美国文学现实主义时期共27页
美国文学现实主义时期
经过内战后的美国社会为现实主义的兴起和发展 提供了肥沃的土壤。自内战到第一次世界大战的 50年, 美国历史上经历了巨大变化,无论是政治、经济、文 化、还是宗教。这一巨变彻底改造了美国社会的性质 和观念。新一代作家不满意于老一代的浪漫主义思想， 生发了新的创作灵感。他们对现实生活产生了浓厚的 兴趣，企图对生活的各个方面作出他们的解释，主张 客观现实，摒弃主观偏颇、唯心主义和浪漫主义的色 彩。人们的兴趣现在已转到了日常生活的方方面面， 注意到现实的野蛮、肮脏，直接公开描写阶级斗争, 这时的作家已能描写人物在各种条件或环境下的反映， 描述远西(FarWest)、新移民和劳动阶级的斗争,这 些作家受到广大读者的欢迎。这一注意现实生活的创 作倾向形成了美国现实主义时期的文学。
representative novels
1. A Modern Instance, 1882 • 《一个现代得例证》 2. The Rise of Silas Lapham, 1885 • 《塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹》
80年代后期，资本主义社会动荡不安， 豪威尔斯认为“竞争的资本主义”已不 能令人满意，“应代之以社会主义”。 在这种思想指导下，他写了长篇小说 《新财富的危害》(1890)，描写一家杂 志的“社会主义者”与华尔街老板在对 待工运问题上的“观点上的分歧”。 《来自奥尔特鲁里亚的旅客》(1894)倡 导空想的社会主义，《穿过针眼》(1907) 则鼓吹通过“公民投票”而产生的基督 教社会主义。
思想文化背景
展
欧洲哲学和科学的迅速发
美国 (1865-1914)
• A bewildering America emerged as a result of the Civil War战后 迷茫期 • Further expansion westward进一 步的西部迁移 • The Gilded Age 财富奇迹般增长 的镀金年代
美国文学第三讲现实主义时期.ppt
Language and Style
• (1) First, he possessed utter clarity of style. The novel is written in a language that is totally different from the rhetorical language used by Emerson, Poe, and Melville. It’s not grand, pompous (very formal and important-sounding words), but simple, direct, lucid, and faithful to the colloquial speech. This unpretentious style of colloquialism is best described as “vernacular”. Before him there had been only American dialect; after him there was an American language. His success in creating this plain but evocative language hastened the end of American reverence (great respect and admiration) for British and European culture. His adherence to American themes, settings, and language set him apart from many other novelists of the day and had a powerful effect on such later writers .
美国现实主义时期文学
Naturalism
•apply scientific theory into art
•not adding an amoral attitudeto their woeks
•more pessimistic
N. is evolved from R. when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more detached and pessimistic, N. is an extreme form of R.. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.
WORKS: Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》 An American Tragedy 《美国的悲剧》 Jenny 《珍妮姑娘》
1871—1945
By Stone
S. What is the distinction ?
Realism •concern of life directly
从根本上说是一个关于美国人的故事是对美国人的诽谤尤其是对美国女孩的侮辱和冒犯同时因为书中老一从根本上说是一个关于美国人的故事是对美国人的诽谤尤其是对美国女孩的侮辱和冒犯同时因为书中老一还还辈人的形象问题所以本书威胁了美国父母对孩子施加影响和表现威信的权力
美国现实主义时期文学
content：
Literary Features
He said that fiction must be "the realism is true to life ,reflecting the possibility of motives. " WORKS:
美国文学之现实主义
What is Realism?
• In art and literature, Realism refers to an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures exactly as they act or appear in life. Realism emerged as a literary movement in Europe in the 1850s. In reaction to Romanticism, realistic writers should set down their observations impartially and objectively. They insisted on accurate documentation, sociological insight, and avoidance of poetic diction and idealization. The subjects were to be taken from everyday life, preferably from lower-class life. Realism entered American literature after the Civil War. William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James were the pioneers of realism in the U.S.
• • •
•
The historical and socio-cultural background of american realism Politically, the Civil War affected both the social and the value system of the country. Economically, the changes were not all for the better. As far as the ideology was concerned, people became dubious about the human nature and the benevolence of God, which the Transcendentalists cared most. The literary scene after the Civil War proved to be quite different a picture.
