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托福(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析)

托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionSections Three：Reading ComprehensionEarly Theories of Continental DriftP1: The idea that the geography of Earth was different in the past than it is today is not new. As far back as 1620, Francis Bacon spotted that the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America looked as if they would fit together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Between then and 1912, other people identified further similarities between other continental coastlines. But because much of the early support for mobilism was based on far-flung intercontinental similarities, geologists tended to be skeptical of the fieldwork of others.P2: During the late nineteenth century, Austrian geologist Eduard Suess proposed the name “Gondwanaland”in his book The Face of the Earth (1885) and gave far greater emphasis to the evolutionary nature of the earth and he noted the similarities among the Late Paleozoic plant fossils of India, Australia, South Africa, and South America. Based upon glossopteris fern fossils in such regions, he explained that the three land masses were once connected in a supercontinent which he names Gondwanaland, and that the ocean flooded the spaces currently between those lands. Thus, in his view, the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by postulating the concept of a land bridge that existed once but subsided later.P3: Later, a number of refinements to Suess’s theory were made. The American geologist Frank Taylor published a pamphlet in 1910 presenting his concept of “horizontal displacement”. He explained the formation of mountain ranges as a result of the lateral movements of continents. With the earth’s capture of the moon, the gravitational forces between them generated a pull towards lower latitudes where they thickened and formed folded mountain belts especially in middle latitudes. Although we now know that Taylor’s explanation of continental drift is erroneous, one of his most significant contributions was his suggestion that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge—an underwater mountain range discovered by the 1872-1876 British HMS Challenger expeditions—might mark the site at which an ancient continent broke apart, forming the present-day Atlantic Ocean.P4: However, it is Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, who is generally credited with developing the hypothesis of continental drift. In his monumental book, The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1915), Wegener theorized that a single supercontinent he called “Pangaea”existed sometime between 350 million to 225 million years ago. Wegner portrayed his grand concept of continental movement in a series of maps showing the breakup of Pangaea and the movement of various continents to their present-day locations. What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis of continental drift? First, Wegener noted that there is geographical similarity along both the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The opposing coasts of the Atlantic can be fitted together in the same way as two cut off pieces of wood can be refitted. Furthermore, mountain ranges and glacial deposits seem tomatch up in such a way that suggests continents could have once been a single landmass. Finally, many of the same fossils and vegetative remains are found today on widely separated continents, indicating that the continents must have been in proximity at one time. During his days, Wegener was regarded as an advocate rather than as an impartial scientific observer, appearing to ignore vast evidence unfavorable to his ideas and distort other evidence to bring it into harmony with the theory.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea. He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus”occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa. Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.P6 :The debate over continental drift has the same role and stature in the history of the earth sciences as the debate over Darwinian evolution in the history of life sciences and the debates over relativity and quantum theory in the history of physics. In the largest sense, the history of earth science, the history of biology, and the history of physics in the 20th century are all histories of the consolidation of opinion and the formation of broad consensus—that these theories were the best way to organize and advance these sciences.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea.■He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus” occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa.■Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. ■Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. ■Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.1．According to paragraph 2, Eduard Suess believed that similarities of plant and animal fossils on the southern continents were due toA．living in the southern climateB．crossing the land bridgesC．fossilization in the coal layersD．movements of the supercontinent正确答案：B解析：【事实信息题】题目问动植物化石的相似性是因为什么，文中提到“the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by”所以原因是之前有陆桥后来消失了，答案是B。

TOEFL全真试题

TOEFL全真试题为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理了托福练习试题,下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

TOEFL全真试题1Reading Comprehension Time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). Now set your clock for 55 minutes.Question 1-12Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. The column is designed so that a single pollination will fertilize hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of seeds, so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. The most noticeable of the petals is called the labellum, or lip. It is often dramatically marked as an unmistakable landing strip to attract the specific insect the orchid has chosen as its pollinator.To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors, and scents. At least 50 different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each blended to attract one, or at most a few, species of insects or birds. Some orchids even change their scents to interest different insects at different times.Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed. By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities. At the same time they have made themselves irresistible to collectors. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Birds(B) Insects(C) Flowers (D) Perfume 2 The orchid is unique because of(A) the habitat inwhich it lives(B) the structure of its blossom(C) the variety of products that can be made from it(D) the length of its life 3 The word fused in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) combined(B) hidden(C) fertilized(D) produced 4 How many orchid seeds are typically pollinated at one time?(A) 200(B) 2,000(C) 20,000(D) 200,000 5 Which of the following is a kind of petal? (A) The column(B) The sepal(C) The stem(D) The labellum 6 The labellum(line7) is most comparable to(A) a microscope(B) an obstacle course(C) an airport runway(D) a racetrack7 The word lure in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) attract(B) recognize(C) follow(D) help8 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a means by which an orchid attracts insects?(A) Size(B) Shape(C) Color(D) Perfume9 The word their in line 13 refers to(A) orchids(B) birds(C) insects(D) species10 Which of the following statements about orchids scents does the passage support?(A) They are effective only when an insect is near the blossom.(B) Harmful insects are repelled by them.(C) They are difficult to tell apart.(D) They may change at different times.11 The word placed in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) estimated(B) measured(C) deposited(D) identified12 The word discrete in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) complicated(B) separate(C) inoffensive(D) functionalTOEFL全真试题2Reading Comprehension Time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). Now set your clock for 55 minutes.Question 1-12Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. The column is designed so that a single pollination will fertilize hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of seeds, so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, oftendistorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. The most noticeable of the petals is called the labellum, or lip. It is often dramatically marked as an unmistakable landing strip to attract the specific insect the orchid has chosen as its pollinator.To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors, and scents. At least 50 different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each blended to attract one, or at most a few, species of insects or birds. Some orchids even change their scents to interest different insects at different times.Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed. By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities. At the same time they have made themselves irresistible to collectors. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Birds(B) Insects(C) Flowers (D) Perfume 2 The orchid is unique because of(A) the habitat in which it lives(B) the structure of its blossom(C) the variety of products that can be made from it(D) the length of its life 3 The word fused in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) combined(B) hidden(C) fertilized(D) produced 4 How many orchid seeds are typically pollinated at one time?(A) 200(B) 2,000(C) 20,000(D) 200,000 5 Which of the following is a kind of petal? (A) The column(B) The sepal(C) The stem(D) The labellum 6 The labellum(line7) is most comparable to(A) a microscope(B) an obstacle course(C) an airport runway(D) a racetrack7 The word lure in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) attract(B) recognize(C) follow(D) help8 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a means by which an orchid attracts insects?(A) Size(B) Shape(C) Color(D) Perfume9 The word their in line 13 refers to(A) orchids(B) birds(C) insects(D) species10 Which of the following statements about orchids scents does the passage support?(A) They are effective only when an insect is near the blossom.(B) Harmful insects are repelledby them.(C) They are difficult to tell apart.(D) They may change at different times.11 The word placed in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) estimated(B) measured(C) deposited (D) identified12 The word discrete in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) complicated(B) separate(C) inoffensive(D) functionalTOEFL全真试题31. A microscope can reveal vastly ______detail than is visible to the naked eye.(A) than(B) than more(C) more than(D) more 2. Narcissus bulbs ______ at least three inches apart and covered with about four inches of well drained soil.(A) should be planted(B) to plant(C) must planting(D) should plant 3. Industrialization has been responsible for ______ most radical of the environmental changes caused by humans.(A) a (B) the(C) some of which (D) which are the 4. In many areas the slope and topography of the land ______ excess rainfall to run off into a natural outlet.(A) neither permit(B) without permitting(C) nor permitting(D) do not permit 5. Color and light, taken together, ______ the aesthetic impact of the interior of a building.(A) very powerfully influence (B) very influence powerfully(C) powerfully very influence(D) influence powerfully very 6. ______ that Rachel Carsons 1962 book Silent Spring was one of the chief sources of inspiration for the development of nontoxic pesticides.(A) There is likely(B) Likely to be(C) It is likely(D) Likely7. Total color blindness, ______, is the result of a defect in the retina.(A) a rare condition that(B) a rare condition(C) that a rare condition (D) is a rare condition8. ______ no conclusive evidence exists, many experts believe that the wheel was invented only once and then diffused to the rest of the world.(A) Even(B) But(C) Although (D) So9. Wherever there is plenty of rain during the growing season, life is ______ in various forms.(A) abundant (B) the abundance(C) an abundant(D) it abundantTOEFL全真试题4Structure and Written Expression Time: 25 minutes (including the reading of the directions) Now set your clock for 25 minutes. Structure 1 Wind motion can be observed in the mesosphere by______ the trails of meteors passing through it.(A) to watch (B) watching (C) watched (D) watch 2 Thomas Edison s first patented invention was a device ____in Congress.(A) votes counted for (B) had been counting votes (C) for counting votes (D) be a counted vote3 Clara Bow, a popular actress in the 1992 s,retired______she was unable to make the transition from silent films to sound films.(A) nevertheless (B) in spite of (C) because (D) and for4 Built in 1882,the Kinzua Viaduct in Mckean County, Pennsylvania, is open only to those visitors _____ are able to walk its 2058-foot length.(A) who (B) to whom (C) which they (D) that which5 A bridge must be strong enough to support its own weight _____ the weight of the people and vehicles that use it.(A) as well (B) so well (C) as well as (D) so well as6 The swallows of Capistrano are famous _____ to the same nests in California each spring.(A) to returned (B) who returned (C) they returned (D) for returning7 In the fourteenth century, ____ that glass coated with silver nitrate would turn yellow when fired in an oven.(A) the discovery (B) it was discovered (C) with the discovery (D) if it was discovered8 _____ recurring fear is out of proportion to any real danger, it is called a phobia.(A) When (B) Whereas (C) Which (D) Whether9 Many modem photographers attempt to manipulate elements of photography other _____ in their photographs.(A) than light is (B) than light (C) being light (D) light 10 For any adhesive to make a really strong bond _____ to be glued must be absolutely or grease.(A) and surfaces (B) when surfaces (C) the surfaces (D) surfaces that11 Although still underwater, Loihi Seamount, the newest Hawaiian island, _____ closer to the surface by frequent volcanic eruptions that add layers of lava to the island.(A) brought (B) to be brought (C) being brought (D) is being brought12 _____unstable and explodes as a supernova is not known.(A) Fora star to become (B) how a star becomes (C) A star becomes(D) That a star is becoming13 Not until linoleum was invented in 1860_____hard-wearing, easy-to-clean flooring.(A) any house did have (B) did any house have (C) house had any (D) any house had14 Hiram Revels, the first Black member of the United States Senate, served as senator from Mississippi, an office _____ he was elected in 1870.(A) which (B) to which (C) and which (D) being which15 Oceans continually lose by evaporation much of the river water _____.(A) to constantly flow into them (B) is constantly flowing into them (C) constantly flows into them (D) constantly flowing into them Written Expression16 Because of it consists only of a relatively short strand of DNA protected by a shell of protein,__________ _____ _____A B C a virus cannot eat or reproduce by itself.______D17 The oxygen in the air we breathe has no tasted, smell, or color._____ _____ _____ ______ A B C D18 In 1977 Kathleen Battle was hired by the New York metropolitan Opera, where her became_________ ___ A B C the star soprano.__D19 The aardvark is a mammal that burrows into the ground to catches ants and termites.___ ___ ________ ______ A B C D20 Because of the availability of trucks and easy access to modern highways, the locate of farms____has become relatively unimportant with respect to their distance from markets._______ ________ ____ A B C D21 The homes created by the legendary architect Frank Lloyd Wright are still viewed as ________ _____uniquely, innovative, and valuable._________ A B C D22 Geologists find it useful to identification fossils in a rock sample because certain assemblages _ ___________________of species are characteristic of specific geologic time periods.__________A B C D23 Many poets enhance their work by creating a contrast among realism and symbolism in a____ _______ ______ _____ A B C D given poem.24 Most countries depend to few extent on cereal imports to augment their own crops.______ ___ _____ ____ A B C D25 The fragrant leaves of the laurel plant to sell commerciallyas bay leaves and are used for___________ ____ __ A B C seasoning foods.____D26 When contented, and occasionally when hunger, cats frequently make a purring sound.___ _____ _______ ____ A B C D27 The evolution of fishes is a history of constant adaptation to new possibilities, and a refined of______ ______ _ ____ A B C D these adaptations.28 In 1991 Antonia Novello, the United States Surgeon General, launched several programs to______ _____ A B address particulate problem that young people have.______ ______ C D29 Some psychologists believe that those who are encouraged to be independent, responsible, _______ ________ A B and competent in childhood are likely more than others to become motivated to achieve. _______ ________ C D30 The central purpose of management is for making every action or decision help achieve a________ ______ A B C carefully chosen goal.______D31 As a poetry Nikki Giovanni makes effective use of jazz and blues rhythms._____ ______ _ ______ A B C D32 Unlike wood, paper, and fabric, which tendency to disintegrate after being buried for many_____ ______ _______ A B C years, ceramics and glassware, although easily broken, survive well in the ground._____ D33 Margaret Mead achieved world famous through her studies of child-rearing, personality, and_____ _____ ________ A B C culture._____D34 The discovery of the antibiotic penicillin in 1928 has not produced antibiotics useful for the_______ _____________ ____ A B C treatment of infectious diseases until 1940._______D35 In the United States, the Cabinet consist of a group of advisers, each of whom is chosen by ____ _______ __________ _____ A B C D the President to head an executive department of the government.36 Colleges in the newly formed United States, in recovering from the adverse effects of the________ ____ A B American Revolution, inaugurated a broad curriculum in response of social demands._____ ______ C D37 Humus is formed during soil microorganisms decompose animal and plant material into ____ ____________ A B elements usable byplants.______ _____ C D38 Ozone is an unstable, faintly bluish gas that is the most chemical active form of oxygen.__ ____ ___ ______ A B C D39 The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to nineteenth century.__________________ ____ __________ A B C D40 Long before his death, John Dewey saw his philosophy have a profound influences on ________ _______ A B C education and thought in the United States and elsewhere.___ D。

