Sainte Chapelle

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巴黎导游词英文

巴黎导游词英文Paris Tour Guide CommentaryHello, and welcome to Paris, the city of love, fashion, food and history. My name is [Your name] and I will be your tour guide for today.To start our tour, we will begin with the world-famous Eiffel Tower. This iconic symbol of Paris was built in 1889 and initially intended as a temporary structure for the World’s Fair. However, it has since become a permanent fixture and a must-see attraction for visitors to Paris. You can take the elevator to the top for stunning views of the city or enjoy a picnic on the surrounding lawns.Next, we will visit the Louvre Museum, which is home to some of the most famous art in the world, including the Mona Lisa and the Venus de Milo. The Louvre was originally a palace for French kings before it was converted into a museum in 1793. The Louvre houses over 35,000 artworks, and it is impossible to see everything in one visit, so I recommend exploring the galleries that interest you the most.Our next stop is the Champs-Élysées, one of the most fashionable and glamorous streets in the world. It is lined with high-end shops, cafes, and theaters. The avenue stretches from the Place de la Concorde, which is the site of the beheading of Louis XVI in 1793, to the Arc de Triomphe, a victory monument dedicated to Napoleon.Now we will move to the Latin Quarter, known for its intellectualand artistic vibe. Here you will find the Sorbonne University, Pantheon, and Sainte-Chapelle. Sainte-Chapelle is a stunning 13th-century Gothic chapel with beautiful stained-glass windows. The Pantheon is a neoclassical building that houses the remains of some of France’s most celebrated citizens, including Voltaire, Rousseau, and Victor Hugo.The last stop on our tour is the Notre-Dame Cathedral, which was tragically damaged by a fire in 2019. However, work on its restoration is progressing well, and the cathedral remains a beautiful and significant landmark in Paris. The Gothic architecture and intricate detailing of the Notre-Dame Cathedral make it one of the most beautiful churches in the world.Thank you for taking this tour with me. I hope you enjoyed exploring some of the most famous landmarks and attractions of Paris. If you have any questions or would like more information about any of the places we visited, please don't hesitate toask.Certainly! Let's continue our tour of Paris!After visiting the Notre-Dame Cathedral, we can take a leisurely walk along the Seine River. The river runs through the heart of Paris and is lined with beautiful landmarks, historic bridges, and charming bookstalls. The river is a popular spot for a romantic boat tour or a peaceful stroll, offering breathtaking views of the city. Our next stop is Montmartre, a lively and bohemian neighborhood that was once the hub for artists such as Picasso, Matisse, and Van Gogh. Located at the top of a hill, Montmartre offers panoramic views of Paris and is famous for its beautiful basilica, Sacré-Coeur,and its charming streets filled with cafes, restaurants, and quaint little shops. The area is also known for its colorful Moulin Rouge cabaret show and its reputation as the heart of French nightlife.If you're interested in fashion, we can visit Avenue Montaigne, known as one of the most exclusive and luxurious shopping streets in the world. Here, you will find high-end fashion houses such as Dior, Chanel, and Louis Vuitton. It's the perfect place to indulge in some shopping, window shopping or merely admiring the elegant window displays.As the sun starts to set, we can head to the Eiffel Tower for an unforgettable experience. The tower is illuminated at night and offers a breathtaking light show every hour on the hour, from sunset to 1:00 AM. It's a truly magical sight, and it's the perfect spot to take some memorable photos.If you're a foodie, you can't leave Paris without trying some French cuisine. The city is renowned for its gastronomy and offers a wide range of culinary experiences, from Michelin-starred restaurants to charming bistros. You can try some traditional French dishes such as steak frites, escargots, or crème brulee, or indulge in some cheese and wine at a local wine bar.Finally, we can end our tour with a relaxing visit to one of Paris's many beautiful parks. The Jardin des Tuileries, for instance, is a lovely spot to sit and relax, with beautiful tree-lined pathways and elegant fountains. It's an excellent spot to soak up the atmosphere of Paris and reflect on the beautiful sights we've seen during our journey.As our tour comes to an end, I hope you've enjoyed discovering some of Paris's most iconic landmarks, neighborhoods, and experiences. Paris is a beautiful city, and I hope you take many wonderful memories back home with you. Thank you for joining me on this tour, and I hope you have a pleasant stay in Paris!。

巴黎景点中法名称

埃菲尔铁塔（La Tour Eiffel）巴黎凯旋门（l'Arc de Triomphe）巴黎圣母院（Notre-Dame de Paris）荣军院（Les Invalides）先贤祠（Le Panthéon）巴黎歌剧院（Le Palais Garnier / L’Opera Garnier）圣礼拜堂（La Sainte Chapelle）圣⼼心堂（Le Sacré-Cœur）玛德莲教堂（Eglise de la Madeleine）巴黎市政厅（Hôtel de Ville）卢森堡公园（Jardin du Luxembourg）吉美博物馆（Musée Guimet)）拉德芳斯区新凯旋门（La Grande Arche）卢浮宫（Musée du Louvre）奥塞美术馆（Musée d'Orsay）庞⽐比度中⼼心（Centre Georges Pompidou）罗丹博物馆（Musée Rodin）毕加索博物馆（Musée Picasso）⼤大皇宫（Le Grand Palais）⼩小皇宫（Le Petit Palais）⾹香榭丽舍⼤大街（Avenue des Champs-Élysées）协和⼴广场（Place de la Concorde）巴⼠士底⼴广场（Place de la Bastille）孚⽇日⼴广场（Place des V osges）亚历⼭山⼤大三世⼤大桥（Pont Alexandre III）新桥（Pont Neuf）杜乐丽公园（Jardin des Tuileries）索邦⼤大学（La Sorbonne）春天百货店（Printemps）蒙马特⾼高地（Montmartre）凡尔赛宫（Chateau de Versailles）枫丹⽩白露宫（Chateau de Fontainebleau）拉德芳斯（La Défense）。

对巴黎的介绍英文作文

对巴黎的介绍英文作文Paris, the City of Light, is one of the most beautiful and romantic cities in the world. It is the capital of France and is located in the north-central part of the country. Paris is known for its stunning architecture, world-class museums, delicious food, and rich history.One of the most iconic landmarks in Paris is the Eiffel Tower. This towering structure was built in 1889 and stands at 324 meters tall. Visitors can take an elevator to the top and enjoy panoramic views of the city. The tower is especially beautiful at night when it is lit up with thousands of sparkling lights.Another must-see attraction in Paris is the Louvre Museum. This world-famous museum is home to over 35,000 works of art, including the famous painting, the Mona Lisa. The Louvre is housed in a stunning 12th-century palace and is a must-visit for art lovers.The Champs-Elysees is another popular destination in Paris. This famous avenue is lined with shops, cafes, and theaters. It is also home to the Arc de Triomphe, a massive monument that honors those who fought and died for France during the Napoleonic Wars.Paris is also known for its delicious cuisine. From croissants and baguettes to escargot and foie gras, thereis something for everyone in Paris. Visitors can enjoy a meal at a charming sidewalk cafe or indulge in a Michelin-starred restaurant.Finally, Paris is rich in history and culture. The city is home to countless museums, galleries, and theaters. Visitors can explore the Palace of Versailles, the Notre Dame Cathedral, and the Sainte Chapelle. They can also enjoy a night at the famous Moulin Rouge or attend a performance at the Opera Garnier.In conclusion, Paris is a city that has something for everyone. From its stunning architecture and world-classmuseums to its delicious cuisine and rich history, Paris is a must-visit destination for anyone traveling to Europe.。

