Operational Cocnept Descritpion MOBAC
COSO《内部控制-整合框架》执行纲要2013版(中英文对照)
Internal Control–Integrated Framework内部控制整合框架Executive Summary执行纲要Internal control helps entities achieve important objectives and sustain and improve performance.COSO’s Internal Control—Integrated Framework (Framework)enables organizations to effectively and efficiently develop systems of internal control that adapt to changing business and operating environments,mitigate risks to acceptable levels,and support sound decision making and governance of the organization.内部控制帮助组织达到重要的目标，维持和改进业绩。
科索委员会的内部控制整合框架使得组织能够开发有效果且有效率的内部控制体系，该体系且能够适应变化的商业和运营环境，将风险降低到可接受的水平，并且促进规范决策和组织的治理。
Designing and implementing an effective system of internal control can be challenging;operating that system effectively and efficiently every day can be daunting.New and rapidly changing business models,greater use and dependence on technology,increasing regulatory requirements and scrutiny, globalization,and other challenges demand any system of internal control to be agile in adapting to changes in business,operating and regulatory第 1 页environments.设计并实施一套有效的内部控制体系是充满挑战的；每天保持制度运行的效果和效率会让人可望而不可及。
OperationalExcellenceOrganizationalAgility.ppt
organizational agility • The role of outsourcing in the achieving operational excellence
In addition, we will explore the use of benchmarks and discuss the limitations inherent with relying on “best practices”.
IV. 7:30 – 7:45 Break
V. 7:45 – 9:00 Lecture & Material/ Topic Discussion
MOR 559 – Strategic Renewal
University of Southern California
Operational Excellence & Organizational Agility
Sustaining High-Performance
OPERATlNGlNSTRUCTlONS
Document 630-302Revised 7/23/2010Sargent & Greenleaf, Inc.A Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Stanley Security Solutions, Inc.PO Box 930Nicholasville, KY 40340-0930Phone: (800)-826-7652 Fax: (800)-634-4843Phone: (859)-885-9411 Fax: (859)-887-2057Sargent & Greenleaf S.A.9, Chemin du Croset 1024 Ecublens, Switzerland Phone: +41-21 694 34 00Fax: +41-21 694 34 09©Copyright 2007, Sargent & GreenleafModel 6120Introduction• The Sargent & Greenleaf Model 6120 Motorized ElectronicCombination Lock is shipped from the factory with a factory master code of 1 2 3 4 5 6 #. This code is used to open the lock and set or change all of its codes. If the safe maker or your dealer sets a new master code, he will advise you of the change. You should set the lock to your own, unique master code immediately.• The Model 6120 will always open on the master code. At yourdiscretion, it can also be set to accept up to eight different user codes. The master code holder is responsible for maintaining the number of active users programmed into each lock. The master code is designated as code #1, and the user codes (if set) are designated by user I.D. number 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The user codes do not exist until they are programmed into the lock.• Each time a button is pressed and the lock accepts the input, it emits a “chirp,” and the LED on the keypad lights momentarily.• All codes must contain six digits or six letters. Any digit or letter can be used as many times as you wish. For instance, the following codes(while not recommended) will operate the lock:5 5 5 5 5 5 #ORJ J J J J J #• All codes end with #. This signals the lock that you have finished entering all digits of the code.• If you pause more than 10 seconds between pressing buttons when entering a code, the lock will assume you do not want to continue, and it will go into standby mode. To open the lock, begin the code entry sequence from the first step.• If you realize you have pressed an incorrect button when entering a code, press * or simply pause ten seconds or more, then begin entering your code again.• If four incorrect codes are entered in a row, the lock will shut down for a period of up to fifteen minutes. This is a security feature. Pressing any button anytime during the lockout period will reset the timer to its maximum penalty time. Do not touch any keypad buttons for a period of fifteen minutes, then enter any valid code to open the lock.• T he model 6120 does not have audit trail capabilities.• F or UL installations, the maximum number of user codes is one.Note: T his lock has been Listed by Underwriters Laboratories for use with the followingS&G keypad(s):6120-0XX, 6120-2XX, 6120-4XX, 6160-2XX (IP Series), 61KP-1XX, 6130-5XXTo Open the LockPress the code digits or letters in order, followed by #. The lock bolt will retract for six seconds, allowing you time to operate the safe handleand open the door. Do not put any pressure on the safe handle until after the code has been entered. The Model 6120 will lock automatically when the safe door is closed and the handle is turned to the locked position.In Case of TroubleIf your lock should fail to open when a valid code is entered, check for the following:1. The boltwork of a safe can, under certain conditions, place pressure on the side of the lock’s bolt. This is often caused by something inside the safe pressing against the door or by something caught between the safe door and its frame. When this occurs, the lock will not operate properly. To relieve side pressure on the lock bolt, move the safe’s handle to the fully locked position, then re-enter a working code. The lock should open.2. If the lock makes no sound when any of the keys are pressed, or if the lock “chirps” when keys are pressed, but it will not open, thebatteries may be drained to the point that they will not operate thelock’s motor. Follow the battery replacement procedure in this manual.3. If the lock makes no sound when any of the keys are pressed, but the batteries have been checked and found to be good, a loose keypad connector may be the cause. If your lock uses the two-battery keypad (pictured to the left of the lock above), pull the keypad away from the base as described in the battery changing procedure. Check to make sure the wire connector is firmly seated into its receptacle on thekeypad circuit board. The connector is designed so that it will only slide into the receptacle when aligned correctly.If all of the preceding remedies have been exhausted and the lock still does not open, contact a qualified safe technician in your area for professional service.Security AdvisoryIf your lock is used many times a day (50 or more openings daily), it is advisable to use as many different keys as possible in your code number. Avoid using a key more than once whenever possible. Check the keypad frequently for visible wear which might indicate which keysare being pressed for code entry. Change the code to use different keys when wear is evident. If necessary, have a qualified service technician replace the keypad.Wire connector being inserted into thereceptacle on the keypad circuit board.About Changing CodesAll code changing procedures begin by pressing SG*(the same as 7 4 *), followed by the existing six-digit master code and #. The lockimmediately chirps five times (eeeee).If the lock emits a series of closely spaced chirps (almost a continuous tone) you have made a mistake and must start again. Always keep the safe door open when making programming changes.To Change the Master Code (code #1)Press SG * (______) # 1 * (______) # (______) #Whenever # is pressed, the lock chirps to acknowledge the entry. Wait for the chirps before proceeding. If a long series of closely spaced chirps (almost a continuous tone) sounds when # is pressed, the new master code will not be accepted—the old code is retained.N ote: It is very important to remember your master code. If it is lost, the manufacturer of your safe may be able to help you reset the lock. S&G does not retain any lock codesTo Enter or Change a User Code (codes #2—#9)Press SG * (______) # (user I.D.) * (______) # (______) #Whenever # is pressed, the lock chirps to acknowledge the entry. Wait for the chirps before proceeding. If a long series of closely spaced chirps (almost a continuous tone) sounds when # is pressed, the new code will not be accepted. Any existing user code remains.For instance, if you want to enable the #2 user code (the first user