TOEFL全真试题4

TOEFL全真试题4TOEFL全真试题4TOEFL全真试题（4-1）Structure and Written ExpressionTime: 25 minutes (including the reading of the directions) Now set your clock for 25 minutes.Structure1 Wind motion can be observed in the mesosphere by ______ the trails of meteors passing through it.(A) to watch (B) watching (C) watched (D) watch2 Thomas Edison s first patented invention was a device ____in Congress.(A) votes counted for (B) had been counting votes (C) for counting votes (D) be a counted vote3 Clara Bow, a popular actress in the 1992 s,retired______she was unable to make the transition from silent films to sound films.(A) nevertheless (B) in spite of (C) because (D) and for4 Built in 1882,the Kinzua Viaduct in Mckean County, Pennsylvania, is open only to those visitors _____ are able to walk its 2058-foot length.(A) who (B) to whom (C) which they (D) that which5 A bridge must be strong enough to support its own weight _____ the weight of the people andvehicles that use it.(A) as well (B) so well (C) as well as (D) so well as6 The swallows of Capistrano are famous _____ to the same nests in California each spring.(A) to returned (B) who returned (C) they returned (D) for returning7 In the fourteenth century, ____ that glass coated with silver nitrate would turn yellow when fired in an oven.(A) the discovery (B) it was discovered (C) with the discovery(D) if it was discovered8 _____ recurring fear is out of proportion to any real danger, it is called a phobia.(A) When (B) Whereas (C) Which (D) Whether9 Many modem photographers attempt to manipulate elements of photography other _____ in their photographs.(A) than light is (B) than light (C) being light (D) light10 For any adhesive to make a really strong bond _____ to be glued must be absolutely or grease.(A) and surfaces (B) when surfaces (C) the surfaces (D) surfaces that11 Although still underwater, Loihi Seamount, the newest Hawaiian island, _____ closer to thesurface by frequent volcanic eruptions that add layers of lava to the island.(A) brought (B) to be brought (C) being brought (D) is being brought12 _____unstable and explodes as a supernova is not known.(A) For a star to become (B) how a star becomes (C) A star becomes(D) That a star is becoming13 Not until linoleum was invented in 1860 _____hard-wearing, easy-to-clean flooring.(A) any house did have (B) did any house have (C) house had any (D) any house had14 Hiram Revels, the first Black member of the United States Senate, served as senator fromMississippi, an office _____ he was elected in 1870.(A) which (B) to which (C) and which (D) being which15 Oceans continually lose by evaporation much of the river water _____.(A) to constantly flow into them (B) is constantly flowing into them (C) constantly flows into them (D) constantly flowing into themWritten Expression16 Because of it consists only of a relatively short strand of DNA protected by a shell of protein,__________ _____ _____A B Ca virus cannot eat or reproduce by itself.______D17 The oxygen in the air we breathe has no tasted, smell, or color._____ _____ _____ ______A B C D18 In 1977 Kathleen Battle was hired by the New York metropolitan Opera, where her became__ _______ ___A B Cthe star soprano.__D19 The aardvark is a mammal that burrows into the ground to catches ants and termites.___ ___ ________ ______A B C D20 Because of the availability of trucks and easy access tomodern highways, the locate of farms____ has become relatively unimportant with respect to their distance from markets._______ ________ ____A B C D21 The homes created by the legendary architect Frank Lloyd Wright are still viewed as ________ _____uniquely, innovative, and valuable.______ ___A B C D22 Geologists find it useful to identification fossils in a rock sample because certain assemblages _ ___________________of species are characteristic of specific geologic time periods.__________A B C D23 Many poets enhance their work by creating a contrast among realism and symbolism in a____ _______ ______ _____A B C Dgiven poem.24 Most countries depend to few extent on cereal imports to augment their own crops.______ ___ _____ ____A B C D25 The fragrant leaves of the laurel plant to sell commercially as bay leaves and are used for___________ ____ __A B Cseasoning foods.____D26 When contented, and occasionally when hunger, cats frequently make a purring sound.___ _____ _______ ____27 The evolution of fishes is a history of constant adaptation to new possibilities, and a refined of______ ______ _ ____A B C Dthese adaptations.28 In 1991 Antonia Novello, the United States Surgeon General, launched several programs to______ _____A Baddress particulate problem that young people have.______ ______C D29 Some psychologists believe that those who are encouraged to be independent, responsible, _______ ________A Band competent in childhood are likely more than others to become motivated to achieve._______ ________C D30 The central purpose of management is for making every action or decision help achieve a________ _ _____A B Ccarefully chosen goal.______D31 As a poetry Nikki Giovanni makes effective use of jazz and blues rhythms._____ ______ _ ______32 Unlike wood, paper, and fabric, which tendency to disintegrate after being buried for many_____ ______ _______A B Cyears, ceramics and glassware, although easily broken, survive well in the ground._____D33 Margaret Mead achieved world famous through her studies of child-rearing, personality, and_____ _____ ________A B Cculture._____D34 The discovery of the antibiotic penicillin in 1928 has not produced antibiotics useful for the_______ _____________ ____A B Ctreatment of infectious diseases until 1940._______D35 In the United States, the Cabinet consist of a group of advisers, each of whom is chosen by ____ _______ __________ _____A B C Dthe President to head an executive department of the government.36 Colleges in the newly formed United States, in recovering from the adverse effects of the________ ____A BAmerican Revolution, inaugurated a broad curriculum in response of social demands._____ ______C D37 Humus is formed during soil microorganisms decompose animal and plant material into ____ ____________A Belements usable by plants.______ _____C D38 Ozone is an unstable, faintly bluish gas that is the most chemical active form of oxygen.__ ____ ___ ______A B C D39 The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to nineteenth century._________ _________ ____ __________A B C D40 Long before his death, John Dewey saw his philosophy have a profound influences on _____ ___ _______A B Ceducation and thought in the United States and elsewhere.___D <BR。

TOEFL试题（3）2_托福_

TOEFL试题（3）2ith the Halle does Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.11.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Advances in iron processing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries(B) The effects of t he Industrial Revolution on traditional architectural styles(C) Advantages of stone and timber over steel as a building material(D) The evolution of the use of iron in architecture during the 1800's12.The word "revolutionized" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) quickly started(B) gradually opened(C) dramatically changed(D) carefully examined13.According to the passage, iron was NOT used for beams, columns, and girders prior to the early eighteenth century because(A) all available iron was needed for other purposes(B) limited mining capability made iron too expensive(C) iron was considered too valuable for use in public buildings(D) the use of charcoal for refining are produced poor quality iron14. Iron replaced stone and timber in the building of bridges because iron was considered(A) more beautiful(B) new and modern(C) much stronger(D) easier to transport15. The word "it" in line 11 refers to(A) industrial architecture(B) internal iron skeleton(C) stone(D) strength16. The word "appeal" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) adjustment(B) assignment(C) attraction(D) attempt17. The word "spawned" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A)Created(B)maintained(C)rejected(D)exposed18. The word "surpassed" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A)imitated(B) exceededC)approached(D)included19. According to paragraph 3, the architectural significance of the Halle des Machines was its(A)wide span(B)great height(C)unequaled beauty(D)prefabricated units of glass20. How did the artistic elite mentioned in the passage react to the buildings at the Paris Exhibition?(A) They tried to copy them.(B) They ridiculed them.(C) They praised them.(D) They refused to pay to see them.21. It can be inferred that the delayed use of exposed iron structures in traditional styles of architecture is best explained by the(A) impracticality of using iron for small, noncommercial buildings(B) association of iron architecture with the problems of the Industrial Revolution(C) general belief that iron offered less resistance to fire and harsh weather than traditional materials(D) general perception that iron structures were not aesthetically pleasing22. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses(A) the gradual inclusion of exposed iron in traditional styles of architecture(B) further improvements in iron processing methods(C) the return to traditional building materials for use in commercial structures(D) the decreased use of stone and timber as a building materialQuestions 23——32The most easily recognizable meteorites are the iron variety, although they only represent about 5 percent of all meteorite falls. They are composed of iron and nickel along with sulfur, carbon, and traces of other elements. Their composition is thought to he similar to that of Earth's iron core 3 and indeed they might have once made up the core of a large planetoid that disintegrated long ago. Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.One of the best hunting grounds for meteorites is on the glaciers of Antarctica1 where the dark stones stand out in stark contrast to the white snow and ice. Whenmeteorites fall on the continent) they are embedded in the moving ice sheets. At places where the glaciers move upward against mountain ranges, meteorites are left exposed on the surface. Some of the meteorites that have landed in Antarctica are believed to have conic from the Moon and even as far away as Mars, when large impacts blasted out chunks of material and hurled them toward Earth.Perhaps the world's largest source of meteorites is the Nullarbor Plain, an area of limestone that stretches for 400 miles along the southern coast of Western and South Australia. The pale, smooth desert plain provides a perfect backdrop for spotting meteorites, which are usually dark brown of black. Since very little erosion takes place, the meteorites are well preserved and are found just where they landed. Over 1,000. fragments from 150 meteorites that fell during the last 20,000 years have been recovered. One large iron meteorite, called the Mundrabilla meteorite, weighed more than 11 tons.Stony meteorites, called chordates, are the most common type and make up more than 90 percent of all falls . But because they are similar to Earth materials and therefore erode easily, they are often difficult to find. Among the most ancient bodies in the solar system are the carbonaceous chondrites that also contain carbon compounds that might have been the precursors of life on Earth.23. What is the passage mainly about?(A) Finding meteorites on Earth's surface(B) How the composition of meteorites is similar to that of Earth(C) Why most meteorites do not survive impact with Earth(D) The origins of meteorites24. The word "core" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) center(B) surface(C) mineral(D) field25.The author mentions "dark stones" and "white snow" in line 9 to illustrate that.(A) meteorites are found most often inAntarctica(B) glaciers stop meteorites from mixing with soil(C) meteorites are easier to find in glacial areas(D) most of Antarctica is covered with meteorites26. The word "embedded" in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) isolated(B) encased(C)enhanced(D) enlarged27.The word "spotting" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) removing(B) identifying(C)cooling(D) falling28.The passage suggests that which of the following is most commonly responsible for the poor preservation of meteorites that fall to Earth?(A) The size of the fragments(B) Ice sheets(C) Erosion(D) Desert heat29.Where was the Mundrabilla meteorite discovered?(A)On the Nullarbor Plain(B)In a field(C)On a mountain(D)In Antarctica30.The word "they" in line 25 refers to(A)stony meteorites(B) falls(C)Earth materials(D) ancient bodies31.Why does the author mention carbonaceous chondrites (line 26)?(A) They are the largest meteorites found on Earth(B) They are most likely to be found whole.(C) They come from outside the solar system.(D) They may be related to the origins of life on Earth.32.According to the passage, stony meteorites are(A) composed of fragmented materials(B) less likely to be discovered than iron meteorites(C) mostly lost in space(D) found only on the Nullarbor PlainQuestions 33-41A pioneering set of experiments has been important in the revolution in our understanding of animal behavior-a revolution that eroded the behaviorist dogma that only humans have minds. These experiments were designed to detect consciousness-that is, signs of self-awareness or self-recognition-in animals other than humans.The scientific investigation of an experience as private as consciousness is frustratingly beyond the usual tools of the experimental psychologist. This may be one reason that many researchers have shied away from the notion of mind and consciousness in nonhuman animals. In the late1960's, however, psychologist Gordon Gallup devised a test of the sense of self: the mirror test. if an animal were able to recognize its reflection in a mirror as "self," then it could be said to possess an awareness of self, or consciousness. It is known that a cat or a dog reacts to its own image in mirror, but often it treats it as that of another individual whose behavior very soon becomes puzzling and boring.The experiment called for fanuliarizing the animal with the mirror and then marking the animal's forehead with a red spot. If the animal saw the reflection as just another individual, it might wonder about the curious red spot and might even touch the mirror. But if the animal realized that the reflection was of itself, it would probably touch the spot on its own body. The first time Gallup tried the experiment with a chimpanzee, the animal acted as if it knew that the reflection was its own, it touched the red spot on its forehead. Gallup' report of the experiment, publishedin a. 1970 article, was a milestone in our understanding of animal minds and psychologists wondered how widespread self-recognition would prove to be.28. The word "dogma" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) evaluation(B) proof(C) intention(D) belief34. The word "detect" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) imitate the behavior of(B) provide a reason for(C) discover the presence of(D) report a need for35.Which of the following statements best describes the behaviorist position with regard to consciousness in nonhuman animals?(A) Most nonhuman animals show signs of self-consciousness.(B) Most monhuman animals can be taught self-consciousness.(C) Chimpanzees are the only nonhuman animals that have a human level of self-consciousness.(D) Nonhuman animals do not possess self-consciousness36.The author suggests that researchers before 1960 probably avoided studying nonhuman animal consciousness because they(A) did not wish to experiment with live animal subjects(B) were discouraged by earlier unsuccessful experiments that studied human consciousness(C) had not yet devised adequate research methods foranimal consciousness experiments(D) lacked the necessary laboratory equipment37.The phrase "shied away from" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) approached(B) avoided(C) respected(D) allowed38.What does the author mean when stating in line 14 that "The experiment called for familiarizing the animal with the mirror?(A) The experiment required the use of a chimpanzee that had not participated in previous mirror tests.(B) Gallup had to allow the chimpanzee to become accustomed to the mirror before he began the experiment.(C) Gallup had to teach the chimpanzee to recognize its reflection in the mirror.(D) The chimpanzee had to first watch the experiment being conducted with another chimpanzee.39.The word "it" in line 16 refers to(A) red spot(B) animal(C) reflection(D) another individual40. The chimpanzee in Gallup's first experiment responded to themirror test by touching(A) its own forehead(B) the researcher's forehead(C) the red spot on the mirror(D)the red spot on another chimpanzee41. The word "milestone" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) significant development(B) initial step(C) universal concept(D) obstruction to progressQuestions 42-50Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades. The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragilityof biological diversity. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems. As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of Earth's ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat destruction. in most situations, the result is irreversible. Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course.Certainly, there have been periods in Earth's history when mass extinctions have occurred. The extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or cosmic. There have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached an extreme conclusion.Only .01 percent of the species that have lived on Earth have survived to the present, and it was largely chance that determined which species survived and which died out.However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves, that will lead to biological devastation. Life on Earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on Earth, but life needs time to adapt-time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in new environments.42. What does the passage mainly discuss?extinction of the discuss?(B)The variety of species found in tropical rain forests.(C) The impact of human activities on Earth's ecosystems(D) The time required for species to adapt to new environments43. The word "critical" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) negative(B) essential(C)interesting(D) complicated44. The word "jolting" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) predicted(B) shocking(C)unknown(D) illuminating45. The author mentions the reduction of the variety of species on Earth in lines 11 - 12 to suggest that(A) new habitats can be created for species(B)humans are often made ill by polluted water(C) some species have been made extinct by human activity(D) an understanding of evolution can prevent certain species from disappearing46. The author mentions all of the following as examples of the effect of humans oil the world's ecosystems EXCEPT(A) destruction of the tropical rain forests(B) habitat destruction in wetlands(C)damage to marine ecosystems(D)the introduction of new varieties of plant species47.The author mentions the extinction of the dinosaurs in the second paragraph to emphasize that(A)the cause of the dinosaurs extinction is unknown(B)Earth's climate has changed significantly since the dinosaurs' extinction(C)not all mass extinctions have been caused by human activity(D) actions by humans could not stop the irreversible process of a species' extinction48.The word "magnitude" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) concern(B) determination(C)carelessness(D) extent49. According to the passage, natural evolutionary change is different from changes caused by humans in that changes caused by humans(A) are occurring at a much faster rate(B) are less devastating to most species(C)affect fewer ecosystems(D) are reversible50.With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?(A)human influence on ecosystems should not be a factor in determining public policy.(B)The extinction of a few species is an acceptable consequence of human progress.(C)Technology will provide solutions to problems caused by the destruction of ecosystems.(D) humans should be more conscious of the influence they have on ecosystems。