美国现实主义文学
美国现实主义1865年至1914年间的美国文学在美国文学史上称为现实主义时期。
这一时期的美国文学是美国精神的表现,尤其是美国小说。
现实主义是对浪漫主义的一种反动。
正视现实,不尚空想。
现实主义文学又为现代主义文学铺平了道路。
经过内战以后的美国社会为现实主义的兴起和发展提供了肥沃的土壤。
自内战到第一次世界大战的50年,美国历史上经历了巨大变化,无论是政治、经济、文化、还是宗教。
这一巨变彻底改造了美国社会的性质和观念。
首先,内战给该国的社会价值观带来了很大影响。
美国已从杰菲逊时期的农业国向工业化和商业化社会转变。
蛮荒之地得到了文明的开发。
这场战争还给美国经济带来了明显的变化。
新的组织和管理方法大规模运用,促进了工业的现代化。
1869年第一条洲际铁路建成。
电力大量使用,电话等新的通讯给日常生活的诸多方面带来了革命。
各种矿藏的开采有助于国民经济的发展。
在工业生产上的投资得到了四倍以上的回报。
工厂的就业率成倍增长。
工业产值呈几何级数上升,农业生产也迅速上涨。
迅速增长的经济和工业加速了城市化的发展。
美国城市发展如雨后春笋。
到第一次世界大战结束,美国有一半人口都是集中在十几座城市里。
然而,这些变化也有不利的方面。
工业化和城市化带来了劳动人民的无数痛苦。
在农村,越来越多的农民被挤出土地,到城里去谋生,造成劳动力过剩,工资低。
资本家对男女老幼的工人的劳动条件不去改善,致使贫富两极分化。
权利和财富的集中产生了冒险家、巨头。
而另一头则是贫民窟。
就思想意识而言,人们处于动摇的状态。
他们怀疑人性和上帝的善。
西部开拓的精神已经一去不回了。
美国之梦已不复存在,代之而来的就是马克·吐温所称之为的"镀金时代"。
内战以后的文学界也与前大不相同。
人们对内战的痛苦记忆,对英雄形象的幻灭和实际生活的无情现实使浪漫主义无立足之地。
美国人对浪漫主义思想已感厌倦。
新一代作家不满意于老一代的浪漫主义思想,生发了新的创作灵感。
美国文学现实主义文学 PPT
Part IV The Literature of Realism
美国现实主义文学 (1860-1914)
I. Historical Introduction II. Literary Movements between the Civil
War and the First World War III. The Establishment of American
Features of Realism
Emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. Realists seek truth that is verifiable by experience and have practical consequences. They expressed the concern for the world of experience, of the commonplace, and for the familiar and the low. Realism is embedded in a mimetic theory of art. Realists believe that literature imitates reality.
Local Colorism
❖ Local colorism is dependent upon a specific geographical location. Local colorists give emphasis to the local details by tapping into its folklore, history, mannerism, custom, beliefs and speech. Dialects peculiarities are the defining characteristic of local color writings. They tend to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.
美国文学史脉络
美国文学史脉络美国文学是世界文学发展的重要组成部分，其独特的历史和文化背景使得美国文学在世界文坛上有着重要的地位。
美国文学的发展脉络承载着美国国家意识的形成和演变，同时也反映了社会和文化的变迁。
本文将以时间为线索，回顾美国文学的发展历程，并探讨不同时期的代表性作品和文学思潮。
一、殖民地时期（17世纪初-18世纪初）殖民地时期是美国文学的起源阶段。
在这一时期，早期的英国移民带来了宗教、政治和文化的影响，这种影响对后来美国文学的发展产生了深远的影响。
早期殖民地文学的主要形式是宗教文学，代表作品有威廉·布莱德福的《普利茅斯殖民地纪事》和安妮·布拉德斯特里特的《新英格兰纪实》。
二、启蒙时期（18世纪中叶-19世纪初）启蒙时期是美国文学发展的关键时期，这一时期受到了欧洲启蒙运动的影响，同时也受到了美国独立战争和建国过程的影响。
启蒙时期的作家主张人人平等、追求自由和独立，代表作品有托马斯·潘恩的《常识》和本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》。
同时，启蒙时期也涌现了一些重要的政治文学作品，如托马斯·杰斐逊的《独立宣言》和詹姆斯·麦迪逊、亚历山大·汉密尔顿、约翰·杰伊等人的《联邦党人文集》。
三、浪漫主义时期（19世纪中叶-19世纪末）浪漫主义时期是美国文学的黄金时代，这一时期的作家们主张个性主义、独立思考和自然的崇拜。
代表作家有华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传奇》和爱默生的《自然》。
同时，浪漫主义时期也涌现了大量的诗人，如亨利·沃兹华斯·朗费罗、爱德加·爱伦·坡和怀特曼等人。
这一时期的诗歌作品表达了对自然和个人内心世界的探索，具有强烈的情感色彩和超越现实的思考。
四、现实主义时期（19世纪末-20世纪初）现实主义时期是美国文学发展的转折点，这一时期的作家开始关注社会现实问题，反映工业化和城市化对个人的冲击。
第二章 现实主义时期(美国)
第二部分：美国文学第二章现实主义时期1865年至1914年间的这段时期在美国文学史上称为现实主义时期。
这是一场反映美国精神的美国文学运动，尤其是美国小说。
现实主义是对浪漫主义的一种反动。
它正视现实，远离空想。
现实主义文学又为现代主义文学铺平了道路。
经过内战以后的美国社会为现实主义的兴起和发展提供了肥沃的土壤。
自内战结束到第一次世界大战之间的50年，美国历史上经历了巨大变化，无论是政治、经济、文化，还是宗教。
这一变化规模之大、范围之广，彻底改变了美国社会的性质和观念。
首先，内战给美国的社会价值观带来了很大的影响。
美国已从杰弗逊时期的农业国向工业和商业社会转变。
蛮荒被文明取代。
这场战争还给美国经济带来了明显的变化。