code) to open the lock with a code of 4 4 6 6 3 3, you will use the following procedure.Press SG * (______) # 2 * 446633# 446633#This same procedure would change any existing #2 user code to 4-4-6-6-3-3.To Delete a User CodeYou may find that a particular user code which you have enabled is no longer needed. It is a good security policy to remove any unneeded codes. To do so, follow this procedure.Press SG * (______) # (user I.D. 2 through 9) * # #Whenever # is pressed, the lock chirps to acknowledge the entry. Wait for the chirps before proceeding. If a long series of closely spaced chirps (almost a continuous tone) sounds when # is pressed, the user code will not be deleted.T he 6120 lock will not allow you to inadvertently delete the master code.To Use the Time DelayThe Sargent & Greenleaf Model 6120 Electronic Combination Lock has a built in time delay feature that you can turn on and off by following the programming steps on this page. The time delay can be set anywhere from 0 to 9 minutes. When the time delay feature is enabled, your lock will function as follows:After you enter a valid opening code, the lock will “chirp” three times. It will not open. The lock will “chirp” once every ten seconds during the delay period, and it will not accept any keypad input during the delay period. The lock will “chirp” ten times at the end of the delay period.You must enter a valid opening code within two minutes of the end of the delay period. The lock will open. Instead of entering a valid code, you can use the procedure below to turn the time delay off or set it to a different length. The two minute period immediately following the time delay is the only time during which you can change or delete the time delay.Use of the time delay feature will decrease your battery life by approximately 50%. Battery life will vary depending on the length of the time delay. For instance, batteries will last longer with the time delay set to 1 minute than with the delay set to 9 minutes.A time delay is typically used in situations where there is threat of armed robbery. Statistically, an armed robber will not linger more than a minute or two at a crime scene. The longer he stays, the greater his risk of being caught. A time delay lock enforces a waiting period which is beyond the control of either robber or victim.Whenever a safe is secured with a time delay device, a sign should be posted on the door of the container to indicate the presence of the device. Suggested wording is:“THIS EQUIPMENT IS PROTECTED AGAINST HOLD UP AND ROBBERY BY TIME DELAY LOCK.”A self adhesive label is available from Sargent & Greenleaf distributors or your local safe and lock retailer. The S&G part number for the label is 0000-636-152000.existing master codenew master codenew user code(74)new master codemaster code(74)new user codemaster code(74)master code(74)To Set a Time DelayThe time delay value can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 minutes. To deactivate the time delay, set its value to 0 minutes.Press SG* (______) # 0 * (_) # (_) #Whenever # is pressed, the lock chirps to acknowledge the entry. Wait for the chirps before proceeding. If a long series of closely spaced chirps (almost a continuous tone) sounds when # is pressed, the new time delay value is not accepted—the old time delay value is retained. For instance, if you want to set the time delay to five minutes, use the following procedure.Press SG* (______) # 0 * 5# 5#To turn the time delay off, use the following procedure during the two-minute opening window.Press SG* (______) # 0 * 0# 0#The Management Reset CodeYour lock can incorporate a Management Reset Code if one is programmed before the Factory Master Code is changed or reset. Once the Master Code changing procedure is completed for the first time, a Management Reset Code cannot be installed. Once programmed, the Management Reset Code cannot be deleted or changed. Sargent & Greenleaf strongly recommends that a different Management Reset Code be used for each lock.The Management Reset Code consists of seven digits. Two of the digits must be pressed simultaneously. These digits must be either 0 and 1, or 0 and 3. They may be used anywhere in the code. For instance, a Management Reset Code could be 147.01.89 (0 and 1 are pressed simultaneously). To use the Management Reset Code in this example, press: * 6 # 147.01.89 #.The lock’s Master Code will revert to 1 2 3 4 5 6 #.Immediately after the Management Reset Code is entered, the lock will beep once for each time the MRC has been used, including the current usage. This simple audit trail is provided to let the safe operator know how many times the Management Reset Code has been used to reset the lock. The Master Code is now reset automatically to the original Factory Master Code (1 2 3 4 5 6 #). Any User Codes which were present in the lock when the Management Reset Code was entered will be erased, as will any time delay value.To Program the Management Reset Code (MRC):Press * * # 123456# (_______) # (_______) #If you get a long error tone rather than three short beeps after attempting to program the Management Reset Code, the lock may have had its master code changed, or it may already have an MRC. Contact your safe manufacturer or dealer to obtain it.To Use the Management Reset Code:Press * 6# (_______) # (the Master Code is now 123456#)Low Battery ConditionThe Model 6120 lock uses two 9-volt alkaline batteries. We recommend Duracell ®. If the batteries in your lock need to be replaced, twentyconsecutive beeps will be heard after the last number of the code and the # sign have been pressed. The batteries will have to be replaced before the lock can be opened.Note: A low battery simulator is built into the Model 6120 so you can familiarize yourself with how the lock sounds under a low battery condition.To activate the low battery simulator, depress the * key for approximately three seconds, until the lock emits three chirps. Immediately enter your code. Each time you press a key, the chirp will sound distinctly different than it does during normal operation. Approximately two seconds after you enter the code and open the lock, the Model 6120 will revert to normal keypad tones.Battery Replacement Procedure (standard two-battery keypad)The Model 6120 will NOT forget your code(s) during battery change. The circuitry is designed to hold this information for extended periods of time even if there are no batteries installed.delay timemaster code(74)delay timemaster code(74)master code(74)management reset codemanagement reset codemanagement reset codeChanging Batteries—Two-Battery KeypadStep 1—Remove the keypad from its mounting base. This can be done by pulling the bottom of the keypad housing away from the base (photo 1). Grip the keypad housing as shown in the photograph for best results. Support the keypad housing so that the wires which are attached to its circuit board are not pulled or stressed. Do not let the keypad hang from its wires.Step 2—Turn the keypad over and remove both batteries. This is best done by grasping the bottom of a battery and pulling it gently away from the keypad circuit board. Do not use any type of tool to pry a battery from its holder.Step 3—Install new batteries by pushing them directly into the battery connectors attached to the keypad circuit board. It’s important to support the connectors so they will not get bent during battery insertion (photo 2). The connectors are designed to make it very difficult to install a battery incorrectly. Pay close attention to battery polarity so as not to damage a connector by forcing a battery into it backwards.Step 4—Hold the keypad housing close to the mounting base while you coil excess wire inside the housing (photo 3). Position the wire away from the spring clips that hold the keypad housing to the mounting base.Step 5—Align the spring clips with the receptacles in the base. Using steady pressure, push the keypad housing back onto its mounting base. Don’t allow any wire(s) to be damaged by contact with the spring clips. The keypad housing will snap into place on the base.Step 6—Check the master code and all user codes at