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。
Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)Section A Short dialoguesDirections:In this section, you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).1. A. He lost the calculator.B. He doesn’t know where the calculator is.C. He thinks he broke the calculator.D. He doesn’t know the answer to the problem.2. A. He lost it.B. He used it last night.C. He was the last to use it.D. He finally brought it back.3. A. The woman should buy some new trousers.B. The woman should buy some clothes for larger size.C. The woman should eat less.D. The woman should do exercises.4. A. At a theater.B. At a booking office.C. At a railway station.D. At a restaurant.5. A. The size of the room.B. Long working hours.C. The hot weather.D. The fan in the room.Section B PassagesDirections:In this section, you will hear several short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with asingle line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).Passage One6. A. A dozen.B. Two dozen.C. A half dozen.D. Five dozen.7. A. They don’t stay fresh very long.B. They smell nice.C. They are too expensive.D. They aren’t very pretty.8. A. Oil and vinegar.B. Sugar and white vinegar.C. Sugar and oil.D. Aspirin.Passage Two9. A. Miller was loved by her parents.B. Miller was loved by her sisters.C. Miller was loved by her brothers.D. Miller enjoyed a happy life as a child.10. A. Maths.B. painting.C. Both A and B.D. Neither A nor B.Section C Summary writingDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read, you are required to write a summary of about 60 words on Answer Sheet II.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (10%)Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences or sentences with underlined words or phrases in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence or replace the underlined part of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).11. There has been a decline _______ the number of people borrowing from public libraries.A. onB. inC. withD. at12. The harder a student studies, _______.A. the more his body gives off heatB. his body gives off more heatC. the more heat does his body gives offD. the more heat his body gives off13. When she heard the bad news, she _______completely.A. broke awayB. broke downC. broke outD. broke through14. The clerk muttered under his breath as he brought the _______ the tenth pair of shoes.A. clientB. attorneyC. agentD. consumer15. Association refers to _______ the material we want to remember and _______ it to something we remember accurately.A. taking … relatingB. take … relateC. taking … relateD. take … relating16. They took _______ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping.A. fruitfulB. beneficialC. validD. effective17. With the help of a metal detector, they discovered that wreckage lay _______ over a 2,000-square-feet area, often buried beneath sand and seaweed.A. scatteredB. separatedC. dispersedD. distributed18. It was his wife’s encouragement that had _______ his through the bad times.A. deliveredB. relievedC. sentD. brought19. The distance from the Earth to the spacecraft is often determined very accuratelyfrom the time _______ between two radio signals.A. interactionB. alternativeC. interferenceD. interval20. Finding himself trapped in the Death Valley, he had a sudden feeling of _______.A. despairB. desperateC. frightenedD. dreadful21. In a time of social reform, people’s state of mind tends to keep pace with the rapid changes ofsociety.A. take stepB. match upC. keep in touchD. make progress22. If decisions are delayed until the problems become worse, possibilities for effective actions will be severely reduced.A. optionsB. notionsC. fortunesD. occasions23. You can add the fluid to the powder, or, vice versa, the powder to the fluid.A. conventionallyB. convertiblyC. converselyD. conversationally24. She anxiously inspected the faces of the men leaving the train in the hope of find her husband.A. approachedB. searchedC. scannedD. recalled25. In Britain, and on the Continent too, the Japanese are sometimes viewed as a threat to domestic industries.A. looked likeB. varied withC. thought forD. supposed as26. With an old screwdriver he rasped the mortar away from around one of the bricks in the endwall.A. scrapedB. brushedC. pulledD. ported27. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free tax-supported schools must be established inevery town having 50 household or more.A. foundedB. foundC. formulatedD. funded28. He said that he had never come across a painting which pleased him more.A. seen aboutB. viewed asC. happened toD. met with29. My book is practically finished; I have only a few changes to make in the writing.A. virtuallyB. verticallyC. violentlyD. visually30. The teacher congratulated the student who won the prize in the speech contest.A. consoledB. comfortedC. applaudedD. consultedPart III Cloze (10%)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).Scientists searching for precious metals have turned to the ocean floor, where natural chimneys are spewing out a metal-enriched black dust containing particles of gold, silver and zinc.Scientists 31 these hot springs are recreating the process which, billions of years ago, created 32 metal deposits now found on land.The discovery is giving geologists a 33 into the earth’s early history and fuelling some new theories on origin of life.It also has huge implications for 34 companies.Geologists are just beginning to understand how these chimneys, 35 clusters of sulphur and minerals, are formed, and what makes them spew out the mineralized dust.At present it is not commercially 36 for mining companies to operate beneath the sea, although some scientists believe the “black smokers”, 37 known as active mineralizing systems, will be a major—and renewable —source of metals in the next decade.38 the meantime, mining companies are using the ocean-floor research to locate similar deposits on land.“The hottest thing in the mining research game right now is the39 within the past few years of mineral deposits currently forming—in front of our eyes—on the ocean floor,” said Dr. Joseph Fox, a Montreal (加拿大蒙特利尔) geologist.Canada has mined some of the richest copper, zinc and gold 40 in the world. In the past year, mining companies have used knowledge about where mineral formations 41 on the ocean floor to find the deposits on land.Geologists are excited because, 42 metal deposits on land, which are two or three billion years old, the undersea deposits keep 43 themselves.“It’s really incredible to think that we have a renewable metal resource44 we’ve been taught to think of metal resources as non-renewable,” Fox said.The 30-foot-high (10-metre) chimneys or vents, 45 in 1979, are found along fractures in the ocean’s crust.Scientists believe the deposits form when cold sea-water seeps into the fractures, leaving metals 46 it is drawn down.As the water travels in the direction of the earth’s core, it47 up. Eventually, the hot water rises, carrying with it the hot metal sulphide 48 the ocean floor.When the hot sulphide meets the cold sea water, a thick black smoke-like substance is formed, spewing out of vents in built-up deposits of 49 .The particles in the smoke eventually 50 on the ocean floor, forming vast solid sheets of metal sulphide. 31. A. believe B. thought C. uncover D. found32. A. smooth B. tiny C. vast D. rust33. A. chance B. revision C. weapon D. glimpse34. A. metal B. mining C. alloy D. global35. A. made of B. consisting in C. resulted from D. dealing with36. A. periodic B. reliable C. comparative D. feasible37. A. formally B. chiefly C. economically D. occasionally38. A. At B. On C. In D. For39. A. invention B. discovery C. findings D. theory40. A. samples B. deposits C. mines D. fractions41. A. range B. suffer C. occur D. form42. A. unlike B. like C. as D. except43. A. to renew B. renewing C. having renewed D. to be renewed44. A. before B. until C. because D. when45. A. broken B. fixed C. discovered D. originated46. A. since B. as C. for D. whereas47. A. speeds B. goes C. gives D. heats48. A. from