托福考试模拟试题及答案word

托福考试模拟试题及答案word一、听力部分1. 听一段对话，然后选择正确的答案。

- 问题：对话中提到了什么活动？- 选项：A. 看电影B. 参加派对C. 去图书馆- 答案：B2. 听一段讲座，然后回答以下问题。

- 问题：讲座中提到了哪些主要观点？- 答案：讲座主要讨论了环境保护的重要性以及个人在日常生活中可以采取的措施。

二、阅读部分1. 阅读以下短文，然后回答相关问题。

- 短文：《城市化的影响》- 问题：城市化对环境有哪些影响？- 答案：城市化导致空气污染、水资源短缺和生物多样性的减少。

2. 阅读以下文章，然后选择正确的答案。

- 文章：《科技与教育》- 问题：科技如何改变教育？- 选项：A. 通过在线课程B. 通过提高学费C. 通过减少教师数量- 答案：A三、口语部分1. 描述你最近参加的一个活动，并解释为什么你选择参加它。

- 答案示例：我最近参加了一个环保志愿者活动，因为我对环境保护非常感兴趣，并且希望能够为保护我们的地球做出贡献。

2. 讨论你如何看待全球化对文化的影响。

- 答案示例：我认为全球化促进了不同文化之间的交流和理解，但同时也可能导致某些文化特色的丧失。

四、写作部分1. 写一篇短文，讨论科技发展对日常生活的影响。

- 答案示例：科技发展极大地方便了我们的日常生活，例如智能手机让我们随时随地都能获取信息，但同时也带来了隐私和安全问题。

2. 选择一个你感兴趣的话题，写一篇文章表达你的观点。

- 答案示例：我选择讨论教育的重要性。

教育不仅能够提高个人的生活质量，也是社会进步和发展的关键。

结束语托福考试是一个全面评估英语能力的测试，希望以上的模拟试题及答案能够帮助你更好地准备考试。

记住，持续的练习和复习是提高语言能力的关键。

祝你考试顺利！请注意，以上内容仅为模拟试题，实际的托福考试内容和形式可能会有所不同。

考生应以官方发布的考试指南为准。

托福阅读真题第10套

第10套Individual Performance and the Presence of OthersParagraph1：A person's performance on tasks can be enhanced or impaired by the mere presence of others,and a person's behavior as part of a group can be quite different from the person's behavior when acting alone.1..The word enhanced in the passage is closest in meaning to○interrupted○improved○influenced○hurt2..What role does paragraph1play in the passage○It introduces a common opinion that the rest of the passage challenges on the basis of scientific evidence.○It explains why the passage focuses on actions people take individually rather than on actions people take as part of a group.○It offers a specific example of a general principle discussed in the rest of the passage.○It describes two phenomena,possible explanations of which are considered in the rest of the passage.Paragraph2：In certain cases,individual performance can be either helped or hindered by the physical presence of others.The term social facilitation refers to any effect on performance,whether positive or negative,that can be attributed to the presence of others.Research on this phenomenon has focused on two types of effects:audience effects(the impact of passive spectators on performance)and coaction effects(the effect on performance caused by the presence of other people engaged in the same task).3..According to paragraph2,the term"social facilitation"refers to the phenomenon that a person's performance○is intended to help someone○is influenced by the presence of other people○is evaluated by other people○has an effect on others working on the same taskParagraph3：In one of the first studies in social psychology,psychologist Norman Triplett looked at coaction effects.He had observed in official bicycle records that bicycle racers pedaled faster when they were pedaling against other racers than when they were racing against the clock.Was this pattern of performance peculiar to competitive bicycling Or was it part of a more general phenomenon whereby peoplework faster and harder in the presence of others than when performing alone Triplett set up a study in which he told40children to wind fishing reels as quickly as possible under two conditions:alone or in the presence of other children performing the same task.He found that the children worked faster when other reel turners were present than when they performed alone.4..The phrase peculiar to in the passage is closest in meaning to○damaging to○unique to○rare in○new in5..The study conducted by Norman Triplett described in paragraph3supported the hypothesis that○coaction effects are stronger on the performance of children than they are on the performance of adults○coaction effects are limited to situations in which the time taken for a task matters ○people perform better when they know that their performance is being measured by someone○people perform better in the presence of others who are doing the same thing they areParagraph4：Social psychologist Robert Zajonc proposed an explanation for these seemingly contradictory effects.He reasoned that we become aroused by the presence of others and that arousal facilitates the dominant response the one most natural to us. On simple tasks and on tasks at which we are skilled,the dominant response is to perform effectively.However,on tasks that are difficult or tasks we are just learning, the incorrect response(making a mistake or not performing effectively)is dominant. This reasoning accounts for the repeated findings that,in the presence of others, performance improves on tasks that people do easily but suffers on difficult tasks. Other researchers have suggested that concern over the observers'evaluation is what most affects people's performance,particularly if they expect a negative evaluation.6..According to paragraph4,Robert Zajonc proposed that whether the presence of others hurts or helps a person's performance is determined by○how skilled the observers are in the task that they are observing○how closely the person is being watched○whether or not the person finds the task difficult○whether or not the person likes the people who are watching7..According to paragraph4,if other people are present,a person's performance on a task that he or she is just learning would most likely be○somewhat worse than if no one else is there○somewhat better than if no one else is there○completely unaffected by the presence of those other people○dependent on the number of people who are presentParagraph5：What happens in cooperative tasks when two or more people are working together instead of competing Do they increase their effort or slack off Researcher Bibb Latan used the term social loafing to refer to people's tendency to exert less effort when working with others on a common task than when they work alone.Social loafing occurs in situations where no one person's contribution to the group can be identified and individuals are neither praised for a good performance nor blamed for a poor one.In one experiment,Latan and others asked male students to shout and clap as loudly as possible,first alone and then in groups.In groups of two,individuals made only71percent of the noise they had made alone;in groups of four,each student put forth51percent of his solo effort;and with six students,each made only a 40percent effort.8..The word exert in the passage is closest in meaning to○put forth○waste○demand○accept9..According to paragraph5,people tend to engage in social loafing when they○prefer to work alone○fear being blamed for a poor performance○believe that their individual performance will not be identified○desire to be loyal to their group10..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph5about Bibb Latan¨¦'s research on social loafing○The less a person likes to work alone,the harder that person is likely to work as a member of a group.○The less a person contributes to a group,the more likely it is that person will be blamed if the group performs poorly.○The more people there are in a group,the more likely they are to compete with each other.○The fewer people there are in a group,the less likely it is that social loafing will occur.Paragraph6：Harkins and Jackson found that social loafing disappeared when participants in a group believed that each person's performance could be monitored and evaluated;indeed,even the idea that the group performance may be evaluated against some standard can be sufficient to eliminate the loafing effect.When a group is relatively small and group evaluation is important,some members will even expendextra effort if they know that some of their coworkers are unwilling,unreliable,or incompetent to perform well.Moreover,social loafing is unlikely when participants can evaluate their own individual contribution or when they have a personal stake in the outcome.It is also unlikely when participants feel that the task is challenging or when they are working with close friends or teammates.Some80experimental studies have been conducted on social loafing in diverse cultures.Based on evidence these studies have produced,social loafing probably occurs in almost all cultures.11..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Social loafing does not occur when participants in the group believe that evaluating individual performance will improve the group's performance.○The loafing effect is eliminated if the members of the group accept the standard by which their performance and that of the group is evaluated.○Social loafing tends to disappear if the members of the group believe that their or the group's performance may be evaluated.○Researchers have found that when group members receive monitoring and evaluation of their performance,their performance improves.12..According to paragraph6,which of the following has NOT been shown to decrease social loafing○Participants know that fellow group members are willing,reliable,and competent.○The group's task is seen as a challenge.○Group members know and like each other.○Participants know that their group is being judged on its performance.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Paragraph6：Harkins and Jackson found that social loafing disappeared when participants in a group believed that each person's performance could be monitored and evaluated;indeed,even the idea that the group performance may be evaluated against some standard can be sufficient to eliminate the loafing effect.【】When a group is relatively small and group evaluation is important,some members will even expend extra effort if they know that some of their coworkers are unwilling, unreliable,or incompetent to perform well.（担心队友偷懒采取行动）【】Moreover, social loafing is unlikely when participants can evaluate their own individual contribution or when they have a personal stake in the outcome.【】It is also unlikely when participants feel that the task is challenging or when they are working with close friends or teammates.Some80experimental studies have been conducted on social loafing in diverse cultures.Based on evidence these studies have produced,social loafing probably occurs in almost all cultures.【】However,it appears to be most common in individualistic Western cultures such as that of the United States.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○When people are present,the performance of individuals generally improves on tasks they already do well but worsens on tasks they generally do poorly.○Studies show that bicycle racers pedal faster when they are competing against other racers,but children wind fishing reels slower when in the presence of others than when alone.○People's performance on a task is more affected by the presence of others when those others are engaged in the same task than when the others are passive spectators.○When people work together on a common task but no one's contribution is measured,there is a tendency for individuals to work less hard than if they were working alone.○Social loafing decreases under certain conditions,such as when the performance of the group or its members is evaluated or when a positive outcome matters to the participants.○While social loafing occurs in almost all groups across cultures,the extent to which it occurs in any particular group depends on the individual personalities of the group's members.The Identification of the Genetic MaterialParagraph1：The history of biology is filled with incidents in which research on one specific topic has contributed richly to another,apparently unrelated area.Such a case is the work of Frederick Griffith,an English physician whose attempts to prevent the disease pneumonia led to the identification of the material in cells that contains genetic information the information that determines an organism's characteristic structure.In the1920s,Griffith was studying the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae,or pneumococcus,one of the organisms that cause pneumonia in humans. He was trying to develop a vaccine against this devastating illness.He was working with two strains of the bacteria pneumococcus.A bacterial strain is a population of cells descended from a single parent cell;strains differ in one or more inherited characteristics.Griffith's strains were designated S and R because,when grown in the laboratory,one produced shiny,smooth(S)colonies or groups of bacteria,and the other produced colonies that look rough(R).1..The word apparently in the passage is closest in meaning to○seemingly○surprisingly○relatively○previously2..According to paragraph1,Griffith experimented with strains of the pneumococcus bacteria because he wanted to discover which of the following○A strain of bacteria that could be used to develop a vaccine○How bacterial strains developed under laboratory conditions○Why the strains of bacteria differed in appearance○Which bacterial strains were most infectious in humansParagraph2：When the S strain was injected into mice,the mice became diseased. When the R strain was injected,the mice did not become diseased.Bacteria of the S strain are virulent(able to cause disease)because they are surrounded by a protective jelly-like coating that prevents the mouse's immune defense mechanisms from destroying the bacteria before they can multiply.The R strain lacks this coating. 3..Why does the author provide the information that The R strain lacks this coating○To provide an example of variations within strains of pneumococcus bacteria○To explain why the R strain is not able to cause disease○To suggest that the R strain has other ways to defend itself from immune defense mechanisms○To explain why mice became diseased when injected with the R strainstrainParagraph3：With the hope of developing a vaccine against pneumonia,Griffith injected some mice with heat-killed S pneumococci.These heat-killed bacteria did not produce infection.Griffith assumed the mice would produce antibodies to the bacteria that would allow them to fight the virulent form if they were exposed to it.However, when Griffith inoculated other mice with a mixture of living R bacteria and heat-killed S bacteria,to his astonishment,the mice became ill with pneumonia. When he examined blood from these mice,he found it full of living bacteria many with characteristics of the virulent S strain.Griffith concluded that,in the presence of the dead S pneumococci,some of the living R pneumococci had been transformed into virulent S-strain organisms.4..The word astonishment in the passage is closest in meaning to○alarm○surprise○disappointment○interest5..According to paragraph3,why did Griffith conclude from his experiment injecting both R and S strains pneumococci into mice that some of the R strain bacteriatransformed into disease-causing S strain pneumococci○All the living bacteria he found in the blood of the injected mice were S strain bacteria.