least three times with the safe door open. Close the safe door only after the lock has been thoroughly checked for proper operation.Note: The 6120 will operate with just one 9-volt alkaline battery attached to either connector. This is only recommended under emergency conditions when a second replacement battery is not available. Using a single battery will not harm the lock in any way.Changing Batteries—One-Battery KeypadStep 1—Keypad disassembly is neither required nor advised. The removable battery holder is accessed from the bottom of the keypad base. Pull it slightly toward the front of the keypad, then downward to remove it (photo 4).Step 2—As you remove the old battery, you will notice there is a spring at the bottom of the holder. The new battery will rest on top of this spring to maintain good electrical contact.Step 3—Note that the battery is oriented so that the larger contact is in line with the larger opening in the top of the battery holder (photo 5). It’s important to orient the new battery this way.Step 4—With the new battery in the holder, slide the holder into the base of the keypad until it clicks into place (photo 6). If your lock does not operate properly, don’t press any buttons for five minutes, then try it again.PHOTO 1 PHOTO 2 PHOTO 3 PHOTO 4 PHOTO 5 PHOTO 6。
企业信息化常见缩略语汇总
企业信息化常见缩略语汇总ABC（Activity Based Classification，ABC分类法）：即帕雷托规则（Pareto's Law)，平常我们也称之为"80对20"规则。
此规则通过对同一类问题或者项目进行排序，来认明其中少数争议较大的。
帕雷托通过长期的观察发现：美国80%的人只掌握了20%的财产，而另外20%的人却掌握了全国80%的财产，而且很多情况都符合该规律。
因此他应用此规律到生产上。
他的要紧观点是：通过合理分配时间与力量到A类－总数中的少数部分，你将会得到更好的结果。
当然忽视B类与C类也是危险的，在帕雷托规则中，它们得到与A类相对少得多的注意。
AI（Artificial lntelligence，人工智能）：又称之智能模拟，是计算机技术的一个分支，如何利用计算机完成以人的智慧才能完成的工作是它研究的要紧内容。
AM（Agile Manufacturing，敏捷制造）：它强调通过动态联盟这样一种组织合作伙伴的方式，把优势互补的企业联合在一起，用最有效与最经济的方式组织企业活动，并参加竞争，迅速响应市场瞬息万变的需求。
这种联盟式的企业按照市场与产品的变化随时作出相应的调整，并不是一成不变的，因此也称之"虚拟企业"；它将改变企业的价值观、业务流程与企业文化。
AMT(Advanced Manufactuing Technology，先进制造技术）：人们往往用AMT 来概括由于微电子技术、自动化技术、信息技术等给传统制造技术带来的种种变化与新型系统。
具体地说，就是指集机械工程技术、电子技术、自动化技术、信息技术等多种技术为一体所产生的技术、设备与系统的总称。
要紧包含：计算机辅助设计、计算机辅助制造、集成制造系统等。
AMT是制造业企业取得竞争优势的必要条件之一，但并非充分条件，其优势还有赖于能充分发挥技术威力的组织管理，有赖于技术、管理与人力资源的有机协调与融合。
考研英语词汇分类总结
考研英语词汇分类总结考研英语词汇分类总结abnormal a。
反常的，不正常的[记忆方法］ab—开头，表示反的(在a字母开头的词汇中，非常普遍），normal 正常的aboard ad。
在船（飞机,车）上,上船（飞机，车);prep。
在（船,飞机，车)上，上（船,飞机，车）［记忆方法］board n.木板, 甲板（参见另一记忆文章) abroad ad.到国外，在国外；到处abolish v。
废除，取消［发音记忆] 剥离没有了废除，取消[类比记忆] —rupt 打断的abrupt a.突然的，意外的;（举止，言谈等）唐突的,鲁莽的bankrupt a。
破产的银行的(经营)被打断的rupt破产了bankruptcy n.破产；v.使破产corrupt v。
贿赂,收买；a.腐败的,贪污的从内部core(核心）被打断的rupt被收买，贿赂了erupt v。
(尤指火山）爆发e-向外interrupt v。
中断，遮断，阻碍;打断（话）,打扰在中间inter 被打断rupt［分类记忆] -stract 拉abstract a.抽象的；n。
摘要,提要；v。
提(抽取）attract v.吸引，招引，引诱，引起（注意等)attractive a.有吸引力的,引起兴趣的,动人的contract n.契约,合同，包工；v。
缩小,缩短;订（约) 大家扯皮的结果订立合同distract v。
分散，打扰；迷惑,扰乱dis-往外拉extract v。
/n.拔出,抽出;摘录ex—出来，出去extraction n。
抽出，拔出subtract v。
减(去）sub-下面的，往下面拉减少tractor n.拖拉机,牵引车[记忆方法] a开头的字母，如果它的后面接的是双写的辅音字母的话,那么考虑该词词义是不是加强后面的核心词的作用，ac-加强，celer－速度，ate放在词尾表示动词加速度加快，促进.accelerate v。
加快,促进反义词decelerate 减（慢）速度accent n。
运筹学第1讲
15 x1+13x2≤2000 x2≥28
x1，x2≥0
例2（下料问题）长度为1m的圆钢料多根，欲截 （下料问题）长度为1 的圆钢料多根， 40cm 30cm 20cm cm、 cm和 cm三种规格的钢料分别为 成 40cm 、 30cm 和 20cm 三种规格的钢料分别为 20、45、50根 问如何下料最省？ 20、45、50根。问如何下料最省？
15≤1200 20 12 AA 15 20 12 15 20 12 B 13 — 25 12 x1+25x2≤2000 25 BB 13 — 13 — 25 工时限制 2400 1200 2000 工时限制 2400 1200 2000 工时限制 2400 x ≥28
2
总之模型为： 总之模型为：max Z=80 x1 +75 x2 20 x1 ≤1200
选择最优方案：决策。 5）选择最优方案：决策。 方案实施：回到实践中。 6）方案实施：回到实践中。 后评估： 7）后评估：考察问题是否得到完满解 决。 1）2）3）形成问题；4）5）分析问题： 形成问题； 分析问题： 定性分析与定量分析相结合，构成决策。 定性分析与定量分析相结合，构成决策。
如何学习运筹学课程
二、 运筹学定义
运 筹 学 (Operations Research) 直译为“运作研究”。 直译为“运作研究” 运筹学是运用科学的方法( 运筹学是运用科学的方法(如 分析、试验、量化等) 分析、试验、量化等)来决定如何 最佳地运营和设计各种系统的一 门学科。 门学科。
“Operational Research”这一名词 这一名词 最早出现在第二次世界大战期间—— 最早出现在第二次世界大战期间 美 、 英等国家的作战研究小组为了解 决作战中所遇到的许多错综复杂的战 战术问题而提出的。 略、战术问题而提出的。
The Operator Product Expansion
Composite operators from the operator product expansion: what can go wrong?
The Operator Product Expansion
A(x; )B (?x; )
X
is widely thought to hold beyond perturbation theory. The use of Eq. (1) in lattice simulations 1{3] is still in its infancy. In Ref. 1] it was suggested to use Eq. (1) in order to compute renormalized matrix elements. The OPE approach consists in the following steps: one computes the (matrix element of the) l.h.s. of Eq. (1), then renormalizes A and B in some scheme, and nally obtains (the matrix element of) C through a t, using some perturbative approximation of the Wilson coe cients. The main sources of systematic errors in this approach are the following: (a). nite-size e ects and corrections to scaling, i.e. lattice artifacts; (b). \power-correction e ects" which are due to the fact that we truncate the expansion (1) to some nite order in x2 ; (c). corrections to asymptotic scaling which must be taken in account since the Wilson coe cients in Eq. (1) have to be substituted by the rst few terms of their perturbative expansion. Errors of type (a) are widely studied and do not
Operational amplifier
Operational amplifier1.IntroductionThe operational amplifier was first introduced in the early 1940s. Primary usage of these vacuum tube forerunners of the ideal gain block was in computational circuits. They were fed back in such a way as to accomplish addition, subtraction, and other mathematical functions.Expensive and extremely bulky, the operational amplifier found limited use until new technology brought about the integrated version, solving both size and cost drawbacks.Volumes upon volumes have been and could be written on the subject of op amps. In the interest of brevity, this application note will cover the basic op amp as it is defined, along with test methods and suggestive applications. Also, included is a basic coverage of the feedback theory from which all configurations can be analyzed.2.The perfect amplifierThe ideal operational amplifier possesses several unique characteristics. Since the device will be used as a gain block, the ideal amplifier should have infinite gain. By definition also, the gain block should have an infinite input impedance in order not to draw any power from the driving source. Additionally, the output impedance would be zero in order supply infinite current to the load being driven. These ideal definitions are illustrated by the ideal amplifier model of figure 4.2Further desirable attributes would include infinite bandwidth, zero offset voltage, and complete insensitivity to temperature, power supply variations, and common-mode input signals.Keeping these parameters in mind, further contemplation produces two very powerful analysis tools. Since the input impedance is infinite, there will be no current flowing at the amplifier input nodes. In addition, when feedback is employed, the different input voltage reduces to zero. These two statements are used universally as beginning points for any network analysis and will be explored in detail later on.3.The practical amplifierTremendous strides have been made by modern technology with respect to the ideal amplifier. Integrated circuits are coming closer and closer to the ideal gain block. In bipolar devices, for instance, input bias currents are in the pA range for FET input amplifiers while offset voltages have been reduced to less than 1mV in many cases.Any device has limitations however, and the integrated circuit is no exception. Modern op amps have both voltage and current limitations. Peak-to-peak output voltage, for instance, is generally limited to one or two base-emitter voltage drops below the supply voltage, while output current is internally limited to approximately 25mA. Other limitations such as bandwidth and slew rates are also present, although each generation of devices improves over the previous one.4.Definition of termsEarlier, the ideal operational amplifier was defined. No circuit is ideal, of course, so practical realizations contain some sources of error.Before the internal circuitry of the op amp is further explored, it would be beneficial to define those parameters commonly referenced.1)Input offset voltageIdeal amplifiers produce 0V out for 0V input. But, since the practical case is not perfect,a small DC voltage will appear at the output, even though no