托福口语题阅读秘籍之准确把握句子之间的关系
托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换
托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类:一是对长难句的化繁为简,即原句比较长,规律关系简单,选项只保留了原句的主要信息,下面我就和大家共享托福阅读句子要点题,盼望能够关心到大家,来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读句子要点题:把握规律关系,稳抓同义替换托福阅读句子要点题又称托福阅读句子简化题,顾名思义是对长难句的简化筛出句子最精华的要点,一般出题形式是在文章中高亮标示出一个句子,要求考生选择与原文基本信息最接近的选项,这类题目的提问方式一般为:“Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类:一是对长难句的化繁为简,即原句比较长,规律关系简单,选项只保留了原句的主要信息,而省略了原句的次要信息(犹如位语、例子)等;二是对相对简洁的句子的同义改写,即原句难度不大,规律关系简洁,选项是原句的同义改写。
从做题方法上来说,对于其次种出题思路的题目,考生应当采纳通读的方法,在理解原句意思的基础上再答题。
而针对第一种出题思路的题目,考生一般把握住原句的几个关键点就可以见微知著,找到破句子简化题的良方。
对于句子简化题,有一些题目假如句子不长,我们做题的基本原则就是:同义替换。
找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。
如:In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in thepassage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.先来看题干:Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。
如何理解托福阅读段落逻辑关系
如何理解托福阅读段落逻辑关系托福的阅读题有时会考到我们对文章段落的逻辑关系的把握?大家知道怎么做这种类型的题目吗?下面小编给大家带来如何理解托福阅读段落逻辑关系,望喜欢!详解托福阅读文章段落四大逻辑关系1.因果关系因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果:A 导致(因-果):cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for如:The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs。
在这段话中,有lead to,表示了导致的意思,即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
B 由…而来(果-因):result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to 如:“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。
托福阅读过关三招之阅读童子功:逻辑关系把握
托福阅读的成败很大程度上取决于考生对词汇和句子之间逻辑关系的把握。
关于托福词汇的学习策略在本书前面已经有详细论述,所以这里只讨论句子之间逻辑关系的把握。
由于句子简化题、句子插入题、推理题等几乎所有托福阅读题型都与句子之间逻辑关系有密切联系,在讨论各种题型时都会详细阐述句子之间逻辑关系及其把握策略,因此这里只概要地罗列托福阅读中涉及的主要逻辑关系以及它们与解题的关系。
托福阅读主要涉及五大逻辑关系:因果关系、对比转折关系、比较关系、否定关系与并列递进关系。
不同的逻辑关系以不同的词汇表达,这些词汇既包含关联词,像while, but(表示对比转折关系)等,也包含一些实词,如lead to (表示因果关系)。
表示上述五大逻辑关系的常见词汇如下:一)因果关系1. 显性因果:因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with(由于,随着)果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly2. 隐性因果:a. 导致(因—果):cause, reason(推断), lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible forb. 由……而来(果—因):result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable toc. 反映/体现(果—因):reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, showd. 考虑到,依赖于(果—因):given, considering, concerning, in view of, thanks to; rely on, depend on, resort to, according toe. 条件关系:when, once, as soon as, as long asf. 被动语态(by之后为原因)g. 分词短语、不定式、独立主格做状语二)对比转折关系1. 对比:while, whereas; on the other hand, conversely, on the contrary, in contrast; unlike, different from; differ; before, prior to, after2. 转折:but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, however三)比较关系2. 最高级a. 本身有最高级含义:maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, topb. 本身程度比较深:amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively highc. 否定+比较=最高级3.a. 变化:change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remainb. 差异:different, distinct, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare … toc. 超越:surpass, exceed, excel, over四) 否定关系1. 显性否定:no, not, never, nor, none, neither2. 隐性否定:fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of3. 否定前缀:a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non-, un-4. 双重否定:not fail to, not illegal=legal, not uncommon=common五) 并列递进关系and, furthermore, moreover, in addition, beyond that, as well as下面以对比转折关系为例说明如何根据逻辑关系破解阅读问题。