○He already knew from earlier experiments that R strain pneumococci sometimes transform into S strain pneumococci.○He could tell from examining the bacteria under a microscope that some individual pneumococci cells had characteristics of both the S and R strains.○He observed living cells in the mice's blood with S strain characteristics,but the only living cells injected were R strain pneumococci.Paragraph4：Did this transformation of the bacteria depend on something the mouse did to the bacteria No.It was shown that simply putting living R and heat-killed S bacteria together in a test tube yielded the same transformation.Next it was discovered that a cell-free extract of heat-killed S cells also transformed R cells.(A cell-free extract contains all the contents of cells,but no intact cells.)This result demonstrated that some substance called at the time a chemical transforming principle from the extract of S pneumococci could cause a heritable change(a change that could be passed on to future generations)in the affected R cells.From these observations,some scientists concluded that this transforming material carried heritable information,and thus was the genetic material that scientists had been searching for.6..According to paragraph4,why was Griffith's experiment repeated in a test tube○To provide additional support for the transformation of R-strain into S-strain pneumococci○To establish whether or not the transformation of R cells was caused by something the mouse's body did○To determine why the S-strain pneumococci somehow survived if they were in the presence of the R-strain○To test the results of adding a cell-free extract to the mixture7..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○This result showed that the chemical transforming principle in S pneumococci was passed on to future generations of S pneumococci.○After exposure to the cell-free extract from the S pneumococci,R pneumococci strain cells acquired the ability to transform themselves into S pneumococci.○The transformation of R cells by a cell-free extract of S pneumococci demonstrated the existence of a chemical transforming principle that brought about heritable change.○This transformation showed that the characteristics that the S pneumococci possess are superior to the characteristics of R pneumococci.Paragraph5：The identification of the transforming material was a crucial step in the history of biology,accomplished over a period of several years by Oswald Avery and his colleagues at what is now Rockefeller University.They treated samples of the transforming extract in a variety of ways to destroy different types of substances proteins,nucleic acids,carbohydrates,and lipids and tested the treated samples to see if they had retained transforming activity.The answer was always the same:If the DNA(deoxyribo nucleic acid)in the extract was destroyed,transforming activity was lost;everything else could be eliminated without removing the transforming ability of the extract.As a final step,Avery,with Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty,isolated virtually pure DNA from a sample of pneumococcal transforming extract and showed that it caused bacterial transformation.8..According to paragraph5,why did Oswald Avery and his colleagues treat the transforming extract in a variety of destructive ways○They hoped to destroy the virulent part of the transforming extract.○They wanted to identify the substance responsible for the transforming activity.○They wanted to identify which methods would destroy particular substances in the transforming extract.○They needed to determine which treatments were most successful in destroying DNA.9..The word virtually in the passage is closest in meaning to○perfectly○nearly○partially○relativelyParagraph6：In retrospect,the work of Avery,MacLeod,and McCarty,published in 1944,was a milestone in establishing that DNA is the genetic material.However,at the time,it had little impact on scientists'view about the physical basis of inheritance. The genetic material had to encode all the information needed to specify an organism, and the chemical complexity and diversity of proteins were known to be impressive. So during the first half of the twentieth century,the hereditary material was generally assumed to be a protein.Nucleic acids,by contrast,were known to have only a few components and seemed too simple to carry such complex information.10..The phrase In retrospect in the passage is closest in meaning to○By general agreement○In reality○Looking back○Practically speaking11..According to paragraph6,why did scientists continue to believe that the hereditary material was a protein○Scientists thought that the research of Avery and his colleagues provided insufficient information about the nature of DNA.○Scientists believed that only proteins were complex enough to carry genetic information.○Scientists thought Avery and his colleagues had little understanding of the physical basis of inheritance.○Scientists ignored important milestones that indicated the chemical complexity of DNA.12..Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the transformed R-strain pneumococci○They had acquired the genetic information for producing a protective coating.○They were unable to cause transformation in other strains of pneumococci.○In the presence of heat-killed R-strain bacteria,they lost their virulence.○They did not multiply as quickly as nontransformed cells did.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.WhyWhere would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.此题被插入句不完整，无法做14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○From the1920s through1944,researchers used pneumococcus bacteria to discover the properties of DNA because the bacteria was relatively simple,having only two strains.○Frederick Griffith discovered that a nonvirulent strain of bacteria could be transformed into a virulent strain by being exposed to dead cells from the virulent strain.○By selectively destroying various substances in the cells of pneumococci bacteria, Oswald Avery and his colleagues identified DNA as the substance that caused bacterial transformation.○Oswald Avery injected the combination of heat-killed,virulent cells and nonvirulent cells into mice because he hoped this would lead to a vaccine for pneumonia.○Avery and his colleagues were able to isolate Griffith's transforming principle by injecting mice with the extract that contained the transforming principle.○Scientists did not initially recognize the importance of the discovery that DNA could cause genetic transformation because the hereditary material was assumed to be a protein.How Birds Acquire Their SongsParagraph1：Most songbirds hatch in the spring and then merely listen to the songs of adult male birds until sometime in late summer or autumn,when the adults stop singing,not to resume until the end of winter the following year.It is usually male birds that are doing the singing in northern latitudes,though female singing is common in the tropics.Many young songbirds do no singing of their own until nearly a year after their birth.With the coming of their second spring,their testosterone levels rise and this in turn prompts them to begin singing,with their song development following a predictable pattern over a period of weeks.At first,their songs may be a quiet,jumbled series of chirps and whistles.Over time,young birds begin to use the syllables of their species'songs,though the order in which these syllables appear will vary.Finally,their songs crystallize(take form)into the clear, orderly song of their species.1..The word prompts in the passage is closest in meaning to○stimulates○strengthens○prepares○forces2..According to paragraph1,which of the following is true of male songbirds in the first year of life○They do not begin singing until sometime in late summer or autumn.○They begin singing earlier in the tropics than in northern latitudes.○They listen to songs of adults for an extended period of time before they themselves sing.○Their earliest songs contain the characteristic order of syllables for their species. Paragraph2：There is a songbird,called the white-crowned sparrow,whose song development follows this general script while providing some variations that are instructive about the interplay of internal influences and learning in birdsong. White-crowned sparrows raised in captivity will follow the pattern of song acquisition just described:they listen to songs in their first spring and summer but do not themselves begin singing until they are perhaps six months old.In nature,however, things are different.For example,the white-crown found year-round in the San Francisco area sings a particular regional variant or dialect of the basic white-crown song and begins singing within six weeks or so of birth and may progress to fully crystallized song as early as three months after birth,meaning about September. 3..The word particular in the passage is closest in meaning to○popular○specific○well-known○complexParagraph3：Why would there be a difference between singing in nature and singing in the laboratory█The pressures of nature.█As year-round residents,the San Francisco white-crowns do not fly into an area in spring and then establish territories.█Rather,they establish territories as early as their first autumn.█One function of birdsong is to announce,I have a territory here.Young white-crowns,like many species,will extend this practice by counter singing,meaning a male,upon hearing the song of a nearby male of its species,will repeat the exact song he has heard,thus setting off a back-and-forth duel,like two children in an argument,each of them saying,I'm still here.4..According to paragraphs2and3,all of the following are true about San Francisco white-crowns EXCEPT:○They do not migrate to another area in spring to establish territories.○They completely acquire their song as early as three months after birth.○They establish territories in their first autumn.○They begin singing much earlier in captivity than they do in nature.5..In paragraph3,the author points out that San Francisco white-crowns establish their territories in the area in which they are born in order to explain which of the following○Why they practice counter-singing○Why they get better territories than white-crowns that establish territories in areas in which they are not born○Why they are more competitive than white-crowns raised in captivity○Why in their natural habitat they start singing earlier than white-crowns raised in captivity6..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Many species,including white-crowns,use a dueling technique to spread the practice of countersinging to other males of the species.○A young white-crown male uses countersinging to learn the songs of nearby males by repeatedly practicing them.○A young white-crown male engages in countersinging with a nearby male in order to assert its continuing presence in its territory.○Young white-crown males,much like young children,are competitive.Paragraph4：Internal influences and learning are also on display in white-crowns in the way they acquire their songs.We know that there is often a so-called sensitive period for animal learninga kind of window in which an animal is able to acquire certain skills or information.In laboratory-raised white-crowns,the sensitive periodstarts at about ten days after birth and extends until about fifty days after birth.A white-crown that became deaf prior to the opening of the sensitive period eventually will sing individual notes,but it will never learn to sing its species'song.Meanwhile, white-crowns that are raised in nature through part of their sensitive period and then taken to the laboratory will begin singing the following winter in the dialect of the area in which they were hatched.Two points are worth observing about this.First, note that these birds are learning the white-crown song months before they ever start practicing it themselves.Indeed,the learning window will be closed completely(in their first summer)before these lab-reared birds ever sing a note(the following winter).Second,learning is important enough in song acquisition that white-crowns learn not just their species'song but local or regional variants of it,which they are able to recall months after last hearing them.7..The word eventually in the passage is closest in meaning to○generally○probably○in the end○at the least8..The word recall in the passage is closest in meaning to○repeat○remember○recognize○complete9..According to paragraph4,white-crowns with which of the following life histories demonstrate the importance of memory in song acqusition○White-crowns that learn a dialect before they learn their standard song○White-crowns that first heard a dialect of the white-crown song before they were ten days old○White-crowns that were moved from where they were born to a different region during their sensitive period○White-crowns that were raised in nature through part of their sensitive period and then transferred to the laboratory10..What can be inferred from paragraph4about the local dialect of the species song that a white-crown sings after the sensitive period has closed○Those dialects must be learned during the sensitive period and are retained thereafter even in new environments.○Those dialects can be learned after the sensitive period if they are common in the local area.○Those dialects can be learned after the sensitive period if the birds are raised in the laboratory.○Those dialects are learned during the sensitive period and afterward used only when。

全真TOEFL试题集(阅读PDF高清版)

智课网TOEFL备考资料全真TOEFL试题集(阅读PDF高清版)摘要：全真TOEFL试题集内容丰富，包含了历年托福阅读真题以及每篇阅读里面的核心词汇，并附有详细的答案，害怕的不了托福阅读高分吗？全真 TOEFL 试题集说白了就是ETS的真题集，都是阅读的，分享给大家。

全真TOEFL试题集内容速览文件大小:1.77 MB (1,856,971 字节)文件类型:pdf全真TOEFL试题集部分内容：Reading Test 51 Lasers are often the preferred tools of surgeons in the modern operating room.A. sole C. favoredB. best D. required2 In 1981 presidential adviser Virginia Knauer was selected to be director of the office ofConsumer Affairs.A. rumored C. chosenB. supposed D. willing3 People fishing on a lake must wait calmly so as not to scare the fish away.A. considerately C. alertlyB. hungrily D. quietly4 When department stores have an oversupply of good, they frequently cut prices toencourage sales.A. conceal C. damageB. review D. reduce以上就是关于全真TOEFL试题集的部分内容，托福阅读做题量不在多，关键在于你所选择的材料和你是否把这些真题真正弄懂，好资料我们已经上传，供大家下载，接下来就靠大家努力啊!相关字搜索：全真TOEFL试题集-阅读。