新的组织和管理方法大规模运用，刺激了工业现代化的发展。
1869年第一条横贯大陆的铁路建成。
电力的广泛使用，电话等新的通信工具，给日常生活的诸多方面带来了变革。
各种矿藏的开采有助于国民经济的发展。
在工业生产上的投资增加了四倍以上，工厂的就业率成倍增长，工业产值呈几何级数上升，农业生产也迅速增加。
经济和工业的增长加速了城市的发展。
到第一次世界大战结束时，美国有一半人口集中在十几座城市里。
然而，这些变化也有不利的方面。
工业化和城市化带来了劳动人民的无数痛苦。
在农村，越来越多的农民被迫离开土地，到城里去谋生，造成劳动力过剩，工资偏低。
资本家也不改变工人的劳动条件，致使贫富两极分化。
权利和财富的集中产生了冒险家、巨头，而另一头则是贫民窟。
就思想意识而言，人们处于动摇的状态。
他们怀疑人性和上帝的善。
西部开拓者的精神已经一去不回了。
美国之梦已不复存在，代之而来的就是马克•吐温所称的“镀金时代”。
内战以后的文学界也与以前大不相同。
人们对内战的痛苦记忆、对英雄形象的幻灭和实际生活的无情现实，使得整个民族都反对浪漫主义。
美国人对浪漫主义思想已感厌倦。
新一代作家不满意老一代的浪漫主义思想，产生了新的创作灵感。
他们的特点是对现实生活有浓厚的兴趣，企图对生活的各个方面作出他们的解释，主张客观现实，摒弃主观偏颇、理想主义和浪漫主义的色彩。
美国文学第三讲--现实主义时期
the civil war brought about two results: 1. Further industrialization, mechanization, urbanization, development of transportation and communication. 2. Westward movement; by 1890, the last of the first 48 states were settled.
William Dean Howells. (He defined
realism as ຫໍສະໝຸດ nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of
material”),
Henry James
Major writers and their major works 1. Mark Twain (1835-1910) Biography (P.335) Special features of his works: Comic narrator Local colorism (e.g. The life on the Mississippi River) Humor Language (good at using vernacular language)
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: a story of his seeking for freedom, fame, fortune, love, manhood. The novel reveals the American values: one is hero complex, the other is American dream. His adventures is the realization of American dream. On the other hand, the book record the rising Age of American Bourgeois system. It also bears the irony and satire toward the religion and by-then popular rigid, didactic children education, which curbed the imagination of children and their innate nature for freedom and adventures and molded them into a stereotype of lifeless man.
美国文学第三讲--现实主义时期课件
Major works: • The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras
County 1865 • The Innocents Abroad 1869,. • The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 1876, • The Prince and Pauper 1881, • Life on the Mississippi 1881, • The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1885,
• 2. Henry James (亨利. 詹姆斯, 18431916)
• Psychological realistic writer, short-story writer, playwright, critic, essayist, 22 novels and over 100 short stories and some critical commentaries.
• A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court
1889, • The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg 1900 • The Mysterious Stranger 1916
(1) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)
• Thematic concern:
• During his lifetime his fame rested largely upon his handling of his major fictional theme, “the international theme”: the meeting of American and Europe, American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence, and its moral and psychological complications. (OR: Conflicts between New and Old world, traditional, innocent, honest American and complex, sophisticated, snobbish, arrogant Europeans .)