新托福阅读备考知识点
新托福阅读备考知识点备考新托福阅读部分需要掌握哪些知识点呢?小编下面帮你整理出来了。
新托福阅读文章句间关系之比较关系句间关系——比较关系(涉及的题型有:细节题/修辞目的题/推理题/句子插入题)比较关系在句子之间的体现我想先从修辞目的题说起。
各位考生可以先用三十秒的时间来浏览下下文的这段话。
“Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.”读过这篇文章的考生应该不陌生,是官方指南上的第六篇例文。
托福文章中句子之间的关系从逻辑和段落结构角度总的来看
托福文章中句子之间的关系从逻辑和段落结构角度总的来看,重点需要考生把握并列关系,概述与详述(或抽象与具体)关系,转折关系,以及因果关系。
可以说,理解词句是任何一项英语类考试的基础,但针对托福考试阅读部分,ETS在《新托福考试官方指南》中明确指出,阅读文章摘录于大学成都的教科书,一般是对某一学科或主题的介绍性内容,主要目的是评估考生对"学术性文章"的理解程度。
根据ETS的考察目的我们可以看出,托福阅读考试绝不是单单的对词句理解能力的考察,同时也要考察考生对学术文章结构框架的理解。
文中举例均选自《新托福考试官方指南》一、学术性文章成分学术性文章中一般包含有以下内容:1. Topic: 文章标题,即文章主要论述的对象。
2. Aspect: 作者围绕文章标题Topic进一步阐述的方面。
3. Attitude: 作者态度。
注意:Topic, Aspect和Attitude均为单词或短语,一般不是句子。
4. Main Idea (MI): 主要思想,分为段落层面Main Idea和篇章层面Main Idea。
Main Idea分为显性和隐性。
显性的Main Idea: 作者在文章中明确给出表达主要思想的概括性句子。
隐性的Main Idea: 作者在文章中未给出表达主要思想的概括性句子,需要考生根据文中信息总结得出。
5. Thesis Statement(ThS): 涵盖Topic的篇章主题句,显性篇章层面MainIdea。
6. Topic Sentence(TS): 涵盖某一Aspect的一段或某几段主题句,显性段落层面MainIdea。
注意:在《Merriam-Webster'sCollegiate Dictionary》中,Topic Sentence 的解释为:a sentence that states the main thought of a paragraph or of alarger unit of discourse and is usually placed at or near the beginning。
托福写作掌握这“2+3”:你的句子逻辑再也不会错
托福写作掌握这“2+3”:你的句子逻辑再也不会错(经典版)编制人:__________________审核人:__________________审批人:__________________编制单位:__________________编制时间:____年____月____日序言下载提示:该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的,希望大家下载后,能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改,请根据实际需要进行调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文,如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等,想了解不同范文格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!托福写作掌握这“2+3”:你的句子逻辑再也不会错托福写作的句子逻辑混乱怎么办?为了帮助大家备考,下面本店铺给大家带来托福写作掌握这“2+3”:你的句子逻辑再也不会错,来学习一下吧!托福写作掌握这“2+3”:你的句子逻辑再也不会错!今天来讲一讲句子之间的关联,需要大家理解两个概念、三种关系。
托福口语阅读秘籍:准确把握句子间关系
托福口语阅读秘籍:准确把握句子间关系托福句子之间的关系多种多样,常见的有:并列关系、因果关系、递进关系、转折关系和相互解释关系。
Women could and did play a part in this process of settlement. Iceland, for instance, was uninhabited, and a permanent population could only be established if women also made the journey there. (后一句的具体事例为前一句提供说明与解释)People borrowed more and more money so that they could buy these shares. Because of this, the American people started to believe that share prices could only go up further. (“because of”明显的因果关系)Astronomy is a science that deals with all the celestial bodies in the universe. Astronomy includes the study of planets and their satellites, comets and meteors, stars and interstellar matter, star systems and clusters. (后一句是对前一句celestial bodies 的进一步解释)Previously it was believed that due to the Archaeopteryx’s (始祖鸟) underdeveloped anatomy, it would not have been able to fly. However, research by the London Natural History Museum into its brain developed and that it had good vision and a good sense of balance —all the requirements for a creature to be able to fly. (“However”转折对比)阅读时,我们可以根据段落中出现的一些信号词(Signal Words)来判断句子与句子之间的关系,掌握段落发展线索,来调整阅读速度,提高阅读质量。