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0-1 ９０年１月ＴＯＥＦＬ听力　A1. (A) I have the key s to my sister's house.(B) My sister may have forgotten her skis.(C) My keys are probably at my sister's house.(D) I had to leave a pair of skis for my sister.2. (A) We should have graduated sooner.(B) The graduation ceremony is to be held as early as possible.(C) Early arrivals don't need to reserve seats for the ceremony.(D) It's necessary for us to arrive at the ceremony early.3. (A) Sara taught me how to use the computer.(B) Sara is spending too little time on computer projects.(C) I use the computer half as much as Sara does.(D) I have one computer and Sara has two.4. (A) Robert warned us to listen carefully.(B) We should pay attention to Robert.(C) Robert is talking instead of listening.(D) Let Robert hear the good news.5. (A) Stop that!(B) Go outside!(C) Do it again!(D) Put the scissors away!6. (A) Lois should work harder.(B) You should look for Lois.(C) Lois works very hard.(D) You are expecting too much of Lois.7. (A) Dean Williams asked the president to speak to the faculty.(B) The president asked Dean Williams to speak to the faculty.(C) Dean Williams and the president were invited to the faculty meeting.(D) The faculty must notify the president of a change of address.8. (A) Soon I'll be finished.(B) I've just finished.(C) I finished it a while ago.(D) I'll never finish it.9. (A) He doesn't like his work.(B) He isn't doing a good job.(C) He became ill at the office.(D) He's tired of looking for a job.10. (A) You don't find posters interesting, do you?(B) I believe framed posters are good for decorating.(C) Collecting posters is an interesting hobby.(D) He's tired of looking for a job.11. (A) I brought a camera just like that one.(B) I bought the wrong type of camera.(C) That camera ought to take very sharp photographs.(D) A camera is precisely what we need.12. (A) He gave back only the quizzes.(B) He gave only one quiz.(C) We wish he would return our quizzes.(D) We would like him to stop giving us quizzes.13. (A) I'm sorry to have inconvenienced you.(B) I'm not the cause of your problems.(C) I came because I heard you were in trouble.(D) I don't intend to worry about it very much.14. (A) One section of students is the best.(B) The students are very fond of playing football.(C) It's interesting to watch football practice.(D) I enjoy sitting with the students at the game.15. (A) We cannot attend the meeting at the airport.(B) Doesn't anyone want to go to the airport?(C) I believe that we'll be met at the airport.(D) Do you want to see someone at the airport?16. (A) These things take time to learn.(B) Will you study any more?(C) Why do you keep on making the same mistakes?(D) It will be a good learning experience for you.17. (A) That doesn't look like my suitcase.(B) Don't you recognize my suitcase?(C) Don't I usually lock my suitcase?(D) As far as I know, my suitcase should be open.18. (A) If you can see the movie on television, why pay for it?(B) Would it be foolish to watch that movie on television?(C) Why did you pay to see a movie on television?(D) When you saw that movie on television, was it silly?19. (A) I had no idea which report was due.(B) I thought only one report was due.(C) I didn't know they were both reporters.(D) I don't report what I do every day.20. (A) The sessions are very short.(B) The sessions may become longer.(C) The classes are too long.(D) The classes should be made smaller.21. (A) At a hairdresser's.(B) At a tailor's.(C) At a butcher's.(D) At a photographer's.22. (A) He is not used to big cities.(B) He is very tall and thin.(C) He will be hard to find.(D) he should watch what he does.23. (A) Cash a check for the man.(B) Get money to pay a bill.(C) Return Bill's books to the store.(D) Check to see whether she can pay in cash.24. (A) Five may be too many.(B) The decision must be made soon.(C) It would be smart to take more.(D) Four People are enrolled in them.25. (A) Find the newspaper editor.(B) Find a job working as a reporter.(C) Stay awake for the midnight news program.(D) Prepare an editorial for this week's newspaper.26. (A) A furnished house.(B) A recent book.(C) A refinished cellar.(D) A new record.27. (A) He hasn't had time to do the experiment.(B) The experiment turned out well.(C) The experiment took a lot of time.(D) He only did part of the experiment that day.28. (A) Keeping the check.(B) Sending a wire.(C) Inspecting the wiring.(D) Replacing the lamp.29. (A) It is in the center of the campus.(B) It should have a map of the city.(C) It has information about summer camps.(D) It probably has a campus map.30. (A) The paper must be in on time.(B) The question wasn't very clear.(C) He should ask a different person.(D) His request was made too late.31. (A) They have arrived late.(B) She agrees with the man.(C) They are uncertain about the weather.(D) She didn't think the man was ever late.32. (A) Her room isn't the one that's messy.(B) Joan's room is the large one.(C) She would like to change the subject.(D) She shares her room with Joan.33. (A) Happy.(B) Resentful.(C) Disappointed.(D) Sentimental.34. (A) Continue to drive.(B) Pay a traffic ticket.(C) Let the passenger out.(D) Park at the corner.35. (A) The woman hadn't sent a thank you note.(B) The woman hadn't noticed him.(C) The woman had left him a note.(D) The woman hadn't gotten his note.36. (A) Biomedical engineers.(B) Nursing students.(C) Students of philosophy.(D) Mechanics.37. (A) During the first week of classes.(B) During the second week of classes.(C) After the second week of classes.(D) Just before the final exam.38. (A) The mind can be completely understood through scientific observation.(B) The mind is too complex to be considered part of the "vital force".(C) The mind and the brain have the same chemical and physical functions.(D) The mind may function separately from the brain.39. (A) Decide whether they are mechanists or vitalists.(B) Take an article home and read it.(C) Transfer to the introductory class.(D) Write an essay about vitalism and mechanism.40. (A) An art student.(B) A chemistry student.(C) A newspaper reporter.(D) A landscape designer.41. (A) The name of an art school.(B) The differences between two kinds of paint.(C) Information about a course.(D) Locations about a course.42. (A) They dry in a short time.(B) They are easy to find in stores.(C) They come in many unusual colors.(D) They feel pleasant to the touch.43. (A) Experiment with achieving textures in painting.(B) Learn to mix their own paints.(C) Learn to appreciate abstract designs.(D) Copy the works of master painters.44. (A) Complete unfinished projects.(B) Practice techniques he has learned before.(C) Teach less advanced students how to use acrylic paints.(D) Learn how to apply paints with different kinds of brushes.45. (A) See the woman's work.(B) Ask his roommate for advice.(C) Order some supplies.(D) Sign up for a painting class.46. (A) On a Tuesday.(B) On a Wednesday.(C) On a Thursday.(D) On a Friday.47. (A) A final copy of the research project.(B) Copies of the midterm.(C) A textbook and pencils.(D) A few pens.48. (A) There will be only multiple-choice questions.(B) The exam will be both multiple-choice and essay questions.(C) The exam will have an oral and a written section.(D) There will be only essay questions.49. (A) it will be easy to understand.(B) Students will be tested on all the material discussed in class.(C) It will cover topics from a wide variety of academic fields.(D) Students must complete all parts of it.50. (A) During the first week of class.(B) During midterm week.(C) On the last day of class.(D) On the last day of exam week. ＥＸＥＲＣＩＳＥ　ＦＩＶＥ　B1. ---ratchet is a wheel or bar that can move in only one direction.(A) A(B) It is a(C) Although a(D) There is a2. Thomas Jefferson's achievements as an architect rival his contributions ---a politician.(A) such(B) more(C) as(D) than3. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on ---best in its climate and soil.(A) it grows(B) what grows(C) does it grow(D) what does it grow4. Possibly the greatest advance in ---materials came with the invention of a cheap way to makesteel.(A) bridge-building(B) building of bridges(C) building a bridge(D) bridges are built5. ---, snakes frequently subdue their prey without injecting poison.(A) Contrary to general belief(B) General belief contrary to(C) Belief contrary to general(D) Contrary belief general to6. Two years after she was chosen president of the Texas State Senate, ---successfully for aseat in the United States Congress.(A) Barbara Jordan's campaign being(B) Barbara Jordan campaigned(C) Campaigning for Barbara Jordan(D) Barbara Jordan campaigning7. The values of a people, their customs, and their perceptions of the world ---their language.(A) are influenced(B) be influenced(C) influencing(D) influence8. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event's ---is equal to the probabilitythat it will not occur.(A) occurs(B) will occur(C) can occur(D) occurring9. ---fashioned from a wick floating in a bowl of oil functioned according to the principle ofcapillary action.(A) All lamps early(B) Lamps all early(C) All early lamps(D) Early all lamps10. Annie Jump Cannon, ---discovered so many stars that she was called "the census taker of thesky."　(A) a leading astronomer who(B) who, as a leading astronomer,(C) was a leading astronomer(D) a leading astronomer,11. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---to thebody.(A) the stress it is greater(B) greater is the stress(C) greater stress is(D) the greater the stress12. And ideal is a standard ---people judge real phenomena.(A) how(B) of(C) by which(D) for it13. Maine has ---weather than most of the other states in the continental United States.(A) coolest(B) the coolest(C) cooler(D) the cooler14. Amoebas are ---small to be seen without a microscope.(A) far too(B) far and(C) so far(D) as far as15. Graphite conducts electricity ---does not burn.(A) because(B) if(C) when(D) and16. The methods of spectrum analysis vary according to the wavelength region were studied.　A B C D17. Hurricanes are severe cyclones with winds over seventy-five miles an hour who originateover A B C D tropical ocean waters.　18. A great proportion of the seeds of desert flora they possess germination-inhibiting substances.　A B C D19. Window treatment, furniture arrangement and color combine all contribute to the overall A B C impression of a room.　D20. Harvesting of grains is affected by annual changes in temperature or in the amount of A B Cmoisture, but both.　D21. Due to its excellent tensile strength, acetate rayon is an important material for products so as A B C balloons, parachutes, fire hoses, and webbing.　D22. It has not been determined how years sea turtles can live in their natural environment, butthey A Bwill reach a very old age if left undisturbed by humans.　C D23. A footnote is characteristically employed to give information that is too long or too detailed A B C Dbe included in the body of a text.　24. Watercolors dry more faster than other paints.　A B C D25. In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or relating A B C D those objects.　26. Alike most fruit trees, the quince is normally propagated from shoots or cuttings.　A B C D27. A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time.　A B C D28. In 1981 the fossil jaw of a previously unknown small mammal was found onto a Navaho A B C Dreservation in Arizona.　29. The wild carrot, knew as Queen Anne's lace, gave rise to the cultivated carrot in its A B Cdomesticated form.　D30. A statue, a monumental, a building, or a park may be dedicated to commemorate a A B Cdistinguished individual.　D31. The Earth's magnetic poles are not stationary, but slowly shift its position.　A B C D32. A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world.　A B C D33. The elbows are joints that connected people's up arms with their forearms.　A B C D34. Ants have an elaborate structure social, and enjoy a longevity far greater than that of most A B C Dinsects.　35. Municipal planners deal chiefly for the physical layout of communities.　A B C D36. A musician with multiply talents, Aretha Franklin is able to write songs that are unusually A B C consistent in style and content.　D37. Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a question of A B C Dphysiology and of culture.　38. One of the most distinction dialects of North American English, Gullah is spoken by many A B Cpeople in the South Carolina area.　D39. The novels of John Cheever belongs to a literary tradition that is concerned primarily with A B C D manners.　40. Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has.A B C DＥＸＥＲＣＩＳＥ　ＦＩＶＥ　CPassage 1The railroad industry could not have grown as large as it did without steel. Thc first rails were made of iron. But iron rails were not strong enough to support heavy trains running at high speeds. Railroad executives wanted to replace them with steel rails because steel was ten or fifteen times stronger and lasted twenty times longer. Before the 1870's, however. steel was too expensive to be widely used. It was made by a slow and expensive process of heating. stirring. and reheating iron oreThen the inventor Henry Bessemer discovered that directing a blast of air at melted iron in a furnace would burn out the impurities that made the iron brittle As the air shot. through the furnace. the bubbling metal? would erupt in showers of sparks. When the fire cooled. the metal had been changed. or converted. to steel. The Bessemer converter made possible the mass production of steel. Now three to five tons of iron could be changed into steel? in a matter of minutes.Just when the demand for more and more steel developed. prospectors discovered huge new deposits of iron ore in the Mesabi Range, a 120 - mile - long region in Minnesota near Lake Superior. The Mesabi deposits were so near the surface that they could be mined with steam' shovels.Barges and steamers carried the iron ore through Lake Superior to depots or: the southern shores of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. With dizzying speed Gary. Indiana. and Toledo. Youngstown. and Cleveland. Chic. became major steel - manufacturing centers Pittsburgh was the greatest steel city of all.Steel was the basic building material of the industrial age. Production skyrocketed from seventy - seven thousand tons in 1870 to over eleven million tons in 1900. 1.Which of the following is the best title for the passage( A)　The Railroad industry(B)　Famous Inventors( C)　Changing Iron into Steel(D)' Steel Manufacturing Centers2.According to the passage. the railroad industry try preferred steel to iron because steel was(A)　cheaper and more plentiful(B)　lighter. and easier to mold(C) cleaner. And easier to mine(D)stronger and more durable　3.　According to the passage, how did the Bessemer method make the mass production ofsteel possible?　(A) It directed air at melted iron in a furnace. removing all impurities.　(B) It slowly heated iron ore.. then stirred itand heated it again.C) It changed iron ore into iron, which was a substitute for steel.( D It could quickly find deposits 6f iron oreunder the ground.4.The furnace that Bessemer used to process iron into steel was called a(A)heater(B)steamer(C)converter(D)shower5.According to the passage. where were large deposits of iron one uncovered?(A)In Pittsburgh(B)In the Mesabi Range(C)Near Lake Michigan(D)Near Lake Erie6.In line 17 the words 'Barges and steamers could best be replaced by which of the following?(A)Trains(B)Planes(C)Boats(D)Trucks7.It can be inferred from the passage that the mass production of steel caused(A)a decline in the railroad industry　(B)a revolution in the industrial world　(C) an increase in the price of steel(D) a feeling of discontent among steel workPassage 2The origins of the horse go back to eohippus the "dawn horse" of me Eocene only 10 to 20 inches tall. Like its relatives the ancient tapir and rhinoceros, eohippus had four toes on its front feet, three on the rear, and teeth adapted to a forest diet of soft leaves. Bohippus died out about5(1 million years ago in both North America and Europe.Late ancestral horse types moved from their forest niche out onto the grassy plains. Their teeth ac to accommodate to hard siliceous grass. No longer could these protohorses slip away through thick forest when dancer threatened Escape now demanded speed and endurance Limbs crew longer. Extra toes became vestiges that were not visible externally1.The passage mainly discusses the(A) evolution of the horse(B) 5iZC of eohippus(C) animals of the Eocene(D) plight of endangered species2.The author states that eohipous was related to the(A) horsefly(B)tapeworm　(C)hippopotamus(D)rhinoceros3.What did the eohippus eat? (A) Rhinoceros meat (B) Soft leaves (C) Hard siliceous grass　(D) Other horses　2. In what way did predators present less of a threat to eohiopus than to later proto horses. (A) Eohippus was hidden by the forest.(B)Eohippus could run farther.(C)Eohiopus was not edible.(D) Eohipous was larger and stronger5.Tne paragraph following the passage most probably discusses(A)other changes that the rhinoceros has undergone(B)more reasons for the extinction of eohiopus(C)further development of early horse types.(D)the diet of eohippus.Passage 3In terrestrial affairs we think of "big" as being complicated; a city is more intricate than a village. an ocean more complicated than a puddle. For the universe. the reverse seems to be the case bigger is simpler Galaxies have some puzzling features. but on the whole. they are scarcely more complicated than the stars that compose them Beyond the galaxies. in the hierarchy of the cosmos. there are clusters of galaxies; these clusters are loosely bound by the gravity of their largest members and tend to look very much the same in all directions. Simplest of all is the universe at large. it is far less complicated than the Earth, one of its most trivial members. The universe consists of billions of galaxies flying apart as if from an explosion that set it in motion'. it is not lopsided. nor does it rotate. The more thoroughly scientists investigate the universe. the more clearly its simplicity shines through.1. What is the main point made in the passage? (A)The Earth is more complicated than the solar system(B)　The universe is filled with puzzling materials.(C)　The universe is a relatively simple phenomenon.(D) Galaxy clusters are an illusion.2.Acoording to the passage. clusters of galaxies are(A) indiscernible in the cosmos(B) held together by gravity(C) made up of only one or two galaxies(D) created when stars explode3.According to the passage, which of the fllowing is the most complicated?(A) The Earth(B) A cluster of galaxies(C) The universe(D) A galaxy4. It can be inferred from the passage that future research will support which of thefollowing statements?(A) Scientists in the past have been misled by the apparent simplicity of the universe.(B) The chaos and confusion of the universe will never be understood(C) Findings will confirm the belief that the universe is simple(D) Billions of galaxies are predicted to explode, adding to universal complexity.Passage 4Arid regions in the southwestern United States have become increasingly inviting playgrounds for the growing number of recreation seekers who own vehicles such asmotorcycles or powered trail bikes and indulge in hill - climbing contests or in carving new trails in the desert. But recent scientific studies show that these off - road vehicles can cause damage to desert landscapes that has long - range effects on the area' 5 water - conserving characteristics and on the entire ecology, both plant and animal. Research by scientists in the western Mojave Desert in California revealed that the compaction of the sandy arid soilresulting from the passage of just one motorcycle markedly reduced the infiltration ability of the soil and created a stream of rain runoff water that eroded the hillside surface. In addition, the researchers discovered that the soil compaction caused by the off - road vehicles often killed native plant species and resulted in the invasion of different plant species within a few years. The native perennial species required many more years before they showed signs of returning. The scientists calculated that roughly a century would be required for the infiltration capacity of the Mojave soil to be restored after being compacted by vehicles.1. What is the main topic of the passage?(A) Problems caused by recreational vehicles(B) Types of off - road vehicles(C) Plants of the southwestern desert(D) The increasing number of recreation seekers2. According to the passage, what is being damaged?(A) Motorcycles(B) The desert landscape(C) Roads through the desert(D) New plant species3. According to the passage, the damage to plants is(A) unnoticeable(B) superficial(C) long-lasting(D) irreparable4. According to the passage, what happens when the soil is compacted?(A) Little water seeps through (B) Better roads are made(C) Water is conserved (D) Deserts are expanded5. What is happening to the desert hillsides?(A)The topsoil is being eroded(B)The surface is being irrigated(C) There are fewer types of plants growing on them(D)There are fewer streams running through them6.According to the passage, what is happening to native plants in these areas?(A)They are becoming more compact(B)They are adapting(C)They are invading other areas(D)They are dying7.It can be inferred that which of the following people would probably be most alarmed by the scientists' findings?(A)Historians (B)Mapmakers (C)Farmer (D) EcologistsPassage5　Certainly one of the most intelligent and best educated women of her day, MercyOtis Warren produced a variety of poetry and prose. Her farce The Group ( 1776) was the hit of revolutionary Boston. a collection of two plays and poems appeared in 1790,and he three - volume History of the Rise. Progress. and Termination of the American Revolution. Interspersed with Biographical and Moral Observations appeared in 1805 She wrote other farces. as well as anti -Federalist pamphlet. Observations on the New Constitution. and on the Federal and State Conventions(1788) There is no modern edition of her works. but there are two twentieth - century biographies. one facsimile edition of The Group. and a generous discussion of her farces and plays in Arthur Hubson Quinn's A History of the American Drama From the Beginning to the Civil Wa r. Of her non-dramatic poetry. critics rarely speakMercy Otis was born into a prominent'. family in Barnstable. Massachusetts. In 1754, she married James Warren. a Harvard friend of James Otis and John Adams. comes Warren was to become a member of the Massachusetts legislature just before the war and a financial aide to Washington during the war with the rank of major general). The friendship of the Warrens and Adamses was lifelong and close: Abigail Adams was one 0* Mercy Warren's few close friends. Following the war. James Warren reentered politics to oppose the Constitution because he feared that it did not adequately provide for protection of individual rights. Mercy Warren joined her husband in political battle. out the passage of the Bill of flights marked the end of their long period of political agitation.In whatever literary form Warren wrote. she had but one theme-liberty. In her farces and history. it was national and political freedom. In her poems. it was intellectual freedom. In her anti - Federalist pamphlet. it was individual freedom. Throughout all of these works. moreover.runs the thread of freedom (equal treatment) for women. Not militant. she nevertheless urged men to educate their daughters and to treat their wives as equals.1. Which of the following is the main topic of the Passage?(A) Mercy Otis Warren and other poets of the Revolutionary War period(B)　The development of Mercy Otis Warren' 5 writing style(C)　Mercy Otis Warren' 5 contributions to American literature and society(D)　The friends and acquaintances of Mercy Otis Warren2. In what year was Warren's pamphlet about the Constitution written?(A)1776(B) 1788(C)1790(D)18053. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a kind of writing done by Warren?(A) Farces(B) Poetry(C) Plays(D) Advertisements4. The author implies that Mercy Otis Warren felt the Constitution would fail to Protect(A) literary progress(B) political parties(C) the American economy(D) personal freedom5.In line 21 the word "but" could best be replaced by which of the following?　(A) only (B) yet (C) still (D) however6.According to the passage. the kind of liberty emphasized in Warren's poems was(A) national (B) intellectual (C) political (D) religious7.In lines 24 - 25, the author refers to Warren as "not militant" to indicate that she (A)remainedpolitically aloof(B)did not continue agitating for a Bill of flights(C)did not campaign aggressively for women's rights(D)did not support military conscription。

