外文翻译 完本
本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡:鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院:机械自动化专业:工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师:潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers &Industrial Engineering,2013,65:261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡:鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽,亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程,2013,65:261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡,并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。
假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。
该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。
基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。
本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外,基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高,因此也更具有实际意义。
此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。
关键字:装配线平衡;不确定性; 鲁棒优化;组合优化;精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。
零部件依次向下移动直到完工。
它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。
在这方面,建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。
生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。
那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。
就生产(绍尔,1999)产品型号的数量来说,装配线可分为三类:单一模型(SALBP),混合模型(MALBP)和多模式(MMALBP)。
MarkTwain-MirrorofAmerica全文翻译
Most Americ ans rememb er Mark Twainas the father of Huck Finn's idylli c cruise throug h eterna l boyhoo d and Tom Sawyer's endles s summer of freedo m and advent ure. In-deed, this nation's best-lovedauthor was everybit as ad-ventur ous, patrio tic, romant ic, and humoro us as anyone has ever imagin ed. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. 在大多数美国人的心目中,马克•吐温是位伟大作家,他描写了哈克•费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆•索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确,这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克•吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克•吐温,一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】
因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定,为统一起见,特做以下要求:1、每篇字数为1500字左右,共两篇;2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本,具体字号、字体已标注。
外文翻译(包含原文)(宋体四号加粗)外文翻译一(宋体四号加粗)作者:(宋体小四号加粗)Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team,Korean Film Council(小四号)出处:(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358~P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景(标题:宋体四号加粗)1996~现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四)在过去的十年间,韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。
上个世纪60年代,韩国电影迅速崛起,然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后,韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。
在这个时期,韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长,但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。
1996年,韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。
但是到了1998年,市场占有量增长到35。
8%,到2001年更是达到了50%。
虽然从1996年开始,韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中,但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。
虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录,但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。
当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时,2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。
姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。
从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》,康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。
毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)
译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要:城市化和机动化的快速增长,通常有助于城市交通系统的发展,是经济性,环境性和社会可持续性的体现,但其结果是交通量无情增加,导致交通拥挤。
道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次,作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤,但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用,因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。
本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念,它应该满足集体经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的目标.然后,根据可持续交通系统的特点,使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长,环境保护和社会正义。
研究结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式,可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。
一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。
随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展,交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题,造成较大的时间延迟,增加能源消耗和空气污染,减少了道路网络的可靠性.在许多城市,交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍.我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞,包括新的基础设施建设,改善基础设施的维护和操作,并利用现有的基础设施,通过需求管理策略,包括定价机制,更有效地减少运输密度.交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出,作为一种有效的措施,来缓解的交通挤塞情况。
交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费,以纾缓拥堵情况.转移非高峰期一些出行路线,远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆,或完全阻止一些出行,交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上,改善空气中的质量,减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。
此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。
继在20世纪70年代初和80年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环,在2003年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费;直至现在,它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。
然而,交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。
道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚,和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性,需要进一步研究。
外文翻译及中文译文
车床用于车外圆、端面和镗孔等加工的机床称作车床。
车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行,因为其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。
由于车床除了用于车外圆还能用于镗孔、车端面、钻孔和铰孔,车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次定位安装中完成多种加工。
这就是在生产中普遍使用各种车床比其他种类的机床都要多的原因。
两千多年前就已经有了车床。
现代车床可以追溯到大约1797年,那时亨利•莫德斯利发明了一种具有把主轴和丝杆的车床。
这种车床可以控制工具的机械进给。
这位聪明的英国人还发明了一种把主轴和丝杆相连接的变速装置,这样就可以切削螺纹。
车床的主要部件:床身、主轴箱组件、尾架组件、拖板组、变速齿轮箱、丝杆和光杆。
床身是车床的基础件。
它通常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铸铁制成,它是一个坚固的刚性框架,所有其他主要部件都安装在床身上。
通常在球墨铸铁制成,它是一个坚固的刚性框架,所有其他主要部件都安装在床身上。
通常在床身上面有内外两组平行的导轨。
一些制造厂生产的四个导轨都采用倒“V”,而另一些制造厂则将倒“V”形导轨和平面导轨结合。
由于其他的部件要安装在导轨上并(或)在导轨上移动,导轨要经过精密加工,以保证其装配精度。
同样地,在操作中应该小心,以避免损伤导轨。
导轨上的任何误差,常常会使整个机床的精度遭到破坏。
大多数现代车床的导轨要进行表面淬火处理。
以减少磨损和擦伤,具有更大的耐磨性。
主轴箱安装在床身一端内导轨的固定位置上。
它提供动力。
使工件在各种速度下旋转。
它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心轴和一系列变速齿轮---类似于卡车变速箱所组成,通过变速齿轮,主轴可以在许多中转速的旋转。
大多数车床有8~18中转速,一般按等比级数排列。
在现代车床上只需扳动2~4个手柄,就能得到全部挡位的转速。
目前发展的趋势是通过电气的或机械的装置进行无级变速。
由于车床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴,因此主轴的结构尺寸较大,通常安装在紧密配合的重型圆锤滚子轴承或球轴承中。
外文翻译-中文
利率市场化对储蓄和投资的影响:来自尼日利亚的数据J.U.J.Onwumere1, Okore Amah Okore1 and Imo G.Ibe,摘要知识平台的研讨会提供了Mckinnon (1973)和Shaw(1973)对于发展中国家的金融自由化的的成果。
他们认为,利率市场化会导致利率上升,从而增加储蓄和投资。
本文研究了在利率市场化对储蓄和投资在尼日利亚的影响。
它涵盖的期间为1976至1999。
利用简单线性回归技术,采用SPSS统计软件。
研究结果表明,利率市场化在尼日利亚对储蓄有不显著的负影响,对投资显著负影响。
因此,利率市场化,虽然是一个好的政策,但在尼日利亚。
这可能是由于发展的步伐和测序不当。
在确定了利率市场化的适当的排序,我们建议当局不仅要区分贷款和存款的交易,也要批发和零售交易之间进行区分。
第一复杂的实体批发交易利率应该放开,其次是贷款利率和存款利率。
这种渐进的方式可以保障银行的盈利能力的同时,可以让个人和企业自由调整开放时间。
介绍McKinnon (1973)和 Shaw (1973)的研究成果表明由于金融抑制是发展中国家业绩增长缓慢的原因。
他们认为,国家以金融抑制;提高名义利率,通货膨胀会增加储蓄和投资的资源的供给。
生产率的投资也上升为这些资源流向有高回报率的项目。
他们进一步认为,金融抑制的产生主要是当一个国家的“天花板”的名义存贷款利率相对于通货膨胀的程度处于一个较低的水平。
由此产生的低或负的实际利率,阻碍了储蓄通过金融系统进行储蓄动员和引导动员。
因此投资对经济增长的负面影响。
McKinnon和 Shaw认为发展中国家的金融抑制政策引发的问题需要金融自由化来改变。
自从20世纪70年金融自由化概念的引入以来,许多国家,如安哥拉,布隆迪,刚果,科特迪瓦,冈比亚,加纳,肯尼亚,马达加斯加,马拉维,莫桑比克,尼日利亚,卢旺达,坦桑尼亚,赞比亚,津巴布韦,印度,中国,土耳其,等在为开放本国金融业的利率放开而努力,消除或减少信贷管制,允许自由进入银行业的自主性,给商业银行,允许银行私有化和自由化的国际资本流动。
外文文献
英文文献资料外文文献一:Food safety: the shocking truth about the food industrySource: Author: Marion Nestle、Refrigeration technology, pasteurization, pesticides, disease control, these technologies so that safe food into the 20th century, public health's greatest achievements. This book view is that food safety problems also depend on politics. September 2001 events to dispel this view of the doubts about aviation aircraft used by terrorists as a destruction of weapons to civilians and public figures have anthrax spores sent folder of letters, the consequences of these events shows, food, water can easily become a a tool for terrorists, it has also become the federal government for food safety control problem.This chapter will sum up this book referred to in the various food safety problems. Some of them threatened to keep animals healthy, very few will lead to a number of human diseases. Even so, these issues impact on human well-being is deep; large-scale destruction of breeding animals, affecting the livelihood of many people, limiting personal freedom. The 20th century, 90's and early 21st century, an outbreak of mad cow disease and foot and mouth disease Although this is only because of errors caused by the production process, but still brings a lot of destructive. In contrast, bio-terrorism is the deliberate