智能停车场中英文对照外文翻译文献

合集下载

智能车外文文献翻译(原文中文)(可编辑)

智能车外文文献翻译(原文+中文)Intelligent Vehicle Our society is awash in “machine intelligence” of various kinds.Over the last century, we have witnessed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living being replaced by devices such as washing machinesOne remaining area of both drudgery and danger, however, is the daily act ofdriving automobiles1.2million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002, which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of deathIf this trend continues, an estimated 8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashes by 2020. in fact, the U.S. Department of Transportation has estimated the overall societal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than $230 billion when hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the same time, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic. Traffic congestion undermines our quality of life in the same way air pollution undermines public health.Around 1990, road transportation professionals began to apply them to traffic and road management. Thus was born the intelligent transportation system ITS. Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems were developed and deployed。

停车场设计外文翻译整理版

Parking Structures Functional DesignGreg ForceParking Structures:Recommended Practice for Design and Construction, Chapter 2, Parking Structures Functional Design. The United States of America:PCI committee on parking structures. Page 1～6.停车场结构功能设计格雷格力停车场结构的设计和施工建议做法，第2章，停车场结构功能设计。

美国：停车场结构PCI委员会。

1～6页。

2 停车场功能设计2.1 介绍本章概述了多层停车场的许多非结构性方面的设计。

停车场对于车辆的行驶、存取和行人的出行来说是种独特的交通设施，这种特性在车辆与行人的交流发生在相对密封的停车空间里时显得尤为突出。

由于这种独特性，停车设计专业方面的相关咨询已不断发展。

对于停车场细节的完整性以及工程的完成质量，项目所有人或开发商能留住一个合格的停车场顾问是非常重要的。

功能设计包括车辆和行人流通的开发以及停车位的布局。

这其中也包含了操作的和安全功能的设计。

对于自助型的停车场功能设计包括：停车场类型循环系统安全防护街道出入口设计车位配置照明收费控制／操作系统行人流通图形与标牌2.1.1停车场类型2.1.1.1操作类型两种普遍的停车场包括服务型和自助型。

在服务型停车场里，车主将车辆停放在入口处，由服务人员泊车。

当车主返回取车时，服务人员检索找到车辆并驾驶到出口处交给车主。

服务型停车场通常凭借堆叠停放来最大化停车数量（图2-1）。

这种停车场通常位于地价高昂的大城市。

如今，在北美最常见的是自助型停车场，车主自行存取车辆（图2-2）。

本章只讨论自助型停车场的功能设计方法。

2.1.1.2建筑规范类型建筑模型规范通常将停车场分为两类：开放式停车场和停车库。

立体车库机械外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：裴吉星学号： 052116292015年 4 月 6 日外文原文The Stereo Garagege1.1An overview of the stereo garageVehicles parked nowhere is the problem of the urban social,economic and transport development to a certain extent the result,Garage Equipment development in foreign counties,especially in Japan nearly 30-40 years.Whether technically or in terms of experience had been a success.China is also in the beginning of tht 1990s developed mechanical parking equipment,which was 10years in the past.Because a lot of new residentd in the district with the ratio of 1:1.To address the size of parking spaces for tenants and business areas contradictions 3D mechanical parking equipment with an average size of a small motorcycle’s unique characheristics,the majority of users have been accepted.Compared with the traditional natural underground garage,Machinery garage demonstrates its superiority in many respects.First,the mechanical garage must elapse enough lanes,the average car will occupy an area of 40 square meters,If the use of double-mechanical garage,which would enable ground to improve the utilization rate of around 80% to 90%,If using ground multi-storey(21 storey),three-dimensional garage,50 square meters of land area will be placed on the 40cars,which can greatly save the limited land resources,Civil and save demelopment costs. To underground garage,Mechanical garage can be more effective to ensure personal and vehicle safety in the garage or car kept prospective location,the entire electronic control equipment would not operate.It should be said that the mechanical garage from the management can do a thorough separation of people and vehicles.In the underground garage using mechanical parking,it also can remove the heating ventilation;therefore,Operation of the power consumption than workers in the management of underground garage is much lower.Mechanical garage don’t usually do complete system,but as a single machine containers.This will give full play to its small space,the adwantages of decentralized,Each of the residential areas or groups downstairs to make a complete circuit can be set up random mechanical parking building.This garage of the district can solve the shortage of parking difficulty in providing convenient conditions right now.Currently,three-dimensional garage mainly in the following forms:lifting and transferring,aisle stacking garage,vertical garage,vertical cycle,box-level cycle,the level of circulating round.1.1.1Lifting and transferringLifting and transferring Garage modular design,each module can be designed into two,three,four levels,the five-story,swmi-submerged in various forms,such as the number of parking spaces from a few to hundreds.Three-dimensional garage applies to the ground and underground car parks,configuration flexibility and cost is low.1.Product fratures:⑴Save land,the configuration flexibility,and shorter construction period.⑵Low prices,firefighting and exterior decoration,with a total investment on smallfoundations.⑶Use automatic control,simple structure,safe and reliable.⑷Access to a quick,short waiting time.⑸Run a smooth,low noise⑹Applies to commercial,offices,and residential quarters supporting the use of car parks.2.Safety devices:anti-dropping device,a photoelectric sensor,spacing protectors, Emergency stop switch.1.1.2Aisle stacking garageAisle stacking garage used as a stacking machine tool access vehicles.All vehicles are stacking machine access,so the techinal requirements for stacker higher,a single stacker cost is higher.So aisle stacking apply to the parking garage need a few more customers.1.1.3Vertical GarageVertical Garage Elevator similar to the principle that both sides of the hoist layout spaces.Generally need a ground vehicle rotary tables can be saved by the driver away.Vertical Garage generally higher high(tens of meters),safety equipment, Installation precision machining requirements are very high,high cost,but has the smallest area.1.1.4Vertical cycleProduct features:⑴cover an area of small;two berths area can stop 6-10 vehicles.⑵The decoration can be added only roof,fire hydrants available.⑶Low prices,foundation.external decoration,fire and other small investmentmshort construction periods.⑷Use automatic control,safe and reliable operation.2.1The stereo garage automatic control systemThe modern large-scale building mainstream is intelligent mansion and community.So,automated parking equipment or garage automatic control system will become intelligent mansion and an important part of community.Simple,fast,easy to use,safe,reliable.and less maintenance,to provide users with a safe,easy to use equipment operating conditions , vehicles parked in time , vehicle storage Malaysia,Garage storage capacity.Vehicles kept high and low peaks,and other information can be transmitted through the network of intelligent control center through intelligent control center operator,and the broadcasting system and the management office of the Division linked related to early release control, management information,thus achieving all the intelligent management.Buliding and the Community through the intelligent control of the center could also associate with social nerworking functions.Information released to the collection coming out or expands utilization of the garage social and economic benefits.This will be the automation of the development direction of the garage.Solid Garage automation control system include the following five major subsystems:automatic toll collection management system automatic access systems for remote diagnosis system,automatic gate,control security system.Subsystems are more unified control of the central control room,for customers planning Garage form of management,Published garage inventory capacity,traffic control program.2.1The stereo garage automatic control systemThe modern large-scale building mainstream is intelligent mansion and community.So,automated parking equipment or garage automatic control system will become intelligentmansion and an important part of community.Simple,fast,easy to use,safe,reliable,and less maintenance,to provide users with a safe,easy to use environment operating conditions,vehicles parked in time,vehicle storage Malaysia,garage storage capacity.Vehicles kept high and low peaks,and other information can be transmitted through the network of intelligent control center through intelligent control center operator,and the broadcasting system and the management office of the Division linked related to early release control,management information,thus achieving all the intelligent management.Buliding and the Community through the intelligent control of the center could also associate with networking rmation released to the collection coming out or expands utilization of the parage social and economic benefits.This will be the automation of the development direction of the garage.Solid Garage automation control system include the following five major subsystems:automatic toll collection management system automatic access systems for remote diagnosis system,automatic Gate,control security system.Subsystems are more unified control of the central control room,for customers planning Garage form of management,Published garage inventory capacity,traffic control program.2.1.1Automatic Toll Management SystemAutomatic charge adopts contactless IC card.IC card points long-term card and the stored-card.For fixed users,the issue of long-term cards,the cost of fixed users pays management fees paid together;on the temporary users,issue stored-value cards,namely:the user fees paid cards exist within each parking card reader automatically deducted from the cost.2.1.2Automatic vehicle access systemAutomatic vehicle access system is generally controlled by small PLC.Including the identification card number and mobile disc contains two cars ers enter the garage at the entrance to Swiping cards,reader data automatically transmitted to the PLC control system,PLC system through the judgment card number and automatically set the corresponding site mobile trucks and vehicles to the handover location,the garage door opened,shorten the time access to cars.Truck drivers light singles in accordance with be normal light-Kai.Access car after thr completion of the garage doors shut down automatically.Mobile site contains car,the system in strict accordance with the various signal detection mobile state,including long signal detection,Detection in place,the position detection limit,officers hit detection, emergency stop signal detection.If cars are running plate is not in place or vehicle length in excess of the permitted length of the garage,all vehicles disc will contain no ancion.If detected emergency stop signal to stop all action until the emergency stop signal disappeared.Above,signals are hardware signals,in addition,the software can also be installed to control signal protection,such as the protection of the time,to ensure that the damage due to hardware failure to singal equipment and the main guarantee for the safety of vehicles.2.1.3Remote diagnosis systemControllers can spot card, hubs and other network equipment and control center connected to the LAN,MODEN through remote management,monitoring the operation of the scane,when the scene failure, in the control center can be addressed to facilitate the management,e-office secutity personnel.2.1.4Automatic GateIn the garage entrance of the no-contact reader,and the Gate of coil users in the garage entrances Swiping cards,the system automatically discriminates validity of the card,if valid,the Gate open automatically,through induction coils,Automatic self-closing fence;If invalid,the Gate is not open,sound and alarm.2,1,5Monitoring security systemMonitoring security system is in the central control room for monitoring and controlling the operation of the garage scene conditions.It has motion detection,licence plate recognition,network connections,different types of alarm systems linkage,and other functions,can be achieved unguarded.System catalog:Video monitoring function:the garage entrances,and the duty,the main segments within the garage installation focusing cameras.On the larger spaces installation spherical platforms,in order toachieve all-round garage on real-time monitoring.If the garage light conditions of the poor would use black-and-white cameras.Motion Detection functions:setting up the night in the garage of motion diction retion,detecting when there a moving target,Motion Detection and Alarm function remind staffs. LPR functions:it can set up the garage lighr vehicle license plates,vehicle.When the light vehicles entering the garage regional surveillance,the system automatically cross-referenced with images of a very odd situation,issued awarning signal and automatic switching and record their images.Alarm linkage function:all can move even the police mainframe,if activated Relay acousto-optic warning issued notice of security personnel to voluntarily disarm Gate interception of vehicular access.Digital video functions:it with a continuous record of what happened in the garage, can be synchronized intervals over images arbitrary choice of the overall image to enlarge and local amplification,recording,playback,backup can be conducted all kinds of information. Reportedly,has begun an increasing number of residential quarters began to use a mechanical garage.Taking into account the cost and maintenance,the majority of the district is a multi-storey lifting and transferring parking equipment,mass storage mechanical garage also rarely.Lifting and transferring Garage Equipment parking flow indicate the following:1、The sense of light yellow instructions garage operationRed lamp was ongoing operating instructions,please wait;Green light is currentlyno operating instructions,can operate;yellow light instructions were to fail,the garage cannot work.2、The operationDriver of vehicles enter from the garage entrance.At the entrance of non-contact sensors Reader former regional shaken following their IC cards,induction process completed,the fence automatically rises driver drove into the garage.The fence shut down automatically after vehicles entering.Card is the controller to read spaces,corresponding to the parking garage containing cars moved to the site automatically transfer vehicle location,Automatic garage door open units.Car drivers entering and parking in place,Latin hand brake,alighted out of the garage,using IC cards in the garage exit Huang about IC cards Garage door modules to shut down pleted deposit truck operators.3、Collect the car operationDriver entering the garage at the entrance to the non-contact secsors Reader formor regionalshaken following their IC cards Controller automatically read spaces,corresponding to the parking garage containing cars moved to the site qautomatically transfer vehicle location,Automatic garage door open modules,drivers entering the garage and drive out,in the garage exit of the automatic reader receive information,Host controller cutomatically recorded,prepaid,automatically raising the fence,the driver drove the playing field,appeared after fencing to shut down automatically.Meanwhile,Controller automatically read spaces,corresponding to the garage door unit shut down automatically.Vehicle operation finished. The garage has a complete self-protection device in the course of operation.A series of photoelectric switches,proximity switches,trip switches and other vehicles on site contains accurate operation in place to play a decisive role;falling unique defense installations,broken rope warning device,speeding vehicle protection device to protect the security role played.Detection of long vehicles,vehicle parking is not in place detection,and personnel into a detection signal of vehicles and the safety play a decisive role.翻译立体车库1.1立体车库概述车辆无处停放的问题是城市的社会、经济、交通发展到一定程度产生的结果，立体停车设备的发展在国外，尤其在日本已有近30-40年的历史，无论在技术上还是在经验上均已获得了成功。