安东尼圣艾修伯里英文简介

安东尼圣艾修伯里英文简介安东尼·圣艾修伯里,法国著名的飞行员兼作家。

其主要作品有《小王子》、《风沙星辰》、《夜航》、,下面是店铺为你整理的安东尼圣艾修伯里英文简介，希望对你有用!安东尼·圣艾修伯里简介1921 - 1923 served in the French Air Force, was a reserve pilots, and later became a civil aviation pilot, he participated in two world wars, and his comrades Ji Yomei, who participated in the development of France - Africa - South America International work, during which he also engaged in literary writing, works are "South Line Flight" (1930), "Night" (1931) and so on.In 1939 the German fascists invaded France, and in view of the repeated injury to St. Evebury, the doctor thought he could no longer join the war; but by his insistence, he participated in the anti-German war and was incorporated into the 2/33 Air Force Reconnaissance Brigade.In 1940 France was defeated in the war, his troops suffered heavy losses, the Ministry was transferred to Algiers, then was demobilized, he was in exile in the United States. During the United States, he continued to write, published in 1940, "combat pilots", published in 1943, "to a hostage letter" and "little prince".His life adventure, also said that the death has long been ready, and even "very happy" to meet the death.In 1943, under his strong request, he returned to France in North Africa's anti-war base in Algiers. His superior took into account his physical and age status, only agreed to his implementation of five missions, he asked to eight times, July 31, 1944 morning, 44 years old he sailed to perform the eighth mission, disappeared in the Mediterranean Of the over, neveragain come back to become the most mysterious history of French literature a legend.安东尼·圣艾修伯里生平BornJune 29, 1900 Anthony de Saint Iberbury was born in Lyon, France. Both parents are aristocratic descent, the patriarch belongs to the ancient Gaolu people elm warriors tribe descendants, matriarchs are Provence. His father, Jean de Saint Exupery, was an insurance company inspector before Anthony was born. His mother, Marie de Fonsborough, is gentle and loves art.In 1904 the father died. Mother to take the Anthony siblings 5 people leave their hometown, living in their aunt and grandmother's ancestral property. Saint Exupery first travel by train, on the mechanical had a strong interest in the dream of one day to fly to the sky. The little name of the house of St. Ebonius is both naughty and invented, and often command others, plus a blonde, the family of people who call him the Louis XIV king of the sun.LearnIn 1909 the family moved to Le Mans. Enter the church of the church of Sant Clover. The dull atmosphere of the school makes the illusion of the young teenage of the world, and is regarded as a student who does not abide by the rules.In 1912, Saint Exupery liked flying, dreaming of adventure. Near the school is one of the oldest French airport Amberio airport, he often hovering here, longing for flying blue sky and white clouds. In his 12-year-old summer, when the well-known pilot Weideling was touched by the warmth of St. Iberbury, with his first flight to the sky. This was a very unusual experience inthe early twentieth century, especially for a 12-year-old, who had just developed the aviation.In the same year, St. Ai Xiu Bo Li began to learn to learn the violin.The outbreak of the First World War in 1914.His mother to participate in the care of the work of the wounded, the St. Ibero Brothers two people sent to Montgomery secondary school boarding. The two brothers suffer from the rigid rigid constraints, only to be a semester will urge their mother to them "from the witch's nest to save out." The family then moved to Ruifu Fort.In 1917 went to Paris to become a boarding student at the Boseye School, ready to take the Navy school exam, and at St. Louis school.1919 to vote for naval officer school. St. Eugenbury's math scores are among the best, and the French oral test has only seven points (out of 20). The question is: "After the return of Alsace to France, someone will return to the hometown, what will be the feeling?" St. Ai Xiu Boi speechless, and refused to recite other "patriotism" idiom, Turn into art school for architectural art.EnlistmentIn April 1921, enlisted, was incorporated into the second flight brigade of Strasbourg, as maintenance work. He frugally spent a couple of fees to participate in a civil aviation flight training, the aircraft pilot certificate. He was surprised by his first flight. As the engine fuel system failure, shortly after the launch will crackling, smoke billowing, finally reluctantly landed. The presence of Major Gardner asserted: "St. Eusebo, you are destined not to die on the plane, or you are dead.In October 1922, a military pilot qualification certificate wasobtained. T o the rank of second lieutenant into the thirty-third flight brigade fighter squadron. Stationed in Casablanca and other places.In January 1923, in a flight accident, St. Ai Xiu Bo Li head wounded, so retired. Due to the opposition of the fiancee's parents, St. Ai Xiu Bo Li to give up the opportunity to join the army, stay in Paris, as Sorey car company salesman and other staff. But still love flying, often in their spare time flight.Creation1925 written writing "dance girl Mann"1926 published a short story "pilot". In July, obtain a transport pilot license to join Radcliffe Airways. Become a postal pilot who communicates mail between Toulouse and Dhaka. And his companions to fly over the Mediterranean, across the Sahara Desert, completed many dangerous missions. St. Evebury was turned into a lifeful, enthusiastic businessman by a free and loose Parisian teenager.In 1927 was appointed Qiu Qi angle airport midway station owners. During this period, St. Ai Xiu Boer loyal to his duties, outstanding achievements, many times to escape, very well to complete the air rescue mission, and with the local indigenous Moors and the Spanish colonial army to deal with the experience of the aviation industry pioneer Hard and dangerous life. During this period, he used the night's free leisure time, volts in two petrol barrels stood a piece of wood made of the table, with their own personal experience to write the "Southern Mail."In March 1928, Saint Exupery returned to France for a holiday. After receiving short-term training in Brest, the Naval Air Force Senior Pilot Certificate. At the end of the year, "Southern Mail" was published by Galilear Publishing House, and St. Iberburywent to South America to re-operate the old industry.In October 1929, St. Eissebury was entrusted with the Argentinean Airlines affiliated with Radecoli Airways, where she was responsible for business development.April 7, 1930, St. Ai Xiubury because Qiu Qiqi airport midway station owners outstanding achievements, won the title of the French honor knight. Began to engage in the second book "Night Flight" creation. The early and dangerous flight of the flight has had a tremendous impact on the thought and character of Saint Exupery. In a large number of long missions, St. Everest has many questions about loneliness, friendship, life, human dilemma, and so on. Had a deep experience and thinking, to his writing provides a lot of nutrition.In 1931 the airline's decision-makers were disagreeing with the resignation of St. On April 12th, she married Marzona, born in Salvador. In May, return to Africa, as Casablanca and Etienne port range of pilots. In December, "Night Flight" was published, and Andre Gide wrote the preamble, which won the Fermina Award.In 1932 served as Tagore company test pilot. Was almost killed when driving a new waterplane. The following seven years (until the outbreak of the Second World War), St. Ai Xiu Bo mainly living in Paris, in the changing political environment in a turbulent life.In 1933, Saint Exubery tried to write a movie script "Anna Mary", but never completed and published.In 1934, he was employed by the French airline to conduct a business briefing and lobbied in the French mainland. In July, travel to Saigon. In September, the "Southern Air Mail" rewritten into a screenplay, and follow the photography group to Moroccoshooting location. In the intake of aerial lens as "substitute actor".After leaving the airline in 1935, served as the "Paris Evening News" Commissioner. May reported for the newspaper. Had a lot of interviews and was able to travel to many countries and regions. Travel around the Mediterranean, for "Air France" business publicity. The economy is in a dilemma. December 29, at their own expense to fly to Sai Kung, trying to 70 hours to fly to Paris to Saigon voyage, in order to break the record to obtain 150,000 francs of the bonus. Due to aircraft failure, forced landing in Cairo near the desolate desert. St. Evebury and the mechanic Prevette together in the desperate circumstances of the journey of 5 days and 5 nights, was a camel caravan rescued.In 1936 began writing "castle". Trying to invent a jet plane.In February 1937, drove their plane from Casablanca to fly through the map, and then communicate with the Dhaka - Casablanca route. March, back to Paris. April as "not compromise" and "Paris Evening News" special correspondent to Madrid and other places to interview the Spanish civil war.In January 1938, with the approval of the Air Force Department, St. Iberbury was able to carry out the flight plan from New York to Fortune Island (at the southern end of Latin America). Arrived in New York for this purpose. On February 15, take off from New York and arrive safely in Guatemala. But when taken off from Guatemala, the plane was planted near the airport. St. Ai Xiu Boi seriously injured (concussion, body 8 fractures). The plane was destroyed. March, back to New York to recuperate. Creation of the novel "The earth of man". Then return to France.In February 1939, "the land of man" was published in France. Saint Exupery travels to Germany. In May, "the earth" won the French Academy novel award. In June, the English version of "TheEarth of the People" was published in the United States, entitled "Steady Star" and soon became a bestseller. In July, drove the seaplane to New York, trying to break the flight record across the Atlantic. The war is imminent. Saint Exupery rushed back to Paris from the United States on 26 August. On September 3, France declared war on Germany. September 4, St. Ai Xiu Boi enlisted, the captain of the rank of technical instructors. In November, according to the doctor's diagnosis, St. Ai Xiu Boi in view of the health status is no longer in the list, but he managed to finally become a pilot, began in the third squadron squadron squadron operations in the implementation of aerial strategic reconnaissance mission. Here created a philosophy fairy tale "little prince".AwardsIn February 1940, "sandy stars" in New York was named "the best books of 1939". In June, by the Air Force's awards, won the Crusader Medal. June 9, the French defeat has been set, their flight brigade into Algeria. August 8, St. Ai Xiu Boi retired, to the province of Wal-Mart's sister to live, continue to write "Castle" a book. In November, take Portugal and Morocco to the United States.January 1941, accepted the 1939 US National Book Award. In November, his wife arrived in New York.February 20, 1942, "theater pilots" in the United States published in the United States, entitled "flying Arras". The book occupies the "best-selling book" position in the United States for half a year. Critics argue that the novel "is the most powerful fight against" my struggle for Democrats. " Saint Aishubi Bo won the "flying of Conrad" reputation. In the same year, the French version of the novel was published in France. Although the words"Hitler is an idiot" has been deleted, it is still banned by the German occupation authorities. In November, the Allies landed in North Africa, St. Ai Xiu Bo in New York broadcast speech, called on the French people to fight unity.In February 1943, "Letter to a hostage" was published in New York. In April, "Little Prince" published. At the same time, the author of the book has been removed after arriving in Algeria, through the earnest plea, allowed to join his former service where the troops - the thirty-third flight brigade second squadron. The US commander of the force was touched by the fighting enthusiasm of Stuartsbury, and the famous writer, who was far beyond the age limit of the air force pilot, carried out five air reconnaissance missions.MissingJuly 31, 1943 8:30 am, St. Ai Xiubury to accept the task of reconnaissance by the German occupation of Lyon, Yanus and other places, after the completion of the task, on the way back, lost the trace.安东尼圣艾修伯里。