use of biological and chemical substances to achieve their political objectives. For food safety issues,Bio-terrorism extends food safety issues and political outreach; deliberate destruction, excluding any consequences of innocent injury.In this chapter, we will discuss how the rise of bio-terrorism, food safety issues and extend the extension of food safety issues. In the United States, food safety, usually refers to the family food supply reliability. E-mail from the anthrax incident, the food safety issues, also includes safety from biological terrorism. Our discussion will be the beginning of some zoonotic diseases: such as mad cow disease, foot and mouth disease, anthrax. In recent years, these zoonotic diseases harmful to humans is relatively small. Today, for these zoonotic diseases, we are concerned that they may give rise to disease, destruction of food supply system,To become a tool for bio-terrorism aspect. This chapter summarizes the discussion of this book, fromsociety and from a personal point of view what action should be taken to face these issues, as well as food safety issues present and future.The political animal diseasesOne of the consequences of globalization is that of food cross-border long-distance rapid transit, affecting food supply all kinds of disease can easily spread from one country to another country. Animal diseases have a commercial impact, if a country has come to infectious diseases of animals, other countries will refuse to import the kinds of animal meat. The impact of business at the same time there are political consequences.Britain's mad cow disease and foot and mouth disease occurred as a result of beef in the production process caused by mismanagement, compared to the U.S. anthrax letters is a result of vandalism. However, this three kinds of threatening to cause great panic, they are difficult to detect control, can cause severe disease. Moreover, these three kinds of threats against people for the food supply, as well as confidence in the Government.Mad cow is the mid-20th century, 90 of the most popular of a food security crisis, the epidemic is mainly limited to the United Kingdom. With regard to BSE-related issues and our discussion, mainly because of political issues and scientific issues intertwined Among them, public confidence had a great impact. For example, the British Government in the BSE crisis in the practice is also considered to result in distrust of genetically modified food one of the reasons. The beginning of the 20th century, 80 years, no one had heard of the disease, but in 1999, this disease affects at least 175,000 British cattle. The consequences are very serious: 400 million head of livestock were slaughtered, the loss of 70 billion U.S. dollars,Spread to 18 countries worldwide national boycott of British beef. By 2001 only, although "only" 120 people died of the human variant of mad cow disease, it is estimated the death toll will reach 10 million people. Because mad cow disease revealed the modern politics of food safety issues, it is worth detailing.英文文献中文翻译06013618 胡冬敏外文翻译一:作者:玛丽恩·内斯特尔出版时间:2004年11月食品安全:令人震惊的食品行业真相(美)玛丽恩·内斯特尔冷藏技术,巴氏消毒,杀虫剂,疾病控制,这些技术使安全食品成为20世纪公众健康最伟大的成就之一。
(完整版)高级英语mark_twain—mirror_of_america翻译
Mark Twain-the Mirror of AmericaMost Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well –one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.在大多数美国人的心目中,马克?吐温是位伟大作家,他描写了哈克?费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆?索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确,这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克?吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克?吐温,一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world.印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家:马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯,他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地,体验着美国的新生活,尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。
(完整版)MarkTwain-MirrorofAmerica全文翻译
Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. 在大多数美国人的心目中,马克•吐温是位伟大作家,他描写了哈克•费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆•索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。
的确,这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。
但我发现还有另一个不同的马克•吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克•吐温,一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。
Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world. 印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家:马克•吐温原名塞缪尔•朗赫恩•克莱门斯,他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地,体验着美国的新生活,尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。
毕业论文外文翻译译文及原文
译文模型飞机设计介绍这种教学系列是书面与应用专业的飞机设计原则,以简单的无线电控制的飞机设计的水平,可以使学生易于理解。
学习模块可以依次写入,也可以单独引用。
此教学系列涵盖了许多不同的设计方面。
但是学习模块并非很详细,许多课题已省略,因为它们太复杂,难于处理,或对于简单模型飞机的设计它们的影响是微不足道的。
学习模块是休闲的,以对话式参与读者的方式,使内容更容易被非专业的读者所理解。
教师计划使用这些学习模块可以让读者自己阅读和适应课程,或者使他们以学生的角度去学习。
这是老师的决定,因为他们知道他们的学生需要学习什么,什么是适合他们课程计划和课程内容的。
各种深度的概念已被添加在学习单元的结尾。
这些可能包括复杂的飞机设计,或者更先进的数学技术。
飞机设计涵盖了众多的学科,从创意、艺术灵感、精确的数学计算,以及先进的理念帮助,以满足更广泛的教育需求。
在这里,有些学生可能会比别人提出更多的议题,并可能要继续学习飞机设计。
在指南的最后一个进一步阅读的部分已经提供了指向在线资源和印刷文本,学生可以自主学习。
也有一些建议项目学生可以学习,无论是独立或作为SACE研究项目的一部分。
大学生可能提供帮助指导学生学习,而这会给中学生学习的机会,通常在高年级本科生和硕士学位发现的研究课题。
这本手册的计划和指示,建立了两个无线电控制的飞机,在山谷景观ACE和额外的300 部。
这些文件包含建立和飞这架飞机所需的信息。
这种教学系列被写入到需要这些信息,并允许扩展,但仅靠这种教学系列是不足以建立一个无线电控制的飞机,作为构建技术和一些特定的信息没有被提供。
这个信息很容易在互联网上,有些链接会在进一步阅读环节里。
学习模块1飞机怎样飞行?基础知识让我们以一个客机开始,例如波音737,从阿德莱德飞往墨尔本。
我们忽略它的起飞和降落,来看它的主要部分“巡航”在这个期间,飞机没有更快或者更慢,也没有变高变低,没有左右转弯,只是保持一个速度平直飞行。
(完整版)工程管理专业外文文献及翻译
本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目:Changing roles of the clientsArchitects and contractorsThrough BIM文献、资料来源:Engineering, Construction, Archi-tectual Management文献、资料发表(出版)日期:2010.2院(部):专业:班级:姓名:学号:指导教师:翻译日期:外文文献:Changing roles of the clients,architects and contractors through BIMRizal SebastianTNO Built Environment and Geosciences, Delft, The NetherlandsAbstractPurpose– This paper aims to present a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature and case studies. It seeks to address the necessity for applying BIM and re-organising the processes and roles in hospital building projects. This type of project is complex due to complicated functional and technical requirements, decision making involving a large number of stakeholders, and long-term development processes. Design/methodology/approach– Through desk research and referring to the ongoing European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed. Through several real cases, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors through BIM application are investigated.Findings–One of the main findings is the identification of the main factors for a successful collaboration using BIM, which can be recognised as “POWER”: product information sharing (P),organisational roles synergy (O), work processes coordination (W), environment for teamwork (E), and reference data consolidation (R). Furthermore, it is also found that the implementation of BIM in hospital building projects is still limited due to certain commercial and legal barriers, as well as the fact that integrated collaboration has not yet been embedded in the real estate strategies of healthcare institutions.Originality/value– This paper contributes to the actual discussion in science and practice on the changing roles and processes that are required to develop and operate sustainable buildings with the support of integrated ICT frameworks and tools. It presents the state-of-the-art of European research projects and some of the first real cases of BIM application in hospital building projects. Keywords Europe, Hospitals, The Netherlands, Construction works, Response flexibility, Project planningPaper type General review1. IntroductionHospital building projects, are of key importance, and involve significant investment, and usually take a long-term development period. Hospital building projects are also very complexdue to the complicated requirements regarding hygiene, safety, special equipments, and handling of a large amount of data. The building process is very dynamic and comprises iterative phases and intermediate changes. Many actors with shifting agendas, roles and responsibilities are actively involved, such as: the healthcare institutions, national and local governments, project developers, financial institutions, architects, contractors, advisors, facility managers, and equipment manufacturers and suppliers. Such building projects are very much influenced, by the healthcare policy, which changes rapidly in response to the medical, societal and technological developments, and varies