十九世纪欧美现实主义文学共43页
56、死去何所道，托体同山阿。 57、春秋多佳日，登高赋新诗。 58、种豆南山下，草盛豆苗稀。晨兴 理荒秽 ，带月 荷锄归 。道狭 草木长 ，夕露 沾我衣 。衣沾 不足惜 ，但使 愿无违 。 59、相见无杂言，但道桑麻长。 60、迢迢新秋夕，亭亭月将圆。
谢谢！
பைடு நூலகம்
36、自己的鞋子，自己知道紧在哪里。——西班牙
37、我们唯一不会改正的缺点是软弱。——拉罗什福科
xiexie! 38、我这个人走得很慢，但是我从不后退。——亚伯拉罕·林肯
39、勿问成功的秘诀为何，且尽全力做你应该做的事吧。——美华纳
40、学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。——孔子
美国文学现实主义文学最新PPT课件
-
Part IV The Literature of Realism
美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)
Local Colorism
? Local colorism is dependent upon a specific geographical location. Local colorists give emphasis to the local details by tapping into its folklore, history, mannerism, custom, beliefs and speech. Dialects peculiarities are the defining characteristic of local color writings. They tend to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.
? Religious “truths” are illusory ? The destiny of humanity is misery in life and oblivion in
death. (pessimism and deterministic ideas)
-
Part IV The Literature of Realism
art. Realists believe that literature imitates reality.
-
Part IV The Literature of Realism
美国现实主义文学(1860-1914)
【VIP专享】第二章现实主义时期
第二章现实主义时期1865年至1914年间的美国文学在美国文学史上称为现实主义时期。
这一时期的美国文学是美国精神的表现,尤其是美国小说。
现实主义是对浪漫主义的一种反动。
正视现实,不尚空想。
现实主义文学又为现代主义文学铺平了道路。
经过内战以后的美国社会为现实主义的兴起和发展提供了肥沃的土壤。
自内战到第一次世界大战的50年,美国历史上经历了巨大变化,无论是政治、经济、文化、还是宗教。
这一巨变彻底改造了美国社会的性质和观念。
首先,内战给该国的社会价值观带来了很大影响。
美国已从杰菲逊时期的农业国向工业化和商业化社会转变。
蛮荒之地得到了文明的开发。
这场战争还给美国经济带来了明显的变化。
新的组织和管理方法大规模运用,促进了工业的现代化。
1869年第一条洲际铁路建成。
电力大量使用,电话等新的通讯给日常生活的诸多方面带来了革命。
各种矿藏的开采有助于国民经济的发展。
在工业生产上的投资得到了四倍以上的回报。
工厂的就业率成倍增长。
工业产值呈几何级数上升,农业生产也迅速上涨。
迅速增长的经济和工业加速了城市化的发展。
美国城市发展如雨后春笋。
到第一次世界大战结束,美国有一半人口都是集中在十几座城市里。
然而,这些变化也有不利的方面。
工业化和城市化带来了劳动人民的无数痛苦。
在农村,越来越多的农民被挤出土地,到城里去谋生,造成劳动力过剩,工资低。
资本家对男女老幼的工人的劳动条件不去改善,致使贫富两极分化。
权利和财富的集中产生了冒险家、巨头。
而另一头则是贫民窟。
就思想意识而言,人们处于动摇的状态。
他们怀疑人性和上帝的善。
西部开拓的精神已经一去不回了。
美国之梦已不复存在,代之而来的就是马克·吐温所称之为的"镀金时代"。
内战以后的文学界也与前大不相同。
入们对内战的痛苦记忆,对英雄形象的幻灭和实际生活的无情现实使浪漫主义无立足之地。
美国人对浪漫主义思想已感厌倦。
新一代作家不满意于老一代的浪漫主义思想,生发了新的创作灵感。
美国文学：现实主义
现实主义时期1865年至1914年间的美国文学在美国文学史上称为现实主义时期。
这一时期的美国文学是美国精神的表现,尤其是美国小说。
现实主义是对浪漫主义的一种反动。
正视现实,不尚空想。
现实主义文学又为现代主义文学铺平了道路。
经过内战以后的美国社会为现实主义的兴起和发展提供了肥沃的土壤。
自内战到第一次世界大战的50年,美国历史上经历了巨大变化,无论是政治、经济、文化、还是宗教。
这一巨变彻底改造了美国社会的性质和观念。
首先,内战给该国的社会价值观带来了很大影响。
美国已从杰菲逊时期的农业国向工业化和商业化社会转变。
蛮荒之地得到了文明的开发。
这场战争还给美国经济带来了明显的变化。
新的组织和管理方法大规模运用,促进了工业的现代化。
1869年第一条洲际铁路建成。
电力大量使用,电话等新的通讯给日常生活的诸多方面带来了革命。
各种矿藏的开采有助于国民经济的发展。
在工业生产上的投资得到了四倍以上的回报。
工厂的就业率成倍增长。
工业产值呈几何级数上升,农业生产也迅速上涨。
迅速增长的经济和工业加速了城市化的发展。
美国城市发展如雨后春笋。
到第一次世界大战结束,美国有一半人口都是集中在十几座城市里。
然而,这些变化也有不利的方面。
工业化和城市化带来了劳动人民的无数痛苦。
在农村,越来越多的农民被挤出土地,到城里去谋生,造成劳动力过剩,工资低。
资本家对男女老幼的工人的劳动条件不去改善,致使贫富两极分化。
权利和财富的集中产生了冒险家、巨头。
而另一头则是贫民窟。
就思想意识而言,人们处于动摇的状态。
他们怀疑人性和上帝的善。
西部开拓的精神已经一去不回了。
美国之梦已不复存在,代之而来的就是马克·吐温所称之为的"镀金时代"。
内战以后的文学界也与前大不相同。
入们对内战的痛苦记忆,对英雄形象的幻灭和实际生活的无情现实使浪漫主义无立足之地。
美国人对浪漫主义思想已感厌倦。
新一代作家不满意于老一代的浪漫主义思想,生发了新的创作灵感。
美国现实主义文学
代表人物及作品
亨利·詹姆斯
亨利·詹姆斯是19世纪末20世纪初的现实主 义小说家，他的作品多以描绘美国和欧洲上 层社会的生活为主，通过对人物内心世界的 深入剖析，揭示了人性的复杂性和社会的不 公。他的作品《贵妇人画像》、《长篇小说 家的故事》等被视为现实主义文学的经典之 作
代表人物及作品
杰克·伦敦
他们的作品反映了当时社会 的现实问题，并通过细腻的 描绘和深入的分析，展现了 人物的内心世界和命运
代表人物及作品
马克·吐温
马克·吐温是现实主义文学的代表人物之一，他的作品 多以幽默的笔触描绘社会现实，批判人性的弱点。他的 作品《百万英镑》、《镀金时代》等反映了当时社会的 拜金主义和物质追求，揭示了人性的虚伪和贪婪
美国现实主义文学的特点是关注社会底层 人民的生活，尤其是对于贫困、种族歧视、
性别平等等社会问题的关注。这种文学形 式强调的是个体在社会中的角色和命运， 通过描绘人物的遭遇和命运来反映社会的
现实问题
代表人物及作品
代表人物及作品
美国现实主义文学的代表人 物包括马克·吐温、亨 利·詹姆斯、杰克·伦敦等
此外，美国现实主义文学也 影响了后来的美国文学发展。 它所强调的个体和社会的关 系、人性的复杂性和命运的 无常性等主题成为了后来许 多文学作品的主题。同时， 现实主义作家的写作技巧和 表现手法也为后来的作家提 供了借鉴和启示
总的来说，美国现实主义文 学是美国文学发展中的重要 一环，它通过对社会现实的 描绘和反映，推动了社会的 进步和发展，也影响了后来 的美国文学发展
杰克·伦敦是20世纪初的现实主 义作家，他的作品多以描绘工人 阶级的生活为主，通过对人物的 刻画和对社会现实的反映，揭示 了资本主义社会的残酷和不公。 他的作品《铁蹄》、《狼的儿子 》等具有强烈的社会批判意味， 对后来的美国文学产生了深远的 影响评价与来自响评价与影响01
美国文学整理到现实主义时期
Nathaniel Hawthorne:Romantic novelist, short-story writer. Combined the American romanticism with puritan moralism; a central figure in the American Renaissance“Mosses from an Old Manse ( 1846 )(“Young Goodman Brown” and “Rappaccini’s daughter”)The Scarlet Letter (1850)The House of the Seven Gables (1851)The Blithedale Romance (1852)The Marble Faun,(1860)Interrogating the innocenceStrong sense of sin and evil in life.Sin will get punished, and evil educates.Source of sin: original sin, conflict between body and soul.Source of evil : overweening intellect, a part of human natureThe Seven Commandments Of The Children Of NoahIdolatry - Monotheism. Adultery. Murder. Blasphemy, not to curse God. Not to eat the live meat not to steal Maintain courts to enforce these laws.Seven heavenly virtuesFaith Hope Charity Fortitude Justice Temperance PrudenceHawthorne’s