TOEFL全真试题(1-2)

TOEFL全真试题（1-2）READING�燙OMPREHENSIONQuestions 1-9�牐牐燭he ocean bottom ------a region nearly 2.5 times greater than the total land area of theEarth ---- is a vast frontier that even today is largely unexplored and uncharted. Untilabout a century ago, the deep-ocean floor was completely inaccessible, hidden beneathwaters averaging over 3,600 meters deep. Totally without light and subjected to intensepressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth s surface, the deep-ocean bottomis a hostile environment to humans, in some ways as forbidding and remote as the voidof outer space.�牐牐燗lthough researchers have taken samples of deep-ocean rocks and sediments forover a century, the first detailed global investigation of the ocean bottom did notactually start until 1968, with the beginning of theNational Science Foundation s DeepSea Drilling Project (DSDP).Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil andgas industry, the DSDP s drill ship, theGlomar Challenger, was able to maintain asteady position on the ocean s surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samplesof sediments and rock from the ocean floor.�牐牐燭he Glomar Challenger completed 96 voyages in a 15-year research program thatended in November 1983. During this time, the vessel logged 600,000 kilometers andtook almost 20,000 core samples of seabed sediments and rocks at 624 drilling sitesaround the world. The Glomar Challenger s core samples have allowed geologiststo reconstruct what the planet looked like hundred of millions of years ago and tocalculate what it will probably look like millions of years in the future. Today, largelyon the strength of evidence gathered during the GlomarChallenger s voyages, nearlyall earth scientists agree on the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift thatexplain many of the geological processes that shape the Earth.�牐牐燭he cores of sediment drilled by the Glomar Challenger have also yieldedinformation critical to understanding the world s past climates. Deep-ocean sedimentsprovide a climatic record stretching back hundreds of millions of years, because theyare largely isolated from the mechanical erosion and the intense chemical and biologicalactivity that rapidly destroy much land-based evidence of past climates. This record hasalready provided insights into the patterns and causes of past climatic change ---information that may be used to predict future climates.1.The author refers to the ocean bottom as a "frontier" in line 2 because it(A)is not a popular area for scientific research(B)contains a wide variety of life forms(C)attracts courageous explorers(D)is an unknown territory2.The word "inaccessible" in line 3 is closest in meaningto(A)unrecognizable(B)unreachable(C)unusable(D)unsafe3.The author mentions outer space in line 7 because(A)the Earth s climate millions of years ago was similar to conditions in outer space.(B)it is similar to the ocean floor in being alien to the human environment(C)rock formations in outer space are similar to thosefound on the ocean floor(D)techniques used by scientists to explore outer space were similar to those used in oceanexploration4. Which of the following is true of the Glomar Challenger?(A) It is a type of submarine.(B) It is an ongoing project.(C) It has gone on over 100 voyages(D) It made its first DSDP voyage in 19685. The word " extracting " in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) breaking(B) locating(C) removing(D) analyzing6. The deep Sea Drilling Project was significant because it was(A) an attempt to find new sources of oil and gas(B) the first extensive exploration of the ocean bottom(C) composed of geologists form all over the world(D) funded entirely by the gas and oil industry7. The word " strength " in line21 is closest in meaning to(A)basis(B)purpose(C)discovery(D)endurance8.The word " they " in line26 refers to(A)years(B)climates(C)sediments(D)cores9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as being a result of the Deep SeaDrilling Project?(A) Geologists were able to determine the Earth s appearance hundreds of millions of years ago.(B) Two geological theories became more widely accepted(C) Information was revealed about the Earth s pastclimatic changes.(D) Geologists observed forms of marine life never before seen.。

TOEFL全真试题阅读部分

TOEFL全真试题阅读部分TOEFL全真试题阅读部分TOEFL全真试题（2-2） VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION Questions 1-13 Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher, the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top,more than 100 meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century , themovement of water s in trees and other talls plants was a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps, but many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanations for the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees, Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees have unusually low root pressures. If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, .and if it is not pushed, to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask. How does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves,a negative pressure or tension is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water .are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohestion (the attraction between water molecules) arc so great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a. steel wire of the same diameter.This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken. 1. How many theories does the author mention?(A) One (B) Two (C) Three (D) Four 2. The passage answers which of the following questions ? (A) What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage? (B) When do dead cells harm plant growth? (C) How does water get to the tops of trees? (D) Why is root pressure weak? 3. The word demonstrated in line 6 is closest in meaning to (A)ignored (B) showed (C) disguised (D) distinguished 4. What do the experiments mentioned in lines 6-8 prove? (A) Plant stems die when deprived of water. (B) Cells in plant sterns do not pump water. (C) Plants cannot move water to high altitudes.(D) Plant cells regulate pressure within stems. 5. How do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants? (A) Some very tall trees have weak root pressure. (B) Root pressures decrease in winter. (C) Plants can live after their roots die. (D) Water in a plant s roots is not connected to water in its stem. 6. Which of the following statements does the passage support? (A) Water is pushed to the tops of trees. (B) Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps. (C) Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees. (D) Botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants. 7. The word it in line 13 refers to (A) top (B) tree (C) water (D) cohesion-tension theory 8. The word there in line 15 refers to (A)treetops (B) roots (C) water columns (D) tubes 9. What causes the tension that draws water up a plant?(A) Humidity (B) Plant growth (C) Root pressure (D) Evaporation 10. The word extend in line 19 is closest in meaning to (A) stretch (B) branch (C) increase (D) rotate 11. According to the passage, why does water travel through plants in unbroken columns? (A) Root pressure moves the water very rapidly. (B) The attraction between water molecules is strong. (C) The living cell of plants push the water molecules together. (D) Atmospheric pressure supports the columns. 12. Why does the author mention steel wirein line 24? (A) To illustrate another means of pulling water (B) To demonstrate why wood is a good building material (C) To indicate the size of a column of winter (D) To emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in water 13. Where in the passage does the author give an example of a plant with low root pressure? (A.) Lines 3-5 (B) Lines 6-8 (C) Lines 11-12 (D) Lines 13-14 Questions 14-22 Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted outpeople and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urbon life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fulled what we now know as urban sprawl.Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them. located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years-lots that could have housed five to six millionpeople. Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. There excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportationurban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly and near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceededmuch faster than population growth. 14. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned? (A) Types of mass transportation (B) Instability of urban life (C) How supply and demand determine land use (D) The effects of mass trans- city portation on urban expansion 15. The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT (A) growth in city area (B) separation of commercial and residential districts (C) changes in life in the inner city (D) increasing standards of living. 16. The word vast in line 4 is closest in meaning to (A) large (B) basic (C) new (D) urban 17. The word sparked in line 12 is closest in meaning to (A) brought about (B) surrounded (C) sent out (D) followed 18. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago? (A)To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth (B) To show that mass transit changed many cities (C) To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation (D) To contrast their rates of growth 19. The word potential in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) certain (B) popular (C) improved (D) possible 20.The word many in line 21 refers to (A) people (B) lots- (C) years (D) developers 21.According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion? (A) It was expensive. (B) It happened too slowly. (C) It was unplanned. (D) It created a demand for public transportation. 22.The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city (A) that is large (B) that is used as a model for land development (C) where land development exceededpopulation growth (D) with an excellent mass transportation system Questions 23-33 The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record.The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroy by before they can be fossilized.Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of beingpreserved than did terrestrial creaturesbecause,asmarine animals, they tended to liveinenvironments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilizationrequired a suiteof factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lackof swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairlyrapidburial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils. The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black , bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousandsof speciments of marine reptiles, fish, and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition,the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20and 30 inches long. Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are sorare elsewhere? The quality of preservation, is almost unmatched and quarry operationshave been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But thesefactors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such aconcentrationof pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth. 23.The passage supports which of the following conclusions? (A) Some species of ichthyoeaurs decayed more rapidly than other species. (B) Ichthyosaur newborns are smaller than other new born inarine reptiles. (C) Ichthyosaurs were more advanced than terrestrial creatures. (D) Ichthyosaurs may have gathered at Holzmaden lo give birth.24. The word they in line 3 refers to (A) skelectons (3) scavengers (C) creatures (D) environments 25. All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization EXCEPT the (A) speed of buring (B) conditions of the water (C) rate at which soft tissues decay (D) cause of death of the animal 26. Which of the following is true of the fossil deposits discussed in the passage ? (A) They include examples of newly discovered species. (B) They contain large numbers of well-preserved specimens. (C) They are older than fossils found in other places. ( D ) They have been analyzed more carefully than other fossils. 27. The word outstanding in line 15 is closest in meaning to (A) extensive (B) surprising (C) vertical (D) excellent 28. The word site in line 19 is closest in meaning to (A) example (B) location (C) development (D) characteristic 29. Why does the author mention the speciment preserved in the birth canal (line 21-22)? (A) To illustrate that the embryo fossils are quite advanced in their development (B) To explain why the fossils are well preserved (C) To indicate how the ichthyosaurs died (D) To prove that ichthyosaurs are marine animals 30. The word they in line 25 refers to (A) pregnant females and young (B) quarry operations (C) the value of the. fossils (D) these factors 31. The phrase account for in line 27 is closest in meaning to (A) record (B) describe (C) equal (D) explain 32. Which of the following best expresses the relationship between the first and second paragraphs? (A) The first paragraph describes a place which the second paragraph describes a field of study. (B) The first paragraphdefines the terms that are used in the second paragraph (C) The second paragraph describes a specific instance of the general topic discussed in the first paragraph (D) The second paragraph presents information that contrasts with the information given in the first paragraph 33. Where in the passage does the author mention the variety of fossils found at holzmaden? (A) Line 1 (B) Lines 3-5 (C) Lines 13-15 (D) Lines 21-23 Questions 34-41 The Lewis and Clark expedition, sponsored by President Jefferson, was the most important official examination of the high plains and the Northwest before the War of 1812. The President s secretary. Captain Meriwether Lewis, had been instructed to explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it as,by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean. . . may offer the most direct and practicable water communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce. Captain William Clark, the younger brother of famed George Rogers Clark, was invited to share the command of the exploring party. Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknownregion and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent, the two captains set out. The date was May 14,1801. Their point of departure was the mouth of the Wood River, just across the Mississippi from the entrance of the Missouri River. Aftertoiling up the Missouri all summer , the group wintered near the Mandan villages in the center of what is now North Dakota. Resuming their journey in the spring of 1805. the men worked their way along the Missouri to its source and then crossed the mountains of western Montana and Idabo. Picking up a tributary of the Columbia River , they continued westward until they reached the Pacific Ocean, where they stayed until the following spring. Lewis and Clark brought back much new information, including the knowledge that the continent was wider than originally supposed. More specifically, they learned a good deal about river drainages and mountain barriers. Theyended speculation that an easy coast-to-coast route existed via the Missouri-Columbia River systems, and their reports of the climate, the animals and birds, the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West -- though not immediately published -- were made available to scientists.34.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned? (A)The river systems of portions of North America (B)Certain geological features of the North America (C)An exploratory trip sponsored by the United States government (D)The discovery of natural resources in the United States 35.According to the passage, the primary purpose of finding a water route across the continent was to (A)gain easy access to the gold and other riches of the Northwest (B)become acquainted with the inhabitants of the West (C)investigate the possibility of improved farmland in the West (D)facilitate the movement of commerce across the continent 36. The river Meriwether Lewis was instructed to explore was the (A) Wood (B) Missouri (C) Columbia (D) Mississippi 37. According to the passage ,the explorers spent their first winter in what would become (A) North Dakota (B) Missouri (C) Montana (D) Idaho 38. The author states that Lewis and Clark studied all of the following characteristics of the explored territories EXCEPT(A) mineral deposits (B) the weather (C) animal life (D) native vegetation39. The phrase Picking up in line 20 could best be replaced by which of the following? (A) Searching for (B) Following (C) Learning about (D) Lifting 40. It can be Inferred from the passage that prior to the Lewis and Clark expedition the size of the continent had been (A) of little interest (B) understimated (C) known to native inhabitants of the West (D) unpublished but known to most scientists 41. Where in the passage does the author refer to the explorersfailure to find an easy passageway to the western part of the continent? (A) Lines 1-3 (B) Lines 7-9 (C) Lines 18-20 (D) Lines 23-25 Question 42-50 For a century and a half the piano has been one of the most popular solo instruments for Western music. Unlikestring and wind instruments, the piano is completely self-sufficient ,as it is able to play both the melody and its accompanying harmony at the same time. For this reason, it became the fa- vorite household instrument of the nineteenth century. The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries-the spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. The clavichord s tone was metallic and never powerful, nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympathetic instrument for intimate chamber music.The harpsichord with its bright, vigrous tone was the favorite instrument for supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and for concert use but the character of the tone could not be varied save by mechanical or structural devices .The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth century by a harpsichord maker inItaly (though musicologists point out several previous instances of the instrument). This instrument was called a piano e forte (soft Mid loud), to indicate its dynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head. The wires were much heavier in. the earlier instruments. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a BR liquid, singing tone to sharp, percussive brilliance. 42. What does the passage mainly discuss ? (A) The historical development of the piano (B) The quality of tone produced by various keyboard instrument (C) The uses of keyboard instruments invarious types of compositions (D) The popularity of the piano with composers 43. Which of the following instruments was widely used before the seventeenth century? (A) The harpsichord (B) The spinet (C) The clavichord (D) The organ 44. The words a supremacy in line 9 are closest in meaning to (A ) a suggestion (B) an improvement (C) a dominance (D) a development 45.The word supplanted in line 10 is closest in meaning to (A) supported (B) promoted (C) replaced (D) dominated 46.The word it in line 12 refers to the (A) supported (B) promoted (C) replaced (D) dominated47.According to the passage, what deficiency did the harpsichord have?(A) It was fragile. (B) It lacked variety in tone. (C) It sounded metallic.(D) It could not produce a strong sound. 48.Where in the passage does the author provide a translation? (A) Lines 4-5 (B) Lines 13-17 (C) Lines 20-22 (D) Lines 23-28 49. According to the information in the third paragraph , which of the following improvements made it possible to lengthen the tone produced by the piano? (A) The introduction of pedals (B) The use of heavy wires (C) The use of felt-padded hammerhead s (D) The metal frame construction 50. The word myriad in line 26 is closest in meaning to (A) noticeable (B) many (C) loud (D) unusual BR。