greatly between countries (World Health Organization, 2000). In The Netherlands, for example, the way a building project in the healthcare sector is organised is undergoing a major reform due to a fundamental change in the Dutch health policy that was introduced in 2008.The rapidly changing context posts a need for a building with flexibility over its lifecycle. In order to incorporate life-cycle considerations in the building design, construction technique, and facility management s trategy, a multidisciplinary collaboration is required. Despite the attemptfor establishing integrated collaboration, healthcare building projects still faces serious problemsin practice, such as: budget overrun, delay, and sub-optimal quality in terms of flexibility,end-user’s dissatisfaction, and energy inefficiency. It i s evident that the lack of communicationand coordination between the actors involved in the different phases o f a building project is among the most important reasons behind these problems. The communication between different stakeholders becomes critical, as each stakeholder possesses different set of skills. As a result, the processes for extraction, interpretation, and communication of complex design information from drawings and documents are often time-consuming and difficult. Advanced visualisation technologies, like 4D planning have tremendous potential to increase the communication efficiency and interpretation ability of the project team members. However, their use as an effective communication tool is still limited and not fully explored (Dawood and Sikka, 2008).There are also other barriers in the information transfer and integration, for instance: many existing ICT systems do not support the openness of the data and structure that is prerequisite foran effective collaboration between different building actors or disciplines.Building information modelling (BIM) offers an integrated solution to the previously mentioned problems. Therefore, BIM is increasingly used as an ICT support in complex building projects. An effective multidisciplinary collaboration supported by an optimal use of BIM require changing roles of the clients, architects, and contractors; new contractual relationships; and re-organised collaborative processes. Unfortunately, there are still gaps in the practical knowledge on how to manage the building actors to collaborate effectively in their changing roles, and to develop and utilise BIM as an optimal ICT support of the collaboration.This paper presents a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature review and case studies. In the next sections, based on literature and recent findings from European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed. Subsequently, through the observation of two ongoing pilot projects in The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors through BIM application are investigated. In conclusion, the critical success factors as well as the main barriers of a successful integrated collaboration using BIM are identified.2. Changing roles through integrated collaboration and life-cycle design approachesA hospital building project involves various actors, roles, and knowledge domains. In The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors in hospital building projects are inevitable due the new healthcare policy. Previously under the Healthcare Institutions Act (WTZi), healthcare institutions were required to obtain both a license and a building permit for new construction projects and major renovations. The permit was issued by the Dutch Ministry of Health. The healthcare institutions were then eligible to receive financial support from the government. Since 2008, new legislation on the management o f hospital building projects and real estate has come into force. In this new legislation, a permit for hospital building project under the WTZi is no longer obligatory, nor obtainable (Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, 2008). This change allows more freedom from the state-directed policy, and respectively, allocates more responsibilities to the healthcare organisations to deal with the financing and management of their real estate. The new policy implies that the healthcare institutions are fully responsible to manage and finance their building projects and real estate. The government’s support for the costs of healthcare facilities will no longer be given separately, but will beincluded in the fee for healthcare services. This means that healthcare institutions must earn back their investment on real estate through their services. This new policy intends to stimulate sustainable innovations in the design, procurement and management of healthcare buildings, which will contribute to effective and efficient primary healthcare services.The new strategy for building projects and real estate management endorses an integrated collaboration approach. In order to assure the sustainability during construction, use, and maintenance, the end-users, facility managers, contractors and specialist c ontractors need to be involved in the planning and design processes. The implications of the new strategy are reflected in the changing roles of the building actors and in the new procurement method.In the traditional procurement method, the design, and its details, are developed by the architect, and design engineers. Then, the client (the healthcare institution) sends an application to the Ministry of Health to obtain an approval on the building permit and the financial support from the government. Following this, a contractor is selected through a tender process that emphasises the search for the lowest-price bidder. During the construction period, changes often take place due to constructability problems of the design and new requirements from the client. Because of the high level of technical complexity, and moreover, decision-making complexities, the whole process from initiation until delivery of a hospital building project can take up to ten years time. After the delivery, the healthcare institution is fully in charge of the operation of the facilities. Redesigns and changes also take place in the use phase to cope with new functions and developments in the medical world (van Reedt Dortland, 2009).The integrated procurement pictures a new contractual relationship between the parties involved in a building project. Instead of a relationship between the client and architect for design, and the client and contractor for construction, in an integrated procurement the client only holds a contractual relationship with the main party that is responsible for both design and construction ( Joint Contracts Tribunal, 2007). The traditional borders between tasks and occupational groups become blurred since architects, consulting firms, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers all stand on the supply side in the building process while the client on the demand side. Such configuration puts the architect, engineer and contractor in a very different position that influences not only their roles, but also their responsibilities, tasks and communication with the client, the users, the team and other stakeholders.The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method requires a shift of mindsetof the parties on both the demand and supply sides. It is essential for the client and contractor tohave a fair and open collaboration in which both can optimally use their competencies. Thed strategy effectiveness of integrated collaboration is also determined by the client’s capacity to organize innovative tendering procedures (Sebastian et al., 2009).A new challenge emerges in case of positioning an architect in a partnership with the contractor instead of with the client. In case of the architect enters a partnership with the contractor, an important issues is how to ensure the realisation of the architectural values as wellas innovative engineering through an efficient construction process. In another case, the architectsory role instead of being the designer. In this case,can stand at the client’s side in a strategic advithe architect’s responsibility is translating client’s requirements and wishes into the ar values to be included in the design specification, and evaluating the contractor’s p this. In any of this new role, the architect holds the responsibilities as stakeholder interest facilitator, custodian of customer value and custodian of design models.The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method also brings consequencesin