aestheticsFavor on “romance”, instead of “novel”Contents: sensational material, such as poisoning, murder, adultery, crime.Themes: explore the human nature, deal with moral problems, study the effects of sin on man. Purpose: to show the inner world of man is the source of evil in society—the tragic rise born of the fortunate fall,fall→rise innocence →maturityThe Scarlet Letter•Time: in the mid-1600s Setting: Puritan town of BostonCharacters:Roger Chillingworth Pearl•The victim of the adultery A symbol: the symbol of the violation of the social laws • A merciless avenger To Hester: the fruit of human love and passion•The worst sinner To Dimmesdale: the reminder of his sin•Symbol of devil To Chillingworth: the motivation to take his revenge Puritanism in The Scarlet LetterPuritan emphasis on the individual conscience.Hawthorn’s attitude towards Puritanism – scolded the harshness of Puritans, yet took the Puritanism as his living criteria.Purpose of The Scarlet Letter1. Explore the source of evils:unreasonable and inhuman social systemmen’s inner world, defects in men’s nature: strong desire, dishonesty, cowardice, revenge.2. Explore the effect of sin on different characters:To brave Hester: gain moral rebirth by redeeming her sin, win respect/ love again.To coward Dimmesdale: torment of conscience, suffer in hell fire.To vicious and vengeful Chillingworth: reduced to demon, deteriorated, malicious sinner3. Explore ways of redeeming sin:brave to confess and face itcorrect it through love, devotion, generosity and forgiveness.Hawthorne’s Stylerich imagination; well-woven structure; psychological analysis; effective symbolism with delicate imageries, ambiguity and mysterySymbolism in the novelChillingworth is cold and inhuman and thus brings a “chill” to Hester’s and Dimmesdale’s lives. “Prynne” rhymes with “sin”“Dimmesdale” suggests “dimness”—weakness, indeterminacy, lack of insight, and lack of will, all of which characterize the young minister.“Pearl” evokes a biblical allegorical device—the “pearl of great price” that is salvation.a token of shame “Adultery” at firstAA symbol of being alone and alienation“Angel”, “Able” ,”Admiration”Hester offers the genuine sympathy and help to her fellow villagersHerman Melvillea master of allegory and symbolism1) early worksTypee (1846) : the “man who lived among cannibals.”Omoo(1847)Mardi (1849) :The first three drew from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands;Redburn (1849) is a semi-autobiographical novel, based Bedburn on his first voyage to EnglandWhite Jacket (1850) relates his life on a United States man-of-war.Moby Dick (1851)Later works: Pierre (1852) The Confidence Man (1857) Billy Budd（1924）Moby-Dickis regarded as : * an encyclopedia of everything * the first American prose epicThe white whale Pequod ----a world in miniature* Melville's bleak view--------"Everlasting Nay”* One of the major themes ---------alienation,* Ahab may have been Melville's portrait of an Emersonian self-reliant individual-----solipsism .Henry Wadsworth Longfellow"School-room Poets" or "New England Poets" or "Fireside Poets"Longfellow, Holmes, Lowell and Whittierfirst American to translate Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedypoet and educator; "Paul Revere's Ride“; The Song of Hiawatha ; Evangeline.Longfellow holds the distinction of being the first American poetPoetry : Voices of the Night (1839) Evangeline (1847) The Song of Hiawatha (1855)A Psalm of Life My Lost Youth the Slave’s Dream Hiawatha’s Fasting* His writings belong to the milder aspects of the romantic movement, and he was strongly influenced by the German romantic lyrists.* He wrote about American subjects, but always in European styles.* His works are highly spiritual. He emphasized the mysteries of birth, death, and love. Most of his works are simple and easily read so that even children can understand them.* If his worst fault is that-he made poetry seem so easy to write that anyone could do it, his greatest virtue is that he made poetry seem worth reading and worth writing.* He was the first American poet to be honored by having his bust placed in the Poets' Comer of Westminster Abbey. This indicates that his poetry has been highly appreciated in Britain.