智能停车场设计研究外文文献翻译

毕业设计附件外文文献翻译：原文+译文文献出处：SV Srikanth. The research of intelligent parking lot design[J], Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, IEEE, 2016: 48-57.原文The research of intelligent parking lot designSV SrikanthAbstractCars have brought a lot of convenience, and also brought a lot of inconvenience to people, many cities in the "parking" problem. The traditional manual management of the parking lot has not meet the actual demand, exist in most traditional parking fee management confusion, the overall operation efficiency is low. Therefore, efficient, safe and reasonable management, quick and convenient intelligent parking lot management system has become many large comprehensive buildings and necessary facilities in residential area. Intelligent parking lot has become a hot research topic in the intelligent building technology. Most of many senior residential district of the city, shopping malls, entertainment, hotel, units parked car number is more, such as the emergence of a high degree of automation intelligent parking lot management system, not only effectively resolve disorderly parking place caused traffic chaos, but also can promote the regularized development of traffic facilities, in addition, the commuting time of large amount of car, parking efficiency is low, brought inconvenience to the owner. Intelligent parking lot to embolden manage system is the use of advanced technology and highly automated mechanical and electrical equipment, and connecting with the user's demand to the management of charging on parking lot, and traffic management experience and development of the system. System provides an efficient way of management, to provide users with more convenient, more efficient service.Keywords: intelligent parking lot; RS485; Ethernet1 IntroductionSince entering the 21st century, the development of the society as a whole to promote the improvement of the people's living standard, therefore, in the city of private cars gradually became the most household items. After the purchase of vehicles, people in the travel convenience at the same time, also need to be the problem of parking difficulty, even in formal parking lot, also often can't reasonable, effective management and use of limited parking Spaces. Therefore, parking lot intellectualized management became practical to improve the efficiency of parking research subject. In fact, with the sharp increase in vehicles, parking? A corresponding increase in the number of, car park management cost of manpower and material resources is increasingly expensive, it also become the intelligent parking lot management outside the brother of one reason. As a result, the intelligent parking lot management style has become the trend of social development. Due to the subject can effectively improve the efficiency of vehicle management and improve the safety coefficient of the parking lot, so also can reflect its high practical application value.2 Intelligent parking lot management system designs2.1 Intelligent parking lot was compared with the traditional parking lotTraditional parking lot management system completely free operating by management personnel, management personnel of the most concern is the parking the car in and out of the parking lot of the time, so that the charging, and because the human problems, there is also less charge, leakage phenomenon, efficiency and security of the parking lot and consider less.Aimed at the lack of these aspects of the traditional parking lot, this paper puts forward the intelligent parking lot management system, vehicle in and out of the system can through the automatic identification of related technologies, and related to the vehicle information was saved in the system, such as the number of vehicles in and out of the parking lot, every car into the playing time for billing, fees, etc. At the same time to avoid the less charge, leakage problem. To improve the running efficiency of the parking lot. Intelligent parking lot management system operation process is as follows: when the car into the parking lot, system start the camera and intake of vehicle image, after computer processing to getthe vehicle type, size, license plate, color and other information, the information with that of the card only to the user and deposited in the database. When vehicles leave the parking lot, the user card is consistent with the license plate number or vehicle images and related information to release. The system is to adopt "a car one card" management model, namely from vehicles into the parking lot has to leave the parking lot, related to the car all the data associated with the ID number of the card, through the only? ID number, we can be the user information, vehicle type, license plate, color, image, vehicles into the playing time, stop time, should be paid with unified information in the database, such as easy to Chad and storage.2.2 The composition of the intelligent parking lot management systemIntelligent parking lot management system consists of a data processing system, the entry control system, vehicle equipment system, user management system; export control system of five parts. Relevant data of each system should be treated by a data processing system. Entrance control system include: access card reader antenna, gateway machine, automatic gate entrances camera, vehicle detector, transceiver card system; Vehicle equipment systems including parking space detection module and LED display in Chinese; User management system including user management and billing charges. Electronic tags: using RFID technology, for each car into the parking lot, the electronic label can be combined with the existing wireless card or RFID handset, stored with the vehicle model, plates, color information, etc., at the same time, the realization of automatic management of consumption.Entrance card reader antenna: rf signal transmission between the device and reading and writing labels. Inward and outward automatic alarm machine, automatic alarm and automatic machines have induction and button control a variety of ways, with functions of sensing detecting anti hit, main function is to motor vehicles in and out management. Under normal circumstances, the gate rail down, the door closed, a ban on vehicle access. When legal vehicles into the controller on the open ring alarm relay control lift rail of the crane, vehicle to allow access. Brake down after the vehicle automatic reset, such as road, is in the process of the traffic through, will stop falling back, in case you hit a car. Quick way between installed in the entrance to aparking lot, distance control machine 3 m or so. By the box body, motor, clutch, mechanical transmission parts, between rods, such as electronic control parts. Inward and outward camera: the camera in and out of the parking lot, vehicles, intake of related processing image through system.Vehicle detector: this detector is surrounded by a group of induction coil and current digital circuit board, and the alarm or control machine, coil respectively to make sweet in the park underground 20 cm, as long as there is traffic on the road, the coil will generate induced current signal, after dealing with the vehicle detector to control the machine or alarm signal control, generally speaking, the import and export with two vehicle detector, the alarm pole in front of the detector is lost to the working state of the host signal.3 The relevant technology of the intelligent parking lotAccording to the actual needs of this paper the design of the intelligent parking lot, this paper adopted ZigBee technology as intelligent parking lot of the wireless communication technology. This chapter makes a brief introduction of ZigBee technology and its agreement, and put forward mainly CC2530 chip controller hardware module design, Z - Stack is analyzed the working process of the protocol Stack, implements the communication system of license plate number, state of parking space and lighting information such as packaging and send. Close range wireless communication technology was first used in industrial production, however, as the daily communication requirements continue to increase, especially in recent years, a variety of the huge popularity of digital communication equipment, represented by the Bluetooth and wi-fi at close range wireless communication technology is also began to enter the ordinary people every aspect of life. It is generally believed that close range wireless communication of information is a way to send and receive radio waves, and send and receive the two sides apart at close range (generally think that ina few meters).3.1 The infrared transmission techniqueCould say that, in all of these close range wireless communication technology, the use of infrared transmission technology history is most long, is also the mostwidely used. In ordinary daily life, we often can see there is the case of using the infrared transmission technique, the more common is a TV set, and the remote control of air conditioning, etc.Because use analog signal transmission, almost no other similar signal on its interference, thus the transmission stability is better. And now the development of the technology is very developed, the price is cheaper also. Due to the infrared transmission point-to-point transmission characteristics of direct connection, its security is also high. But the technology is also there is a short transmission distance, high requirements for communication Angle, can't penetrate obstacles such as defects.3.2 Bluetooth technologyEricsson first proposed the Bluetooth technology, and then set up the Bluetooth technology alliance specification its technical standards. Were identified in 1999 put forward the technical standard of 2.4 GHz as its working frequency, and began the business promotion. Compared with was very widely used infrared technology, Bluetooth technology adopted different from mouth to mouth way of transmission, and the relative speed has improved a lot. Sold on the market at present most is the Bluetooth device using version 2.0, along with the rising of wireless transmission, Bluetooth technology is also constantly updated, the latest Bluetooth version 4.0, the main technique is characterized by high speed and low power consumption.3.3 ZigBee technologyZigBee protocol is set by the ZigBee alliance, the first official version of the agreements are released in 2004.The main characteristics of this technology is low cost, less power consumption, the number of nodes, network topology diversity, simple structure and high safety. At present the technology mainly used in the digital home, building automation, industrial and agricultural automatic control, intelligent transportation, health care and remote monitoring of the environment and disaster areas.3.4 The wi-fi technologyWi-fi is Wireless Fidelity short for Wireless Fidelity ().It is called the IEEE 802.11 standard, b is the wi-fi alliance manufacturers as a brand product certificationtrademark. The wi-fi technology has a very wide range of applications, in addition to the daily life can see laptops, tablets and smart phones and other equipment through the connected wi-fi Internet conveniently, some airports and stations, many hotels, restaurants and schools and even more developed cities also often provide wi-fi hotspots, to facilitate the users.3.5 UWB technologyUWB is Ultra - wideband (UWB), the main characteristics of this technology is low power consumption and high speed transmission. It uniquely adopted the pulse signal as a way to transfer data.UWB already has more than 50 years of history, was first used in military field, but was not published until 2002, the United States, the technology and its application in commercial field.UWB technology characteristics of high-speed transmission, determines it is particularly suited to be used to transmit large capacity of multimedia data such as had video. The characteristics of the wireless transmission can also help the original electronic equipment cable transmission mode between upgrade for the wireless transmission mode, make their connection between all kinds of smart devices become more convenient and flexible, the future may result in the "smart home", "digital office", etc. To get more extensive application in the scene.译文智能停车场设计研究SV Srikanth摘要汽车给人们的交通生活带来了很多方便之处，也给人们带来了许多不便，很多城市出现了“停车难”问题。