B. on C. toward D. beyond49. A. sulphide B. substance C. deposits D. element50. A. rely B. move C. turn D. settlePart IV Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions:There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I). Passage OneQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Professor Smith recently persuaded 35 people, 23 of them women, to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions for a fortnight. When he came to analyze their embarrassing lapses in a scientific report, he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groupings. None did the lapses appear to be entirely random.One of the women, for instance, on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog her earnings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear. “The explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer,” explains the professor. “People programme themselves to do certain activities regularly. It was the woman’s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her earrings. But somehow the action got reversed in the programme.” About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “programme assembly failures.”Altogether the volunteers logged 433 unintentional actions that they found themselves doing—an average of twelve each. There appear to be peak periods in the day when we are at our zaniest. These are two hours some time between eight a.m. and noon, between four and six p.m. with a smaller peak between eight and ten p.m. “Among men the peak seems to be when a changeover in brain ‘programmes’ occurs, as for instance between going to and from work.” Women on average reported slightly more lapses—12.5 compared with 10.9 for men probably because they were more reliable reporters.A startling finding of the research is that the absent-minded activity is a hazard of doing things in which we are skilled. Normally, you would expect that skill reduces the number of errors we make. But trying to avoid silly slips by concentrating more could make things a lot worse—even dangerous.51. In this study Professor Smith asked the subjects _______.A. to keep track of people who tend to forget thingsB. to report their embarrassing lapses at randomC. to analyze their awkward experiences scientificallyD. to keep a record of what they did unintentionally52. Professor Smith discovered that _______.A. certain patterns can be indentified in the recorded incidentsB. many people were too embarrassed to admit their absent-mindednessC. men tend to be more absent-minded than womenD. absent-mindedness is an excusable human weakness53. “Programme assembly failures (Sentence 6, Paragraph 2)” refers to the phenomenon thatpeople _______.A. often fail to programme their routines beforehandB. tend to make mistakes when they are in a hurryC. unconsciously change the sequence of doing thingsD. are likely to mess thing up if they are too tired54. We learn from the third paragraph that _______.A. absent-mindedness tends to occur during certain hours of the dayB. women are very careful to perform actions during peak periodsC. women experience more peak periods of absent-mindednessD. men’s absent-mindedness often results in funny situations55. It can be concluded from the passage that _______.A. people should avoid doing important things during peak periods of lapsesB. hazards can be avoided when people do things they are good atC. people should be careful when programming their actionsD. lapses cannot always be attributed to lack of concentrationPassage TwoQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout; the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right side or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws farther diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmer. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a stutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry; the intact and regenerated claws retain their original structures.These observations indicate that the conditions that trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact, but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determines their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher. To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters inthe juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobster could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively, to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by borrowing in the substrate.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric claws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.56. The passage is primarily concerned with _______.A. drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humansB. discussing a possible explanation for the way bilateral asymmetry is determined inlobstersC. explaining differences between lobsters’ crusher claws and cutter clawsD. developing a method for predicating whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear onthe left or right side57. Which of the following experimental result, if observed, would most clearly contradict thefindings of Victor Emmer?A. A left cutter like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on theright side.B. A left cutter like claw is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on theleft side.C. A left cutter like claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on theright side.D. A left cutter like claw is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on theright side.58. It can be inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stagesof development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the earlystages are _______.A. more likely to regenerate a lost clawB. more likely to replace a crusher claw with a cutter clawC. likely to be less symmetricalD. likely to be less active59. Which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failureof a lobster to develop a crusher claw?A. The loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of development.B. The loss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of development.C. The loss of a claw during the sixth stage of development.D. Development in an environment devoid of material that can be manipulated.60. The author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when paired clawsremain intact as _______.A. irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmer’s observationsB. contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiationC. likely in view of present evidenceD. purely speculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentationPassage Threephysical chemist who divides his time between the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, has a goal to create a computer model of how the cell works so that someday he’ll be able to design his own cells from scratch.It’s a daunting task. A single enzyme in a liver c ell may be controlled by as many as 14 different regulatory processes. Multiply that by thousands of interconnected chemical reactions operating simultaneously in billions of cells, and you’ve got one incredibly complex system.Enter a computer program called SPICE (Simulation Program for Integrated Circuit Evaluation), developed at the University of California, Berkeley, in the 1970s. SPICE allowed engineers to analyze their electronic circuits and predict, more or less accurately, how they would work before they were actually built. There would always be problems to iron out, but at least the program pointed chip designers in the right direction.Arkin is developing a similar program he calls bio/SPICE that he hopes will do for the cell what SPICE did for the chip. His first targets are simple bacteria. “They’re still complicated enough that we get depressed,” Arkin admits with a laugh. But he has already had some success grouping reactions together by the kinds of jobs they do. And, sure enough, some of them bear a remarkable resemblance to the gates and switches of an electronic circuit.Of course, no one knows for sure whether Arkin or anyone else will be able to develop a working computer model of the cell. But it’s