托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词
托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词想要快速理解托福阅读的文章,考生需要学会把握文章句子和段落之间存在的各类逻辑关系。
下面小编就和大家分享托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词汇总一览 ,希望能够帮助到大家,来欣赏一下吧。
【精选资料】托福阅读准确判断句子段落间逻辑关系5大类信号词汇总一览1.显示相同信息的信号词There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。
因此,阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。
这样的信号词还包括:and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example2.显示思路转折的信号词I'd like to go but I'm too busy.“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述,它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。
阅读时,碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度,以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。
这类信号词还有:although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet3.显示因果关系的信号词As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。
托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析
托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析托福阅读长难句, 常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析。
今天给大家带来托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析托福阅读长难句常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析一.托福阅读长难句运用其实长难句在考试中最直接的运用就是考察插入句子题和解释句子题。
对于这样的题目,我们在不能读懂句子的情况下,能够把握的就是句子的内在关系,即逻辑。
逻辑在解释句子题中的运用尤为重要,以前有学生反映,在考试中其实句子根本就不能读懂,而利用逻辑就能迅速排除选项,从而找到正确的答案。
所以说,逻辑是我们托福阅读中的隐形解题帮手,考生们一定要尤为关注。
下面是托福阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系,把握了它们就等于掌握了托福阅读解题技巧的一个重要部分。
二.托福阅读长难句常见逻辑关系分析1.因果关系因:because,because of,for,as,since,in that,on account of,with果:so,so that,therefore,thereby,as a result,hence,thus,coequently,accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果:A 导致(因-果):cause,reason,lead to,give rise to,result in,render,make,let,ask,push,stimulate,ark,ur,fuel,produce,be reoible for如:The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.在这段话中,有lead to,表示了导致的意思,即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
托福阅读备考之把握句间的因果关系
托福阅读备考之把握句间的因果关系想要托福阅读取得高分,就需要大家有词汇的积累和阅读长难句的能力。
除此以外,托福阅读对大家还有怎样的要求?重要的一点就是要把握句间关系。
下面小编给大家带来托福阅读备考之把握句间的因果关系。
托福阅读备考之把握句间的因果关系托福官方指南的第37页明确写出了阅读部分考生需要掌握的四大结构,他们分别是:classificationcomparison/contrastcause/effectproblem/solution以最后一个“问题/解决方法”为例来感受下官方指南上的要求是如何体现在托福考试的练习题中的。
官方放出的练习题中有一篇讲到“罗马军队对不列颠的影响”。
其倒数第二题为一道句子插入题。
被插入句是这样的:“One solution was to keep them busy as sources of labor.”这句话的开头“solution”一词暗示着前文定会提到需要解决的”problem ”,而这一线索也成为答对这道题的关键。
这类题目背后的考点本质上就是对句间关系的把握。
正所谓题型在变,关系不变。
所以,本文以官方指南为基础,结合真实考试要求,重点分析阅读考试中三大句间关系,希望对正在备考中的学子们有所启发。