differential voltage is applied. This DC voltage is called the input offset voltage, with the majority of its magnitude being generated by the differential input stage pictured in figure 4.3.An operational amplifier’s performance is, in large part, dependent upon the first stage. It is the very high gain of the first stage that amplifiers small signal levels to drive remaining circuitry. Coincidentally, the input current, a function of beta, must be as small as possible. Collector current levels are thus made very low in the input stage in order to gain low bias currents. It is this input stage which also determines DC parameters such as offset voltage, since the amplified output of this stage is of sufficient voltage levels to eclipse most subsequent error terms added by the remaining circuitry. Under balance conditions, the collectors of Q1 and Q2 are perfectly matched, hence we may say:In practice, small differences in geometries of the base-emitter regions of Q1 and Q2 will cause E OS not to equal 0. Thus, for balance to be restored, a small DC voltage must be added to one V BE orWhere the V BE of the transistor is found byReference is made to the input when talking of offset voltage. Thus, the classic definition of input offset voltage is “that differential DC voltage required between inputs of an amplifier to force its output to zero volts.”Offset voltage becomes a very useful quantity for the designer because many other sources of error can be expressed in terms of V OS. For instance, the error contribution of input bias current can be expressed as offset voltages appearing across the input resistors.2)Input offset voltage driftAnother related parameter to offset voltage is V OS drift with temperature. Present-day amplifiers usually possess V OS drift levels in the range of 5V/C to 40V/C. The magnitude of V OS drift is directly related to the initial offset voltage at room temperature.Amplifiers exhibiting larger initial offset voltage will also possess higher drift rates with temperature. A rule of thumb often applied is that the drift per C will be 3.3V for each millivolt of initial offset. Thus, for tighter control of thermal drift, a low offset amplifier would be selected.3)Input bias currentReferring to figure 4.4, it is apparent that the input pins of this op amp are base inputs. They must, therefore, possess a DC current path to ground in order for the input to function. Input bias current, then, is the DC current required by the inputs of the amplifier to properly drive the first stage.The magnitude of I BIAS is calculated as the average of both currents flowing into the inputs and is calculated fromBias current requirements are made as small as possible by using high beta input transistors and very low collector currents in the first stage. The trade-off for bias current is lower stage gain due to low collector current levels and lower slew rates. The effect upon slew rate is covered in detail under the compensation section.4)Input offset currentThe ideal case of the differential amplifier and its associated bias current does not possess an input offset current. Circuit realizations always have a small difference in bias currents from one input to the other, however. This difference is called the input offsetcurrent.Actual magnitudes of offset current are usually at least an order of magnitude below the bias current. For many applications this offset may be ignored but very high gain, high input impedance amplifiers should possess as little I OS as possible because the difference in currents flowing across large impedance develops substantial offset voltage. Output voltage offset due to I OS can be calculated byHence, high gian and high input impedances magnify directly to the output, the error created by offset current. Circuits capable of nulling the input voltage and current errors are available and will be covered later in this chapter.5)Input offset current driftOf considerable importance is the temperature coefficient of input offset current. Even though the effects of offset are nulled at room temperature, the output will drift due to changes in offset current over temperature. Many popular models now include a typical specification for I OS drift with values ranging in the 0.5nA/C area.Obviously, those applications requiring low input offset currents also require low drift with temperature.6)Input impedanceDifferential and common-mode impedances looking into the input are often specified for integrated op amps. The differential impedance is the total resistance looking from one input to the other, while common-mode is the common impedance as measured to ground. Differential impedances are calculated by measuring the change of bias current caused by a change in the input voltage.7)Common-Mode rangeAll input structures have limitations as to the range of voltages over which they will operate properly. This range of voltages impressed upon both inputs which will not cause the output to misbehave is called the common-mode range. Most amplifiers possess common-mode ranges of 12V with supplies of 15V.8）Common-Mode rejection ratioThe ideal operational amplifier should have no gain for an input signal common to both inputs. Practical amplifiers do have some gain to common-mode signals. The classic definition for common-mode rejection ratio of an amplifier is the ratio of the differential signal gain to the common-mode signal gain expressed in dB as shown in the following equation.The measurement CMRR requires 2 sets of measurements. However, note that if e O is held constant, CMRR becomes:A new alternate definition of CMRR is the ratio of the change of input offset voltage to the input common-mode voltage change producing it.Figure 4.5 illustrates the application of the equivalent common-mode error generator to the voltage-follower circuit.。
六西格玛术语中英文对照
六西格玛术语中英文对照$k——Thousands of dollars千美元$M-—Millions of dollars百万美元％ R ＆ R——Gage % Repeatability and Reproducibility ％重复性和再现性ANOVA--Analysis Of Variance 方差分析AOP——Annual Operating Plan年度运营计划BB-—Black Belt黑带A process improvement project team leader who is trained and certified in the Six Sigma breakthrough methodology and tools， and who is responsible for project execution。
经“六西格玛”方法论和工具使用培训并认证的过程改进项目的项目负责人，负责项目的执行。
BOD——Board of Directors董事会BPM——Business Process Management商业流程管理BTS—-Breakthrough Technology Solution 突破性改进解决方案C & E——Cause and Effects matrix因果矩阵CAP—-Change Acceleration Process加速变革流程Capability-—能力The total range of inherent variation in a stable process. It is determined by using control charts data.在稳定过程中全部内在固有变化的改变范围。
它由控制图的数据来确定。
CapabilityIndex—-能力指数A calculated value used to compare process variation to a specification。
工作计划的英文
工作计划的英文Work Plan TemplatePurpose: [Brief description of the project or task's objective]Scope: [Outline the boundaries and limitations of the project]Objectives:1. [Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goal 1]2. [SMART goal 2]3. [SMART goal 3]Stakeholders:- [Stakeholder 1]: [Role/Responsibility]- [Stakeholder 2]: [Role/Responsibility]- [Stakeholder 3]: [Role/Responsibility]Deliverables:- [Deliverable 1]: [Description and due date]- [Deliverable 2]: [Description and due date]- [Deliverable 3]: [Description and due date]Milestones:- [Milestone 1]: [Description and target date]- [Milestone 2]: [Description and target date]- [Milestone 3]: [Description and target date]Resources:- [Resource 1]: [Quantity and availability]- [Resource 2]: [Quantity and availability]- [Resource 3]: [Quantity and availability]Budget:- [Budget Item 1]: [Amount]- [Budget Item 2]: [Amount]- [Budget Item 3]: [Amount]- Total Budget: [Amount]Risks and Mitigation Strategies:- [Risk 1]: [Mitigation Strategy]- [Risk 2]: [Mitigation Strategy]- [Risk 3]: [Mitigation Strategy]Communication Plan:- [Communication Method 1]: [Frequency and Participants] - [Communication Method 2]: [Frequency and Participants]Performance Metrics:- [Metric 1]: [Target and Measurement Method]- [Metric 2]: [Target and Measurement Method]Approvals:- [Approval 1]: [Approver and Date]- [Approval 2]: [Approver and Date]Review and Revision Process:- [Process Description for Review and Revision]Signatures:- [Approver Name]: [Signature] [Date]- [Project Manager]: [Signature] [Date]Attachments:- [Attachment 1]- [Attachment 2]- [Attachment 3]Date of Issue: [Date]Version: [Version Number]This work plan template provides a structured approach to organizing and documenting the key components of a project or task. It is designed to be adaptable to various types of projects and can be customized to fit the specific needs of your organization.。