哥特式圣保罗教堂之旅

哥特式圣保罗教堂之旅（正文）哥特式建筑风格以其高耸的尖塔和华丽的装饰而闻名于世。

而位于法国巴黎的圣保罗教堂则是哥特式建筑的一座杰作。

它采用了哥特式建筑风格的典型元素，如飞扶壁和尖拱顶。

对于喜爱历史和建筑的人来说，在圣保罗教堂之旅中探索这座古老而庄严的建筑，必将是一次难忘的经历。

圣保罗教堂位于巴黎市中心，建于12世纪，是法国最早的哥特式教堂之一。

教堂外貌气势磅礴，高耸的尖塔令人眼前一亮，向人们展示出哥特式建筑的独特魅力。

进入教堂大门，迎面而来的是一片宏大而神圣的气氛。

教堂内部装饰典雅，无一不体现了哥特式风格的精髓。

高高的天花板上悬挂着巨大的吊灯，散发出柔和的光芒，照亮了教堂内的每一个角落。

充满艺术气息的彩色玻璃窗上绘制着圣经故事和圣徒的形象，为教堂增添了一抹绚丽的色彩。

站在教堂的中央，仰望着高高的穹顶，仿佛能够看到上帝的存在。

圣保罗教堂的最大特点莫过于其飞扶壁。

这些层层叠叠的支撑结构将教堂的重量分散到了地面，使得教堂能够承受巨大的压力。

同时，飞扶壁还起到了增加教堂内部空间的作用。

当游客沿着巨大的螺旋楼梯爬上高塔时，可以俯瞰整个巴黎市区的美景。

在圣保罗教堂之旅中，除了参观教堂本身，游客还可以欣赏各类艺术品和文物。

教堂内陈列着许多宗教雕塑和绘画作品，其中最著名的是圣母玛利亚的雕像。

这些雕像和绘画不仅极具艺术价值，还表达了宗教信仰的深刻内涵。

此外，圣保罗教堂附近还有许多历史悠久的建筑和景点，如巴黎歌剧院和圣母院。

游客可以在圣保罗教堂之旅结束后，继续探索这些令人着迷的地方。

总之，哥特式圣保罗教堂是一座充满历史和文化价值的建筑，它不仅仅是一座教堂，更是一座代表着欧洲中世纪哥特式建筑风格的宝藏。

如果你对历史和建筑感兴趣，一次哥特式圣保罗教堂之旅绝对不容错过。

你将在这个神圣而优雅的空间中感受到对过去的敬意，同时也能够领略到哥特式建筑的独特魅力。

（文末）以上是关于哥特式圣保罗教堂之旅的介绍，希望对您有所帮助。

感谢阅读！。

欧洲著名的基督教堂

西斯廷礼拜堂
圣彼得大教堂
圣彼得大教堂
意大利
• 圣维莱塔教堂（Basilica of Santi Vitale） • 圣方济各教堂（Basilica of St.Francis） • 意大利比萨比萨大教堂（Cathedral of Pisa）罗马式教堂建筑 • 圣马可大教堂（Basilica of San Marco） • 新圣母玛利亚教堂（Church ofSanta Maria NoveUa） • 佛拉瑞光荣圣母院（Tanta Maria G10riosa dei Frari） • 圣十字教堂（The Cathedral of Santa Croce） • 佛罗伦萨佛罗伦萨大教堂（Florence Cathedral）意大利文艺复兴时期建筑 • 米兰大教堂（The Cathedral of Milan or Duomo）世界上最大的哥特式建筑世界第二 • 圣洛伦佐教堂（Church of San Lorenzo） • 拉特兰诺的圣乔瓦尼教堂（Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano） • 安康圣母教堂（Santa Maria dellaSalute） • 四喷泉圣卡洛教堂（San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane）
巴黎圣母院
斯特拉斯堡圣母大教堂
亚眠大教堂
兰斯大教堂
比利时
• 圣母大教堂（The Cathedral of Our Lady） • 安特卫普 • 哥特式教堂
圣母大教堂
梵蒂冈
• 西斯廷礼拜堂（Sistine Chapel） • 梵蒂冈 • 米开朗琪罗设计
• 圣彼得大教堂（St.Peter's Basihca） • 梵蒂冈 • 呈罗马式建筑和巴洛克式建筑风格 • 世界第一

巴黎旅游景点有哪些

巴黎旅游景点有哪些
巴黎作为一个世界著名的旅游城市，拥有众多的旅游景点。

以下是一些巴黎的热门旅游景点：
1. 埃菲尔铁塔（Eiffel Tower）：巴黎的地标性建筑，是世界
上最著名的景点之一。

2. 玛丽亚教堂（Notre Dame Cathedral）：一个拥有800多年
历史的哥特式教堂，是巴黎最受欢迎的朝圣地之一。

3. 卢浮宫（Louvre Museum）：世界上最大的艺术博物馆之一，收藏了丰富的艺术品，包括蒙娜丽莎的笑容。

4. 蒙马特山（Montmartre）：一个充满艺术氛围的区域，拥有
壁画、艺术家工作室和巴黎最古老的教堂之一。

5. 蓬皮杜艺术中心（Centre Pompidou）：巴黎现代艺术的代
表之一，被誉为是世界现代艺术的重要场所。

6. 圣母院花园（Jardin des Tuileries）：位于卢浮宫前的花园，
在这里可以漫步、欣赏美景，还有游乐设施供儿童玩耍。

7. 凯旋门（Arc de Triomphe）：一座纪念巴黎战役的凯旋门，是巴黎最著名的地标之一。

8. 巴黎圣母院（Sainte Chapelle）：一座哥特式教堂，以其美
丽的彩绘玻璃窗而闻名，被认为是法国最美丽的教堂之一。

9. 巴黎歌剧院（Palais Garnier）：一座宏伟的歌剧院，是法国最重要的歌剧和芭蕾舞场所之一。

10. 蒙田大道（Champs-Elysées）：巴黎最著名的大街之一，沿路有时尚店铺、餐厅和剧院。

除了以上景点，巴黎还有许多美食、博物馆、公园和购物中心等其他旅游胜地。

2487946_情迷彼得堡

圣彼得堡素有“北方的威尼斯”之称，但它的浪漫与美丽与威尼斯比却是别样的意趣。

对圣彼得堡的最美幻想，来源于一部俄国电视剧《情迷彼得堡》。

那是一部俄罗斯出品的宫廷剧，讲述的是沙皇尼古拉二世时期一群贵族青年的爱情故事，其中穿插着几大家族的爱恨情仇。

尽管本质上是一部很磨人的肥皂剧，但是那些面容姣好，身材完美的俊男靓女们身着华丽的宫装，深情款款地演绎着一段段悲欢离合，又的确浪漫得不可方物。

作为整个故事的大背景，由浅绿、雪白和金色为主要色调的华丽宫殿——冬宫，则在俊男美女的爱情故事之外，给我留下了深刻的印象。

彼得堡的美丽之源：冬宫站在冬宫之外端详这座巍峨壮观的建筑物，会为之深深折服，电视剧中体现的是精致，但现实中的观感却更多的是一种宏伟的皇家气魄。

这座建筑物建造于1754年至1762年，冬宫曾经在很长一段时间里作为沙皇的皇宫存在。

沙俄时代的政治强人彼得一世被认为是最杰出的一位沙皇，正是他力主全面欧化，铁腕推行兴办工场，发展贸易，发展文化、教育和科研事业，同时改革军事，出兵夺取出海口等举措让原本落后于邻国的俄罗斯成了欧亚大陆上的强大帝国，如果说圣彼得堡正是这位强人学习西方实的杰作，而绿白相间的冬宫不啻是这件杰作上最闪亮的宝石。