句间关系1——因果关系(涉及的托福阅读题型有:细节题/修辞目的题/推理题/句子插入题) 因果关系在整个托福阅读中的出镜频率非常高;曾有一个统计,在托福给出的官方练习题中,细节题中考察到因果关系的比例高达三分之一。
所以,无论是从考试的角度,还是提高阅读力本身,掌握因果关系在句子之间的体现都是非常重要的。
以很多学生们非常熟悉的一篇文章“The origin of theaters”为例。
有一道细节题问到考生为什么人们会逐渐放弃当时的“rituals”;在定位词出现的句子中,我们会非常容易看到句子开头有一个短语叫做“as a result ”;根据题目要求,答案的出处应该就在前一句话中。
托福阅读句间关系之举例
托福阅读句间关系之举例如何更快更有效地阅读文章是取得理想成绩的一个很重要的因素,而句间关系的理解对于一个段落的把握有很大的决定因素。
托福阅读的文章都是学术性的文章,对于一个事情的说明,一个观点的阐述,有时候是比较抽象的,作者会用具体想象的例子来证明,所以,对于看不懂某个段落要讲述的内容时,如果这个段落有个例子,可以通过例子来抓取这个段落的主要内容,同时,如果观点读懂了,例子部分就不用看了,这样可以省去时间来做别的题目。
因此,在遇到含有例子的段落有两个方法来区别对待,结合自己的实际情况。
下面我们来看两个含有举例关系的段落,如何快速搞定。
The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.段落的第一句话是这个段落的主旨句,说研究表明,在法国西南的岩洞画的特殊的象征的重要性更明确地表现了出来。
托福阅读句间的因果关系该如何掌握
托福阅读句间的因果关系该如何掌握该如何把握托福阅读句间的因果关系呢,一起来学习学习吧,下面我就和大家共享,来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读句间的因果关系该如何把握句子间关系1——因果关系(托福阅读问题包括:详情/修辞问题/推理/句子插入问题)整个托福阅读中的因果关系特殊高;有一个统计数据显示,在TOEFL的官方实践问题中,详情中的因果关系比例高达三分之一。
因此,无论是从考试的角度,还是为了提高阅读力本身,把握句子之间因果关系的表现是特殊重要的。
以许多学生熟识的“剧院的起源”为例。
有一个详情问题,询问候选人为什么会在那时慢慢放弃“仪式”;在定位词出现的句子中,我们很简洁看到句子开头有一个短语叫“作为结果”;根据标题要求,答案来源应在前一句中。
只要你能识别“分别”这个词,候选人照旧可以更顺利地选择正确的答案。
有许多短语带有因果线索,例如“作为结果”,并且在写作时它们可以派上用场,所以提示候选人他们必需做得很好。
例如,短语“属性X到Y”在官方练习题中出现了三次,并且是确定候选人是否可以阅读该文章的基本词汇。
同样,在推理问题中,我们也可以使用共同的因果关联词来找到推理的方向;官方教学大纲还明确指出,推理问题将“给出结论,让候选人推理推理结论”。
在官方演习中,题为“恐龙的灭亡”的文章有一个特殊典型的推理问题。
根据该段最终一句开头的“So”,候选人可以解释问题的突破并将其锁定在前一句中。
当然,推理问题与具体问题有本质区分,需要根据文章进行适当扩展。
当然,推理问题也可以让候选人在文本中发布某些信息的影响,但是“推动结果”的比例没有“推动理由”,所以有必要在合理的时间内支配时间预备。
因果关系在修辞学的话题中有明确的修辞模式。
候选人必需学会用同理心思索。
为什么要解释段落中的“缘由”?没有什么只是解释相应的事情。
相反,为什么要提到“结果”,以便告知读者相关事物的影响。
此外,还有一个不容忽视的信号。
在最新的官方演习中,因果关系在修辞问题中越来越隐含。
【托福阅读】托福阅读解题抓住解释关系是关键
【托福阅读】托福阅读解题抓住解释关系是关键为了帮助各位考生更高效地备考托福,熟悉托福阅读,晟睿教育的小编为大家带来“托福阅读解题抓住解释关系是关键”一文,希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。
托福阅读文章很多地方都是有着严密的结构的,比如有很多情况后一句话都是为前面的一个定义或者一句话进行解释,那么这时我们就要学会抓住这种在托福阅读文章中的关键点,这对于大家解决托福阅读试题还是很有帮助的,下面就来介绍一下这种解释关系。
托福阅读文章各个段落的主旨句一般是在每段的第一句话,后面的内容都是在对这个主旨句的解释说明,因此明白了这个句间关系,对于把握段落所讲内容和快速阅读文章有很大的帮助,前提条件是确定每个句子是如何具体来解释这个主旨句的。
下面我们来看两个段落来分析一下。
The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.段落的第一句话说画的对象主要是动物,这是这个段落的主旨句,第二句是来解释为什么动物是主要的画的对象,可能是因为他们认为人物画会造成死伤,所以他们主要画动物。
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托福口语题阅读秘籍:准确把握句子之
间的关系
新托福口语考试中的45秒钟的时间绝对不允许我们一次次地反复阅读某个句子,即使碰到难懂的句子也是如此。
怎么办呢?继续读下去,试图在后一句中找到理解前一句(特别是难句)的线索。
这一线索就是句子与句子之间的关系。
因此,准确地把握句子与句子之间的关系就不失为一种能很好地提高阅读理解的方法了。
句子之间的关系多种多样,常见的有:并列关系、因果关系、递进关系、转折关系和相互解释关系。
Women could and did play a part in this process of settlement.Iceland, for instance,was uninhabited,and a permanent population could only be established if women also made the journey there.(后一句的具体事例为前一句提供说明与解释)
People borrowed more and more money so that they could buy these shares. Because of this,the American people started to believe that share prices could only go up further.(“because of”明显的因果关系)