operation是什么意思-双解释义英英释义-及造句相关短语
operation是什么意思-双解释义英英释义-及造句相关短语【详尽释义】n. 操作;经营;[外科] 手术;[数][计] 运算【双解释义】运算欧瑞培训英语四级大纲词汇表.doc_(注:只要符合考试大纲的词汇表_第(24)页_靠垫 ... operate vi.操作;施行手术 operation n.操作;手术;运算operational a.操作上的;可使用的 ...【英英释义】operation [ ,prein ]n.a business especially one run on a large scale"a large-scale farming operation"; " a multinational operation"; " they paid taxes on every stage of the operation"; " they had to consolidate their operations"a planned activity involving many people performing various actions"they organized a rescue operation"; " the biggest police operation in French history"; " running a restaurant is quite an operation"; " consolidate the companies various operations"a process or series of acts especially of a practical or mechanical nature involved in a particular form of work"the operations in building a house"; " certain machine tool operations"同义词： procedurethe state of being in effect or being operative"that rule is no longer in operation"a medical procedure involving an incision with instruments; performed to repair damage or arrest disease in a living body "they will schedule the operation as soon as an operating room is available"同义词： surgery surgical operation surgical procedure surgical processactivity by a military or naval force (as a maneuver or campaign) "it was a joint operation of the navy and air force"同义词： military operation(computer science) data processing in which the result is completely specified by a rule (especially the processing that results from a single instruction)"it can perform millions of operations per second"process or manner of functioning or operating"the power of its engine determine its operation"; " the planes operation in high winds"同义词： functioning performance(mathematics) calculation by mathematical methods"they were learning the basic operations of arithmetic"同义词： mathematical process mathematical operation(psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents"the cognitive operation of remembering"同义词： process cognitive process mental process cognitive operationthe activity of operating something (a machine or business etc.) "her smooth operation of the vehicle gave us a surprisingly comfortable ride"【词汇搭配】and operation 与操作in operation 生效;运转着normal operation 正常运行，常规操作operation principle 经营理念safe operation 安全操作operation and management 经营和管理operation mode 操作方式operation system 操作系统;业务系统;运行系统operation and maintenance 使用和维护operation management 运营管理;经营管理operation cost 营业成本;业务费用;经营费用stable operation 稳定运行;稳定操作business operation 营业;[经]企业经营活动system operation 系统操作mode of operation 操作方式;运行方式operation method 运算法put into operation 使生效;使运转，使开动smooth operation 正常运转;平稳运转，稳定运转surgical operation 外科手术式的作战;切开手术operation time 操作时间;运算时间【例句】The filter is now ready for operation .这种滤器目前即将投入运转。
operational类常用方法
operational类常用方法（实用版3篇）篇1 目录1.概述操作类常用方法2.操作类方法的分类3.常用操作类方法的具体用法和示例4.注意事项篇1正文操作类常用方法是指在计算机编程中，用于实现对数据进行操作的方法。
这些方法在编程中被广泛应用，可以简化代码结构，提高编程效率。
下面，我们将详细介绍操作类常用方法的分类、具体用法和示例，以及使用时需要注意的事项。
一、操作类方法的分类操作类方法主要分为以下几类：1.数据访问方法：用于访问和修改数据的值。
例如，获取某个变量的值、设置某个变量的值等。
2.数据处理方法：用于实现对数据进行加工处理的方法。
例如，排序、查找、计算等。
3.数据容器方法：用于实现对数据容器进行操作的方法。
例如，添加元素、删除元素、遍历等。
4.其他方法：包括一些辅助性的方法，例如，打印、格式化等。
二、常用操作类方法的具体用法和示例以下是一些常用的操作类方法及其示例：1.数据访问方法示例：获取整数变量 a 的值```pythona = 10b = a + 5print(b) # 输出：15```2.数据处理方法示例：对一个列表进行排序```pythonumbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5]sorted_numbers = sorted(numbers)print(sorted_numbers) # 输出：[1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 9] ```3.数据容器方法示例：向列表中添加元素```pythonstudents = ["张三", "李四", "王五"]students.append("赵六")print(students) # 输出：["张三", "李四", "王五", "赵六"] ```4.其他方法示例：打印字符串```pythoname = "小明"print(name) # 输出：小明```三、注意事项在使用操作类方法时，需要注意以下几点：1.方法的选择应根据实际需求进行，避免过度使用方法，导致代码冗余。
合作策略英文bugs
Firm Infrastructure Human Resource Mgmt. Technological Development Procurement
Service Marketing & Sales Outbound Logistics Operations Inbound Logistics
Business-Level Cooperative
Strategies: Complementary Strategic Alliances
Buyer Horizontal Alliance Buyer
Potential Competitors
Support Activities
Firm Infrastructure Human Resource Mgmt. Technological Development Procurement
Complementary Alliances
• complementary strategic alliances are designed to take advantage of market opportunities by combining partner firms’ assets in complementary ways to create new value
• uncertainty reducing strategic alliances are used to hedge against risk and uncertainty
• these alliances are most noticed in fast-cycle markets
• alliance may be formed to reduce the uncertainty associated with developing new product or technology standards
IT专业英语词汇精选（O）
IT专业英语词汇精选(O)o ohm 欧姆o operate 操作o operation 运算o optimize 性能优化o oscillator 振荡器o output 输出.o unix、atari和gcc的对象文件格式〖后缀〗.o$$ sprint的输出文件格式〖后缀〗o / r on request 请求o&c operation and checkout 操作与验核o.e. original error 原有误差oa object adapter 对象适配器oa office automation 办公自动化oa omniantenna 全向天线oa operation analysis 运算分析oa operational amplifier 运行放大器oab one – to – all broadcast 一对众广播oac observation, analysis and control 观察、分析和控制oac one – address computer 单地址计算机oad operational available data 操作可用数据oae office automation equipment 办公室自动化设备oaf origin address field 原始地址段oag official airline guide 官方航线指南oag open application group 开放式应用程序组oag operand address generator 运算对象地址生成器oai o’reilly & associates inc.奥赖利联合公司（美国，出品网络服务器）oai olympus america inc. 奥林巴斯美国公司（出品数字相机）oai on – line analog input 联机模拟输入oai open applications interface 开放式应用程序接口oakley (oakley key determination protocol) oakley密钥确定协议oam operation and maintenance 操作与维护oam operation, administration and maintenance 操作、管理和维护oam oscillator activity monitor 振荡器活动监视器oam&p operations, administration, maintenance and provisioning 操作、管理、维护和供应oan optical access network 光纤接入网oao on – line analog output 联机模拟输出oao orbiting astronomical observatory 太空轨道观测卫星oao orthogonal array processor 正交阵列处理器oapde open architecture predictive dailing engine 开放式体系结构前兆性拨号引擎oar office of aerospace research 航空航天研究室（美国）oar one armed router 单向路由器oar operational address register 操作地址寄存器oar operator authorization record 操作员授权纪录oar output address register 输出地址寄存器oarnet ohio academic resources network 俄亥俄学术资源网（美国）oars office automation reporting service 办公自动化的报告业务oas office automation server 办公自动化服务器oas office automation system 办公自动化系统oas one – to – all scatter 一对众散发oasis on – line administrative information system 联机行政管理信息系统oasis open access same – time information system 开放式访问同时享用的信息系统oasis operational automatic scheduling information system 运行是自动调度的信息系统oat operating ambient temperature 操作环境温度oaug oracle application user group 奥瑞克公司的应用程序用户组oaw optically assisted winchester 光学辅助温氏技术〖硬盘〗.oaz netfax manager的传真文件格式〖后缀〗ob object browser 对象浏览器ob octal to binary 从八进制到十进制ob orange book 橙皮书（美国国防部定义计算机系统密级的文件，1985）ob out band 带外传输ob output buffer 输出缓冲器ob output bus 输出总线ob outside broadcast 实况广播，室外广播ob outside broadcast 实况转播.ob ibm linkway的对象剪贴文件格式〖后缀〗oba octave band analysis 倍频程带分析仪obc one board computer 单板（计算）机obcr optical bar code reader 光学条形码阅读器obd omni bearing distance system 全方位测距导航系统obf octave band filter 倍频程带滤波器obi omnibearing indicator 全方位指示器obi open buying on the internet 在因特网上开放式购物.obj 目标文件（源程序编译输出的目标代码）格式〖后缀〗obn out – of – band noise 带外噪音obpf optical bandpass filters 光学带通滤波器obr optical bypass relay 光学旁路中继obr outboard recorder 外部记录器.obr borland c++的对象浏览器数据文件格式〖后缀〗obs obstructed 阻塞obs omnibearing selector 全方位选择器obs on – line business systems 联机商用系统obs out of band signal 带外信号obs output block size 输出块规模.obs objectscript的脚本文件格式〖后缀〗obts optical bandwidth test set 光学带宽测试装置.obv objectscript的可视界面文件格式〖后缀〗oc ole control 对象链接和嵌入控件〖编程〗oc open collector 开放式收款机，极电极开路oc operating control 操作控制oc operation center 操作中心oc operation code 操作码oc operation controller 操作控制器oc optical carrier 光纤载波oc optical channel 光纤通道oc optical condenser 光学聚光器〖数字相机〗oc oracle corp. 