the payment schemes. In the traditional building process, the honorarium for the architect isusually based on a percentage of the project costs; this may simply mean that the more expensivethe building is, the higher the honorarium will be. The engineer receives the honorarium based onthe complexity of the design and the intensity of the assignment. A highly complex building,which takes a number of redesigns, is usually favourable for the engineers in terms of honorarium.A traditional contractor usually receives the commission based on the tender to construct thebuilding at the lowest price by meeting the minimum specifications given by the client. Extrawork due to modifications is charged separately to the client. After the delivery, the contractor isno longer responsible for the long-term use of the building. In the traditional procurement method,all risks are placed with the client.In integrated procurement method, the payment is based on the achieved building performance; thus, the payment is non-adversarial. Since the architect, engineer and contractorhave a wider responsibility on the quality of the design and the building, the payment is linked toa measurement system of the functional and technical performance of the building over a certainperiod of time. The honorarium becomes an incentive to achieve the optimal quality. If thebuilding actors succeed to deliver a higher added-value that exceed the minimum client’sextra gain. The level of requirements, they will receive a bonus in accordance t o the client’stransparency is also improved. Open book accounting is an excellent instrument provided that the stakeholders agree on the information to be shared and to its level of detail (InPro, 2009).Next to the adoption of integrated procurement method, the new real estate strategy for hospital building projects addresses a n innovative product development and life-cycle design approaches. A sustainable business case for the investment and exploitation of hospital buildings relies on dynamic life-cycle management that includes considerations and analysis of the market development over time next to the building life-cycle costs (investment/initial cost, operational cost, and logistic cost). Compared to the conventional life-cycle costing method, the dynamiclife-cycle management encompasses a shift from focusing only on minimizing the costs to focusing on maximizing the total benefit that can be gained. One of the determining factors for a successful implementation of dynamic life-cycle management is the sustainable design of the building and building components, which means that the design carries sufficient flexibility to accommodate possible changes in the long term (Prins, 1992).Designing based on the principles of life-cycle management affects the role of the architect,as he needs to be well informed about the usage scenarios and related financial arrangements, the changing social and physical environments, and new technologies. Design needs to integrate people activities and business strategies over time. In this context, the architect is required to align the design strategies with the organisational, local and global policies on finance, business operations, health and safety, environment, etc. (Sebastian et al., 2009).The combination of process and product innovation, and the changing roles of the building actors can be accommodated by integrated project delivery or IPD (AIA California Council, 2007). IPD is an approach that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and construction. IPD principles can be applied to a variety of contractual arrangements. IPD teams will usually include members well beyond the basic triad of client, architect, and contractor. At a minimum, though, an Integrated Project should include a tight collaboration between the client, the architect, and the main contractor ultimately responsible for construction of the project, from the early design untilthe project handover. The key to a successful IPD is assembling a team that is committed to collaborative processes and is capable of working together effectively. IPD is built on collaboration. As a result, it can only be successful if the participants share and apply commonvalues and goals.3. Changing roles through BIM applicationBuilding information model (BIM) comprises ICT frameworks and tools that can support theintegrated collaboration based on life-cycle design approach. BIM is a digital representation ofphysical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such it serves as a shared knowledgeresource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its lifecyclefrom inception onward (National Institute of Building Sciences NIBS, 2007). BIM facilitates timeand place independent collaborative working. A basic premise of BIM is collaboration bydifferent stakeholders at different phases of the life cycle of a facility to insert, extract, update ormodify information in the BIM to support and reflect the roles of that stakeholder. BIM in itsultimate form, as a shared digital representation founded on open standards for interoperability,can become a virtual information model to be handed from the design team to the contractor and subcontractors and then to the client (Sebastian et al., 2009).BIM is not the same as the earlier known computer aided design (CAD). BIM goes furtherthan an application to generate digital (2D or 3D) drawings (Bratton, 2009). BIM is an integratedmodel in which all process and product information is combined, stored, elaborated, and interactively distributed to all relevant building actors. As a central model for all involved actorsthroughout the project lifecycle, BIM develops and evolves as the project progresses. Using BIM,the proposed design and engineering solutions can be measured against the client’s re and expected building performance. The functionalities of BIM to support the design processextend to multidimensional (nD), including: three-dimensional visualisation and detailing, clashdetection, material schedule, planning, cost estimate, production and logistic information, andas-built documents. During the construction process, BIM can support the communicationbetween the building site, the factory and the design office– which is crucial for an effective andefficient prefabrication and assembly processes as well as to prevent or solve problems related to unforeseen errors or modifications. When the building is in use, BIM can be used in combinationwith the intelligent building systems to provide and maintain up-to-date information of thebuilding performance, including the life-cycle cost.To unleash the full potential of more efficient information exchange in the AEC/FM industry in collaborative working using BIM, both high quality open international standards and high quality implementations of these standards must be in place. The IFC open standard is generally agreed to be of high quality and is widely implemented in software. Unfortunately, the certification process allows poor quality implementations to be certified and essentially renders the certified software useless for any practical usage with IFC. IFC compliant BIM is actually used less than manual drafting for architects and contractors, and show about the same usage for engineers. A recent survey shows that CAD (as a closed-system) is still the major form of technique used in design work (over 60 per cent) while BIM is used in around 20 percent of projects for architects and in around 10 per cent of projects for engineers and contractors (Kiviniemi et al., 2008).The application of BIM to support an optimal cross-disciplinary and cross-phase collaboration opens a new dimension in the roles and relationships between the building actors. Several most relevant issues are: the new role of a model manager; the agreement on the access right and Intellectual Property Right (IPR); the liability and payment arrangement according tothe type of contract and in relation to the integrated procurement; and the use of open international standards.Collaborative working using BIM demands a new expert role of a model manager who possesses ICT as well as construction process know-how (InPro, 2009). The model manager deals with the system as well as with the actors. He provides and maintains technological solutions required for BIM functionalities, manages the information flow, and improves the ICT skills of the stakeholders. The model manager does not take decisions on design and engineering solutions, nor the organisational processes, b ut his roles in the chain of decision making are focused on:the development of BIM, the definition of the structure and detail level of the model, and the deployment of relevant BIM tools, such as for models checking, merging, and clash detections;the contribution to collaboration methods, especially decision making and communication protocols, task planning, and risk management;and the management of information, in terms of data flow and storage, identification ofcommunication errors, and decision or process (re-)tracking.way Regarding the legal and organisational issues, one of the actual questions is: “does the intellectual property right (IPR) in collaborative working using BIM differ from the IPRin a traditional teamwork?”