TOEFL试题含答案

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression1.In the late 1970’s and early 1980’s, the United States developed the reusable space shuttle ________to space cheaper and easier.A. to make accessB and making accessC. which made accessibleD. and made accessible.2. Genetically, the chimpanzee is more similar to humans _______.A. are than any other animalB. than is any other animalC. any other animal isD. and any other animal is3._______more than 65,000 described species of protozoa, of which more than half are fossils.A. Being that there areB. There beingC. Are thereD. There are4.The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 ___ nearly unanimously through the United States Congress.A. passedB. in passageC. having passedD. passing5.Modern skyscrapers have a steel skeleton of beams and columns ___a three-dimensional grid.A. formsB. from which formingC. and formingD. that forms6.The average level of United States prices grew very little from 1953 until the mid-1960’s when ____________.A. did inflation beginB. inflation beganC. the beginning of inflationD. did the beginning of inflation7.The basis premise behind all agricultural production is _____available the riches of the soil for human consumption.A. to be madeB. the makingC. making isD. to make8.___to the united states House of Representatives in 1791, Nathaniel Macon remained in office until 1815.A. ElectionB. Why he was electedC. ElectedD. Who was elected9.________ of classical ballet in the united states began around 1830.A. To teachB. Is teachingC. It was taughtD. The teaching10.The universe is estimated ___between 10 billion and 20 billion years old.A. beingB. to beC. which isD. is.11. A situation in which an economic market is dominated by a ____ is known as a monopoly.A. single of a product sellerB. product single of a sellerC. seller of a product singleD. single seller of a product12.____ freshwater species of fish build nests of sticks, stones, or scooped-out sand..A. As the manyB. Of the manyC. ManyD. Many of them are13.Newspaper publishers in the united states have estimated ___________reads a newspaper every day.A. nearly 80 percent of the adult population whoB. it is nearly 80 percent of the adult populationC. that nearly 80 percent of the adult population whoD. that nearly 80 percent of the adult population14. The foundation of all other branches of mathematics is arithmetic, _ science of calculating with numbers.A. is theB. theC. which theD. because the15.Nylon was ___the human-made fibers.A. the first of whichB. what the first ofC. it the first ofD. the first of16.The male cicada sound is made by specialized structures on the abdomen and which apparently severs to attract females.17.Televisions are now an everyday feature of most households in the United States, and television viewing is the number one activity leisure.18.Bacteria are one of the most abundant life forms on Earth, growing on and inside another living things, in every type of environment.19.Fluorine is a greenish gas too active that even water and glass burn in it.20.In general, novels are thought of extended works of prose fiction depicting the inner and outer lives of their characters.21.Metabolism is the inclusive term for the chemical reactions by which the cells of an organism transforms energy, maintain their identity, and reproduce.22.Although most petroleum is produced from underground reservoirs, petroleum occurs in a varieties of forms at the surface.23.A musical organ can have pipes of two kinds: flue pipes that work like a flute and reed pipes that operate on same principle as a clarinet.24.The Land Ordinance of 1784 divided the western lands belonging to the United States into territories, each to be govern temporarily by its settlers.25.If there is too much pituitary hormone of too few insulin, the amount of sugar in the blood rises abnormally, producing a condition called hyperglycemia.26.The care of children during their years of relative helplessness appears to have being the chief incentive for the evolution of family structures.27 .It was not until the 1920’s that pollution came to be viewed by many as a threat to the health of live on Earth.28. Platelets are tiny blood cells that help transport hormones and other chemicals throughout the body, and it play a key role in clotting blood.29. Until the twentieth century, pendulum clocks were calibrated against the rotation of earth by taking astronomically measurements.30. The rapid growth of the world’s population over the past 100 years has l edto a great increase in the acreage of land under cultivation.31 .In the eighteenth century, the Pawnees, descendants of the Nebraska culture, lived invillages sizeable on the Loup and Platte rivers in central Nebraska.32. The attraction of opposite charges is one of the force that keep electrons in orbit around of nucleus of an atom.33. Of every the major traditions of wood carving, the one that is closest in structure to the tree is the crest pole made by the Native Americans of the Northwest coast.34. Many of the fine-grained varieties of sedimentary rocks known as shales yield oil when distilled by hot.35. In 1820 there were only 65 daily newspapers in the united states, which total daily circulation of perhaps 100,000.36. The Milky Way galaxy includes the Sun, its planets, and rest of the solar system, along with billions of stars and other objects.37. Some of sharpshooter Annie Oakley’s exploits with a gun are almost unbelievable whenit comes to accuracy, speed of firing ,and endure.38.Evidence from ancient fossils indicates the scorpion may had been among the first land animals.39. Jetties, piers designed to aid in marine navigation, are constructed primary of wood, stone, concrete, or combinations of these materials.40. The Barnes Foundation in Merion, Pennsylvania, was chartered in 1922 to promotion art education by providing art classes and by establishing a publishing program.Section Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestion 1-10all mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to find their own food. The behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive system. It is a nonselective part of parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the most important thing that mammals-- whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental mammals -- have in common.But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their young are so much smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the crocodile mother protects her young after they have hatched and takes them down to the water, where they will find food, but she does not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animal's life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction of their full adult size. And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its young, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are removed, the young generally do no survive.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The care that various animals give to their offspring.B. The difficulties young animals face in obtaining food.C. The methods that mammals use to nurse their young.D. The importance among young mammals of becoming independent.2. The author lists various animals in line 5 toA. contrast the feeding habits of different types of mammalsB. describe the process by which mammals came to be definedC. emphasize the point that every type of mammal feeds its own youngD. explain why a particular feature of mammals is nonselective3. The word "tend" in line 7 is closest in meaning toA. sit onB. moveC. noticeD. care for4. What can be inferred from the passage about the practice of animal parents feeding their young?A. It is unknown among fish.B. It is unrelated to the size of the young.C. It is dangerous for the parents.D. It is most common among mammals.5. The word "provisioning" in line 13 is closest in meaning toA. supplyingB. preparingC. buildingD. expanding6. According to the passage, how do some insects make sure their young have food?A. By storing food near their young.B. By locating their nests or cells near spiders and caterpillars.C. By searching for food some distance from their nest.D. By gathering food from a nearby water source.7. The word "edge" in line 17 is closest in meaning toA. opportunityB. advantageC. purposeD. rest8. The word "it" in line 20 refers toA. FeedingB. momentC. young animalD. size9. According to the passage, animal young are most defenseless whenA. their parents are away searching for foodB. their parents have many young to feedC. they are only a few days oldD. they first become independent10. The word "shielded" in line 22 is closest in meaning toA. raisedB. protectedC. hatchedD. valuedQuestion 11-21:Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.11. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The origins of textile decorationB. The characteristics of good-quality printsC. Two types of printmakingD. Types of paper used in printmaking12. The word "prime" in line 2 is closest in meaning toA. principalB. complexC. generalD. recent13. The author's purposes in paragraph 2 is to describeA. the woodcuts found in China in the fifth centuryB. the use of woodcuts in the textile industryC. the process involved in creating a woodcutD. the introduction of woodcuts to Europe14. The word "incised" in line 15 is closest in meaning toA. burnedB. cutC. framedD. baked15. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage/A. "patterns"(line 5)B. "grain"(line 8)C. "burin"(line 16)D. "grooves"(line 17)16. The word "distinctive" in line 19 is closest in meaning toA. uniqueB. accurateC. irregularD. similar17. According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that itA. developed from the art of the goldsmithsB. requires that the paper be cut with a burinC. originated in the fifteenth centuryD. involves carving into a metal plate18. The word "yield" in line 23 is closest in meaning toA. imitateB. produceC. reviseD. contrast19. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?A. Their designs are slightly raised.B. They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.C. They were first used in Europe.D. They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.20. According to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own prints in the sixteenth century?A. Prints could be made at low cost.B. The quality of paper and ink had improved.C. Many people became involved in the printmaking industry.D. Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable.21. According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that theyA. can be reproduced on materials other than paperB. are created from a reversed imageC. show variations between light and dark shadesD. require a printing pressQuestions 22-31:The first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained themselves as hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however, they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the Adana-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jeweler, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from about A.D. 700 until shortly before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became closely associated with the Sun --- the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called themselves "children of the Sun" and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the great sun god.Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns. Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were used as burial grounds.22. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The development of agricultureB. The locations of towns and villagesC. The early people and cultures of the United StatesD. The construction of burial mounds23. Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United States?A. The development of trade in North AmericaB. The establishment of permanent settlementsC. Conflicts with other Native American groups over landD. A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains.24. What does the term "Adana-Hopewell"(line 7) designate?A. The early locations of the Adana-Hopewell cultureB. The two most important nations of the Adana-Hopewell cultureC. Two former leaders who were honored with large burial mounds.D. Two important trade routes in eastern North America25. The word "bartering" in line 9 is closest in meaning toA. producingB. exchangingC. transportingD. loading26. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning toA. conqueredB. precededC. replacedD. imitated27. According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of development?A. About A.D. 400B. Between A.D. 400 AND A.D. 700C. About A.D. 1200D. In the sixteenth century28. According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell predecessors?A. The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of food.B. The Mississippians sold their food to other groups.C. The Mississippians could only grow plants in warm, dry climates.D. The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders.29. Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves "children of the Sun"(line 22)?A. To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs.B. To argue about the importance of religion in their culture.C. To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture.D. To provide an example of their religious rituals.30. The phrase "charged with" in line 26 is closest in meaning toA. passed onB. experienced atC. interested inD. assigned to31. According to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all of the following purposes EXCEPTA. religious ceremoniesB. meeting places for the entire communityC. sites for commerceD. burial sitesQuestion 32-40:Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.)The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on private companies tobuild their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road building fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie.Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger stagecoaches. The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill. Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of stagecoaches, the most common of which had four benches, each holding three persons. It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and leather curtains kept out dust and rain. 32. Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of theA. popularity of turnpikesB. financing of new roadsC. development of the interiorD. laws governing road use33. The word "primitive" in line 1 is closest in meaning toA. unsafeB. unknownC. inexpensiveD. undeveloped34. In 1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country withA. other inland communitiesB. towns in other statesC. river towns or seaportsD. construction sites35. The phrase "on the threshold of" in line 4 and 5 is closest in meaning toA. in need ofB. in place ofC. at the start ofD. with the purpose of36. According to the passage, why did states want private companies to help with road building?A. The states could not afford to build roads themselves.B. The states were not as well equipped as private companies.C. Private companies could complete roads faster than the states.D. Private companies had greater knowledge of the interior.37. The word "it" in line 11 refers toA. legislatureB. companyC. authorityD. payment38. The word "imitation" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. investmentB. suggestionC. increasingD. copying39. Virginia is mentioned as an example of a state thatA. built roads without tollgatesB. built roads with government moneyC. completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one yearD. introduced new law restricting road use40. The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in line 21 as an example of a feature of wagons that wasA. unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehiclesB. first found in GermanyC. effective on roads with uneven surfacesD. responsible for frequent damage to freightQuestion 41- 50:In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is available. Like tree rootsbreaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals(the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations. The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand, and central Asia.41. What is the passage mainly about?A. The destructive effects of salt on rocks.B. The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley.C. The amount of salt produced in Death Valley.D. The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways.42. The word "it" in line 9 refers toA. salty waterB. groundwater tableC. capillary actionD. sediment43. The word "exert" in line 14 is closest in meaning toA. putB. reduceC. replaceD. control44. In lines 13-17, why does the author compare tree roots withgrowing salt crystals?A. They both force hard surfaces to crack.B. They both grow as long as water is available.C. They both react quickly to a rise in temperature.D. They both cause salty water to rise from the groundwater table.45. In lines 17-18, the author mentions the "expansion of halitecrystals...by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration"in order toA. present an alternative theory about crystal growthB. explain how some rocks are not affected by saltC. simplify the explanation of crystal prying and wedgingD. introduce additional means by which crystals destroy rocks46. The word "durable" in line 19 is closest in meaning toA. largeB. strongC. flexibleD. pressured47. The word "shattered" in line 20 is closest in meaning toA. arrangedB. dissolvedC. broken apartD. gathered together48. The word "dominant" in line 22 is closest in meaning toA. most recentB. most commonC. least availableD. least damaging49. According to the passage, which of the following is true about theeffects of salts on rocks?A. Only two types of salts cause prying and wedging.B. Salts usually cause damage only in combination with ice.C. A variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering.D. Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death Valley,50. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice is common?A. They are protected from weathering.B. They do not allow capillary action of water.C. They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley.D. They contain more carbonates than sulfates.参考答案:AADBB ABDBC BABBB CCCAD BCABC CDDAA BBDDB ADBAD DBCDA DDBBBABDAD BDCDB DCDBD CDCBA DCDCB CDCDA CBADC BDCBB。