奥瑞克集团公司（美国，出品数据库设备，倡导网络计算机）oc originating call 始发呼叫oc out command 输出命令oc outgoing code 送出码oc output computer 输出计算机oc over clocking 超频ocap operation center asia pacific 亚太操作中心ocb overload circuit breaker 过载断路器ocbt office compatible basic toolkit 办公室兼容基本工具箱occ object – centered category 以对象为中心的分类occ ole custom control 对象链接和嵌入的自定义控制occ on – call consultant 应招顾问，电话咨询occ operating characteristic curve 操作特性曲线occ operation control center 操作控制中心occ operational control console 操作控制台occ operator control command 操作员控制命令occ other common carrier 其他公共载体occs operational command and control system 操作命令和控制系统ocd octal communication device 八进制通信设备ocd on – line communication driver 联机通信驱动器ocd output command data set 输出命令数据集ocdu optics coupling display unit 光学耦合显示器oce open collaboration environment 开放式协作环境.ocf object craft的对象技能文件格式〖后缀〗ochre optical character recognition engine 光学字符识别机ocl operating console 操作控制台ocl operation control language 操作控制语言ocl operator command language 操作员命令语言ocl operator control language 操作员控制语言ocl output control line 输出控制线oclc online computer library center 在线计算机图书馆中心o-clip optical – cellular logic image processor 光学－蜂窝状逻辑图像处理器ocm office communication manager(lowned multiplexer) ocn open computer network 开放式计算机网络（日本）ocp object connection program 对象连接程序〖ibm的〗ocp operational checkout procedure 操作检验规程ocp operations control procedure 运算控制规程ocp operators control panel 操作员控制面板ocp orbital control program 轨道控制程序ocp order code processor 命令代码处理器ocp output control pulse 输出控制脉冲ocp oxford concordance program 牛津重要语汇索引程序ocpn object composition petri – net 对象组合佩特里网ocr automated character recognition 自动字符识别ocr optical character read – out 光学字符读出ocr optical character reader 光学字符阅读器ocr optical character recognition 光学字符识别技术ocr optional character recognition 任选字符识别技术.ocr faxgrapper进入传真转录为文本文件的格式〖后缀〗ocr-a optical character recognition – ansi standard 光学字符识别－美国国家标准协会标准ocr-b (optical character recognition –international standard) 光学字符识别－国际标准ocr 清华紫光汉字识别系统ocrit optical character recognizing intelligent terminal 光学字符识别智能终端ocrs optical character recognition system 光学字符识别系统ocrt optical character recognition technology 光学字符识别技术ocrua optical character recognition user association 光学字符识别用户协会ocs office computer system 办公室计算机系统ocs operator control services 运算符控制服务ocs oscillating color sequence 振荡的彩色循序ocs outside cable system 户外电缆系统ocs overload control subsystem 过载控制子系统oct operational cycle time 运行周期oct operator console facility 操作员控制台设备octl open – circuit transmission line 开路传输线octor 八爪鱼〖中文搜索引擎〗octv open – circuit television 开路电视ocu office channel unit 局内信道单元ocu operational control unit 操作控制器，操作控制设备ocwr optical continuous wave reflectometer 连续光波发射器ocx ole control extension 对象链接与嵌入的控制器扩展ocx (ole customer controls) 对象链接与嵌入的客户控件.ocx 对象链接与嵌入的自定义控制文件格式〖后缀〗od online database 在线数据库oda office document architecture 办公文档体系结构oda open document architecture 开放式文档体系结构oda operational design and analysis 操作设计与分析odapi open database application programming interface 开放数据库应用编程接口（博兰德公司的）odb open directory browser 开放式工商名录浏览器odbc object – oriented database connectivity 面向对象的数据库连通性odbc open database connectivity 开放式数据库连通性，开发数据库互联（微软的）odbms object – oriented database management system 面向对象的数据库管理系统odbs object database schema 对象数据库模式odc output data control 输出数据控制odd operator distance dialing 话务员长途拨号odd optical data disk 数据光盘odd optical data drive 光学数据驱动器oddt on demand data transfer 按需传送数据odesy on – line data entry system 在线数据登录系统odette organization for data exchange tele - transmissioneurope 欧洲数据交换远程传输组织odi on – line digital output 联机数字输出odi open data – link interface 开放式数据链路接口（网威公司规范）odi open device interface 开发设备接口odif office document interchange format 办公文档交换格式odl object data language 对象数据语言odl object definition language 对象定义语言odl object description language 对象描述语言odl office description language 办公描述语言odl optical delay line 光延迟线odl output data line 输出数据线odl overlay description language 覆盖描述语言.odl 对象定义语言文件格式〖后缀〗.odl visual c++的类型库源程序文件格式〖后缀〗odm object data manager 对象数据管理器odm object data model 对象数据模型odm optical display memory 光学显示存储器odm optimized distribution model 优化分销模式（康柏的销售策略）odm original design manufacture 按原始设计制造odm outboard data manager 外部数据管理器odma open document management api 开放式文档管理应用编程接口odmaf open document management api forum 开放式文档管理应用编程接口论坛odml object definition and manipulation language 对象定义与处理语言odms object data management service 对象数据管理业务odn open data network 开放式数据网络odn optical distribution network 光纤配线网odo on – line digital output 联机数字输出odp open data path 开式数据通路odp open distributed processing 开放分布式处理odp optical data processor 光学数据处理器odp original document processing 原始文件处理odpe open distributed processing environment 开放分布式处理环境odr omni – directional range 全向无线信标odr original data record 原始数据记录odr output definition register 输出定义寄存器odrn orbiting data relay network 轨道运行数据中继网络odrs on – line diagnostic and reporting system 在线诊断和报告系统odrss orbiting data relay satellite system 环形数据中继卫星系统ods on line dynamic server 联机动态服务器ods open data services 开放式数据服务（微软的）ods open directory server 开放式工商名录服务器ods open distributed system 开放的分布式系统ods operational display system 运算显示系统ods optical data system 光学数据系统ods optical display sight 光学显示瞄准具ods optical docking system 光学对接系统ods output data strobe 输出数据选通odsi open data service interface 开放数据服务接口odsi open directory services interface 开放式目录服务接口（微软1996年开发完成）odsi open directory standard interface 开放式工商名录的标准接口odt octal debug technique 八进制调试技术odt on – line debugging technique 联机调试技术odt open desk top 开放式桌面系统odt optical data transmission 光学数据传输odts optical data transmission system 光学数据传输系统odu outdoor unit 户外装置odv open digital video 开放式数字视频odw object development workbench 对象开发工作台oe offline explorer 离线浏览器〖软件名〗oe output enable 允许输出，输出打开oe overrun error 超限错误oea object extensive architecture 对象广延体系结构oeap operational error analysis program 操作错误分析程序oeb open ebook 开放电子书组织，开放电子书出版标准oec orientation execution code 定向执行码oeic optoelectronic integrated circuit 光电集成电路oem open equipment manufacturing 开放式设备制造oem original equipment manufacture(r) 初始设备制造（商），原厂委托制造oemi office equipment manufacturer’ s institute办公设备制造商协会（美国）oemi original equipment manufactures information 原设备制造信息oemp oracle enterprise management platform 奥瑞克公司的企业管理平台oes open enterprise system 开放式企业系统oet optical electronic transducer 光电传感器of object frameworks 对象框架of operand fetch 操作数取得of operational fixed 操作固定化of optical fiber 光纤电缆，光缆〖网络〗of optimal filter 最佳滤波器of oscillator frequency 振荡器频率of overflow flag 溢出标志ofas optical fiber amplifiers 光纤放大器ofc oil – filled cable 充油电缆ofc online financial connectivity 在线财务连接ofc open fiber control system 开放式光纤控制系统ofc open financial connectivity 开放式财务连接ofc optical fiber cable 光纤电缆ofc optical fiber communication 光纤通信.ofd objectview的表单定义文件格式〖后缀〗ofdm optical frequency division multiplexing 光学频率分开多路复用ofdm orthogonal frequency digital modulation 正交频率数字调制ofdm orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 正交频率分开多路复用技术.off 矢量图形对象文件格式〖后缀〗ofi on – line free form input 联机自由形式输入ofi optical fiber interface 光学纤维接口ofis office information system 办公室信息系统ofm open file manager 开放式文件管理器ofn / ofng nonconductive optical fiber cableofs object file system 对象文件系统ofs optical fiber system 光纤系统ofs out – of – frame second 出帧秒oft often 常常，再三oft optical fiber tube 光纤管ofta office of the telecommunications authority 电信管理局oftel office of telecommunications 电信局（英国）ofts optical fiber transmission system 光纤传输系统ofx open financial exchange 开放式金融交换〖网上银行〗og or gate “或”门ogc outgoing trunk circuit 送出的中继线路ogl outgoing line 送出线ogo orbiting geophysical observatory 轨道地球物理观测站，地球物理观测卫星ogon one globe one network 全球一个网络，一个地球一个网ogr outgoing repeater 送出转发器ogt outgoing trunk 送出中继线ogtc outgoing toll circuit 长途通信的引出线路ogtc outgoing trunk circuit 送出中继线路oh object hierarchy 对象层次，对象分层结构oh off hook 摘机oh online help 在线帮助oha overhead access 高架接入ohc overhead component 高架部件ohcccs open horizon connection client and connection server 开放式水平连接客户机和连接服务器ohci open host controller interface 开放式主控制器接口ohdets over – horizon detection system 超视距探测系统ohf online help facility 在线帮助工具ohpc onhand pc 腕上计算机（matsucom公司在1999年底推出）ohs off – hook service 热线服务ohs one – hop