停车场的管理外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

密级
分类号
编号
成绩
本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外文翻译
原文标题Management of parking lot
译文标题停车场的管理
作者所在系别机电工程学院
作者所在专业车辆工程
作者所在班级B13141
作者姓名邸宝龙
作者学号201322244
指导教师姓名孟立新
指导教师职称副教授
完成时间2017 年 3 月
北华航天工业学院教务处制
注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。

2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。

智能车辆中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Intelligent vehicle is a use of computer, sensor, information, communication, navigation, artificial intelligence and automatic control technology to realize the environment awareness, planning decision and automatic drive of high and new technology. It in aspects such as military, civil and scientific research has received application, to solve the traffic safety provides a new way.With the rapid development of automobile industry, the research about the car is becoming more and more attention by people. Contest of national competition and the province of electronic intelligent car almostevery time this aspect of the topic, the national various universities are also attaches great importance to research on the topic, many countries have put the electronic design competition as a strategic means of innovative education. Electronic design involving multiple disciplines, machinery and electronics, sensor technology, automatic control technology, artificial intelligent control, computer and communication technology, etc., is a high-tech in the field of many. Electronic design technology, it is a national high-tech instance is one of the most important standard, its research significance is greatThe design though just a demo model, but is full of scientific and practical. First we according to the complex situation of road traffic, in accordance with the appropriate author to make a road model, including bend, straight and pavement set obstacles, etc. On curved and straight, the car along the orbit free exercise, when the small car meet obstacles, pulse modulation infrared sensors to detect the signal sent to the microcontroller, a corresponding control signal according to the program MCU control cars automatically avoid obstacles, to carry on the back, forward, turn left, turn rightSubject partsIntelligent vehicle is a concentration of environment awareness, planning decision, multi-scale auxiliary driving, and other functions in an integrated system, is an important part of intelligent transportation system.In military, civilian, space exploration and other fields has a broad application prospect. The design of smart car control system are studied, based on path planning is a process of the intelligent car control system2.1 theory is put forwardThe progress of science and technology of intelligent led products, but also accelerated the pace of development, MCU application scope of its application is increasingly wide, has gone far beyond the field of computer science. Small to toys, credit CARDS, big to the space shuttle, robots, from data acquisition, remote control and fuzzy control, intelligent systems with the human daily life, everywhere is dependent on the single chip microcomputer, this design is a typical application of single chip microcomputer. This design by implementing the driverless car, on the tests, by the reaction of the single chip microcomputer to control the car, make its become intelligent, automatic forward, turn and stop function, after continuing the perfection of this system also can be applied to road testing, security patrol, can meet the needs of society.In design, the use of the sensors to detect road surface condition, sensor central sea are faint and adopts a comparing amplifier amplification, and the signal input to the controller, the controlled end using stepper motor, because of the step motor is controlled electrical pulse, as long as the output from the controller to satisfy stepper motor merits of fixed control word. In operation of stepping motor and a drivingcircuit, it also to join a drive circuit in the circuit, each function module is different to the requirement of power supply current, the power supply part set up conversion circuit, so as to meet the needs of the various parts. After comparison choice element, design the circuit principle diagram and the circuit board, and do the debugging of hardware, system software and hardware is often the combination of organic whole. Software, on the use of the 51 single-chip timer interrupt to control pavement test interval and the car movement and speed. Due to take that road is simple, it is using more traditional assembly language for programming. For the correctness of the program design, using a commonly used keil c51 simulation software simulation validation, the last is integrated debugging of software and hardware, and prove the correctness and feasibility of the design scheme.2.2 electronic intelligent car design requirements(1) electric vehicles can be able to according to the course to run all the way; (2) electric vehicles can store and display the number of detected metal and sheet metal to the starting line in the distance; (3) are accurately electric cars after exercising all the way to the display of the electric vehicle the entire exercise time; (4) electric cars can't collisions with obstacles in the process of exercise.2.3 the general conception of computer network teaching websiteUsing 89 c51 as the car's control unit, sensor eight-way from outside,in the front of the car, as a black belt in the process of the car into the garage detecting element, at the rear end of the car when connected to eight-channel infrared sensors as the car pulled out of the garage of a black belt in detecting element, the LJ18A3-8 - Z/BX inductive proximity switch as garage iron detecting element, the microcontroller after receiving sensor detects the signal through the corresponding procedures to control the car forward, backward, turn, so that the car's performance indicators meet the requirements of the design.Intelligent car is a branch of intelligent vehicle research. It with the wheel as mobile mechanism, to realize the autonomous driving, so we call it the smart car. Smart car with the basic characteristics of the robot, easy to programming. It with remote control car the difference is that the latter requires the operator to control the steering, start-stop and in a more advanced remote control car can also control the speed (common model car belong to this type of remote control car); The smart car Is to be implemented by computer programming for the car stop, driving direction and speed control, without human intervention. Operator the smart car can be changed by a computer program or some data to change its drive type. This change can be controlled through programming, the characteristics of the car driving way is the biggest characteristic of smart car. The control system of smart car research purpose is to make the car driving with higher autonomy. If any given car a path, through the system,the car can get system for path after image processing of data moving and Angle (a), and can be scheduled path, according to the displacement and Angle information.The control system structure analysisAccording to the above design idea, the structure of the intelligent car control system can be divided into two layers1, the planning layerPC control system, the planning layer provides the information of the whole car driving, including path processing module and communication module. It has to solve the basic problem(1) using what tools to deal with the car path graph;(2) the car movement model is established, the data to calculate the car driving;(3) set up the car's motion model, the data to calculate the car driving;Layer 2, behaviorLower machine control system, the behavior is the underlying structure of a smart car control system, realize the real-time control of the car driving, it includes communication module, motor control module and data acquisition module. It to solve the basic problems are:(1) receiving, processing, PC sends data information;(2) the design of stepping motor control system;(3) information collection and the displacement and Angle of the car, car positioning posture, analysis system control error;The total design schemeSmart car control system are obtained by system structure, order process:(1) start AutoCAD, create or select a closed curve as the cart path, pick up the car starting $path graph(2) to choose the path of the graphics processing, make the car turning exist outside the minimum turning radius of edges and corners with circular arc transition(3) to generate a new path to simulate the motion process of car;(4) to calculate the displacement of the car driving need and wheel Angle, and then sends the data to the machine(5) under the machine after receiving data, through software programming control the rotation speed and Angle of the car wheels and make it according to the predetermined path A complete control system requirements closely linked to each function module in the system, according to the order process and the relationship between them, the total design scheme of the system is available.Design of basically has the following several modulesPart 1, the information acquisition module, data collection is composed of photoelectric detection and operation amplifier module,photoelectric detection were tracing test and speed test of two parts. To detect the signal after budget amplifier module lm324 amplifier plastic to single chip, its core part is several photoelectric sensor.2, control processing module: control processing module is a stc89c52 MCU as the core, the microcontroller will be collected from the information after the judgement, in accordance with a predetermined algorithm processing, and the handling results to the motor drive and a liquid crystal display module, makes the corresponding action.3, perform module: executable module consists of liquid crystal display (LCD), motor drive and motor, buzzer of three parts. LCD is mainly based on the results of single chip real-time display, convenient and timely users understand the current state of the system, motor driver based on single chip microcomputer instruction for two motor movements, can according to need to make the corresponding acceleration, deceleration, turning, parking and other movements, in order to achieve the desired purpose. Buzzer is mainly according to the requirements in a particular position to make a response to the report.译文一、引言智能车辆是一个运用计算机、传感、信息、通信、导航、人工智能及自动控制等技术来实现环境感知、规划决策和自动行驶为一体的高新技术综合体。

智能停车辅助系统的系统配置--外文资料翻译【范本模板】

毕业设计（论文)外文资料翻译院:专业：姓名:学号：外文出处:(用外文写)附件：1。

外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文智能停车辅助系统的系统配置智能停车场管理系统采用先进技术和高度自动化的机电设备，将机械、电子计算机和自控设备以及智能IC卡技术有机地结合起来，通过电脑管理可实现车辆出入管理、自动存储数据等功能，实现脱机运行并提供-种高效管理服务的系统。

新型的智能停车场将生活理念和建筑艺术、信息技术、计算机电子技术等现代高科技完美结合,提供的是一种操作简单、使用方便、功能先进的人性化系统.它依靠高科技，以人为本,采用图形人机界面操作方式,提供一种更加安全、舒适、方便、快捷和开放的智能化、信息化生活空间,促进了人文环境的健康发展.本文介绍了目前开发的投资促进机构配置（智能停车辅助系统)。