冬宫是一座典型的巴洛克式建筑，由意大利著名建筑师巴托洛米奥·拉斯特雷利设计，它面朝涅瓦河，因此在宫殿中游览时可以透过窗户眺望美丽的涅瓦河。

宫殿外的拱形铁门、四周的廊柱和宫外广场上高耸入云的亚历山大纪念柱都为这座宫殿倍增气势。

纪念柱是为了纪念1812年亚历山大一世战胜拿破仑而立，它使用了整块花岗石制成，不用任何支撑，只靠自身重量屹立在基石上，纪念柱的顶尖上站立着手持十字架的天使，双脚踩着一条蛇，这寓意着战胜敌人。

尽管看过许多欧洲的宫殿，但是走进冬宫，却会被它情迷彼得堡文、图 | 何帆的华丽所折服。

宫殿中可谓是四处雕梁画栋，巨大的枝形吊灯灯火通明地映照着那些金子、孔雀石、大理石、玉石的装饰，雕塑、帷幔与绘画都在诉说着这座宫殿的奢华。

外研版(2019)高一英语必修第三册unit4单元测试卷有答案

Unit 4 Amazing art第二部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5 分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

AStained Glass (彩色玻璃) ArtworkSainte Chapelle, FranceWhile many say that Paris' must-see cathedral (教堂) is Notre Dame de Paris, Sainte Chapelle should also be high up on the list. Louis IX ordered it to be built in 1239 to house the Crown of Thorns, a famous relic from Constantinople. Within the ceilings of the church are fifteen of the world's finest stained glass windows. Unfortunately, as a result of the French Revolution, one third of the stained glass had to be replaced.The Chicago Cultural Centre, USAWhile the Windy City might not house the nation's winningest sports teams, it does have one of the world's most eye-catching displays of stained glass. Today's Chicago Cultural Centre, which was designed as a library in 1887, has a 38-feet-tall Tiffany glass dome (圆屋顶), which is said to be the largest Tiffany dome in the world.Erawan Museum，ThailandThe Erawan Museum, built in 1994, houses ancient, priceless Thai artworks, all of which are displayed within the building's three floors, said to symbolize the three levels of the universe. The shiny stained glass is on the second floor, which museum owner Khun Lek Viriyapant considers to be the human level. Designed by German artist Jacob Schwarzkopf, the stained glass artwork shows five continents, with the sun delivering light, and therefore life, into all.Saint Vitus Cathedral, Czech RepublicWhile the Czech church whose doors many travelers pass through every day was built way back in 1344, its amazing display of stained glass is a 20th-century donation from well-known Czech Art Nouveau artist Alfons Mucha. The artwork is nothing if not fitting for Prague, the city in which the stained glass is displayed. After all, it is the modern-day Czech Republic from which dreamy Bohemians came.21．Which of the following has the longest history?A．Sainte Chapelle.B．Erawan Museum.C．Saint Vitus Cathedral.D．The Chicago Cultural Centre.22．Where should you go if you want to see the Earth-themed stained glass?A．France.B．The USA.C．Thailand. D．Czech Republic.23．What is special about the stained glass in Prague?A．It fits the city well.B．It is from a Bohemian.C．It is the largest of its kind.D．It sits in an ancient church.BTom could hardly wait for morning. Snow was falling quickly. By morning he expected that there would be enough snow to make a great snowman. Tom had never made a snowman before. He had just moved to Indiana from Alabama, where it hardly ever snowed.The next morning, Tom's mother shook him gently. “No school today，” she said. “There is too much snow for the school bus to go through.”Tom let out a loud cry. He jumped out of the bed and pulled on his snow clothes.Tom's friends, Herb and Addie, were already outside. “Hey, Tom！”called Addie. “We are going to Warwick Hill in a little while. Do you want to come？”“No, not now，”Tom answered. “I'm going to make a snowman.”Herb shook his head. “It's not snowman snow. It's too dry and soft.” Herb pushed his gloves into the snow and picked some up.He blew on the snow and it flew away like dust.Tom looked down at the ground. “Snow was snow，” he'd always thought. How was he supposed to know there were different kinds? “What kind of snow is this？”He asked.“It's sledding (滑雪橇) snow！”laughed Addie. “That's why we are going to W arwick Hill. All the kids will be there, and you should come, too.” Addie held a sledout to Tom and said, “You can use this. We have got two more.”Tom took the sled and smiled. After all, he had never been sledding before.24．When Tom lets out a loud cry, he probably feels ．A．happy B．madC．hurt D．cold25．When Tom says he is going to make a snowman, Herb ．A．feels very excitedB．thinks it impossibleC．wants to do it with himD．teaches him to make it26．What will Tom probably do next?A．Go sledding with his friends.B．Go to school as usual.C．Make a snowman.D．Clean the snow.27．We can learn from the text that ．A．it often snows in AlabamaB．there are different kinds of snowC．Tom is good at making a snowmanD．Tom often goes sledding with his friendsCThe practice of drinking tea has a long history in China. According to a popular story, tea was discovered by Shennong in 2737 BC when a leaf from a nearby shrub (a low woody plant) fell into the water Shennong was boiling. Tea is deeply woven into the history and culture of China.The Chinese have a saying: “Firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea are the seven necessities to begin a day.” Though tea is the last on the list, we still can see its importance in daily life. A simple meal in Chinese is Cu Cha Dan Fan, namely coarse (粗糙的) tea and tasteless dinner. Even a simple meal is finished off with tea.For the Chinese, tea drinking and tasting are not parallel. Tea drinking can help keep up one's spirit while tea tasting has cultural meaning. Tea and tea sets shouldmatch surroundings such as the breeze, the bright moon, pines, bamboo and snow. All these show the goal of Chinese culture: the harmonious unity of human beings with nature.Tea is compared to personal characters. Its flavour (味道) is pleasant, low-key and lasting. A friendship between gentlemen is also like a cup of tea. With a cup of tea in hand, enjoying the green leaves in a white china cup, you will feel the peace. Fame, wealth and other earthly concerns are far away.Similarly, tea-drinking habits vary in different parts of China. Generally, flowering tea is popular in northern China; green tea is preferred in eastern China, and black tea is fit for people in Fujian and Guangdong. Green tea is the most popular type of tea consumed in China. Green tea usually loses its flavour within a year while the flavour of black tea can remain for several years. For this reason, black tea has long been an article of trade. It still accounts for over ninety percent of all tea sold in West. Tea is commonly available in Chinese restaurants and grocery shops worldwide.28．Why does the writer use the Chinese saying in the second paragraph?A．To show the history of tea.B．To explain the Chinese saying.C．To show the tea's role in Chinese culture.D．To express the writer's love for tea.29．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “parallel”？A．Different. B．Similar.C．Ordinary. D．Traditional.30．Why has black tea been long traded as goods?A．It has health benefits.B．It tastes better than other tea.C．Its flavour is preferred by the West.D．Its flavour can be kept for a long time.31．What is the text mainly about?A．Tea culture in China.B．Tea and personal characters.C．The popularity of tea drinking in China.D．The development of tea drinking in China.Time, wars and natural disasters have a bad effect on the artistic and cultural objects in the world.More than 1，000 years ago, a fire destroyed the Library of Alexandria in Egypt. In 1755, an earthquake destroyed Ribeira Palace in Lisbon, Portugal, along with artworks inside. In modern times, the Taliban destroyed the huge Bamiyan Buddhas in Afghanistan.As we all know, museums play an important part in our daily lives. They keep evidence of culture and history and exhibit great works. A major goal of most museums in the world is to make sure that important historical objects do not disappear forever. The Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy, holds 1，250 pieces of ancient Greek and Roman sculptures. These objects have inspired artists and historians for many years. So the museum is working to make a complete and permanent (永久的) record of the artworks.The project is an effort of both the museum and the scientists from Indiana University in the United States. The team is using technology to create digital copies (数字复制品) of the Uffizi's ancient sculptures.“The process is called photogrammetry. At one time, this process was slow and expensive. But not anymore，” said Professor Robert Frischer. He said photogrammetry is now much faster and cheaper. Now they can gather 3D data (数据) on a life-size sculpture in half an hour and they can process the data just in a couple of hours.The images allow the viewer to examine the sculpture from all sides. And when the viewer zooms in (用变焦距镜头放大), the image becomes clearer. The Uffizi hopes to have the collection completed and available on the Internet soon.32．What can we learn about some artworks?A．They have been badly damaged.B．They were destroyed by accident.C．They were not protected by humans.D．Most of them are kept in Italy now.33．Why do the Uffizi Gallery and Indiana University work together?A．To build the largest museum.B．To create long-lasting artworks.C．To introduce some ancient sculptures.D．To inspire more artists and historians.34．What can we learn about photogrammetry?A．It is still expensive.B．It is a time-saving step now.C．It does great harm to the artworks.D．It was invented by Robert Frischer.35．What can we learn about the images?A．It's impossible to make them larger.B．They will take the place of real sculptures.C．People can enjoy them online in the future.D．They can only show the front of the sculpture.第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)阅读下面的短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