switching 一次跳跃式切换oia operator information area 操作员信息区oia optical interface adapter 光学接口适配器oibs other information base server 其他信息库服务器oic oh, i see 噢，我知道了〖网语〗oic organization identification code 结构标识码oicp office of international communications policy 国际通信政策局（美国）oid object identifier 对象标识符oid understanding object identifiers 理解对象标识符oil object information logger 对象信息日志oim open information model 开放式信息模型oim optical image processor 光学图像处理器oim osi internet management 开放系统互连的因特网管理oirm optical image rejection mixer 光学图像舍选混合器ois office information system 办公信息系统ois office of information systems 信息系统局（美国保健教育福利部属下）ois on – line information service 在线信息服务ois operational information system 操作信息系统oit optical information transfer 光学信息传送oiw osi implementers workshop 开放系统互连推行者研讨会oki 冲电气工业株士会社（日本，出品打印机等）〖厂标〗.okt oktalizer的音乐文件格式〖后缀〗ol object library 对象库ol off line 离线ol on line 在线，联机ol open learning 开放式学习ola optical limiting amplifier 光限制放大器ola oracle learning architecture 奥瑞克公司的学习体系结构olap on line analytical processing 联机分析处理，在线分析处理olb off line browser 离线浏览器olb outgoing link buffer 送出链路缓冲器.olb vax的对象库文件格式〖后缀〗olc overload control class 过载控制类别olca on – line circuit analysis 在线电路分析olcp on – line complex processing 在线综合处理olcs on – line computer system 联机计算机系统olcss on line computer shopping services 联机电脑购物服务olctp on line complex transaction processing 在线复杂事务处理old open loop damping 开环阻尼，开环衰减.old 系统配置修改后原文件的备份文件格式，旧版本文件格式〖后缀〗oldcs on – line data collecting system 在线数据收集系统oldp on – line data processing 在线数据处理oldr on – line data reduction 在线数据简化olds on line dynamic server 在线动态服务器ole object linking and embedding 对象链接与嵌入（微软推出的进程间通信标准）ole object linking environment 对象连接环境olec object linking and embedding control 对象链接与嵌入控制ole db ole data base 对象连接与嵌入数据库ole-ds ole – directory services 对象链接与嵌入的工商名录服务olems object linking embedding management service 对象链接嵌入管理服务olert on – line executive real time 实时联机执行olfo open loop feedback optimal 最佳开环反馈olga online guide author 在线辅导的作家olh on line help 在线帮助.oli olivetti的文本文件格式〖后缀〗olit open look intrinsics toolkit 软件open look的自备工具包（sun公司的）olivetti “好利获得”电脑公司（意大利）〖品牌〗oll open – loop loss 开环损耗olm on – line monitor 在线监视器olm overload message 过载消息olo off – line operation 离线操作，脱机操作olo on – line operation 在线操作，联机操作olo oracle learning object 奥瑞克公司学习对象olp on – line processor 在线处理器olpars on – line pattern analysis and recognition system 在线图案分析和识别系统olprs on – line pattern recognition system 在线图案识别系统olr overload relay 过载继电器olr / ccc on – line requisitioning country commodity catalog process 在线征集国家商品目录进程olrs optical laser ranging system 光学激光测距系统olrt on – line real time (operation, system) 联机实时（操作，系统）ols on – line search 在线搜索ols on – line system 在线系统ols on line service 在线服务ols on line spare 在线备用ols optical line system 光纤线路系统olsus on – line system use statistics 在线系统使用情况统计olt optical line terminal 光纤线路终端olt optical line terminating unit 光纤线路终止器oltep on line test executive program 联机测试执行程序oltm optical line terminal multiplexer 光纤线路终端多路复用器oltm optical line terminating multiplexer 光纤线路终止器多路复用器oltp on line transaction processing 在线事务处理olts on – line test system 联机测试系统，在线测试系统oltt on – line terminal test 在线终端测试olts on – line transaction system 联机事务处理系统oltsep on – line test stand – alone executive program 联机测试独立执行程序oltt on – line teller terminal 联机出纳员终端oltt on – line terminal test 联机终端测试（ibm的）olympus 奥林帕斯〖厂标〗见：dom object model 对象模型om oman 阿曼（域名）om operation mode 操作模式oma object management architecture 对象管理体系结构oma operations monitor alarm 操作监视器报警omag object management architecture guide 对象管理体系结构向导omat operational measurement analysis tool 操作测量分析工具〖nas〗omap operations and maintenance application part 操作与维护的应用部分omap operations, maintenance and administration part 操作、维护和管理部分omarm object management architecture reference model 对象管理体系结构参考模型omat operational measurements analysis tool 操作测量分析工具omb object request broker 对象请求代理人omc operation and maintenance center 操作与维修中心omc operations monitoring computer 操作监控计算机omef office machines and equipment federation 办公机具设备制造商联合会（英国）omf object module format 对象模块格式omf open media framework 开放式媒体架构omf open message format 开放式报文格式omf operational maintenance of facilities 设备的操作维护omfi open media framework interchange 开放式媒体框架交换omg object management group 对象管理组（1989年成立的针对分布式网络环境的国际组织）omi optical media international 光媒国际公司（美国，出品多媒体工具）omlu object module library update 对象模块库更新omo oracle media object 奥瑞克公司的媒体对象omp open management protocol 开放管理的协议omp operating maintenance panel 操作保养面板omp operating maintenance procedure 操作保养规程omr optical mark reader 光学标记阅读机（阅试卷用）omr optical mark recognition 光学标记识别技术oms operation and maintenance subsystem 操作与维护子系统oms optoelectronic multiplex switch 光电多路复用开关oms orbital multifunction satellite 轨道多功能卫星oms output multiplex synchronizer 输出多工同步器oms ovonic memory switch 双向存储开关omt object modeling technigue 对象建模技术omt orthogonal mode transducer 正交方式传感器omts organization maintenance test set 结构维护测试装置omu optical measuring unit 光学测量装置on object navigator 对象导航器ona open network architecture 开放式网络体系结构ona origin node address 始端节点地址ona-m open network architecture management 开放式网络体系结构管理onb on board 主板级，装板的onc on chip 芯片级onc open network computing 开放网络的计算onds open network distribution services 开放网络分布式服务（ibm的）one open network environment 开放网络环境oni operator number identification 操作员编号识别online 上海热线〖国内著名网站〗onm open network management 开放网络的管理onms open network management system 开放网络管理系统onnc optical neural network computer 光学神经网络计算机onp open network provision 开放式网络供应ons on system 系统级onsc on – line system concentrator 在线系统集中器ont optical network termination 光纤网络终止onu optical network unit 光纤网络设备onu optical networking unit 光纤连网设备oo object orientation 对象取向oo object oriented 面向对象的ooa object oriented analysis 面向对象的分析ooad object oriented analysis and design 面向对象的分析和设计ood object – oriented design 面向对象的设计oodb object oriented data base 面向对象的数据库oodbms object oriented data base management system 面向对象的数据库管理系统oods object oriented database system 面向对象的数据库系统oof out of frame 帧外oofs object – oriented file system 面向对象的文件系统ool object oriented layer 面向对象的层ool object – oriented language 面向对象的语言ool operator – oriented language 面向操作员的语言.oom shroom的文本文件格式〖后缀〗ooo out – of – order execution 乱序执行，ooo out of order 出故障，次序混乱oooc out – of – order core 乱序执行核心ooos object – oriented operation system 面向对象的操作系统ook on – off keying 开关键控oop object – oriented platform 面向对象的平台oop object – oriented programming 面向对象的编程oop out of paper 打印机纸用完oopl object – oriented programming language 面向对象的编程语言oops off – line operating simulator 脱机操作模拟器oos out – off service 服务中断oose object – oriented software – engineering 面向对象的软件工程oot object oriented technology 面向对象的技术oot object oriented tutor 面向对象的诱导〖多媒体创作〗ooui object – oriented user interface 面向对象的用户界面op operate 操作op operater 操作员op operation 运算op operation code 操作码op operation register 操作寄存器op operational process 操作进程op operator symbol 运算符op output power 输出功率op output processor 输出处理器opac online public access catalog 在线公共访问目录op-amp operational amplifier 操作放大器opal optical access line 光纤接入线opals optical parallel array logic system 光学并行阵列逻辑系统opc oki parametron computer （日本）冲电气公司的变参数元件计算机opc olivetti personal computer 好利获得个人电脑公司（意大利）opc on – line plotter controller 联机绘图仪控制器opc originating point code 源点代码opdac optical data converter 光学数据转换器opdar optical detecting and ranging 光学探测和广泛搜索（即光雷达）opdr open process design review 开放式进程设计复审opdu operations protocol data unit 操作协议数据单元ope one – point exchange 单点交换局openfind 网擎〖台湾网站〗opentext “开卷”: 英文搜索引擎（域名）opera “好泼辣”上网浏览器〖北欧软件〗opfet optical field effect transistor 光学场效应晶体管opia optical publishing industry assessment 光学应用于出版业的评估opic open programmable interrupt controller 开放式可编程中断控制器opim order processing and inventory monitoring 定单处理与库存监控oplds optical power loss detection system 光纤功率损耗探测系统opm operations per minute 每分钟操作次数opm operator programming method 操作员编程方法opm optical power meter 光学功率计.opn exact的活跃选项文件格式〖后缀〗opo optical parametric oscillator 光学参量振荡器opol optimization – oriented language 面向优化的语言opr operator command language 操作员命令语言opr optical pattern recognition 光学模式识别ops operations per seconds 每秒钟运算次数ops open phone system 开放式电话系统ops open profiling specification 开放式靠模切削规范ops operations per second 每秒运算次数ops optical