. In terms of combined work, the IPR of each element is attached to its creator. Although it seems to be a fully integrated design, BIM actually resulted from a combination of works/elements; for instance: the outline of the building design, is created by the architect, the design for the electrical system, is created by the electrical contractor, etc. Thus, incase of BIM as a combined work, the IPR is similar to traditional teamwork. Working with BIMwith authorship registration functionalities may actually make it easier to keep track of theIPR(Chao-Duivis, 2009).How does collaborative working, using BIM, effect the contractual relationship? On the onehand, collaborative working using BIM does not necessarily change the liability position in thecontract nor does it obligate an alliance contract. The General Principles of BIM Addendum confirms: ‘This does not effectuate or require a restructuring of contractual relationships orshifting of risks between or among the Project Participants other than as specifically required per(ConsensusDOCS, 2008). On the other hand,the Protocol Addendum and its Attachments’ changes in terms of payment schemes can be anticipated. Collaborative processes using BIM willlead to the shifting of activities from to the early design phase. Much, if not all, activities in thedetailed engineering and specification phase will be done in the earlier phases. It means thatsignificant payment for the engineering phase, which may count up to 40 per cent of the designcost, can no longer be expected. As engineering work is done concurrently with the design, a new proportion of the payment in the early design phase is necessary(Chao-Duivis, 2009).4. Review of ongoing hospital building projects using BIMIn The Netherlands, the changing roles in hospital building projects are part of the strategy,which aims at achieving a sustainable real estate in response to the changing healthcare policy.Referring to literature and previous research, the main factors that influence the success of thechanging roles can be concluded as: the implementation of an integrated procurement method anda life-cycle design approach for a sustainable collaborative process; the agreement on the BIMstructure and the intellectual rights; and the integration of the role of a model manager. Thepreceding sections have discussed t he conceptual thinking on how to deal with these factors effectively. This current section observes two actual projects and compares the actual practice with the conceptual view respectively.The main issues, which are observed in the case studies, are:the selected procurement method and the roles of the involved parties within this method;the implementation of the life-cycle design approach;the type, structure, and functionalities of BIM used in the project;the openness in data sharing and transfer of the model, and the intended use of BIM in the future; andthe roles and tasks of the model manager.The pilot experience of hospital building projects using BIM in the Netherlands can be observed at University Medical Centre St Radboud (further referred as UMC) and Maxima Medical Centre (further referred as MMC). At UMC, the new building project for the Faculty of Dentistry in the city of Nijmegen has been dedicated as a BIM pilot project. At MMC, BIM is used in designing new buildings for Medical Simulation and Mother-and-Child Centre in the city of Veldhoven.The first case is a project at the University Medical Centre (UMC) St Radboud. UMC is more than just a hospital. UMC combines medical services, education and research. More than 8500 staff and 3000 students work at UMC. As a part of the innovative real estate strategy, UMC has considered to use BIM for its building projects. The new development of the Faculty of Dentistry and the surrounding buildings on the Kapittelweg in Nijmegen has been chosen as a pilot project to gather practical knowledge and experience on collaborative processes with BIM support.The main ambition to be achieved through the use of BIM in the building projects at UMC can be summarised as follows:using 3D visualisation to enhance the coordination and communication among the building actors, and the user participation in design;facilitating optimal information accessibility and exchange for a highconsistency of the drawings and documents across disciplines and phases;integrating the architectural design with structural analysis, energy analysis, cost estimation,and planning;interactively evaluating the design solutions against the programme of requirements and specifications;reducing redesign/remake costs through clash detection during the design process; andoptimising the management o f the facility through the registration of medical installations and equipments, fixed and flexible furniture, product and output specifications, and operational data.The second case is a project at the Maxima Medical Centre (MMC). MMC is a large hospital resulted from a merger between the Diaconessenhuis in Eindhoven and St Joseph Hospital in Veldhoven. Annually the 3,400 staff of MMC provides medical services to more than 450,000 visitors and patients. A large-scaled extension project of the hospital in Veldhoven is a part of its real estate strategy. A medical simulation centre and a women-and-children medical centre are among the most important new facilities within this extension project. The design has been developed using 3D modelling with several functionalities of BIM.The findings from both cases and the analysis are as follows. Both UMC and MMC optedfor a traditional procurement method in which the client directly contracted an architect, a structural engineer, and a mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) consultant in the design team. Once the design and detailed specifications are finished, a tender procedure will follow to select a contractor. Despite the choice for this traditional method, many attempts have been made for a closer and more effective multidisciplinary collaboration. UMC dedicated a relatively long preparation phase with the architect, structural engineer and MEP consultant before the design commenced. This preparation phase was aimed at creating a common vision on the optimal way for collaboration using BIM as an ICT support. Some results of this preparation phase are: a document that defines the common ambition for the project and the collaborative working process and a semi-formal agreement that states the commitment of the building actors for collaboration. Other than UMC, MMC selected an architecture firm with an in-house engineering department. Thus, the collaboration between the architect and structural engineer can take place within the same firm using the same software application.Regarding the life-cycle design approach, the main attention is given on life-cycle costs, maintenance needs, and facility management. U sing BIM, both hospitals intend to get a much。
文献综述和外文翻译的撰写要求
Keeping organizational information in a file-processing system has a number of major disadvantages.
?Data redundancy and inconsistency. Since the files and application programs are created by different programmers over a long period, the various files are likely to have different formats and the programs may be written in several programming languages. Moreover, the same information may be duplicated in several places (files). For example, the address and telephone number of a particular customer may appear in file that consists of savings-account records and in a file that consists of checking-account records. This redundancy leads to higher storage and access cost. In addition, it may lead to data inconsistency; that is, the various copies of the same data may no longer agree. For example, a changed coustomer address may be reflected in savings-account records but not elsewhere in the system.