刺客信条：大革命巴黎与现实场景对比

刺客信条：⼤⾰命-巴黎与现实场景对⽐《刺客信条⼤⾰命》以极⾼的还原度，再现了魅⼒之都巴黎，下⾯为⼤家带来《刺客信条⼤⾰命》巴黎与现实场景对⽐，⼀起来看看吧。

说来惭愧，楼主虽然算是个g a m e r，也很早就听过A C系列的⼤名，但是直到⼤⾰命才正式⼊坑的，理由很简单，很好奇⾃⼰⽣活过⼏年的城市在200年前是个什么样⼦。

(我还挺喜欢这种虚拟照进现实的感觉的，这也是我玩G TA的时候很羡慕⽣活在纽约和洛杉矶的⼈的原因。

) A C U满⾜了我这个不⼤不⼩的愿望，虽然不是当代的背景，但是，⼀来⼩巴黎的古迹保护算很好的，那个时代的东西留存下来相当多;⼆来这种时光穿越也激起我的探索欲望，甚⾄去到了很多现实中根本不可能去到的地⽅!可谓⼤开眼界~ 抛除游戏情节操作等⽅⾯的因素(育碧嘛你懂得)，唯⼀让我⽐较遗憾的就是“美好时代”和“⼆战“这两个游戏中的穿越世界没办法随意探索吧，也许育碧的程序猿们也怕太累了吧，毕竟这个建模贴材质的⼯作量还是蛮⼤的。

1.巴黎市政厅(Hôt e l d e P a r i s)%{p a g e-b r e a k|巴黎市政厅|p a g e-b r e a k}% 2.卢森堡宫(P a l a i s d u L u x e m b o u r g)%{p a g e-b r e a k|卢森堡宫|p a g e-b r e a k}% 3.索邦⼤学(U n i v e r s i téP a r i s4P a r i s-S o r b o n n e)%{p a g e-b r e a k|索邦⼤学|p a g e-b r e a k}% 4.巴黎天⽂台(L'o b s e r v a t o i r e d e P a r i s)%{p a g e-b r e a k|巴黎天⽂台|p a g e-b r e a k}% 5.圣雅各伯塔(To u r S a i n t-J a c q u e s)%{p a g e-b r e a k|圣雅各伯塔|p a g e-b r e a k}% 6.巴黎军校(Éc o l e M i l i t a i r e d e P a r i s)%{p a g e-b r e a k|巴黎军校|p a g e-b r e a k}% 7.圣⽇⽿曼德佩修道院(A b b a y e d e S a i n t-G e r m a i n-d e s-P rés)%{p a g e-b r e a k|圣⽇⽿曼德佩修道院|p a g e-b r e a k}% 8.波旁宫(P a l a i s B o u r b o n)%{p a g e-b r e a k|波旁宫|p a g e-b r e a k}% 9.孚⽇⼴场(P l a c e d e s Vo s g e s)%{p a g e-b r e a k|孚⽇⼴场|p a g e-b r e a k}% 10.圣礼拜教堂(S a i n t e C h a p e l l e)和司法宫(P a l a i s d e J u s t i c e d e P a r i s)%{p a g e-b r e a k|圣礼拜教堂和司法宫|p a g e-b r e a k}% 11.圣丹尼圣殿主教座堂(B a s i l i q u e C a t héd r a l e d e S a i n t-D e n i s) ⼩巴黎的好像没了，来个93省的吧%{p a g e-b r e a k|圣丹尼圣殿主教座堂|p a g e-b r e a k}% 12.法国荣誉军团勋章学校(M a i s o n d'éd u c a t i o n d e l a Lég i o n d'h o n n e u r) 既然有⼈想看巴黎圣母院，那我就也顺便把缺的都补全了吧%{p a g e-b r e a k|法国荣誉军团勋章学校|p a g e-b r e a k}% 13.巴黎圣母院(C a t héd r a l e N o t r e D a m e d e P a r i s)%{p a g e-b r e a k|巴黎圣母院|p a g e-b r e a k}% 14.巴黎古监狱(C o n c i e r g e r i e d e P a r i s)%{p a g e-b r e a k|巴黎古监狱|p a g e-b r e a k}% 15.新桥(P o n t N e u f)和亨利四世骑马雕像(S t a t u eéq u e s t r e d'H e n r iI V)%{p a g e-b r e a k|新桥和亨利四世骑马雕像|p a g e-b r e a k}% 16.圣厄斯塔什教堂(P a r o i s s e S a i n t-E u s t a c h e)%{p a g e-b r e a k|圣厄斯塔什教堂|p a g e-b r e a k}% 17.荣军院(L'Hôt e l d e s I n v a l i d e s)%{p a g e-b r e a k|荣军院|p a g e-b r e a k}% 18.先贤祠/万神殿(P a n t héo n d e P a r i s)%{p a g e-b r e a k|先贤祠/万神殿|p a g e-b r e a k}% 19.卢浮宫(P a l a i s d u L o u v r e)%{p a g e-b r e a k|卢浮宫|p a g e-b r e a k}% 20.巴黎商会交易所(B o u r s e d e C o m m e r c e)。

我心中最漂亮的城市英语作文

我心中最漂亮的城市英语作文In my heart, the most beautiful city is Paris, a place I have always admired from afar and had the privilege to visit once. The city's charm is a blend of its rich history,artistic heritage, and the romantic ambiance that seems to permeate every street and alley.Paris is often referred to as the "City of Light," atitle it has held since the Age of Enlightenment, when it became a beacon of intellectual progress. Today, it continues to shine as a global center for art, fashion, and culture. The city's architecture is a testament to its storied past, with each building telling a tale of a different era.The Eiffel Tower stands as an iconic symbol of Paris, its iron lattice structure towering over the cityscape. At night, it sparkles with thousands of lights, creating a magical scene that has become synonymous with the city's allure. Nearby, the Louvre Museum houses some of the world's most famous works of art, including the enigmatic Mona Lisa.The Seine River winds through the heart of Paris, withits banks lined by book stalls and picturesque bridges that have stood the test of time. A boat cruise along the Seine offers a serene perspective of the city's beauty, with views of the Notre-Dame Cathedral and the Sainte-Chapelle, both architectural marvels in their own right.What makes Paris truly enchanting, however, is not justits landmarks but the lifestyle it promotes. The city is a haven for those who appreciate the finer things in life, from the delectable cuisine that ranges from decadent pastries to fine dining experiences, to the quaint cafes where one can enjoy a leisurely cup of coffee while watching the world go by.The parks and gardens, such as the Luxembourg Gardens and the Tuileries Garden, provide a respite from the urban bustle, offering a place to relax and enjoy the natural beauty that coexists with the city's urban landscape. The city's fashion and design are also unparalleled, with the Champs-Élysées and Montmartre offering a glimpse into the world of high fashion and artistic expression.In essence, Paris is a city that captivates the heart and soul with its timeless elegance and the je ne sais quoi that makes it uniquely charming. It is a place that resonates with beauty and romance, and it is no wonder that it has inspired countless artists, writers, and dreamers. To me, Paris will always remain the most beautiful city, a place where history, culture, and the spirit of human creativity converge tocreate a tapestry of unforgettable experiences.。