IPAS允许司机指定目标位置的三个免费方法：基于单眼视觉的停车位置标记识别，基于超声波传感器的停车位置识别,和拖放GUI（图形用户界面)。

IPAS生成最优路径马赫指定的目标位置。

在停车场的运作,并估计自我车辆姿势使用ESP（电子稳定程序）的传感器,如车轮需要银行脚踏开关和传感器,转向角传感器。

IPAS自动控制制动和转向通过发送所需的促动ESP和轨迹通过可以EPS（电动助力转向)。

IPAS通知当前驱动器通过对停车操作后视图的图像轨迹估计,这是通过实验验证了系统的车辆。

关键词智能停车辅助系统，驾驶员辅助系统介绍我们都由六部分组成：自我车辆姿态估计,路径生成器和流浪汉;跟踪，主动制动系统，主动转向系统，和HMI(人机界面）.IPAS既可进行半自动的停车辅助系统，其中的转向操作自动化。

而且自动泊车辅助系统，其中转向和制动操作自动化。

指定目标位置定位的自动/半自动停车操作的目标位置。

我们开发了三个互补的方法：基于单目视觉的停车插槽标记识别,基于超声传感器的平行泊车插槽识别，和拖放的GUI（图形用户界面)。

自我车辆姿态估计实现通过利用各种传感器，包括轮速传感器的车辆姿态估计的阿克曼模型，转向角度传感器，制动踏板开关,和车轮角度传感器。

车辆停止设备外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

本科生毕业设计 (论文)外文翻译原文标题Vehicle stopping device译文标题车辆迫停设备作者所在系别机电工程学院作者所在专业车辆工程作者所在班级B13142作者姓名乔帅作者学号201322411指导教师姓名孟立新指导教师职称副教授完成时间2017 年 3 月北华航天工业学院教务处制—1 —共5 页第2 页美国帕特。

6月23日发布的5123774号1992 - j。

j的事情教的刺穿轮胎的设备。

该装置采用多元化的间隔的管状支持灵活的牵绳固定在一起的。

各自的外远端管支持成员包括各自的外系索,进而获得峰值成员反对面投影到地面的高速公路结构。

复数条间隔的平行定义一个锐角therebetween峰值。

美国帕特。

6月21日发布的5322385号1994 - r·赖斯曼,描述了一个反装甲的障碍,其中包括垫可压缩材料做的。

数组向上定向空心金属尖刺的形式分布于整个垫以穿刺车辆的轮胎垫骑。

峰值可能移动,以便在刺穿轮胎,它们从垫和留存的刺破轮胎,带来快速通货紧缩。

部署在垫时,峰值充裕或低于垫的顶面。

美国帕特。

5328292号,于5328292年7月12日,f·r·威廉姆斯教授交通障碍使执法人员的有效交通障碍,可以很容易地把一辆车的后备箱和巷道快速部署。

链是横跨一个直角的道路交通和拉紧的方向。

交通障碍链设计,这样无论多么链放在路面上,一半的样条函数将面临交通流的方向45度角。

美国帕特。

5498102号,3月12日,1996年到美国比塞尔,教一个轮胎刺穿高峰地带,可以放在前面的路面行驶的车辆。

高峰地带由矩形模块化框架单元高度较低,便于存储在警车的树干。

框架单元有联锁结束,可以快速组装在任何所需的长度与峰值位置在巷道在正常位置,允许车辆的安全通行。

峰值可能选择性和远程激活位置机电由经营者目标特定的逃离车辆。

一旦逃离车辆穿越地带,峰值可能机电由回到他们下方的位置允许追求警车安全地穿过加沙地带和理解残疾人车。

智能停车场中英文对照外文翻译文献

智能停车场中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)智能停车场最近几年来汽车的动态平衡与静态管理已成为许多专家学者重点研究的新课题。

智能停车场系统为了保证车辆安全和交通方便，迫切需要采用自动化程度高、方便快捷的停车场自动管理系统，提高停车场管理水平。

现阶段的目标就是要提供满足人们工作、生活、娱乐环境更科学、规范、有效快捷、安全、方便的智能停车场自动管理系统。

停车场管理系统正在向大型化、复杂化、集成化和高科技化方向发展，智能停车场系统已经被纳入智能建筑的一个重要子系统，并且正与智能建筑的其它子系统进一步高度集成。

智能停车场管理系统采用先进技术和高度自动化的机电设备，将机械、电子计算机和自控设备以及智能IC卡技术有机地结合起来，通过电脑管理可实现车辆出入管理、自动存储数据等功能，实现脱机运行并提供—种高效管理服务的系统。

新型的智能停车场将生活理念和建筑艺术、信息技术、计算机电子技术等现代高科技完美结合，提供的是一种操作简单、使用方便、功能先进的人性化系统。

它依靠高科技，以人为本，采用图形人机界面操作方式，提供一种更加安全、舒适、方便、快捷和开放的智能化、信息化生活空间，促进了人文环境的健康发展。

1 目前国内外停车场主要有以下几种类型1．1 机械式停车场机械式停车场是国内停车场主要的一种，机械式停车场是指停车场完全由机械停车设备如曳引驱动机、导向轮、载车板、横移装置、控制柜、召唤操作盘、升降回转装置、搬运器等构成。

分为升降横移类、垂直循环类、水平循环类、多层循环类、平面移动类、垂直升降类、简单升降类等类型。

因其停车方式多样独特，具有很强的应用性。

它的主要优点有占地面积小，选型多样、可具体结合场地特点设计，也可与其他方式相结合来实施，自动化程度高，操作使用方便，管理和维护也较为容易，具有定量存车的特点。

1．2 平面停车场系统智能停车场系统平面停车场系统因其主要采取感应式IC卡读卡方式，所以也叫感应式停车场系统。

毕业设计外文翻译---智能停车系统[管理资料]

毕业设计(论文)外文资料译学院：机械电子工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：(用外文写)附件：；。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文智能停车系统摘要：这篇文章探讨了停车预约系统和停车收益管理系统的基本概念。

所谓的“智能”停车厂是通过基于模糊逻辑技术和整数规划技术组合的存车控制系统来“在线“决定是否接受或拒绝新司机要求停车。

这种模型的第一步是要为许多不同模式的车辆到达提供最好的停车策略。

这些停车策略都是使用整数规划的方法开发的。

第二步，从最好的策略中学习，定义具体的规则。

该方法的独特性在于这些规则都是源自选择假设未来交通停车模式是众所周知的一系列例子。

结果就是都在假设未来的停车模式都是众所周知的条件下发现接近最好的解决方法。

关键字：交通、不确定性建模、控制、停车、模糊逻辑1.介绍每一天都有相当数量的自驾车司机寻找一个停车位。

此外，缺乏经验的司机或者外地车进一步加剧了交通堵塞。

寻找一个空的停车位是一个搜索过程的典型例子。

每一个停车搜索策略是由一组模糊规则组成。

这些规则通常难以明确地描述。

计划活动的类型，一天中的那个时间，一星期中的那天，目前在特定线路的拥挤情况，城市街道的状况和潜在的可用停车位都会对停车位搜索策略有重大的影响。

在过去的四十年里众多的停车搜索模型被开发出来。

在许多交通工具（出行方式，航空承运人的选择，机场的选择等等）要决策的情况下，决策者（旅客，司机）都预先知道这些互相竞争的选择和他们的特点。

在另一方面，司机们通常会在一个时间序列中发现一个又一个不同的停车选择，显然，这个时序会对司机的最终决定停车位有非常大的影响。

在过去的二十年里，交通局在许多城市（赫尔辛基、科隆、美因茨、斯图加特、威斯巴登、奥尔堡、海牙）便开始用实时可变信息标志[方向的箭头，停车设施的名称，状态（已满、未满、可用停车位数量）]来通知和引导司机停车。