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文学生姓名:院(系):油气资源学院专业班级:物探0502指导教师:完成日期:年月日地震驱动评价与发展:以玻利维亚冲积盆地的研究为例起止页码:1099——1108出版日期:NOVEMBER 2005THE LEADING EDGE出版单位:PanYAmericanYEnergyvBuenosYAiresvYArgentinaJPYBLANGYvYBPYExplorationvYHoustonvYUSAJ.C.YCORDOVAandYE.YMARTINEZvYChacoYS.A.vYSantaYCruzvYBolivia 通过整合多种地球物理地质技术,在玻利维亚冲积盆地,我们可以减少许多与白垩纪储集层勘探有关的地质技术风险。
通过对这些远景区进行成功钻探我们可以验证我们的解释。
这些方法包括盆地模拟,联井及地震叠前同时反演,岩石性质及地震属性解释,A VO/A V A,水平地震同相轴,光谱分解。
联合解释能够得到构造和沉积模式的微笑校正。
迄今为止,在新区有七口井已经进行了成功钻探。
基质和区域地质。
Tarija/Chaco盆地的subandean 褶皱和冲断带山麓的中部和南部,部分扩展到玻利维亚的Boomerange地区经历了集中的成功的开采。
许多深大的泥盆纪气田已经被发现,目前正在生产。
另外在山麓发现的规模较小较浅的天然气和凝析气田和大的油田进行价格竞争,如果他们能产出较快的油流而且成本低。
最近发现气田就是这种情况。
接下来,我们赋予Aguja的虚假名字就是为了讲述这些油田的成功例子。
图1 Aguja油田位于玻利维亚中部Chaco盆地的西北角。
基底构造图显示了Isarzama背斜的相对位置。
地层柱状图显示了主要的储集层和源岩。
该油田在Trija和冲积盆地附近的益背斜基底上,该背斜将油田和Ben i盆地分开(图1),圈闭类型是上盘背斜,它存在于连续冲断层上,Aguja有两个主要结构:Aguja中部和Aguja Norte,通过重要的转换压缩断层将较早开发的“Sur”油田分开Yantata Centro结构是一个三路闭合对低角度逆冲断层并伴随有小的摆幅。
外文翻译范本
西安科技大学高新学院本科毕业设计本科毕业设计((论文论文))外文翻译译文外文翻译译文学生姓名学生姓名学生姓名 : 熊 静 院院 (系): 建筑与土木工程 专业班级专业班级专业班级 : 工程管理0703 指导教师指导教师指导教师 : 胥卫平 完成日期完成日期完成日期 : 2010年10月10日求要 求1、外文翻译是毕业设计(论文)的主要内容之一,必须学生独立完成。
2、外文翻译译文内容应与学生的专业或毕业设计(论文)内容相关,不得少于15000印刷符号。
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按中文翻译在上,外文原文在下的顺序装订。
4、年月日等的填写,用阿拉伯数字书写,要符合《关于出版物上数字用法的试行规定》,如“2005年2月26日”。
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房 地 产 市 场 的 泡 沫 理查德赫林 苏珊沃特泽尔/ Lurie房地产中心工作文件#402理查德赫林沃顿商学院宾夕法尼亚大学宾夕法尼亚州费城,19104 herring@苏珊沃特沃顿商学院宾夕法尼亚大学宾夕法尼亚州费城,19104wachter@ 2002年3月2002年4月22-24日,在芝加哥编写了与世界银行,芝加哥联邦储备银行集团的会议“资产价格泡沫:货币的含义,法规,政策和国际政策。
/newsletter/bubbles.pdf房地产市场的泡沫理查德赫林、苏珊沃特简介房地产泡沫可能会出现没有银行危机。
和银行业危机可能没有出现房地产泡沫。
但是,这两种现象都在显着的相关实例数据。
实体经济的后果,对银行的依赖作用在该国的金融体系。
在美国,银行只持有约22%的总资产,大多数借款人可以找到替代品的银行贷款和一般的影响经济活动水平相对轻微。
但是,在一些国家,银行扮演更主导作用,如美国的大萧条之前,大(其中银行持有65%的总资产),或现今日(其中79%的资产银行持有的总数),或新兴 市场(如银行往往持有超过80%的资产总额),为的后果实体经济可以更加严峻。
外文资料及翻译
外文资料及译文原文:Television Video SignalsAlthough over 50 years old , the standard television signal is still one of the most common way to transmit an image. Figure 8.3 shows how the television signal appears on an oscilloscope. This is called composite video, meaning that there are vertical and horizontal synchronization (sync) pulses mixed with the actual picture information.These pulses are used in the television receiver to synchronize the vertical and horizontal deflection circuits to match the video being displayed. Each second of standard video contains 30 complete images, commonly called frames , A video engineer would say that each frame contains 525 lines, the television jargon for what programmers call rows. This number is a little deceptive because only 480 to 486 of these lines contain video information; the remaining 39to 45 lines are reserved for sync pulses to keep the television’s circuits synchronized with the video signal.Standard television uses an interlaced format to reduce flicker in the displayed image. This means that all the odd lines of each frame are transmitted first, followed by the even lines. The group of odd lines is called the odd field, and the group of even lines is called the even field. Since each frame consists of two fields, the video signal transmits 60 fields per second. Each field starts with a complex series of vertical sync pulses lasting 1.3 milliseconds. This is followed by either the even or odd lines of video. Each line lasts for 63.5 microseconds, including a 10.2 microsecond horizontal sync pulse, separating one line from the next. Within each line, the analog voltage corresponds to the gray scale of the image, with brighter values being in the direction away from the sync pulses. This place the sync beyond the black range. In video jargon, the sync pulses are said to be blacker than black..The hardware used for analog-to-digital conversion of video signals is called a frame grabber. This is usually in the form of an electronics card that plugs into a computer, and connects to a camera through a coaxial cable. Upon command from software, the frame grabber waits for the beginning of the next frame, as indicated by the vertical sync pulses. During the following two fields, each line of video is sampled many times, typically 512,640 or 720 samples per line, at 8bits per sample. These