福建省漳州市2022-2023学年高二上学期期中英语试题

福建省漳州市2022-2023学年高二上学期期中英语试题一、听力选择题1．Which animal is in the field?A．A sheep.B．A cow.C．A horse.2．What kind of person is Richard?A．A troublemaker.B．A helpful person.C．A selfish person. 3．How long has the man had the car?A．For two months.B．For three months.C．For four months. 4．What’s the probable relationship between the speakers?A．Classmates.B．Colleagues.C．Brother and sister. 5．Where does the conversation probably take place?A．At a ticket office.B．In a bank.C．On a train.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

6．What did the man do before he met the woman?A．He looked for his phone.B．He focused on his work.C．He had a drink. 7．What does the woman think of the man’s words?A．Rude.B．Serious.C．Unbelievable.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

8．What are the speakers mainly talking about?A．A family story.B．A garden.C．A travel plan. 9．Where are the trees by the house from?A．Australia.B．America.C．New Zealand.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。

写巴黎的英语作文

Paris,known as the City of Light,is a place of immense historical and cultural significance.It is not only the capital of France but also a global center for art,fashion, and gastronomy.Historical Landmarks:Paris is home to numerous historical landmarks that attract millions of tourists each year. The Eiffel Tower,an iconic symbol of France,stands tall over the cityscape,offering breathtaking views of the city from its observation deck.The Louvre Museum,one of the worlds largest and most visited museums,houses the famous Mona Lisa and countless other masterpieces of art and culture.Cultural Experiences:The city is a hub for cultural experiences.The Paris Opera House,with its ornate architecture and rich history,hosts worldclass performances of ballet,opera,and classical music.The ChampsÉlysées,a wide avenue that stretches from the Arc de Triomphe to the Place de la Concorde,is lined with cafes,theaters,and luxury shops,making it a popular destination for both locals and tourists.Art and Architecture:Paris is renowned for its art and architecture.The NotreDame Cathedral,with its magnificent Gothic architecture,is a masterpiece of French Gothic art.The SainteChapelle,with its stunning stained glass windows,is another architectural marvel that showcases the citys rich artistic heritage.Culinary Delights:The city is also famous for its culinary delights.From the classic French baguette to the exquisite pastries found in patisseries,Paris offers a gastronomic journey for food lovers. Dining at a traditional bistro or a Michelinstarred restaurant is an experience in itself, with each dish meticulously prepared and presented.Fashion and Style:Paris is synonymous with fashion.The city is home to numerous fashion houses and boutiques,and its streets are often filled with stylishly dressed individuals.The annual Paris Fashion Week is a major event in the fashion industry,showcasing the latest trends and designs from renowned designers.Green Spaces:Despite being a bustling metropolis,Paris has many tranquil green spaces.The Luxembourg Gardens and the Bois de Boulogne provide a peaceful escape from the citys hustle and bustle,offering a place for relaxation and recreation.Language and Etiquette:The French language is an integral part of Parisian life.While many Parisians speak English,learning a few French phrases can enhance your experience and show respect for the local culture.Parisians are known for their politeness and adherence to social etiquette,so its important to be mindful of local customs.Transportation:Getting around Paris is easy with its efficient public transportation system.The Metro, with its extensive network,is the most popular mode of transport.Buses and trams are also available,and for a more leisurely exploration,a stroll along the Seine River or a bike ride through the citys streets can be a delightful experience.In conclusion,Paris is a city that offers a unique blend of history,culture,art,fashion, and gastronomy.Whether youre a firsttime visitor or a returning guest,theres always something new to discover in this enchanting city.。

法国名胜古迹翻译

黄色为法译汉音译红色为意译就从勾出来的选做例子吧卢浮宫(Musee du Louvre)·艾菲尔铁塔（Tour Eiffel）·凯旋门（Arc de Triomphe）·大皇宫国家美术馆(Galeries nationales du Grand Palais)·小皇宫博物馆(Petit Palais)·协和广场(Place de la Concorde)·橘园美术馆(Musee de l'Orangerie)·探索皇宫(Palais de la Découverte)·玛德莲教堂(La Madeleine)·居斯塔．牟侯美术馆(Musee Gustave Moreau)·巴黎清真寺(Mosguee de Paris)·植物园(Jardin des Plantes)·万神庙(Panthéon)·卢森堡公园(Palais et Jardin du Luxembourg)·索邦大学(La Sorbonne)·圣赛芙韩教堂(St-Severin)·克鲁尼美术馆(Musee de Cluny)·巴黎圣母院(Notre Dame de Paris)·圣礼拜堂(Sainte Chapelle)·巴黎古监狱(Conciergerie)·圣心堂(Basllique du Sacre Coeur)·达利美术馆(Espace Montmartre Salvador Dari)·罗丹美术馆（Musee Rodin）·巴黎市立近代美术馆（Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris) ·夏悠宫(Palais de Chaillot)·荣民院(Hotel des Invalides)·奥塞博物馆( Musue d’Orsay)·巴士底歌剧院（L'Opera de la Bastille）·冬之马戏团馆（Le Cirque d’Hiver）·庞毕度中心(Pompidou)·马蒙丹-莫奈美术馆（Musée Marmottan-Monet）·新凯旋门(La Grande Arche de la Defense)·凡尔塞宫(Chateau de Versailles)·枫丹白露宫(Fontainebleau)·欧洲迪斯尼乐园(Euro Disney Resort)·卡尔赛广场(PLACE DU CARROUSEL)·阿拉伯世界博物馆（Musée de l'Institut du Monde Arabe）·市政厅（Hôtel de Ville）·爱丽舍宫（Le Palais de l'Elysée）·杜乐丽花园（Jardin des Tuileries）·波旁宫(Palais Bourbon)·毕加索博物馆（Musée Picasso）·卢森堡宫（Palais du Luxembourg）·亚利山大三世桥（Pont Alexandre III）·小凯旋门（Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel）里昂景点翻译·圣.让教堂(Cathédrale St-Jean)·高卢罗马博物馆(Musée Gallo-Romain)·富尔韦圣母院（Basilique de Notre Dame de Fourvière）·古罗马大剧院(Roman theater)·里昂歌剧院（The National Opera of Lyon ）·里昂市政厅-Hôtel de Ville (City Hall)·题德多公园（Tête d'Or Park）·丝织博物馆-Musee des Tissus（Textile Museum ）·艺术博物馆-Musée des Beaux-Arts(Museum of Fine Arts)·里昂装饰艺术博物馆--Musee des Arts Decoratifs（The Lyon Decorative Arts Museum ）·印刷博物馆（Museum of Printing）城市文化·旧日里昂音乐嘉年华（Fesival de Musique de Vieux Lyon）·维安那爵士音乐节(Festival du Jazz a Vienna)城市美食· Cafe des Federations Bistro Plaza· Bistro Plaza· Chez Chabert· Paul Bocus。

梵蒂冈-圣彼得大教堂

梵蒂冈-圣彼得⼤教堂 1 St. Peters cathedral, the Vatican Today I want to share the Vatican photos with you.Natural geographical area 0.44 square kilometers, is the smallest country of the world. Located in the Italian capital Rome northwest-by the Vatican highlands. Territory including St Peter's square, St. Peter's cathedral, the Vatican and the Vatican museum, etc.Population 0.1 million(July 2000), including the resident population only 540 people, mainly Italian. The official language is Italian and Latin. Roman cathotic.⾃然地理: ⾯积为０．４４平⽅公⾥，是世界上最⼩的国家。

位于意⼤利⾸都罗马城西北⾓的梵蒂冈⾼地上。

领⼟包括圣彼得⼴场、圣彼得⼤教堂、梵蒂冈宫和梵蒂冈博物馆等。

⼈⼝:０．１万（２０００年７⽉），其中常驻⼈⼝仅５４０⼈，主要是意⼤利⼈。

官⽅语⾔为意⼤利语和拉丁语。

信奉天主教。

The Vatican, Saint Peter's cathedral, it's the biggest church of the world.The Saint Peter's square.The Saint Peter's square.The Saint Peter's cathedral, the biggest church of the world.The Saint Peter's cathedral, it's the biggest church of the world.。