（A Psalm of Life 赏析见另材料）P4 the literature of realism1. How to define the Realistic Period in American Literary history?The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States, which is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature, especially American fiction, from the 1850s onwards.What is the historical and socio-cultural background of the Realistic Period in America?The American society after the Civil War provided rich soil for the rise and development of Realism. This period is characterized with changes, in relation to every aspect of American life, politically, economically, culturally, and religiously.First of all, politically, the Civil War affected both the social and the value system of the country. America had transformed itself into an industrialized and commercialized society. Wilderness gave way to civilization. The burgeoning economy and industry stepped up urbanization. However, economically, the changes were not all for the better. The industrialization and the urbanization were accompanied by the incalculable sufferings of the laboring people.Therefore, polarization of the wellbeing between the poor and the rich started to show up. Thirdly, as far as the ideology was concerned, people became dubious about the human nature and the benevolence of God, which the Transcendentalists cared most. What Mark Twain referred to as “ the Gilded Age” replaced the frontier and the spirit of the frontiersman, which is the spirit of freedom and human connection.Fourthly, the literary scene after the Civil War proved to be quite different a picture. The harsh realities of life as well as the disillusion of heroism resulting from the dark memories of the Civil War had set the nation against the romance. The Americans began to be tired of the sentimental feelings of Romanticism. Thus, started a new period in the American literary writings known as the Age of Realism, characterized by a great interest in the realities of lifeRealism had originated in France as realisme, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.English realisma new literary trend rose in late 18th century and flourished in the 19th century with the impact of the Industrial Revolution.presenting the reality, the external life of characters, exposing the dark side of the society Truthful to life, little fancy or fantasymajor contribution: perfection of the novelAmerican realisma. Historical and social background: the impact of American Civil War (1861-1865)b. Literary influence from Europe: Realism as a literary trendWalt Whitmanone of America's best ; and most influential poetsLeaves of Crass; Song of Myself O Captain My Captain2. Leaves of Grass (response)* sexuality and exotic and vulgar language"noxious weeds, “ "poetry of barbarism, " and "a mass of stupid filth, "* "I was simmering, simmering, simmering, "he said, "Emerson brought me to a boil. "* Whitman, along with Emerson, sees the poet as taking over what had used to be the job of a minister, a clergyman, the Church.1.Leaves of Grassa poet with a strong sense of missionWhitman was one of the most original and inspiring American poets, true to his art and to his role as a poet. He devoted himself to poetry eulogizing the native American experience. As America's first genuine epic poem, Leaves of Grass ran nine editions with more than 400 poems all written in free verse form, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. Title: The title implies rebirth, renewal, or green life.where there is earth, where there is water, there is grass.Blend science, democracy and spirituality into one. To write on the organic principle（Song of Myself 赏析另见资料）Emily DickinsonAmerica’s best-known female poetHer modernity is her articulation of psychological experience and skeptical desire for faith. affected by two men, Benjamin Newton and Charles Wadsworth.The Poems of Emily Dickinson; I taste a liquor never brewed; I felt a Funeral, in my Brain; A Bird came down the Walk ; I died for Beauty—but was scarce; I heard a Fly buzz — when I died ; Because I could not stop for Death ；This is my letter to the worldEmily Dickinson was a pessimistic poet. She had a tragic message and was closer to Edgar Allan Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville.The range of her poetry suggests not her limited experience but the power of her creativity and imagination. Her subjects were love, death, nature, religion, immortality, pain, beauty. The poems employed irregular rhythms, slantrhymes, paradox, and a careful balancing of abstract Latinate and concise Anglo-Saxon words.She is now ranked as one of America’s great poets.2 Subjects:Death: her poems concerning death and immortality, ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death.Love: One group of her love poems treats the suffering and frustration love can cause. The other group of love poems focuses on the physical aspect of desire.Nature: In her poems about nature, her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressed.Religion: In some of her poems she wrote about her doubt and belief about religious subjects.