the sort of project that could keep sc ientists busy for another 100 years.61. In the first paragraph, “… what makes them tick …” means _______.A. why something operates as it doesB. what makes cells thick and then block in blood streamsC. what cells consist ofD. how cells are born and die62. What do we learn from the passage?A. What Arkin intends to achieve is unprecedented.B. Arkin has just followed the past biologists’ footprints and nothing newC. Arkin, based on the work of others, wants to build a computer model of his ownD. To de sign one’s own cells is what biologists have dreamed of for almost a century.63. Which of the following adjectives can best describe the task Arkin is engaged in?A. Challenging.B. Delicate.C. Simple.D. Depressing.64. How is Arkin getting on with his work?A. Getting nowhere.B. Getting somewhere.C. There is a bigger breakthrough.D. There is a remarkable resemblance found in his research.65. What is the author’s attitude towards Arkin’s research?A. Suspicious.B. Positive.C. Negative.D. Indifferent.Passage FourGetting ready to go back to school in the good old days of, say, 1998 meant a few trips to the mall and a quick check of the bus route. This year, for many parents, there are some new things to remember: The teacher’s e-mail address, the school’s website and which night online homework helps chat will be offered. “The 1999-2000 school year will be the one when the majority of parents really feel the Internet’s influence on their children’s education at the everyday level,” says Jonathan Carson, chairman of the Family Education Co., which offers a parenting website at and a framework for local schools to create and maintain their own sites.This year promises to show a quantum leap in the spread of school technology: Parents in many districts can expect to be able to check the school lunch menu, read class notes, see activity calendar and view nightly homework assignments—all online. “The schools are wired,” says Carson. “A majority of parents now have access and the educators are ready to go.”Over the summer, parents of high school German students in Ithaca, N.Y. got to be part of a class to Europe, through their home computers. The class brought a digital camera and laptop with them to Germany and documented their visit on their web page. Hazy Ash, father of 16-year-old traveler Bria n, found it reassuring to see his son’s smiling face from half a world away. Before their kids left, parents had checked the site for scheduling information, a list of activities and advice on cultural differences.When it’s designed well, a district, school or classroom website can change the relationship between the parents and the school, says Cynthia Lapier, Ithaca’s director of information and instructional technology. “The more you can involve parents in school, the better,” Lapier says. “The technology gives us another way to reach them, especially parents of secondary school students, who tend to be less involved.”Ithaca High School physics teacher, Stever Wirt, gets e-mail from parents regularly, some from the parents he believes might otherwise not pick up the phone with a concern. Using software called Blackboard Course Info, Wirt conducts online chats with his students often reviewing for a quiz or discussing homework problems.The way things are going, by the end of this year, many parents may be fully converted—and in fact dependent upon their school’s technological capabilities. At a recently wired school in Novi, Michigan, the school webmaster was just a few hours late posting the lunch-menu calendar on the website. In that time, more than a dozen parents called him by telephone to request the information. “A year ago, it never would have been there,” says Carson. And now parents are finding it’s tough to get by without it.在像1998年那样经济繁荣的岁月里，父母为孩子开学返校需要做的准备工作包括去逛几次商场和文具店, 快速核实一下校车路线。
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育明考博免费咨询报名电话：400-668-6978咨询QQ：493371626（李老师）2015考博QQ交流群1056198202015考博QQ英语群3354889032015考博QQ专业课群1574604162015年天津大学考博英语题型分析和备考指导一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。