Astronomy is a science that deals with all the celestial bodies in the universe.Astronomy includes the study of planets and their satellites, comets and meteors,stars and interstellar matter,star systems and clusters.(后一句是对前一句celestial bodies的进一步解释) Previously it was believed that due to the Archaeopteryx’s(始祖鸟)underdeveloped anatomy,it would not have been able to fly.However,
research by the London Natural History Museum into its brain developed and that it had good vision and a good sense of balance—all the requirements for a creature to be able to fly.(“However”转折对比)阅读时,我们可以根据段落中出现的一些信号词(Signal Words)来判断句子与句子之间的关系,掌握段落发展线索,来调整阅读速度,提高阅读质量。
1.显示相同信息的信号词:
There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music.Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales。
“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。
因此,阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。
这样的信号词还包括:and,furthermore,more,than,that,also,likewise,moreover,in addition,what is more,for instance,for example
2.显示思路转折的信号词:
I’d like to go but I’m too busy。
“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述,它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。
阅读时,碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度,以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。
这类信号词还有:
although,however,on the contrary,but,in spite of,otherwise, despite,nevertheless,yet
3.显示因果关系的信号词:
As a result of the pilots’strike,all flights have had to be cancelled。
All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots’strike。
所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。
显示因果关系的信号词还有:
for,thus,because,for this reason,so,therefore,as,since, consequently
4.显示顺序的信号词:
Internet speeds communication between companies,among co-workers through video-conferences,and among other individuals.First,media companies use the Internet for online news,or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs,while individuals use the Internet for communication,entertainment,finding information,buying and selling goods and services.Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet.People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time,with real-time video and sound. Finally,scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students,they communicate with colleagues,and can also publish papers and articles。
抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序,也就分清了相对独立的论据。
这样的信号词包括:
first,second,third,and so on,then,after,before,next,last, afterward,finally
5.表示结论/总结的信号词:
In conclusion,I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today。
词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。
读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时,应格外留心注意,它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。
表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有:
as a result,finally,therefore,accordingly,in short,thus, consequently,in conclusion,so,in brief,in a word
新托福口语考试中的阅读材料只是一个百十来字的段落,阅读时我们不应把每个句子都孤立开来,而是要把所有的句子连成一个整体,通过准确把握句子与句子之间的逻辑关系来挖掘段落的核心意义。
这样才不至于出现读后“不知所云”的现象,才会为稍后的口语回答问题做好准备。