统整-心灵的殿堂

基督教艺术—基督教壁画
教堂壁画的题材同样以《圣经》故事为主，强调天国的神圣，并歌咏殉道者受难的情操，内容引人深思冥想。
世界上最大的壁画应属西斯汀礼拜堂（Sistine Chapel）的天顶画。
在天篷中央的矩形空间里，是九幅描绘上帝创世的过程。画面壮观宏伟，色彩单纯且对比明确，雄浑刚毅如浮雕般的形象，深深震撼观者的心。米开朗基罗不仅开创独特的绘画风格，也使此幅杰作成为盛期文艺复兴绘画的典范之一。
伊斯兰教艺术—清真寺建筑
伊斯兰教的清真寺（Mosque），意指“伏拜之地”，是教徒集会礼拜的场所。整体建筑中以圆顶、尖塔及拱廊为其最大特色。尤其是由外围墙柱所支撑的挑空圆顶，教徒大多认为这是独一真主的象征。
伊斯兰教艺术—瓷壁饰
清真寺外墙及内部常以精致的马赛克（Mosaic）彩砖装饰。因伊斯兰教反对崇拜偶像，禁止在宗教建筑物上塑造或描绘人和动物，一切装饰纹样均用蔓草花纹、几何图形或《可兰经》文字等可以无限连续的纹样，光影变幻无穷，极为华丽。
印度教艺术—神庙建筑与雕刻
坎达里亚‧马哈德瓦神庙建筑是依东西向排列，基部采方形构造矗立在平台上，入口的石板台阶相当陡峭。
诸多小塔环绕主塔的山形建筑形式，象征印度教中所谓分隔天堂与人间的须弥山（Mount Meru）。
印度教艺术—神庙建筑与雕刻
庙体布满水平横带的装饰，横带上以砂岩刻画各类人物雕像和花草纹样，人物细部皆雕刻得维妙维肖，细腻生动。
壁画内容多是根据佛经绘制，题材丰富，用来向世人倡导佛教义理。壁画规模巨大、技艺精湛，且造形生动、色彩鲜明，烘托出整个石窟神祕的气氛，散发出感人的力量。
基督教艺术—教堂建筑
十二世纪中期至十六世纪之间，欧洲的教堂建筑以哥德式（Gothic）最具代表。其结构是以拱肋（Ribs）与飞扶壁（Flying Buttress）为主，利用支柱和支壁承受建筑的重量，并运用尖塔强调向上飞升的力量，高塔直上苍穹，象征人与上帝沟通的渴望，也呈现“神之家”的崇高与壮丽。

奥雷姆

奥雷姆辽宁师范大字梁宗巨奥雷姆，N．(Oresme，Nicole)约1320年生于法国-卡昂(Caen)附近；1382年7月11日卒于法国利雪(Lisieux)．数学、自然哲学．奥雷姆的祖先是诺曼底人(Norman， 10世纪定居在法国塞纳河口的诺曼人)．他早年可能就学于巴黎大学的著名学者J．比里当(Buridan)，受其思想影响颇深．1348年以后在纳瓦拉学院(Callée de Navarre)学神学，13555—1356年取得神学硕士学位．奥雷姆曾在学院管理财务，后来成为学院的主要负责人，直到1361年12月辞职．他和当时的皇太子［1364年继承其父约翰二世(John Ⅱ)成为法国国王查理五世(Charles V，1364—1380年在位)］有交往．1356年，约翰二世被英军俘虏，皇太子摄政．1359年奥雷姆曾以国王秘书的身分签署文件．1360年被委派到鲁昂(Rouen)去为太子商谈一笔贷款．1361年奥雷姆被任命为巴约(Bayeux)的副主教，但没有赴任．1362年11月23日又被任命为鲁昂的牧师，1363年2月10日改任巴黎的圣沙佩勒(Sainte—Chapelle)的牧师．一年后(1364年3月18日)升任鲁昂总教堂教长．他居此要职直到1377年成为利雪的主教．不过他在1380年以前并未定居在利雪，而是奔波于鲁昂与巴黎之间．中世纪的学者多半是神职人员，他们有充分的闲暇来研究学问，生活有保障，又有更多的机会接触各种典籍文献．奥雷姆就是典型的代表．他还有一个优越的条件，即得到国王的支持．查理五世于1364年即位，他十分重视学术研究，关心为政府服务的学者．奥雷姆受他委托，从1369年起，把亚里士多德(Aristotle)的多种著作由拉丁文译为法文，其中有《伦理学》(Lelivre de ethiques d’Aristote， 1372)、《政治学》 (Le livre depolitique d’Aristote，1374)、《经济学》(Livre de economiqued’Aristote)等．后世对于这些译本评价很高，认为对法国语言文字的发展作出了重要贡献．奥雷姆一生的著作在30种以上，不过大部还是手稿，其中一部分直到近、现代才刊行于世．从这些作品可以看到，他是一个颇有辨别力的经院哲学家，常针对当时流行的学说进行论争，和一些神学家、占星术家及说教者对立．在数学方面，奥雷姆有两项突破性的工作，一是为解析几何的创立开辟了道路；二是引入非正整指数幂的概念．解析几何的先驱解析几何建立于17世纪，但其中包含的思想则由来已久．它的发展大致经过三个步骤：(1)发明坐标制，用两个数确定点的位置；(2)认识几何与代数(或形与数)的对应关系；(3)作出函数y＝f(x)的图形．第一步起源很早，古代的天文学家如中国的石申、希腊的希帕霍斯(Hipparchus)用经纬度表示恒星在天球上的位置，就是一种坐标制．坐标思想甚至还可以上溯到古埃及人划分地面区域的办法(文献［9］，Vol．2，p．316)．阿波罗尼奥斯(Apollonius)在《圆锥曲线论》中更进一步引入了一种斜角坐标系．数与形互相渗透也是古已有之．毕达哥拉斯(Pythagoras)早就注意到两者的结合．欧几里得(Euclid)的几何代数学(用几何的方法论述代数问题)是众所周知的．中世纪的L．斐波那契(Fibonacci)也曾在《实用几何》(Practica geometriae，1220)中用代数方法去解几何问题．奥雷姆的贡献在于向第三步过渡．他的思想已接触到在直角坐标系中用曲线表示函数的图象，不过只着重讨论了匀加速度物体的运动．13—14世纪，亚里士多德的学说盛行于欧洲，但其谬误也渐为人们所察觉．14世纪40年代前后，英国牛津大学默顿学院(Merton College)有一批逻辑及自然哲学家力图建立正确的理论．其中有T.布雷德沃丁(Bradwardine，英国基督教会中心坎特伯雷的大主教)、R.斯温内谢德(Swineshead)等．他们研究“形态的幅度” (latitude of forms)，相当于现在所说的“质的强度”(intensity of qualities)．所谓“质”，指的是具有某种强度(在物体的某一点上或在某一时刻)的性质，如热、密度、速度等．他们考察物体从某一点到另一点或从某一时刻到另一时刻的质的强度变化．这种变化可能是均匀的，也可能是非均匀的．他们已得到一些结果，如具有匀加速度的运动物体在给定时间t内所经过的路程，S等于用同样时间以平均速度所经过的路程．平均速度就是初速v0与末速v t的算术平均值，也就是时间中点的速度，即这一公式被称为“默顿法则”(文献［7］，P.88，译本P．118)．奥雷姆深知这些结果．他在1350—1360年间先后写了好几种著作，阐述他的观点．如《形态的幅度》(Tractatus de latitudi-nibus formarum)、《均匀与非均匀强度》(Tractatus de unifor-mitate et difformitate intensionum)、《质量与运动的构型》(Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum)等．他的中心思想是用图形来表示一个可变量的值，这个量依赖于另一个量．这可说是函数概念及函数图示法的萌芽．他详细分析了匀加速运动，用一条水平直线(相当于现在的横坐标轴)表示时间(即时间坐标)，直线上每一点代表一个时刻．每一个时刻对应着一个速度，该速度可用一条垂直于此点的线段来代表，其长度正比于速度的大小.用线段表示一种量是依照希腊人的习惯，速度随着时间均匀地增大，因此线段的长度也均匀地增长，它的端点就构成一条直线.这直线和水平直线，再加上表示初速、末速的线段围成一个梯形.如初速为0，则形成一个三角形OtA(如图).奥雷姆指出，三角形的面积等于物体在时间t内经过的路程.在时间中点M 处的速度是末速度之半，即平均速度，三角形面积就等于以同样的时间t为底，以平均速度为高的矩形面积.这个结论和默顿法则是一致的，也可以说是默顿法则的一个几何说明.猜想他已有粗浅的积分思想，否则就很难理解他实际已使用了瞬时速度这个概念.试将[0，t]用分点0＜t1＜t2＜…t k＜t k＜··＜t3=t-1来看，它所对应的细长等分为n个子区间.取出一个甚小的时间段Δt=t k-t k-1，v k差不多相等，每一个都可以作为平均速度，再乘以Δt 梯形的上、下底v k-1就得到梯形面积S k的近似值.所有这些S k的总和等于三角形面积，也就是物体走过的全程.奥雷姆并没有明显地表达上面的推理，但可能是他的思路.他当时是错用地理经纬度的术语来叙述图示法的.经度(longitudines)相当于现在的横坐标，纬度(latitudines)相当于纵坐标(前面意译为幅度)，垂直线段顶点所形成的直线称为“顶点直线”(linea summitatis)，相当于函数的曲线．可见坐标思想直接来自经伟度．奥雷姆的学说在欧洲产生了广泛的影响，它不但启发笛卡儿在此基础上创立了解析几何，还给伽利略的力学研究提供了线索．伽利略注意到根据奥雷姆关于匀加速度的图解可以推出“奇数定律”(law of odd numbers)，从而得到他的著名匀加速度运动公式．同前面一样，用分点将时间段[0，t]等分为n个子区间，每个子区于速度随时间而均匀增长，故速度v正比于t，即v=At(A是常数)．又t k=k．△t，v k=At k=Ak△t，同样，v k=A(k-1)△t，于是-1这就是“奇数定律”．注意到从1起连续n个奇数的和等于n2，即得三角形面积(路程)：这正是伽利略的公式．奥雷姆也曾讨论过非均匀变化的情形，例如图象不是直线而是一个半圆．若改变比例系数，图象便是半圆的拉长或压缩，不过他并不知道这是椭圆．他还把“形态幅度”的思想推广到三维甚至四维的情形．考虑一个平面区域，在其上每一点都竖立一根垂直线段以表示某种形态的幅度，于是线段端点和平面构成一个立体．他的着眼点是立体而不是端点形成的曲面，因此和二元函数图象的概念是有差距的．他还进一步推广到三元函数的情形，不过当时欧洲的数学水平尚未具备发展这种新思想的条件(文献［8］，p．49)．其他贡献奥雷姆另一项突破性的贡献是引入非正整指数的概念及符号．分指数的概念在布雷德沃丁的书中已见端倪．他讨论力(F)、阻力(R)与速度(v)间的关系时曾给出指数式(1328)：奥雷姆以此为出发点加以发挥，在《比例的比例》(De proportio－nibus Proportionum，约1360)中给出指数的运算规律，相当于现在的x m·x n=x m+n，(x m)n=x mn．其中m，n可以是分数．在另一本书《比例算法》(Algorismusproportionum)中更创设分指数的符号．把他也把在无穷级数方面，他已注意到敛散性的问题．并求出若干无穷级数的和．如等．除了数学之外，奥雷姆在别的领域也有不少论著．他的《占卜书》(Livre de divinacions)是为反对巫术和占星术而作．天文学方面，他在《球论》(Traitéde la sphère)和《天空与世界认》(Livredu ciel et du monde)中阐发了他自己的宇宙观．他不接受亚里士多德的静止地球位于宇宙中心的学说，认为地球是动的，但未提出绕日的观点．奥雷姆曾从事财务管理及造币工作，写成《货币制度》(De moneta，约1360年写成，1484年出版)一书．查理五世改革他的财政制度，就是以奥雷姆的理论为依据的．因此他又被称为中世纪最大的经济学家．总之，奥雷姆在多方面特别是数学方面有许多创新，在中世纪的欧洲产生了深远的影响．。