可停车位的数量信息可以显示在主要道路、街道和十字路口，或者也可以通过互联网发布。

基于物联网的停车场诱导系统外文文献及翻译

Parking Guidance Control System Based on Internet of Things IntroductionRoad construction in the city is becoming better,the parking lots as the main transportin frastructure,the construction of the parking area can effectively alleviate the city traffic congestion,therefore,the state has increased the construction of parking,especially the construction of intelligent parking lots.Parking space detection system as an important part of intelligent parking yard construction,detection function of parking spaces is the basis of parking space detection system operation, and the parking information transmission is the key of improving the efficiency of parking detection system.Therefore,This paper puts forward the research on Parking space detection system based on Magneto-resistive sensor and ZigBee,in order to improve the utilization efficiency of parking spaces.It has important significance to the construction of intelligent parking lot.This paper on the parking spaces were identified and judged by parking space detection node with reluctance sensor as the main detection function.Building a very powerful ZigBee wireless sensor network,the parking information data is transferred from one node to another node,and by way of relay is transmitted to the coordinator. And by designing the host computer display platform,Parking lot management can real-time observe occupancy of parking spaces,the implementation of effective management and monitoring of moving vehicle.The main research contents in this paper are as follows:(1)Combined with the characteristic and working principle of the magneto-resistive sensor,based on detailed analysis between network architecture of ZigBee technology,the network device type and network topology structure,the whole structure design of parking detection system is proposed.(2)On the basis of analyzing hardware structure of parking space detection nodes,the coordinator and router,the main hardware circuit module is designed in detail,includes a sensor module,a microprocessor module,serial communication module,power management module,antenna and balun matching circuit,and to complete the PCB design of the hardware circuit node.(3)The design of I2C bus driver,extraction of magnetic signal sensor detection, the use of parking space detection algorithm to determine the current state of parking spaces;based on the analysis of ZigBee protocol stack,the software design of node;application of Visual Studio2010to design a upper computer software,to realize the parking information visualization.To help drivers to quickly find a spare parking,a parking guidance control system was proposed.The principle of ultrasonic ranging was used to detect the state of a parking space,and through the internet of things the parking detector transmits the real-time information to the controlcenter.The control center mainly is an industrial computer and is responsible for dealing with the real-time information and sending the control command by internet of things.The guidance signs at each crossroad receive the wireless commands and execute them,by which the guidance function is performed.The internet of things was realized by ZigBee star network,in which the control center is a coordinator and other parts are routers or terminal equipments.The simulation experiment results show that the parking guidance system works well,and has the value of application and promotion to some extent.With the social progress and the economic development in china,people’s living way is changing greatly and cars have become the necessary tools for more and more people,which results in cars increasing rapidly,especially in cities.This phenomenon usually causes parking overcrowded and even chaos that is great inconvenience to people's lives.So we need try to deal with the problem by high-tech means.With the development and application of the internet of things technology,it is gradually entering the field of smart parking system that functions more powerful and intelligent,and is providing a more comprehensive technology service for the car owners.So the intelligent parking meets the need of keeping abreast of the times and is the fruit of high-tech development.The intelligent parking system can not only reduce the phenomenon of parking difficultly and save the car owner’s parking time, but also can promote the standardization construction of transport facilities. Furthermore,it can be easily combined into a more powerful integrated system with other intelligent systems,which is suitable for a variety of comprehensive advantaged management.To establish a set of intelligent parking toll collection management and guidance system that makes parking service is safe,simple and accurate,and to control the constructing cost and operating cost to the appropriate extent is the current trend of a parking management.Improving the work efficiency and overcoming the shortcoming of the traditional manual management is the ideal model of the modern parking.System ComponentsThe system performs the function of parking guidance according to the real-time state information in the parking and the counter values of parking regions,which reduces the parking time and improves the parking efficiency.As Fig.1shown,the system consists of control center,ultrasonic parking detectors,parking guidance signs, display of parking information and counters for different parking areas.The ultrasonicparking detectors is the basic of the guidance system,which collect the real-time state information for the control center;the parking region counter is used to count the number within some parking region and the core device is infrared transmitter and receiver;the parking guidance sign is usually realized by led lights,which is responsible for guiding th direction;the display screen is used to display the real-time parking information and notice;the control center may be realized by a industrial computer and is responsible for the overall management.Internet of ThingsIn order to achieve the communication between the various parts of theguidance system in a wide range of space,the internet of things is taken which is realized by ZigBee technology that is a low-power personal area network based on IEEE802.15.4 standard protocol.According to the protocol,ZigBee is a short-range,low-power wireless communication technology,which is characterized by a short distance,low complexity,selforganizing,low-power,low-data-rate,and low-cost.So it is suitable for the field of automatic control and remote control that can be embedded in a variety of devices.The ZigBee is realized by ZigBee module designed with TI's ZigBee chip —CC2530[6]as core.The CC2530System-on-Chip solution for2.4GHz is suitable for a wide range of applications and provides an IEEE802.15.4compliant radio transceiver.Furthermore,it provides an interface between the MCU and the radiowhich makes it possible to issue commands,read status,which makes it having excellent receiver sensitivity and robust 2530with enhanced 8051MCU kernel has rich peripheral,such as UART,12-bit ADC and21universal GPIO.And it can also be equipped with TI's standard and compatible or proprietary network protocol stack.The central server is as a network coordinator,the other parts as the terminal nodes.In the ZigBee network,star network is used,where industrial as the coordinator and other parts as router or terminal equipments.Parking Space DetectorTo complete the parking guidance the parking space detection is the basis of the parking guidance system,and the real-time state of the parking must be collected.As shown in Fig.3,the parking state detector comprises ultrasound ranging module,ZigBee data processors,the transmitting and receiving antenna and power. The device of transmitting and receiving is designed in the ultrasound ranging module. During the distance measuring,the transmitting part is triggered by the output signal of CC2530,and the time counter is cleared.Then the external interrupt events of CC2530is triggered by the ultrasonic echo signal,in which ultrasound reciprocal distance is calculated by calculating the ultrasonic round-trip time counter.When a car is parked,the distance gotten by ultrasound detector is significantly shorter than when there is no car parked.So according to this we can judge if there is a car in a parking place.ZigBee data processor converts the state information intomodulated signal by the internal transmitter and then the information is transmitted by the antenna.Through the wireless receiving device,the control center receives the real-time detection result of the parking state and programs the navigation.To complete the parking guidance successfully,only the parkingspace detection as parking sensor is not enough:when a car is driving to a parking place,the parking place will be unavailable for the other cars,though the parking place is not taken now. The working principle is as follows.The device is installed on the entrance and exit of a parking area.If a car is running into the entrance of the parking area,the receiver can’t receive the infrared because of blocking of the car and it triggers the counter to make the counter increased by one.On the contrary,if the car is leaving out of the exit of the parking area,the counter decreases by one.So we can know clearly how many cars exist in the parking area.By collecting the real-time information of the counters in different parking areas,and by combining with the state information of each parking space,the right guidance can be performed by the control center. Simulation ExperimentIn order to verify the scheme,a parking experimental model system was developed in the laboratory,where cars were replaced by electric remote control cars, and a personal computer was used as the control center.In addition,twenty four parking places were designed,and we got the areas In theexperiment,the situation that single car is on the road and the situation that multiple cars are on the road are separately tested.However,the phenomenon of competition for parking space and the phenomenon of error guidance didn’t appear and the simulation experiment result was good.ConclusionIn view of the problems of low automation level of manual service in parking lot, difficulty in finding an empty parking space and low parking efficiency of drivers,we proposed a parking guidance system.The guidance system is based on the internet of things that is realized by ZigBee communication.In addition,in the guidance system the central server was used as the central node.Manufacturing and Engineering Developments of a star network,and parking space detectors,parking guidance signs in crossings and parking area counters were used as terminal nodes.The simulation experiment shows that the guidance system can work well and steadily,and so has the value of application and promotion.基于物联网的停车引导控制系统引言城市的道路建设日趋完善，停车场作为主要的交通基础设施，停车场的建设可有效的缓解城市交通拥堵压力，因此，国家加大了对停车场的建设，尤其是智能化停车场的建设。

智能停车场设计研究外文文献翻译

智能停车场设计研究外文文献翻译___ intelligent parking lot design。

including the use of ___.nAs cities ___。

the need for ___ designs in real-world settings.Sensor-Based Parking SystemsOne of the key components of intelligent parking lot design is the use of sensor-based parking ___ and when it es available。

This n can then be used to guide drivers to available parking spaces。

cing the time and effort required to find a parking spot。

Sensor-based parking systems can also be used to monitor parking lot ___.___ Designs___ intelligent parking lot design。

there are also several ___ is the cost of ___ is the need to ___。

there is also the ___ drivers about how to use these ___.______ challenges。

it is ___ process。

This includes parking lot owners。

city planners。

___。

n and outreach programs can be used to help drivers ___.n___ lot design is an important area of research that has the potential to ___ around the world。

智能停车场翻译英文[1]

Intelligent parking systemAbstractThe basic concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are discussed in this paper. The proposed intelligent’’ parking space inventory control system that is based on a combination of fuzzylogic and integer programming techniques makes ‘‘on line’’ decisions whether to accept or reject a newdriver's request for parking. In the ﬁrst step of the proposed model, the best parking strategies are developed for many different patterns of vehicle arrivals. These parking strategies are developed using integer programming approach. In the second step, learn-ing from the best strategies, speciﬁc rules are deﬁned. The uniqueness of the proposed approach is that the rules are derived from the set of chosen examples assuming that the future traffic arrival patterns are known. The results were found to be close to the best solution assuming that the future arrival pattern is known.b5E2RGbCAPKeywords: Traffic。