samples are stored in memory as one row of the digital image.This way of acquiring a digital image results in an important difference between the vertical and horizontal directions. Each row in the digital image corresponds to one line in the video signal, and therefore to one row of wells in the CCD. Unfortunately,the columns are not so straightforward. In the CCD, each row contains between about 400 and 800 wells (columns), depending on the particular device used. When a row of wells is read from the CCD, the resulting line of video is filtered into a smooth analog signal, such as in Figure 8.3. In other words, the video signal does not depend on how many columns are present in the CCD. The resolution in the horizontal direction is limited by how rapidly the analog signal is allowed to change. This is usually set at 3.2 MHz for color television, resulting in a rise time of about 100 nanoseconds, i.e, about1/500th of the 53.2 microsecond video line.When the video signal is digitized in the frame grabber, it is converted back into conclusions. However, these columns in the digitized image have no relation to the columns in the CCD. The number of columns in the digital image depends solely on how many times the frame grabber samples each line of video. For example, a CCD might have 800 wells per row, while the digitized image might only have 512 pixels (i.e columns) perrow.The number of columns in the digitized image is also important for another reason. The standard television image has an aspect ratio of 4 to 3, i.e. it is slightly wider than it is high. Motion pictures have the wider aspect ratio of 25 to 9. CCDs used for scientific applications often have an aspect ratio of 1 to 1, i.e , a perfect square. In any event, the aspect ratio of a CCD is fixed by the placement of the electrodes, and cannot be altered. However, the aspect ratio of the digitized image depends on the number of samples per line. This becomes a problem when the image is displayed, either on a video monitor or in a hardcopy. If the aspect ratio isn’t properly reproduced, the image looks squashed horizontally or vertically.The 525 line video signal described here is called NTSC (National Television Systems Committee), a standard defined way back in 1954. This is the system used in the United States and Japan. In Europe there are two similar standards called PAL (Phase Alternation by Line) and SECAM (Sequential Chrominance and Memory). The basic concepts are the same, just the numbers are different. Both PAL and SECAM operate with 25 interlaced frames per second, with 625 lines per frame. Just as with NTSC, some of these lines occur during the vertical sync, resulting in about 576 lines that carry picture information. Other more subtle differences relate to how color and sound are added to the signal.The most straightforward way of transmitting color television would be to have three separate analog signals, one for each of the three colors the human eye can detect: red, green and blue. Unfortunately, the historical development of television did not allow such a simple scheme. The color television signal was developed to allow existing blackand white television sets to remain in use without modification. This was done by retaining the same signal for brightness information , but adding a separate signal for color information. In video jargon, the brightness is called the luminance signal, while the color is the chrominance signal. The chrominance signal is contained on a 3.58 MHz carrier wave added to the black and white video signal. Sound is added in this same way, on a 4.5 MHz carrier wave. The television receiver separates these three signals, processes them individually, and recombines them in the final diplay.译文:关键词:核心,合成信号,电压耦合电视信号尽管已经拥有50年的历史了,电视信号依然是常用的传递信息的途径之一。
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本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文学生姓名:院(系):专业班级:指导教师:完成日期:20 年月日文献名称(中文)地球物理电磁理论与方法文献名称(外文)Geophysical Electromagnetic Theory and Methods作者:迈克尔 达诺夫起止页码:67~103出版日期:2009-04-08出版单位:艾斯维尔科学出版社外文翻译译文:地球物理电磁理论与方法第三章电磁场的方程目录3.1麦克斯韦方程及边界条件3.1.1 电磁场中的基本方程3.1.2 麦克斯韦方程的物理解释3.1.3 矢量场的边界条件3.1.4 均匀介质中的场3.2 时谐电磁场3.3 电磁能及坡印廷定理3.3.1 辐射条件3.3.2 时域坡印廷定理3.3.3 时域能量不等式3.3.4 频域坡印廷定理3.4 电磁场的格林张量3.4.1 频域内的格林张量3.4.2 时域内的格林张量3.5 互惠关系3.5.1 洛伦磁引理3.5.2 格林张量和电磁领域的互惠关系3.5.3 电磁场的格林张量表示论参考阅读:电磁场的基本原理始建于19世纪。