诗歌赏析另见材料Artistic characteristicsHer poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. In her poetry, there is a particular stress pattern, in which dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis. Most of her poems borrow the repeated four-line, rhymed stanzas of traditional Christian hymns, with two lines of four-beat meter alternating with two lines of three-beat meter. A master of imaginary that makes the spiritual materialize in surprising ways, Dickinson managed manifold variations within her simple form.She uses imperfect rhythms, subtle breaks of rhythm, and idiosyncratic syntax and punctuation to create fascinating world puzzles, which have produced greatly divergent interpretations over the years. Due to her deliberate seclusion, her poems tend to vivify some abstract ideas. Her poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness. Her limited private world have never confined the limitless power of her creativity and imagination.Local ColorismTime: late 1860s and early 70sFeatures: the realistic presentation of the local characters with their regional qualities such as dialects and customs.having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by another one else than a native.--- Hamlin Garland: Crumbing IdolsLocal colorists: Stowe, Mark Twain, Kate ChopinHarriet Beecher Stowe“The little woman who wrote the book that started this great war.” -- Abraham LincolnUncle Tom's Cabin (1851)A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853)Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856)The Minister's Wooing (1859)The Pearl of Orr's Island (1862)Little Foxes (1866)Old Town Folks (1869)Poganuc People (1878)Slavery and the Civil WarUncle Tom's Cabin was a best seller in the United States, England, Europe, Asia, and translated into over 60 languages.Uncle Tom's Cabin humanized slavery by telling the story of individuals and families. Harriet portrayed the physical, sexual, and emotional abuse endured by enslaved people.The Civil War grew out of a mixture of causes including regional conflicts between North and South, economic trends, and humanitarian concerns for the welfare of enslaved people.The strength of Uncle Tom's Cabin is not the plot, but its ability to illustrate slavery's effect on families. Characters freely debated the causes of slavery, the Fugitive Slave Law, the future of freed slaves, what an individual could do, and racism.Mark TwainLocal colorism: having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by another one else than a native.--- Hamlin Garland: Crumbing IdolsStowe, Mark Twain, Kate ChopinThe Gilded Age (1873)The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)The Prince and the Pauper (1881)Life on the Mississippi (1883)The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889)The £1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories （1893）The Man That Corrupted Hadleybury (1900)Style of WritingBiting and realistic social satire, dealt largely with the lower strata of societyHumor, sharp wit and comic exaggeration;Colloquial style, a supreme command of vernacular American Englishearlier works are light, humorous, optimistic; the gloomy view in later lifeIronyVerbal irony: what one says is opposite to what one means. (It is universally acknowledged that a man in big fortune must be in want of a wife.)Dramatic irony: a contrast bt. what a character believes or says and what the reader understands to be true. (Merchant of Venice Portia disguised in a lawyer)Situational irony or irony of fate: an incongruity what is expected to happen and what actuallyhappens.)O. HenryWilliam Sydney Porter; embezzlement at Ohio Penitentiaryknown for their wit, wordplay, warm characterization, surprise endings"The Gift of the Magi“"The Ransom of Red Chief""The Cop and the Anthem""A Retrieved Reformation""The Duplicity of Hargraves"The Last LeafHenry Jamesthe founder of psychological realismHis fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of human beings than with overt human actions.the forerunner of the 20th-century "stream-of-consciousness" novels .His father, Henry James, Sr.an eminent philosopher、reformer and theological writer,His brother, William James, was to be the famous philosopher and psychologist.