有关欧洲教堂的作文英语

有关欧洲教堂的作文英语Title: The Magnificent Beauty of European Churches。

Europe is a continent renowned for its rich history, diverse cultures, and remarkable architectural wonders. Among these marvels, European churches stand out as epitomes of beauty, spirituality, and craftsmanship. From the grandeur of Gothic cathedrals to the simplicity of rural chapels, each church reflects not only the religious devotion of its era but also the artistic and cultural influences that shaped it.One cannot delve into the topic of European churches without mentioning the Gothic architecture that flourished during the medieval period. Gothic cathedrals, with their soaring spires, intricate stone carvings, and stunning stained glass windows, are among the most iconic landmarks of Europe. The Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, with its imposing facade and delicate rose windows, exemplifies the grandeur and elegance of Gothic design. Similarly, theCologne Cathedral in Germany, with its twin spires reaching towards the heavens, captures the awe-inspiring majesty of medieval architecture.Moving beyond the grand cathedrals, European churches also encompass a wide range of architectural styles, each reflecting the cultural and historical context of its time. In Italy, the Renaissance brought about a revival of classical ideals, leading to the construction of churches adorned with harmonious proportions and exquisite marble sculptures. The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, with its magnificent dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi, is a testament to the artistic brilliance of the Renaissance period.Furthermore, Europe's churches bear witness to the religious and political upheavals that shaped thecontinent's history. The Reformation of the 16th century sparked a wave of religious dissent, leading to the construction of Protestant churches characterized by simplicity and functionality. In contrast to the opulence of Catholic cathedrals, Protestant churches such as St.Paul's Cathedral in London embody a more understated elegance, emphasizing the importance of preaching and communal worship.Moreover, European churches serve not only as architectural landmarks but also as repositories of art and history. Inside these sacred spaces, visitors can admire masterpieces of painting, sculpture, and decorative arts spanning centuries of creativity. The Sistine Chapel in Vatican City, adorned with Michelangelo's breathtaking frescoes depicting scenes from the Bible, is a testament to the enduring power of artistic expression within religious contexts. Similarly, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, renowned for its towering stained glass windows depicting biblical narratives, showcases the skill and craftsmanship of medieval artisans.In addition to their artistic and cultural significance, European churches continue to play a central role in the lives of believers and communities across the continent. As places of worship and pilgrimage, these churches provide spiritual solace and a sense of connection to the divine.Whether attending a Sunday service, lighting a candle in prayer, or simply marveling at the beauty of the architecture, visitors to European churches are invited to experience moments of transcendence and reflection.In conclusion, European churches stand as enduring symbols of faith, art, and history. From the towering spires of Gothic cathedrals to the serene simplicity of rural chapels, each church tells a story of human creativity, devotion, and aspiration. As integral parts of Europe's cultural landscape, these churches continue to inspire awe and wonder, inviting visitors to contemplate the mysteries of the divine and the achievements of humanity.。

关于城市历史文化的英语作文

Urban History and Culture: A Deep Dive intothe PastCities are not just concrete jungles; they are repositories of rich history and culture. Each city, whether ancient or modern, holds within its folds stories that span centuries, reflecting the lives, struggles, and aspirations of its inhabitants. My exploration of urban history and culture began in the bustling streets of Beijing, China's capital, where the past and present coexist harmoniously.Beijing, known for its imperial grandeur, is home to the Forbidden City, a vast complex of palaces that once housed the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Walking through its vast courtyards and intricate architecture, one can almost hear the echoes of history, with stories of power struggles, court intrigues, and cultural exchanges playing out in every corner. The city's胡同, or narrow alleys, offer a glimpse into the daily life of ordinary Beijing residents, preserving traditions and customs that have been passed down through generations.Europe, too, is rich in urban history and culture. Paris, the City of Light, is synonymous with art and romance. The Eiffel Tower, a symbol of both the city and France, stands as a testament to the engineering prowess of the 19th century. The Louvre, one of the world's largest museums, houses an array of artworks that span the centuries, from ancient Egyptian sculptures to Impressionist paintings. The cobblestone streets of Paris are also home to hidden gems like the Sainte-Chapelle, a Gothic chapel known for its stunning stained glass windows. In the United States, cities like New York and San Francisco offer a different perspective on urban history and culture. New York, often referred to as the "Big Apple," is a melting pot of cultures, where immigrants from around the world have come to seek their fortune. The Statue of Liberty, a symbol of welcome and freedom, stands guard at the entrance to the harbor, while landmarks like the Empire State Building and the Brooklyn Bridge tell the story of the city's rise to global prominence.San Francisco, on the other hand, is synonymous with the Gold Rush and the birth of the technology industry. Thecity's hilly landscape and unique architecture, including the famous Painted Ladies of Alamo Square, contribute toits unique charm. Museums like the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) and the Asian Art Museum showcase the city's rich cultural diversity, reflecting the influence of its diverse population.Cities around the world, whether in Asia, Europe, or North America, are repositories of history and culture. Each city has its unique story to tell, and exploring these stories is not just about learning about the past but also about understanding the present and shaping the future. As we move forward in time, it is important to cherish and preserve our urban heritage, ensuring that future generations can continue to learn from and be inspired by the rich history and culture of our cities.**城市历史文化：深入过去的探索**城市不仅仅是水泥丛林，它们也是丰富历史和文化的载体。