processing system 光学处理系统ops optimal stratification sampling 最优分层抽样opsc optical protection switching controller 光学保护转换控制器opsec open platform for secure enterprise connectivity 用于可靠企业连接的开放平台opsec open platform for secure enterprise security 用于可靠企业安全的开放平台opso oracle parallel server option 奥瑞克公司的并行服务器选择opt open protocol technology 开放式协议技术.opt 选项文件格式〖后缀〗.opt qemm的优化支持文件格式〖后缀〗optar optical automatic ranging 光学自动测距仪optol optimized test – oriented language 面向优化测试的语言opts on – line peripheral test system 联机外围设备测试系统opts on – line program testing system 联机程序测试系统optul optical pulse transmitter using laser 使用激光器的光脉冲发送器.opw org plus for windows的组织图文件格式〖后缀〗.opx exact的不活跃选项文件格式〖后缀〗oqask offset quadrature amplitude shift keying 抵消正交振幅的换档键oql object query language 对象查询语言oql on – line query language 在线询问语言oqpsk offset quadraphase phase shift keying 偏移量四象制相移键控oqpsk offset quadrature phase shift keying 偏移量正交相移键控or operations research 运筹学or optical receiver 光学接收机or optical repeater 光学转发器or optical resolution 光学分辨率〖扫描仪〗or order register 命令寄存器or output register 输出寄存器ora orcs: revenge of the ancient 《恶魔：远古复仇》〖游戏名〗.ora oracle的参数文件格式〖后缀〗oracle oak ridge automatic computer and logical engine 橡树岭自动计算机和逻辑机oracle 奥瑞克公司〖厂标〗，见：ocorb object request broker 对象请求代理，对象请求中介〖中间件〗orbit on –line real –time branch information transmission 在线实时分割信息传送（ibm的）ordbms object – oriented relative dbms 面向对象的相关数据库管理系统ordbms object relational data base management system 对象相关数据库管理系统（亦称ius）ordir omnirange digital radar 全向数字雷达ordis optical reading direct input system 光学读物直接输入系统ordvac ordnance variable automatic computer 军火变量自动计算机ore optical repeater equipment 光学转发器设备org other organizations 非盈利组织（最高域名）.org lotus organizer的日历文件格式〖后缀〗ori operational readiness inspection 操作准备检查ori operations research inc. 运筹学公司（美国）.ori 原始文件格式〖后缀〗orion online retrieval of information over a network 网上在线信息检索orl online record label 在线唱片品牌，网络音乐品牌orl optical return loss 光回损ornet 奥奈特公司（以色列，出品lanbooster系列交换机）ornl oak ridge national laboratory 橡树岭国立实验室（美国）orp output routing pool 输出选路池，输出路由选择池orr omnidirectional radar range 全向雷达量程orsa operations research society of america 美国运筹oru office regenerative unit 办公室可再生设备os office system 办公系统os open source 开放源代码〖linux〗os open system 开放系统os operating system 操作系统os optical scanner 光学扫描仪os ositis software 奥西蒂斯软件公司（美国，出品网络代理服务器）os originating subscriber 发起人用户os over – sampling 上行采样技术〖3d〗os / vs operating system / virtual storage 操作系统 / 虚拟存储体osa open scripting architecture 开放式脚本编写体系结构osa open system adapter 开放系统适配器osa open system architecture 开放式系统体系结构osa optical society of america 美国光学学会osam overflow sequential access method 溢出顺序存取法osc operating system calls 操作系统调用例程〖p8〗osc oscillator 振荡器osc oscilloscope 示波镜，示波器oscar optical scanned character automatic reader 光学扫描字符自动阅读器oscar oregon state conversational aid to research 俄勒冈州科研会话助手（一种多用途语言）oscl operating system command language 操作系统命令语言oscp oscilloscope 示波器，示波管osd on – line system driver 联机系统驱动器osd on screen display 屏幕显示osd operating system description 操作系统说明osd operational support directive 操作支持指令osd optical scanning device 光学扫描装置osd optical super density 光磁盘，超密度光盘（容量为40gb，于1999comdex亮相）osd optical systems design 光学系统设计osdl overall specifications and description language 总体说明描述语言osds oceanic systems development and support 海洋系统开发与支持osds operating system for distributed switching 用于分布式交换的操作系统osf open software foundation 开放软件基金会（由dec, hp, ibm等公司在1988年成立的联盟）osf open systems foundation 开放式系统基本概念osf operating system firmware 操作系统固件osf operation systems functions 操作系统功能osi oberon software inc. 奥伯龙软件公司（美国）osi objective systems integrator 目标系统集成器osi open switching interval 开放式交换区间osi open system interconnection protocol group 开放系统互连协议组osi open systems interconnection 开放系统互连模型（iso提出的参考模型，将网络分为七层：physical 物理层、data link 数据链路层、network 网络层、transport 传送层、session 对话层、presentation 表示层和application 应用层）osi operating system interface 操作系统接口osi igp open systems interconnection , interior gateway protocol 开放系统互连，内部网关协议osi / nmf open systems interconnection network management forum 开放系统互连网络管理论坛osie open system interconnection environment 开放系统互连环境osil operating system implementation language 操作系统执行语言osime open system interconnection management environment 开放系统互连管理环境osinm osi network management 开放系统互连网络管理osirm open system interconnection reference model 开发系统互连参考模型osis office of science information service 科学情报服务处（属于美国国家科学基金会）osisa open system interconnection security architecture 开放系统互连安全性体系结构ositop open system interconnection technical and office protocol 开放系统互连技术和办公室协议osnl operating system nucleus language 操作程序核心语言oso open schema object 开放模式对象osp operation system protect area 操作系统保护区osp operator service provider 操作员服务提供商osp optical signal processor 光学信号处理器ospf open shortest path first 开放式最短路径优先（网络路由选择协议）osql object oriented structure query language 面向对象的结构查询语言osr office of scientific research 科学研究局（美国）osr operand storage register 操作次数存储体寄存器osr operated stack register 操作栈寄存器osr output status register 输出状态寄存器oss office of space sciences 空间科学局（美国）oss office support system 办公室支持系统oss operating system supervisor 操作系统管理程序oss operation support subsystem 操作支持子系统oss operations support system 操作支持系统。
OPERATIONAL PLAN
OPERATIONAL PLANFORHAND BAG COMPANYObjectTo be a provincial level leading company in hand bag market in Wuxi.1.increase market share by 10%2.Set distributions in each city3.Provide best-in-class service to customers4.Produce a $ 1,000,000 profit over the first financial yearResourcesHuman resourcesProduction departmentSales departmentCustomer service departmentOperatorsTechnicianH.R departmentPhysical resourcesMachinesComputersRepair machines toolsPrintersProjectPaperPensPerformance1.Sales training to be completed by all sales representatives by July 5, 20112.Make sure that 90% staff learn new technology by September 30,20113.To training customer service staff and control the complaint letters less than 3letters in a year4.To add two production lines in December, 20115.Adopt advanced technologies by 10% and increase equipments by 5% in November,2011BudgetMonitorContingency1.Staff resigningWhen hiring employees, I'll write a contract with them and it requires staff that they should be resigned in a month ago. So I can find another person to replace them and let new staff know the work.2. Bad qualityFirst I will sign a piece of safe order and contract with suppliers. Then if have any problem about quality, i can handle with it according to the contract.3.People returning clothing for refund or exchange.When people returning clothes for refund or exchange, we should know what’s wrong with the clothes. If the clothes have bad quality, and customers want torefund or exchange we can accept. Remember keep good customer service.4. Breakdown of important machinesPrepare another machine for candidate，or ask the mechanic to maintain and check theRecommendationThe purposed operational plan is a practical framework for dress shop operation. It may carry about ￥790，000 profit. This plan can not only provide profit but also create a good image for the company.From above series questions analyze, we can know that we can solve the basic questions very well, and if everything goes smoothly we can easily to meet the target profit. This plan can be implemented with relative ease.。
运筹学绪论-2课时
1857年，英国数学家哈密尔顿发明 了一种游戏，他用一个实心正12面体象 征地球，正12面体的20个顶点分别表示 世界上20座名城，要求游戏者从任一城 市出发，寻找一条可经由每个城市一次 且仅一次再回到原出发点的路，这就是 “环球旅行”问题。
环球旅行问题的六十种解法 _Hamilton回路的初步探讨.pdf
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二战后运筹学的发展
⑴理论发展，形成了众多分支。运筹学包 括线性规划(整数规划、目标规划、动态规划、 随机规划、非线性规划)、图论与网络模型、 存储论、排队论、对策论、排序与统筹法、 决策分析、预测等数十个分支。
OR1
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二战后运筹学的发展
⑵上世纪50年代是运筹学的成长时期。与计 算机技术相结合，开创了运筹学应用的新纪元。 计算机为运筹学提供解题工具，使得许多复杂 的运筹学问题可以借助于现有的程序迅速地求 得结果。
• 二战结束后，英国军方的一份《总结报告》
曾说：“运筹学使我们赢得了胜利！”
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• 二战后，运筹学从单纯军事和战争中的应用 研究，扩展到经济和管理领域，并形成了自 己的理论与方法.
• 1948年，美国麻省理工学院率先开设了运筹 学课程，许多大学群起效法，内容也日益丰 富.
• 1950年，美国出版了第一份运筹学杂志.
• 此外，在对潜艇的有效搜索、合理安排飞机 维修、提高飞机的利用率等许多问题的解决， 运筹学发挥了重要作用.
• 这些运筹学成果对盟军大西洋海战的胜利起 了十分重要的作用，对许多战斗的胜利也起 了积极的作用.
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• 战争结束时，英美及加拿大军队中工作的 运筹学工作者已超过了700人.运筹学得到 迅速发展.