在此,我不会讲那些已知的电磁学基本规律的的详细资料,也不会描述那些为建立电磁学基本原理而做出特殊贡献的伟大科学家们,比如伏特,库仑,奥斯特,高斯,安培,法拉第等。
但是我会介绍一些令有许多有趣故事的令读者感兴趣的物理史学书(例如:惠特克,1960a,b)。
基于这些基本的发现,我们知道电流的变化伴随着一个可预测的磁场的产生是毫无疑问的,当磁场随时间变化时,产生一个可预测的电场,并且其电通量(电流)和磁通量保持守恒。
在19世纪下半期,麦克斯韦在他的首发于1873年的《论电磁学》中提出在电磁场的综合理论中,这些描述了电磁场的性能和相互作用的主要物理定律是统一的。
自牛顿时代后,这个理论的形成在物理学史上是一个重要事件之一。
事实上,麦克斯韦是第一个引进数学模型和物理定律结合解决电磁场问题,任何使用电磁场探索地球的努力都必须严格按照这些物理定律和数学结果。
电磁场方程的基本体系—麦克斯韦方程是通过始建于19世纪上半期的电磁学基本规律的普及而发展起来的。
在经典理论的框架内,电磁场用电场和磁场的矢量来描述,麦克斯韦方程代表一个微分方程系统方面的矢量。
在19世纪的最后几十年里,发现了另一个麦克斯韦方程的制定方法。
这种方法是基于代数理论的微分形式,制定于前面的章节中,推导出一个简单对称的微分方程。
微分几何最初引入微分形式是为了研究线,面在多维数学空间中的性能。
然而。
在其实现不久之后,人们发现这些微分形式可以提供一个研究物理领域的强大的空间。
我们可以把这些微分形式看作另一种数学语言,就像矢量语言一样用来描述物理量。
事实上,第二章已经指出,在一个连续的思维空间内,微分方程可以看作是矢量场的源,流量的差异和线性组合。
因此,麦克斯韦方程的微分形式包含了电场和磁场的流量差异。
微分形式的这个属性表明它比传统的矢量更适合表示电场的电流和磁场的磁通的主要特征。
从地球物理学角度看这个方法似乎也是十分合理的,因为在实验中,我们测量电场,磁场的流量(电压)是作为一个规则的。
在本章中,我提出一个基于传统Gibbsian矢量形式体系(用方向导数,散度,旋度)和微分形式方法的电磁场的平行发展。
我相信这个新方法对电磁学定律基本性质的制定的理解将刺激地球物理电磁学的未来发展。
这个方法在现代物理方法的主要组成部分之一—电磁学计算中也具有巨大的优势。
此外,一个证明在第二章的显著事实,在基于四维空间的基本微分方程形式中,任意矢量场对H(r, t) 和D(r, t)满足微分方程组,类似于电磁场的经典麦克斯韦方程组。
换句话说,在四维空间内,若一个二阶矢量场E4是由任意两个矢量场H(r, t) 和D(r, t)组成,那么这个场内自动满足该系统的麦克斯韦方程组。
因此,从微分形式场论的基本形式中自然而然的可以推导出麦克斯韦方程。
除了麦克斯韦方程,不存在任何其他方程是针对非平稳矢量场的。
实际上,电磁学的基本规律是矢量场和微分形式之间的基本微分关系。
在本章中,我还将推出基于电法勘探的共同技巧的电磁理论的基本相位。
这样做可以限制审查电磁理论的案例是适合这些领域的,就像它们与大地的相互作用一样。
由于电磁波经历强烈的衰减后穿过导体,我们只能保证在这些场的静态和稳态状态下的利息,也就是说,电磁场分量在这种情况下随时间缓慢变化或不变。
在详细的实验之后,我们排除电磁场随时间快速变化的情况。
在这种情况下,辐射能量的传输是至关重要的。
如果电磁波在电介质中传播的话,波的能量将会迅速衰减,并且不适用于地球物理勘探。
如果介质是绝缘体,电磁波就可以远距离传播,电磁辐射理论在很多领域中是完全覆盖无线电波和雷达的。
3.1麦克斯韦方程及边界条件3.1.1 电磁场中的基本方程电法勘探源于非均匀导体中的电磁场的行为规范。
用数学公式来描述电磁场性质的麦克斯韦方程就是这个理论的基础。
构成麦克斯韦方程组的两个矢量方程和两个标量方程如下所示: c tD j H =∂∂+=⨯∇ (3.1) tB E ∂∂-=⨯∇ (3.2) 0=⋅∇B (3.3)q D =⋅∇ (3.4)式中,H 是磁场强度,B 是磁感应强度(见附录C 和D 中电磁场分量的命名);E 是电场强度,D 是电位移矢量;q 是电荷密度;j 是传导电流密度;c 是总的电流密度(传导电流和位移电流的总和)。
这俩个场中,E 和D ,B 和H 分别有如下的本构关系:E D ε= (3.5)H B μ= (3.6)式中,ε是介质常数(介电常数),μ是磁导率。
19世纪上半叶建立的电磁学基本规律概括介绍了麦克斯韦方程。
值得注意的是在第2章中这些所有的方程都可以由场论的微分方程直接推到得到。
因此,吗介绍两个电磁场的二阶微分矢量M 和F ,由公式可知:dt H d dt dr H d D M ∧-=∧⋅-∑⋅=)( (3.7)dt E B dt dr E d B F ∧+=∧⋅+∑⋅=)( (3.8)式中,D = D ·d ∑, H = H ·d r , B = B ·d ∑, E = E ·d r 。
由米斯纳(1973)和德尚(1981)我们可以分别称这些形式为麦克斯韦场—M-关系;麦克斯韦场与电位移矢量D 和磁场倍增时间微分H ∧ dt 具有线性关系。
磁通量,电位仪通量,电压和磁工作这些物理量代表电磁场。
利用第2章中讨论过的二阶微分形式的基本性质可以写出麦克斯韦场和力场的微分关系:γe M d =∧ (3.9) γe F d =∧ (3.10)式中,电的γe 和磁的γm 相当与:dt d j qdv e∧∑⋅-=)(γ (3.11)dt d dv j q m m m ∧∑⋅-=)(γ (3.12) 式中,函数q m 和j m 分别是电荷密度和磁通密度。
根据公式(2.122)和(2.123),从麦克斯韦场M 的微分方程(3.9)可直接得到麦克斯韦方程的第一个和第四个方程(3.1)和(3.4): tD j curlH ∂∂= , q divD = (3.13) 由式(3.9)中的四位电流密度γe 的外部微分等于零,0=∧∧=∧M d d d e γ以及公式(2.99),得出电流密度j 和电荷密度q 的连续方程: tq j ∂∂-=⋅∇ (3.14) 同理,由力场F 的微分方程(3.10)直接得出一般的麦克斯韦方程组的第二个和第三个方程(3.2)和(3.3): t B curlE j m ∂∂-=- , q m divB = (3.15)由此磁场的四电流γm 同电场的四电流一样满足微分方程: 0=∧∧=∧M d d d m γ因此,磁场的电荷和电流通常与连续方程有关:tq j mM ∂∂-=⋅∇ (3.16) 介绍磁荷使麦克斯韦方程对称。
然而,我们无法观察到磁荷,从而导致力场法拉第型的方程的产生。
0=∧F d (3.17)这个方程用矢量描述,代入到原始的麦克斯韦方程组的第二个和第三个方程(3.2)和(3.3)中: tB curlE ∂∂-= , 0=divB 因此,麦克斯韦方程组的整个系统自然而然地产生于非平稳领域的一般理论中。
这个显著的事实证明数学理论的力量。
电磁学的基本规律实际上是隐藏在矢量场和微分形式时间的根本差异关系。
总之,完整的麦克斯韦方程组系统可以描述的十分简洁: γeM d =∧ (3.18)0=∧F d (3.19)这里,dt H D dt dr H d D M ∧-=∧⋅-∑⋅=)( (3.20)dt E B dt dr E d B F ∧+=∧⋅+∑⋅=)( (3.21)第2章中表明任何法拉第式的形式,都可以通过相应的四个电势α表示。
考虑到力场F 是法拉第式形式,可以用式(2.199),根据∑⋅=∑⋅=d curlA d B B , dr tA gradU dr E E ⋅∂∂+-=⋅=)( (3.22) 从最后的公式中我们得出用电磁位来描述磁场和电场的经典代表式,A 和U :curlA B = , )(tA gradU E ∂∂+-= 麦克斯韦方程组(3.18)和(3.19)的微分形式的另一个重要特征是他们不仅描述基本通量在不同电磁场元件的工作之间的关系,同时原始麦克斯韦方程组(3.1)~(3.4)处理电磁场自身的向量。
因此,麦克斯韦方程组的新的数学形式强调通量和电磁场工作的重要性。
我们会在本章及本书以后的章节中发现,电磁场的通量是在一个已知的表面上通过给定的路径的领域内工作,它代表着地球物理实验研究和测量的最重要的物理实体。
这就是为什么新形式的麦克斯韦方程组(3.18)和(3.19)是非常适合地球物理电场现象的描述。
有兴趣的读者可以在林德尔(2004)的专著中的电磁问题的微分形式的应用程序的更多细节。
3.1.2 麦克斯韦方程的物理解释让我们来看看麦克斯韦方程的四个物理意义。
第二个向量方程(3.2)表示由法拉第发现的电磁感应定律。
假设一个光滑的面S ,由曲线S 围成,求穿过该面的通量(图3.1) ⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⋅∂∂-=⋅∂∂-=⋅⨯∇S SS nds B t nds t B nds E (3.24) 式中,n 是面S 的法向单位向量。
应用斯托克定理,积分方程(3.24)的左边可以转化为: ⎰⎰⎰⋅=⋅⨯∇LS d E nds E ιτ (3.25)代入到式(3.24)中得到: ⎰⎰⎰⋅∂∂-=⋅S Lnds B t d E ιτ (3.26) 其中,τ是曲线L 的切向单位向量。
注意,最后一个方程的左边的工作是电场E ,右边的工作是磁场B 。
下面介绍L 是导电长丝(例如。
L 是一根细铁丝)范围内的特殊情况。
电场E下沿曲线L 的线积分是该电路中测到的电动势: EMF d E L=⋅⎰ιτ (3.27)而且,φ=⋅⎰⎰Snds B (3.28)其中,φ是该电路中的磁通量。