* In 1862, James entered Harvard Law School ,where he met HowellsHe toured England, France and Italy, and met, among others, Flaubert (Madame Bovary) , and TurgenevThe literary career of Henry James is generally divided into three distinctive periods: early , middle and mature.1) The first period (1865-1882) "international theme"The American (1877) Daisy Miller. (1878) The Europeans (1878)The Portrait of A Lady (1881)2) The second period (1882 –1895)3) The third period（1895-1900 ）Third stage: In the third stage, he returned to his international themes and produced the complex and profound novels such as The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》(1902) , The Ambassadors 《专使》(1903) , and The Golden Bowl 《金碗》(1904). Critics regard them as his most mature and his best.3. Major Subjects(P.98) James stressed three subjects that are now regarded as influential in modem fiction. Children: James wrote about children as children, not as small adults. He examined their minds, their psychology and accepted it as valid.(2) New Woman: James's fiction is filled with female characters, not as sexual objects, never married, reticent from sexual passion. He treated the new woman in America in the latter half of the 19th century as a representative of culture and refinement. While men were engaged in business in making money at that time, women maintained culture. They were to be interested in beauty and refinement. And James's women are interested in those subjects. In a way, the women in his fiction are concerned about the same things that he was concerned with — beauty, culture, and refinement .4. Theory of Fiction* Henry James’s literary criticism :To him "art without life is a poor affair,“The Art of Fiction clearly indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life, so it is not surprising to find in his writings human experiences explored in every possible form: illusion, despair, reward, torment, inspiration, delight, etc.*“point of view“叙事视角the author should avoid artificial omniscience as much as possible , making his characters reveal themselves with minimal intervention of the author.Jack London1905 Bought a ranch “the Valley of the Moon”.The Call of the Wild; The Son of the Wolf (1900); The War of the Classes (1905)The People of the Abyss (1903), The Sea Wolf (1904), White Fang (1906), The Iron Heel (1908), Martin Eden (1909), The Sea Wolf ; Martin Eden; Revolution (1910)The Call of the Wild, London's best-known work, is the classic tale of the dog Buck's kidnapping, rejection of civilization, and eventual transformation into the wild leader of a wolf pack. At another level, it is an allegory, in which London uses an animal's story to explore unconscious human instincts.White Fang "I'm going to reverse the process. Instead of devolution or de-civilization of a dog, I'm going to give the evolution, the civilization of a dog -- development of domesticity, faithfulness, love, morality, & all the amenities & virtues."Novelist of IdeasThroughout his career, Jack London explored ideas, both in his reading and in his own writings, seeking to find the answers to life's great questions. In this quest, he frequently reaffirmed not only his socialism, but also his belief in the superiority of humanity over the destructive power of individualism. In addition, especially in the last several years of his life, he increasingly saw the importance of the inner or spiritual side of life to humankind's self-understanding.He wrote too much too fast ,with too little concern for the stylistic and formal refinement and subtlety of characterization that rank high critics.Theodore DreiserLittle college educationReporterTo report “the coarse and the vulgar and the cruel and the terrible” in life in defiance of the genteel and evasive current futureSister Carrie"A Strangely Strong Novel in a Queer Milieu”Major characters：Carrie Meeber, a country girlDuret, a traveling salesmanHurstwood, a respectable manager, Duret’s friendTheme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.Parallel structure：the material rise of Carrie Meeber Vs the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood；Hurstwood sinks lower and lower. After becoming a beggar, he commits suicide；Carrie becomes mature in intellect and emotion and a star of musical comedy。