智能停车场系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

智能停车场系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Intelligent parking systemAbstractThe basic concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are discussed in this paper. The proposed intelligent’’ parking space inventory control system that is based on a combination of fuzzy logic and integer programming techniques makes ‘‘on line’’ decisions whether to accept or reject a new driver's request for parking. In the ﬁrst step of the proposed model, the best parking strategies are developed for many different patterns of vehicle arrivals. These parking strategies are developed using integer programming approach. In the second step, learn-ing from the best strategies, speciﬁc rules are deﬁned. The uniqueness of the proposed approach is that the rules arederived from the set of chosen examples assuming that the future traffic arrival patterns are known. The results were found to be close to the best solution assuming that the future arrival pattern is known.Keywords: Traffic; Uncertainty modeling; Control; Parking; Fuzzy logic 1.IntroductionEvery day a signiﬁcant percentage of drivers in single-occupancy vehicles search for a parking space. Additionally, less experienced drivers or out-of-towners further contribute to the increase of traffic congestion. Search for a vacant parking space is a typical example of a search process. Every parking search strategy is composed of a set of vague rules. It is usually difficult to describe these rules explicitly. The type of the planned activity, time of a day, day of the week, current congestion on particular routes, knowledge of city streets, and potentially available parking places have signiﬁcant inﬂuence on a chosen parking search strategy. During the last four decades numerous parking search models have been developed (Vander Goot, 1982; Axhausen and Polak, 1991; Polak and Axhausen, 1990; Young et al., 1991a,b; saltzman, 1997; Shoup, 1997; Steiner, 1998; Thompson and Richardson, 1998; Arnott and Rowse, 1999; Tam and Lam, 2000; Wong et al., 2000; Waterson et al., 2001). In many decision-making situations in transportation (modal split, choice of air carrier, choice of airport, etc.) the competitive alternatives and their characteristics are reasonably well known in advance to the decision maker (passenger, driver). On the other hand, the drivers usually discover diffierent parking alternatives one by one in a temporal sequence. Clearly, this temporal sequence has a very strong inﬂuence on the driver's ﬁnal decision about the parking placeDuring the past two decades, traffic authorities in many cities (Helsinki, Cologne, Mainz, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, Aalborg, Hague) havestarted to inform and guide drivers to parking facilities with real-time var-iable message signs [directional arrows, names of the parking facilities, status (full, not full, number of available parking spaces, etc.)]. Information about the number of available parking spaces could be displayed on the major roads, streets and intersections, or it could be distributed through the Internet.It is logical to ask the question about the beneﬁts of the parking guidance systems. Current practice shows that parking guidance systems usually do not change the occupancy rate or average parking duration. Drivers easily become familiar with the parking guidance systems, and majority of them use, thrust and appreciate the help of the systems. Guidance systems signiﬁcantly increase the probability of finding vacant parking space, mitigate frustration of the drivers–visitors unfamiliar with the city center, decrease the queues in front of parking garages, decrease the total amount of vehicle-miles traveled (particularly in the city centers), decrease the average trip time, energy consumption, and air pollution. Parking guidance system is a part of comprehensive parking policy and traffic management system, whose other elements are street parking control (including sanctions for the illegally parked vehicles), parking fare structure, and parking revenue management system.Parking guidance systems help drivers to ﬁnd vacant parking spaces when they are already on the network, and approaching their ﬁnal destination. Throughout this research the concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are proposed. Such systems would help drivers to ﬁnd a vacant parking space even before beginning their trip. The proposed ‘‘intelligent’’parking space inventory control system that is based on the combination of simulation, optimization techniques, and fuzzy logic makes ‘‘real-time’’ decisions as to whether to reject or accept a new request for parking. The proposedmethodology could be applied for parking lots and parking garages in cities and at the big international airports.The paper is organized as follows:1. Parking-pricing problems are presented in Section 2. Analogies between parking problems and some other industries are presented in Section 3. The parking revenue management system is introduced in Section 4, and the Intelligent parking space inventory control system is introduced in Section 5. The algorithm to create intelligent parking spaces inventory control system is presented in Section 6. Results obtained with the ‘‘intelligent’’ parking system are given in Section 7, and Sec-tion 8 presents the concluding remarks and further research orientations.2.parking pricingIn majority of cities throughout the world drivers pay for using different parking facilities. In some instances, traffic congestion can be significantly reduced as a result of parking price. The parking revenue is usually used to cover parking facility costs (access gates, ticket printers, parking meters, parking signs, attendants), or to improve some other traffic and transportation activities. Different parking pricing strategies should be a part of the comprehensive solution approach to the complex traffic congestion problems. There is no doubt that parking pricing represents one of the important demand management strategies. For example, traffic authorities, local governments and private sector could introduce higher parking tariffs for solo drivers or for long-term parkers in congested city areas. They could provide special parking discounts to vanpoolers. Obviously parking pricing should be carefully studied in the context of the considered city area (down-town, residential, commercial, retail use areas).In some cities (Madison, Wisconsin) there are already time dependent parking fees that force commuters to switch to diffierent alternativesof public transportation . Trying to promote public transit San Francisco traffic authorities increased parking tariffs at public and commercial garages. The Chicago authorities raised parking rates few times. As a consequence, the total number of cars parked significantly decreased, as well as parking duration time. The greatest decrease was in the number of all day parkers. Authorities in Seattle signiﬁcantly reduced parking tariffs for carpool at two Seattle parking facilities in downtown . Active role in parking pricing strategies could also have employers paying for employees' parking. Employers who remove parking subsidies for the employees could significantly decrease the total number of solo drivers. The main role of any parking pricing strategy should be reducing the total number of vehicle trips during certain time periods, shifting commuters to alternative transportation modes, and to different parking locations. At the same time, when trying to implement any parking strategy, it is very important to provide enough parking space for shoppers, to provide preferential parking for residents in considered city area, to provide preferential parking for different parking locations, to consider low income families, and to protect streets in the neighborhood from illegal parking.The basic economic concepts of supply and demand should be more utilized when solving complex traffic congestion and parking problems (Vickrey, 1969, 1994; Verhoef et al., 1995). So-called value pricing is also known as congestion pricing, or variable tolling. The basic idea behind the concept of congestion pricing is to force drivers to travel and use transportation facilities more during off-peak hours and less during peak hours. The idea of congestion pricing is primarily connected with the road (drivers pay for using private, faster roads, drivers with lower vehicle occupancy pay for using High Occupancy Vehicle lanes, drivers pay more to enter city's downtown on weekdays) or airportoperators (more expensive landing fees during peak hours). In the context of parking problems, this means: (a) that different parking tariffs should exist for different users; (b) that the parking fees should increase and/or decrease few times during a day.3.Parking problems and revenue management systems: Analogies with some other industriesAirline industry, hotels, car rental, rail, cruise, healthcare, broadcast industry, energy industry, golf,equipment rental, restaurant, and other industries are utilizing revenue management concepts when selling their products (Cross, 1997). Revenue management could be described as a group of different scientiﬁc techniques of managing the company revenue when trying to deliver the right product to the right client at the right price at the right time. The roots of the revenue management are in the airline industry. The basic characteristics of the industries to which different revenue management concepts were successfully applied are: (a) variable demand over time; (b) variable asset utilization; (c) perishable assets; (d) limited resources; (e) market segmentation; (f) adding new capacity is expensive, difficult or impossible; (g) direct cost per client is negligible part of the total cost of making service available; (h) selling products in advance. The main characteristics of the parking space inventory control problems are the following:· Parking demand is variable over time.· Like hotel rooms, or restaurant chairs, parking spaces also have daily opportunity to be ‘‘sold’’ (used by clients).·Any parking lot or garage has limited number of parking spaces that can be used by drivers· Market segmentation means that different customers are willing to pay different prices for the same asset (hotel room, airline seat, seat ina rented car). Businessman wanting to park a car near a meeting point 15 minutes before the meeting would be ready to pay much higher parking fee than a pensioner planning to walk with his wife through the downtown, who made parking reservation four day in advance.· Building new garages and parking lots could be very expensive and sometimes very difficult.· Parking places can be easily reserved in advance.Introducing and developing parking reservation system (created in an Internet and cell phone environ-ment) would present further improvement in modern parking technologies. Drivers would be advised and guided before beginning of the trip, as well as during the trip. Parking reservation system should be coupled with the parking revenue management system. In this way, parking operators and traffic authorities would be able to implement different parking strategies. Once the driver is allowed to park, it is possible to implement internal garage guidance system that guides the driver to an empty parking place.4.Introducing parking revenue management systemLet us assume that we have parking reservation system. Drivers make their requests for parking at random moments of time (by phone from home, by cell phone while driving, through the Internet, etc.).A certain number of drivers would maybe cancel their reservations before beginning of the parking.These cancellations would also be made at random moments of time. Like in some other industries, a certain number of drivers would not appear in parking garage for which they have a con-ﬁrmed reservation and purchased ticket. Would these drivers be penalized for their behavior? Depending on ration between parking demand and parking supply, the answer could be ‘‘Yes’’ or ‘‘No’’.Reservation system should be ﬂexible enough allowing some drivers to appear right before wished beginning of parking, looking for an emptyspace in a garage, even though they do not have a conﬁrmed reservation. Would it be good to have few different parking tariffs? The answer is obviously ‘‘Yes’’. Drivers paying lower parking tariffs could be disabled and senior citizens, people who reserve parking space few days in advance, or HOV drivers. Drivers paying higher tariffs could be solo drivers, long term parking drivers, or drivers showing up and asking for parking without making reservation in advance. Obviously, there is a lot of possible parking pricing strategies.The stochastic nature of reservation generation and cancellation, the stochastic nature of driver show-up during reserved time slot, variety of parking tariffs, and the need to respond to drivers' requests in real time, indicate that the management of parking garage revenues represents a complex problem.In the past 30 years a relatively large number of papers have been devoted to different aspects of the air-line seat inventory control problem (Littlewood, 1972; Belobaba, 1987; Brumelle and McGill, 1993; Teodorovic et al., 2002). The model proposed in this paper is highly inspired by the developed airline yield management stochastic and/or deterministic models.Let us assume that we have few different parking tariffs. The simplest reservation system (similar to some airline reservation systems in the past) could be ‘‘distinct tariff class parking space inventories’’ (Fig. 1(a)),indicating separate parking spaces in the garage for each tariff class. In this case, once the parking space is assigned to a tariff class, it may be booked only in that tariff class or else remains unsold. There are certain advantages, as well as certain disadvantages in the case of distinct parking space inventories. In this case users paying lower tariffs would be relatively well ‘‘protected’’. In other words, this system would pay a lot of attention to the disabled person, senior citizens,people who reserve parking space few days in advance, and HOV drivers. Obvious disadvantage of the distinct parking space inventories is the fact that very often some parking spaces assigned to lower tariff users would be empty even the higher tariff users demand is very high. In other words, it would be possible to reject some drivers even all parking spaces in garage are not occupied.In case of a ‘‘nested reservation system ’’, the high tariff request will not be rejected as long as any parking spaces are available in lower tariff classes. For example, if we have four tariff classes, then there is no booking limit for class 1, but there are booking limits (BLi, i = 2, 3, . . ., m) for each of the remaining three classes (Fig. 1(b)). As we can see from Fig. 1(b), all parking spaces are always available to class1. There are always a certain number of parking spaces protected for class 1, certain number of parking spaces protected for classes 1 and 2, and certain number of parking spaces protected for classes 1, 2 and 3. If we make a request-by-request revision of booking limits, there is no longer a difference between distinct and nested reservation system.In this research (like in the paper of Teodorovic ´ et al., 2002) an attempt was made to make reservation decisions on theBL1BL2BLmCBL1=CBL2BLm (a)(b)Fig.1‘‘request-by-request’’ basis. In the scenario that we consider, we assume that there are more than two types of tariffs. The basic characteristic of the parking space inventory control model that we propose is ‘‘real-time’’ decision making about each driver request. The developed model is called an ‘‘intelligent’’ parking space inventory control system.译文：智能停车场系统摘要：本文讨论停车预订系统和停车收入管理系统的基本概念.拟议的智能停车空间的库存控制系统，基于模糊逻辑和整数规划技术相结合，使“上线”决定是否接受或拒绝新的驱动程序的停车要求。

立体车库外文翻译与原文

附件2：外文文献译文与原文专业班级：电气124 姓名：陈威驰学号：2012013850基于密码的旋转多层停车场系统作者：Nayab Suhail Hamirani, Imdad Ali Ismaili,Asad Ali Shaikh, Faheem Ahmed, Azhar Ali Shah摘要：在人口稠密地区和较大的城市，由于交通拥挤，停车成为了一个大问题。

使用旋转立体停车系统能够有效地减轻这个问题。

使用停车系统能够在更少的空间获得更安全的停车场。

为了降低成本并获得更小的空间和最佳的性能，我们使用ATMEL单片机作为主处理器，同时借助LCD和电机分别用于显示和旋转楼层。

密码锁定系统用来区分用户并检测停车场还剩下多少自由空间。

随着市场的全球化，汽车的数量也上升到了无法控制的局面。

设计这个系统模型的初衷就是为了解决这个问题，同时本项目中嵌入密码锁定系统也可以提高车辆停车的安全性。

关键词:基于密码的安全性；单片机；直流齿轮电机；普通IC；快速PCB1．引言本项目的目的是设计一种自动多层停车场系统，帮助普通民众将车停放在更小更安全的地方。

由于现代人口密集，以前的一些停车位被用作一些基础设施的建设，在大企业和公寓需要一个可以避免空间浪费的创新设计。

但是，这类项目的开发一直有个问题，虽然这些停车场是多层的，可是并不安全。

因此为了能够使用密码锁设备我们使用了微控制器，同时我们还使用了旋转楼层以保证最佳的设计。

本项目基于圆形建筑而不是正方形或长方形的建筑物，之所以这么选择是因为通过使用圆形建筑形状我们可以停放更多的车辆，但是使用其他形状的建筑物像正方形和矩形就很难这么做[1]。