但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题，可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。
总之考博凭的是实力和自身的本事，关系只是占一部分，自己努力了就行，不用过分纠结于导师回复有没有啥隐含意思的。
初次联系好导师后，一定要注意跟导师保持联系。
每半个月或者一个月向导师汇报一下学习情况或者复习情况，交流一下科研方向，这很有必要。
一方面让导师觉得你很想去跟他深造，另一方面显得你虔诚好学。
三、考博英语备考规划1、考博英语的题型和分值设置试题共分为五个部分：听力理解、选词填空、阅读理解、英汉翻译、写作。
1、听力理解该部分测试考生听力理解的技能及对英语口语信息的短期记忆能力，考查考生判断对话场景、人物关系及身份；理解说话者的意图、观点或态度；理解话语要点和含义；获取具体信息；理解中心思想等方面的能力。
考生听过一段对话后，回答所提问题，录音只放一遍。
该部分共10小题，考生从每题给出的4个选项中，选出最佳答案。
每小题1分，共10分。
2、选词填空该部分考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素的掌握程度，包括词汇、短语和句子结构，以及对语段特征的辨识能力，如衔接与连贯等。
此题中在一篇文章中留出10个空白，要求考生从所提供的15个词汇中选出最佳答案，使填空后的文章意义通顺、连贯，结构完整。
该部分共10小题，每题1分，共10分。
3、阅读理解A.该部分考查考生对书面英语的理解能力，其中包括理解具体信息，掌握文章大意，以及根据语境推断未知信息。
该部分共3篇文章，每篇文章5个问题，考生从4个选项中选出最佳答案。
每篇文章约600词左右，每题2分，共30分。
B.该部分为一篇文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有7~8段文字。
考生根据文章内容选择合适的段落填入文章的空白处。
该部分共5题，每题2分，共10分。
4.翻译要求考生通过阅读600词左右的英语篇章（内容偏重科技），然后将有下划线的6-8个部分翻译成汉语。
主要测试考生是否能从语篇的角度正确理解英语原句的意思，并能用准确、达意的汉语书面表达出来，共20分。
5、写作该部分考查考生的书面表达能力。
要求考生根据提示信息、所给题目或所提供的图或表格等，写出一篇说明或议论型短文；或根据提供的一篇文章写出其摘要。
文章应主题明确，有逻辑性，语言规范，长度不少于200词，共20分。
文章来源于易贤网/n547282c39.aspx2、英语复习推荐用书：育明考博教研部主编的《考博英语真题解析》，《考博词汇》在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售。
3、复习策略、答题技巧、经验分享（1）词汇备考：考博英语词汇量在7000—8000左右。
部分院校，如社科院，对词汇量的要求会比较大，大约会达到10000以上。
虽然不推荐盲目的扩大词汇量，但是足够的单词储备还是会对应试起到比较积极的作用。
根据自身的复习时间和实际需要，可以选择考研词汇、六级词汇、托福词汇、专八词汇、或者GRE词汇进行备考，推荐育明教育考博教研室主编的《考博英语系列教程—考博10000词》进行有针对性的词汇备考。
有很多人在学习英语的过程中，只注重了学习当时的记忆效果，孰不知要想做好学习的记忆工作，是要下一番工夫的。
单纯的注重当时的记忆效果，而忽视了后期的保持和再认同样是达不到良好的效果的，于是就产生了记忆的牢固度问题。
所以我们一直在向强调反复记忆单词，但是如何反复记忆却是一个复杂的工作。
记忆规律可以具体到我们每个人，因为我们的生理特点、生活经历不同，可能导致我们有不同的记忆习惯、记忆方式、记忆特点。
如果与个人记忆特点相悖，记忆效果则会大打折扣。
因此，我们要根据每个人的不同特点，寻找到属于自己的艾宾浩斯记忆遗忘曲线。
但是普遍的记忆规律是：在5分钟后重复一遍，30分钟后再重复一遍，12小时后，1天后，2天后，4天后，7天后，15天后重复记忆，就会记得很牢。
（2）完型备考：实用答题方法A.无关词排除法：完型文章一般都有非常明确的中心主线，且整个文章很紧凑，就是紧紧围绕着中心主线展开。
因此，理论上正确的选项一定是紧扣文章的主题和中心主线的。
故而，一些看上去明显和文章主题和中心主线毫无关系的选项基本上可以排除在正确答案之外。
B.同现词对比法：完型文章由于常常有明确的中心主线，所以作者往往会使用一些重点词汇围绕着中心主线贯穿全文。
同现实际上就是一组具有相同倾向性的词语，这些词语所表现的倾向性往往与中心主线中的导向一致，或者说这些同现词语的任务就是对文章的导向进行展开支持。
因此，文章的整体导向这个已知线索可以成为解出这些同现词语的关键信息。
C.复现词对比法：复现是完型文章中词汇的另一种衔接手段，即表达相同意思的词汇在文章的不同地方出现。
复现可以是相同的词重复出现，也可以是用不同的词表达相同的意思。
复现的解题意义在于：如果判断出一个未知填空与上下文的那些已知词汇有复现关系，只要从选项中选出与那些词汇意义相同的就是正确答案。
D.关联词推断法：关联是完型文章中经常出现的一种结构，即将两个或两个以上的同类别词语，比如两个动词、两个形容词以连续排比的结构出现。
在这种情况下，两个关联词汇在句子中的语法地位一样，且常常起一样的语法作用，之间又明显具有某种逻辑关系。
关联的解题意义在于：出题人一般会将一个关联词语设置成已知信息，另一个是未知的，这样那个已知的词语便成为破解未知词语的关键线索。
F.时间关系解构法：完型文章中出现的时间信息一般都是非常有用的线索，因为只要通过分析这些时间线索就可以很快把握与这些时间线索联系在一起的信息之间的关系。
G.整体结构对照法：由于总分之间的基本关系是互相支持，互相印证的对照关系，而且总述是对分述的总结和概括，而分述是对总述的展开。
当一些未知填空出现在总述句时，解出这些填空的相关联已知线索往往可以在与其对应的分述部分找到。
（3）阅读备考：阅读中各种题目的对策在平时的积累方面，建议经常看看英文网站，看看英文杂志，比如Nature、Science就很不错，当然这只是英文泛读，用于增加英文阅读的兴趣及增加话题的广度。
另外，还需要精读一些文章学习其语言风格、语法结构、行文结构、主题思想等具体内容。
这类文章可以选择考博真题中的阅读理解，也可以选择自己比较喜欢的一些英文美文，但是建议难度要与考博试题难度相当。
A.细节事实题----回到原文，找准出处。
选项中符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，属于普遍现象的往往是答案。
B.判断词汇和短语的意义题内容全面、概括性强的一般为答案；与文章主题相近的一般是答案；与被考单词在含义上肤浅相近的一般不是答案。
C.推理判断题合乎常理的选项一般是答案；选项措辞过于绝对化、找茬原文和对文中做字面解释的的一般不是答案。
D.主旨大意题答案常在首尾段，出现频率高的词可能是蕴含中心思想的关键词；局部信息概括、概括范围过宽的都为错误选项。
E.观点态度题---看清楚态度的对象以及态度的主体。
作者的态度一般会在行文中体现，要关注形容词、副词；引语和实例也会映射作者的态度。
（4）翻译备考：翻译答题要求A.英式思维拆分语法结构在考博翻译中的大部分句子都是结构复杂的长难句，所以理清句子结构层次就显得至关重要。
在翻译句子之前，先通读全句，注意一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构。
例如：例1Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.拆分句子：1.句子的主干是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry;2.定语从句：which后面是一个定语从句，其先行词是social science;3.方式状语：in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner是方式状语。
其中的reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned是并列定语，修饰manner;4.定语从句：that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena是定语从句，其先行词是manner;5.拆分后句子的总结构是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry(主干)which seeks to study humans and their endeavors(定语从句)in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner(方式状语)that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(定语从句)B.直译和意译在考博英语翻译中，由于题材基本上是关于自然科学和社会科学的文章，所以我们遵循的方法是：能直译就直译，既能直译又能意译的以直译为主，不能直译的采用意译，一般情况下直译与意译相结合。