在提案中，我们需要的器件包括两个电机，不同的操作开关，一个振荡器，一个按钮和液晶显示屏[6]。

2．项目研究现状在信息时代，我们可以看到人口已经增长到了一个不可控制的程度。

为了弥补这个问题我们设计了很多的大型项目。

但是很多项目都不安全，从人类的利益和缓解停车危机的角度出发我们设计了多层旋转停车场，这个设计可以有效的处理安全问题。

智能停车场系统-毕业论文外文翻译

外文资料翻译Every day a signiﬁcant percentage of drivers in single-occupancy vehicles search for a parking space. Additionally, less experienced drivers or out-of-towners further contribute to the increase of traffic congestion. Search for a vacant parking space is a typical examp le of a search process. Every parking search strategy is composed of a set of vague rules. It is usually difficult to describe these rules explicitly. The type of the planned activity, time of a day, day of the week, current congest ion on particular routes, knowledge of city streets, and potentially available parking places have signiﬁcant inﬂuence on a chosen parking search strategy. On the other hand, the drivers usually discover diffierent parking alternatives one by one in a temp oral sequence. Clearly, this temporal sequence has a very strong inﬂuence on the driver's ﬁnal decision about the parking place[19].During the past two decades, traffic authorities in many cities (Helsink i, Cologne, Mainz, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, Aalborg, Hague) have started to inform and guide drivers to parking facilities with real-time var-iab le message signs [directional arrows, names of the parking facilities, status (full, not full, number of availab le parking spaces, etc.)]. Information about the numb er of available parking spaces could be displayed on the major roads, streets and intersections, or it could be distrib uted through the Internet.It is logical to ask the question about the beneﬁts of the park ing guidance systems. Current practice shows that parking guidance systems usually do not change the occupancy rate or average parking duration. Drivers easily become familiar with the parking guidance systems, and majority of them use, thrust and appreciate the help of the systems[20].Guidance systems signiﬁcantly increase the probability of find ing vacant parking space, mitigate frustration of the drivers–visitors unfamiliar with the city center, decrease the queues in front of parking garages, decrease the total amo unt of vehicle-miles traveled (particularly in the city centers), decrease the average trip time, energyconsumption, and air po llutio n. Parking guidance system is a part of comprehensive parking policy and traffic management system, whose other elements are street parking control (includ ing sanctions for the illegally parked vehicles), parking fare structure, and parking revenue management system. Parking guidance systems help drivers to ﬁnd vacant parking spaces when they are already on the network, and approaching their ﬁnal destination. Througho ut this research the concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are proposed. The proposed methodology could be app lied for parking lots and parking garages in cities and at the big international airports.The paper is organized as fo llows: Parking-pricing problems are presented in Section 2. Analogies between parking problems and some other industries are presented in Section 3. The parking revenue management system is introduced in Section 4, and the Intelligent parking space inventory contro l system is introduced in Section 5. The algorithm to create intelligent parking spaces inventory control system is presented in Sectio n 6. Results obtained with the ‘‘intelligent’’ park ing system are given in Section 7, an d Sec-tion 8 presents the conclud ing remarks and further research orientations.1.parking pricingIn majority of cities throughout the world drivers pay for using d ifferent parking facilities. In some instances, traffic congestio n can be significantly reduced as a result of parking price. The parking revenue is usually used to cover park ing facility costs (access gates, ticket printers, park ing meters, parking signs, attendants), or to improve some other traffic and transportatio n activities. Different parking pricing strategies should be a part of the comprehensive solutio n approach to the complex traffic congestion problems. There is no doubt that parking pricing represents one of the important demand management strategies. Forexamp le, traffic authorities, local governments and private sector could introduce higher parking tariffs for solo drivers or for long-term parkers in congested city areas. They could provide special parkingdiscounts to vanpoolers. Obviously parking pricing sho uld be carefully studied in the context of the considered city area (down-town, residential, commercial, retail use areas).In some cities (Madison, Wisconsin) there are already time dependent parking fees that force commuters to switch to diffierent alternatives of pub lic transportation. Trying to promote public transit San Francisco traffic authorities increased parking tariffs at pub lic and commercial garages. The Chicago authorities raised parking rates fewtimes. Authorities in Seattle signiﬁcantly reduced parking tariffs for c arpool at two Seattle parking facilities in downtown. Active role in parking pricing strategies could also have emp loyers paying for emp loyees' parking. Emp loyers who remove parking subsidies for the emplo yees could significantly decrease the total number of solo drivers. The main ro le of any parking pricing strategy should be reducing the total number At the same time, when trying to implement any parking strategy, it is very important to provide enough parking space for shoppers, to provide preferential parking for residents in considered city area, to provide preferential park ing for different parking locations, to consider low income families, and to protect streets in the neighborhood fro m illegal parking.The basic economic concepts of supply and demand should be more utilized when solving comp lex traffic congestion and parking problems (Vickrey, 1969, 1994; Verhoef et al., 1995). So-called value pricing is also known as congestion pricing, or variable tolling. The basic idea behind the concept of congestion pricing is to force drivers to travel and use transportatio n facilities more during off-peak hours and less during peak hours. The idea of congestion pricing is primarily connected with the road (drivers pay for using private, faster roads, drivers with lower vehicle occupancy pay for using High Occupancy Vehicle lanes, drivers pay more to enter city's downtown on weekdays) or airport operators (more expensive land ing fees during peak hours). In the context of parking prob lems, this means: that diffe rent parkingtariffs sho uld exist for different users; that the parking fees should increase and/or decrease few times during a day.2.Parking problems and revenue management systems: Analogies with so me other industriesAirline industry, hotels, car rental, rail, cruise, healthcare, broadcast industry, energy industry, golf,equip ment rental, restaurant, and other industries are utilizing revenue management concepts when selling their products (Cross, 1997). The roots of the revenue management are in the airline industry. The basic characteristics of the industries to which different revenue management concepts were successfully applied are: variab le demand over time; variable asset utilization; perishab le assets; limited resources; market segmentatio n; adding new capacity is expensive, difficult or impossib le; direct cost per client is negligib le part of the total cost of making service available; selling products in advance. The main characteristics of the parking space inventory control problems are the following:Parking demand is variab le over time.Like hotel rooms, or restaurant chairs, parking spaces also have daily opportunity to be ‘‘sold’’ (used by clients).Any parking lot or garage has limited number of parking spaces that can be used by driversMarket segmentation means that different custo mers are willing to pay different prices for the same asset (hotel room, airline seat, seat in a rented car). Businessman wanting to park a car near a meeting point 15 minutes before the meeting would be ready to pay much higher parking fee than a pensioner planning to walk with his wife through the downtown, who made parking reservation four day in advance.Build ing new garages and parking lots could be very expensive and sometimes very d ifficult.Parking places can be easily reserved in advance.3.Introducing parking revenue management systemA certain number of drivers would maybe cancel their reservations before beginning of the parking.These cancellations would also be made at random mo ments of time. Like in some other industries, a certain number of drivers would not appear in parking garage for which they have a con-ﬁrmed reservation and purchased ticket. Would these drivers be penalized for their behavior? Depending on ration between parking demand and parking supp ly, the answer could be ‘‘Yes’’ or ‘‘No’’.In case of a ‘‘nested reservation system’’, the high tariff request will not be rejected as long as any parking spaces are availab le in lower tariff classes. For examp le, if we have four tariff classes, then there is no booking limit for class 1, but there are booking limits (BLi, i = 2, 3, . . ., m) for each of the remaining three classes). All parking spaces are always availab le to class 1. There are always a certain number of parking spaces protected for class 1, certain number of parking spaces protected for classes 1 and 2, and certain number of parking spaces protected for classes 1, 2 and 3. If we make a request-by-request revision of booking limits, there is no longer a difference between distinct and nested reservation system.In this research (like in the paper of Teodorovic´et al., 2002) an attempt was made to make reservation decisio ns on the ‘‘request-by-request’’ basis. In the scenario that we consider, we assume that there are more than two types of tariffs. The basic characteristic of the parking space inventory contro l model that we propose is ‘‘real-time’’ decisio n mak ing about each driver request. The developed model is called an ‘‘intelligent’’ parking space inventory contro l syste[21].智能停车场系统每天都会有一个显著的比例single-occupancy车辆驾驶者在寻找一个停车位。

智能停车位特征英语作文

智能停车位特征英语作文英文回答：Smart parking features are a vital aspect of modern urban planning and transportation systems. They offer numerous benefits, including:Increased parking availability: Smart parking technology helps drivers find available parking spaces quickly and efficiently, reducing the time spent circling and searching. This can significantly increase the turnover rate of parking spaces, making them more accessible to all users.Reduced congestion: By guiding drivers to available parking spaces, smart parking features reduce traffic congestion caused by vehicles searching for parking. This can improve traffic flow, reduce emissions, and make urban areas more livable.Enhanced safety: Smart parking systems can monitor parking areas in real-time, providing security and peace of mind to drivers. They can detect suspicious activity,notify authorities, and help prevent accidents.Environmental sustainability: Smart parking features can contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing vehicle emissions, promoting energy efficiency, and optimizing land use. They can help cities meet their environmental targets and create a greener future.Improved user experience: Smart parking technology provides a hassle-free and convenient parking experiencefor drivers. They can reserve parking spaces in advance, pay for parking through mobile apps, and receive real-time updates on parking availability. This enhances the overall user experience and makes parking a less stressful task.Key features of smart parking systems include:Sensors: Sensors are used to detect the presence or absence of vehicles in parking spaces.Data analytics: Data analytics platforms processsensor data to identify available parking spaces andprovide guidance to drivers.Communication systems: Communication systems allow smart parking systems to communicate with vehicles and mobile devices.Mobile apps: Mobile apps provide users with real-time parking information, navigation assistance, and payment options.User interfaces: User interfaces are designed to makeit easy for drivers to interact with smart parking systems.中文回答：智能停车位特征。

立体车库自动控制系统设计--中英文翻译

Parking control systemsThe iti:tinstrea m ct mtidem large-scale cunsii‘u c tion of intelligent bu i Jcl ings and district, so automation equipment or parking garage will the intelligent bu i l di rig control system and an integral parr of the plot. Simple, rapid, con venient, safe and reliable, l css maintcnancc, provide uscrs with a safe, easy to use environment, which is automated parking equipment, basic characteristics. Parking facilities foi all operating conditions. vehicle parking time, vehicle storagc Paying situation. garage storage capacity, vehicles, sioiage o:I high and low peak condition. and other in i o i Citation can be transmitted to the intel ligen i net vvt›i k control center. c‹›ntr‹›l center operations through the intelligent processing , anal the broadcasting system and the division management u i l ice linked to earl y i e lease related to the cone ml, management information, which all intelligent management. Intelligent biiil dings and district through the control center can also be associated with social netwoi kin g functions, will collect the information rclcascd or comc out to expand thc garagc ot social efficiency and economic benefits. This will be the development direction of automated garage.Automated parking control system mnin l y consists of the following tive subsystems: automatic chittging man iigeroeni system, automatic vehicle access system, remote diagnosis system. automatic aiitoinat ie barrier, monitoring security systems.management can be planned form, publish garage storage capacity, ii affic control prugritm.1. A utomatic charging management systcmAutomatic toll collection by non—contact IC card. IC Card points of two 1ong-lcn i card and sf orcd-va1uc card. The user, issue long-tcrm card use t‹z cs can be paid mannpemeni fees to pay.2, Aiiit›mali c access to vehicle systemsCnr access system, generally by the MCU control, including the card tin rnber rind。

立体车库的英文文献(中英文一起)

Developing a Hybrid Programmable Logic Controller Platform fora Flexible Manufacturing SystemAbstract:In this article, we present the design and implementation of a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) control platform based on a programmable logic controller (PLC) and a personal computer (PC)-based visual man-machine interface (MMI) and data acquisition (DAS) unit. The key aspect of an FMS is its flexibility to adapt to changes in a demanding process operation. The PLC provides feasible solutions to FMS applications, using PC-based MMI/DAS, whereby PLCs are optimized for executing rapid sequential control strategies. PCs running MMI/DAS front-ends make intuitive operation interfaces, full of powerful graphics and reporting tools. Information from the PC c an be distributed through a company’s local area network or web using client-server technologies. Currently, with the convergence of underlying microprocessor technology and software program-ming techniques, many users find that PLCs provide a cost-effective solution to real-time control in small- to medium-sized process plants, especially when combined with supervisory PCs using hybrid systems. The major work of this article demonstrates that PLCs are responsive to rapid and repetitious control tasks, using PCs that present the flow of information automation and accept operator instructions, thereby providing the user a tool to modify and monitor the process as the requirements change.Key Words: PLC、FMS、PC.1．IntroductionIn a variety of product manufacturing industries, the most automated form of production is a Flexible manufacturing system(FMS),first introduced in 1970s. Since the FMSs can providea high potential for productivity improvement in batch manufacturing, the number of FMSs is growing substantially (Groover and Zimmers, 1984). The acceleration throughout the world is due to increased global competition, reduced manufacturing cycle times, and cuts in production costs.Generally, an FMS consists of a group of machines or other automated work stations, which form into modular subsystems, such as CNC machines, robots, vision systems, and a process station. These are interconnected by a materials handling system and usually driven by a computer(Maleki,1991).Each modular system requires an individual modular control system, with different components being controlled by individual controller units. All of the modular subsystems are controlled by computers as usual. These controllers perform their intended tasks under supervision of a higher level controller. To the system, both the control devices as well as the flow of information need to be automated. The key aspect of an FMS is its ability to adapt to changes in the control tasks. This flexibility includes the quantities and varieties of part types which it can produce, the order in which operations may be performed, and its ability to reroute parts back into flow paths. In the end, the control platform should have the capability to automate the flow of information.Typically, there are three types of control platforms used in FMSs: minicomputers, microcomputers, and PLCs (Maleki, 1991). The minicomputers are best suited for complex large-scale, continuous ,regulatory control applications . The PLCs are used for rapid and repetitious logic control. Personal computers (PCs) are suited for operator interface functions. Primarily, PLCs are designed to replace hardwiring relays, to operate in an industrial environment, to be easily modified by plant engineers and maintenance personnel, and to be maintained by plant electricians. Currently, with the convergence of underlying microprocessor technology and software programming, many users find that PLCs provide a cost-effective solution to real-time control in small-to medium-sizedprocess plants, especially when combined with supervisory PCs using hybrid systems.The purpose of this article is to address the state-of-the-art technology of FMSs. The design and construction of an FMS using PLC-controlled and PC-based visual man-machine interface(MMI) and data acquisition system(DAS) are presented. It is organized as follows. Section 2 begins with the description of the FMS on the factory floor of the Center for Manufacturing System sat the NewJersey Institute of Technology(NJIT).Section 3 shows the operational description of the FMS. Sections 4 and 5 present the applications of PLC-controlled and PC-based MMI/DAS for the FMS at NJIT. Section 6 contains a summary of the advantages of this PLC-controlled and PC-based MMI/DAS for FMS application.2. Description of the FMSSI handling conveyor systemThis consists of four carts, A, B, C, and D, with fixtures mounted on each, two transfer tables,TT1 and TT2 , and dual conveyors which transport materials to each workstation.Figure 1. Flexible manufacturing system.NASA II CNC milling machineThe milling machine accepts rectangular solid blanks and machines each part of different types according to its computer controller.GE P50 robotA shared robot is used to load and unload the material between the CNC milling machine and the conveyor system, and between the parts presentation station and conveyor system. It contains five computer programs assignable by the PLC. The computer programs direct the robot to load the material between the parts presentation station and the carts and between the CNC machine and the carts. The last two programs place the completed parts in the accept or reject area.Parts presentation stationThis station includes a gravity-chute, which supplies rectangular solid blanks as raw materials. This station also contains two bin types, one each for accepted parts and rejected parts.Computer vision systemThe vision system provides for the visual automated inspection of the parts. It is a menu-driven, 64-level gray scale, edge detection system.Drilling machineAn IBM7535 industrial robot with an automated drill as an end-effector drills various holes in the parts as directed.In summary, the FMS has two robots, one CNC mill, a material transfer convey or system including transportation carts and positioning limit switches, and a vision system, which are supervised by a GE-Series Six PLC and monitored by a PC-based visual MMI/DAS.3. Operational descriptionThe working cycle for this FMS proceeds in the following manner:1.Initially, all four carts on the conveyor system are empty and available for the raw materials to be loaded onto them from the parts presentation station.2.The GE robot loads four parts, one by one, on to the four carts on the convey or system. The carts move clock wise as they are being loaded.3. Figure 2 shows the positions acquired by the four carts once the four parts of different types have been loaded.4. The IBM robot drills various holes on each blank part as the cart stops at the drilling machine.5. The GE robot moves to the conveyor, removes the part from the cart at position X1,and loads it into the fixture located on the CNC machine table.6. Once the part is loaded on the CNC milling machine, the robot retracts, and the milling machine mills the rectangular part as required.7. After the milling operation, the robot arm moves to the milling machine to remove the part that was machined from the holding fixture.Figure 2. Loading state of the conveyor system.8. The robot returns the finished part to the same cart on the conveyor.9. A signal is sent to the vision camera to inspect the part.10. The vision system analyzes the part and outputs a signal that directs the robot to accept or reject the part.11. The robot runs either an accept program to place the part in the accept bin or runs a reject program to place the part in the reject bin.12. The GE robot goes to the parts presentation station and loads a new blank part into the cart.13. The cart is released to the system and the next cycle is started.4. Control of an FMS with a PLCThe significant features of the FMS control system are as follows:1.The system is easy to configure and to modify to accommodate changes and updates, because of the ladder logic capability of the system.2.In a similar manner, the system is easy to program and document.3.The system can be easily maintained, and troubleshooting is decreased because on-line diagnostics are provided to pinpoint problems and decrease maintenance.4.Naturally, the system is readily interfaced with the computer.The PLC is a general purpose industrial computer which is widely used in industrial process control. It is capable of storing instructions to implement control functions such as sequencing, timing, counting, arithmetic, data manipulation, and communication to control industrial machines and processes. The PLC is chosen to perform an FMS control task based on the following features:1) good reliability;2) less space required and operates in an industrial environment;3) easier to maintain by plant engineer or technician;4) can be reprogrammed if control requirements change;5) can communicate and network with other computers.In this application, a GE-Series Six PLC is equipped with a memory bank, and the I/O racks are loaded with the following input and output interfaces: 120 VAC input modules with 8 ports/module, 24 VDC input modules with 8 ports/module, and 120 VAC output modules with 8 ports/module.5. PC-based visual operator interface unitWith the convergence of microprocessor technology and software techniques, the PC has become very useful in operator interface applications. PCs running MMI/DAS front-ends make powerful, intuitive operation interfaces, full of useful graphics and reporting tools. Information from these PCs can be distributed through a company’s local area network(LAN) or web using client-server technologies.A PC-based visual MMI/DAS was developed to monitor the process and log data. The functions of the MMI are twofold. First, it opens a window between the operatorand the process and then displays the process information on the CRT. It also allows the operator to modify the time delay constants or alarm setpoints without changing the ladder logic, if the production requirements change. Second, it provides an automatic data logging device. It is capable of creating batch, shift, and day log reports. Information from the PC can be distributed through the local area network using client-server technologies. An application program has been developed by using an off-the-shelf state-of-the-art GENESIS for Windows PC-based software to provide the data from the PLC through a RS232 interface. This approach allows the PC to combine the controller, the programming terminal, the operator interface, and the data acquisition system together in one unit. The PC-based MMI/DAS software provides an icon-based and mouse-driven open system for designing a real-time control strategy and dynamic operator displays. With the open architecture features, it provides support for user algorithms and LAN interfacing.The other part of the MMI/DAS software is the enriched and user-friendly graphic builder. The graphic builder is an object-oriented CAD-based tool. The graphic tools allow the user to generate intuitive and useful man-machine interface screens to display the dynamic status of the FMS.6. ConclusionsThe particular FMS example is fully automated by a hybrid control platform using a PLC controlled and PC-based supervisory operator interface unit and data acquisition system. The trend of flexible manufacturing demands more open system control and flexibility with affordable cost. Obviously, the size and the nature of the application affect the decision. This PLC and PC hybrid supervisory control platform provides a cost-effective solution to real-time control and automation of the flow of information for small- to medium sized process plants. The system improvements are achieved in control system reliability, equipment maintainability, software maintainability, and system flexibility. The automated DAS system has the capability to generate batch, shift, and day logs reports, to report process and equipment alarms, and to refresh process data.为柔性制造系统设计的可编程控制器平台摘要：在本文中，我们给出了基于PLC和以可视的个人PC机为基础的MMI和DAS单元的柔性制造系统（FMS）控制平台的设计和运行。