托福考试阅读全真试题(1)·资格考试

（D）strengthened
2. The National Republican party is mentioned in line 10 as an example of a group
（A）from Baltimore
（B）of learned people
（C）owning a hotel
（D）holding a convention
3. The word "assembling" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
（A）announcing
（B）motivating
（C）gathering
（D）contracting
4. The word "ones" in line 22 refers to
（A）ritual
（B）importance
（C）clothing
（D）history
11.All of the following are given as characteristics of collectible objects EXCEPT
（A）durability
（B）portability
passage？
（A）Travelers from abroad did not enjoy staying in them.
（B）Conventions were held in them
（C）People used them for both business and pleasure.
Question 8-17
托福考试阅读全真试题(1)
编辑：__________________

托福阅读真题第11套

Alaska and Bark BeetlesParagraph1：Over the twentieth century,global temperatures increased by an average of about0.7degrees Celsius,but some places have warmed a lot more than this,and other places have warmed less.These temperature increases have been enough to trigger changes in ecosystems all over the world,especially in places where the warming has been the greatest.In some places,the changes have been subtle,perhaps a slight shift in vegetation that only a careful observer would notice.In other cases, small changes in climate have sparked a chain of larger effects,leading to massive changes.1..The word subtle in the passage is closest in meaning to○limited○unimportant○not obvious○gradualParagraph2：The biggest climate-caused ecosystem shifts today are happening at the world's most northern latitudes,where the temperature over the last century has been rising about two times faster than the global average.In the northernmost state of the United States,Alaska,for example,warming has paved the way for a spike in the numbers of spruce bark beetles.Bark beetles have been a pest to Alaskan white spruce trees for thousands of years,but their numbers were held in check by the cold climate, which forced the insects to hide in the bark of individual trees for most of the year.As the length of the warm season increased over the1980s and1990s,however,bark beetles had more time to fly from one tree to the next,burrow,and lay their eggs between the bark and the wood.The beetles had another thing going for them,too:a multi-year drought had weakened many of the spruce trees,leaving them vulnerable to attack.In the mid-1990s,the bark beetle population exploded,and over the next few years the pests wiped out white spruce forests over an area the size of the U.S. state of Connecticut.In the years since,the combined forces of a longer insect-breeding season and forest management practices that left forests overcrowded gave way to similar epidemics farther rge swaths of pine and spruce have been destroyed by insects in several other parts of the United States.2..The phrase paved the way for in the passage is closest in meaning to○come together with○made possible○increased the intensity of○made absolutely certain3..The phrase wiped out in the passage is closest in meaning to○threatened○spread through○killed off4..Paragraph2suggests that the warming of the Alaskan climate affected bark beetles in which of the following ways○By making it possible for a beetle to deposit its eggs in a greater number of trees○By making it possible for beetles to survive in the bark of trees for longer lengths of time○By making it unnecessary for a beetle to protect its eggs by laying them between the bark and the wood○By increasing the number of spruce trees,thereby providing the beetles with far more places to live5..According to paragraph2,all of the following contributed to the destruction of forests in different parts of the United States EXCEPT○a drought that had lasted for several years○a lack of forest management practices○overcrowding in forests○a huge increase in spruce tree pest populationsParagraph3：In the late1990s,the effects of the bark beetle epidemic rippled throughout Alaska's white spruce ecosystem and affected virtually every population of living organisms,but not all of the impacts were negative.Fewer spruce trees meant a sunnier area in the forest below the treetops,which allowed grasses to move in and take hold.The grasses,in turn,changed the soil temperature,making the environment more friendly for some other types of vegetation.Animals that feed on grasses, including moose,elk,and some birds,also benefited.But the beetle infestation was bad news for organisms that rely on white spruce for their habitat,like hawks,owls, red squirrels,and voles.Voles a type of small,mouselike rodent are an especially vital part of the ecosystem because they help spread mycorrhizal fungi,which attach to the roots of plants and help them take in water and nutrients.Voles are also an important food for a number of predators.6..Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship of paragraph3to paragraph2○Paragraph2explains the causes of the spruce bark beetle epidemic in Alaska,and paragraph3discusses the chain of events that occurred as a result of that epidemic.○Paragraph2shows that warming air temperatures can affect a large number of species,and paragraph3shows that warming soil temperatures can have even greater effects.○Paragraph2discusses one explanation for the disappearance of spruce trees from a part of Alaska,but paragraph3shows that an alternative explanation is more likely to be correct.○Paragraph2describes the negative consequences of climate warming for some species,but paragraph3shows that there are also some positive consequences for these same species.7..According to paragraph3,which of the following effects did the bark beetle epidemic have on moose,elk,and some birds○The epidemic increased the availability of water for these animals.○The epidemic increased the availability of food for these animals.○The epidemic destroyed the habitat of these animals.○The epidemic meant that these animals experienced more competition from hawks, owls,red squirrels,and voles.8..According to paragraph3,a decline in the vole population in Alaska may have which TWO of the following consequences To receive credit,you must select TWO answer choices.○Some predators may have less to eat.○Hawk and red squirrel populations may be more successful.○Plants may find it more difficult to absorb water and nutrients.○Mycorrhizal fungi numbers may increase.Paragraph4：█Ecosystem changes always hurt some living creatures and help others. It's hard to say,therefore,whether a change is good or bad overall.█Instead, ecologists(people who study ecosystems)often focus on the impacts on a single species:for instance,us.█In the short term,the Alaskan spruce beetle epidemic supplied a lot of people with firewood,but only by destroying tons of otherwise valuable timber and threatening the livelihoods of loggers.█And no one knows for sure what the long-term impacts on the forest will be.Ecosystems tend to return to their previous states after disturbances like pest outbreaks,fires,or major storm events, but if the Alaskan spruce ecosystem is disturbed too often or too much,it might shift to a different type of forest,a woodland,or a grassland instead.9..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Ecosystems like the spruce ecosystem in Alaska tend to return to their previous states after disturbances such as pest outbreaks,fires,or major storm events.○While ecosystems tend to return to their previous states after disturbances,the Alaskan spruce ecosystem might not if it is disturbed too often or too much.○Ecosystems tend to return to their previous states after disturbances,so Alaska might again become covered with woodlands or grasslands.○After certain types of disturbances such as pest outbreaks,ecosystems do not alwaysreturn to their previous states but shift to being woodlands or grasslands instead. Paragraph5：In extreme cases,major assaults on ecosystems can lead to a total collapse in which the ecosystem doesn't bounce back to the way it was or transition to a new,healthy state.The result is an area with very little life;in the oceans,biologists refer to these areas as dead zones.One such example is the coral reef die-off that happened in the Indian Ocean in the late1990s.10..The phrase assaults on in the passage is closest in meaning to○imbalances in○changes in○problems for○attacks on11..In paragraph5,coral reefs in the Indian Ocean are presented as an example of which of the following○Ecosystems that totally collapsed○Ecosystems that transitioned to a new,healthy state○Ecosystems that bounced back to the way they were○Ecosystems that were affected by a nearby dead zone12..The passage provides an answer to which of the following questions○Why has the temperature at northern latitudes been rising faster than the global average○Why did corals in the Indian Ocean die off in the late1990s○What types of vegetation benefited from the change in soil temperatures in Alaska ○What were some of the effects of the bark beetle epidemic for humans13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.But even from this limited perspective,the answer is not completely straightforward. Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph4：█Ecosystem changes always hurt some living creatures and help others. It's hard to say,therefore,whether a change is good or bad overall.█Instead, ecologists(people who study ecosystems)often focus on the impacts on a single species:for instance,us.█In the short term,the Alaskan spruce beetle epidemic supplied a lot of people with firewood,but only by destroying tons of otherwise valuable timber and threatening the livelihoods of loggers.█And no one knows for sure what the long-term impacts on the forest will be.Ecosystems tend to return to their previous states after disturbances like pest outbreaks,fires,or major storm events, but if the Alaskan spruce ecosystem is disturbed too often or too much,it might shift to a different type of forest,a woodland,or a grassland instead.14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○Global warming has led to changes in ecosystems all over the world,with ecosystems at northern latitudes being affected the most.○A longer warm season in Alaska caused a sharp increase in the number of bark beetles,leading to the destruction of spruce forests,which in turn seriously affected many other species.○Sometimes ecosystems are able to recover from disturbances or to develop into different,but healthy,systems,but in extreme cases,they may collapse completely.○The loss of spruce forests caused an epidemic in mycorrhizal fungi,and these fungi damaged the roots of many plants,making them unable to take in water and nutrients.○Whereas some types of changes are good for the majority of species in an ecosystem,ecologists believe that most disturbances to ecosystems are bad overall.○Coral reefs may die off as a result of the global increase in temperatures,but after a transition period as a dead zone,they are able to return to their original state.Motor Development in ChildrenParagrah1：Control over one's motor behavior ranks among the infant's greatest achievements.Psychologists who study the acquisition of motor skills in children find it useful to distinguish between gross motor development,that is,motor skills which help children to get around in their environment such as crawling and walking,and fine motor development,which refers to smaller movement sequences like reaching and grasping.1..According to paragraph1,the distinction between gross motor development and fine motor development is based primarily on○how much control the infant has over the motor skills○when the motor skills are developed○the size of the movement sequences involved○the usefulness of the movement sequences involvedParagrah2：The development of motor skills has implications beyond simply learning how to perform new actions:motor skills can have profound effects on other areas of development.For example,researchers have shown that infants with locomotor experience(experience moving around their environment)were less likely to make errors while searching for hidden objects.The ability to initiate movement around one's environment stimulates the development of XXX（此处缺具体的词）,making hidden object tasks easier to solve.Psychology professor Carolyn Rovee-Collier argues that the onset of independent locomotion at around nine months old marks an important transition in memory development.Children who can move about the environment develop an understanding of locations such as here and there.Becauseinfant memory is initially highly dependent on context that is,the similarity between the situation where information is encoded(stored in memory)and where it is recalled infants who have experience moving about the environment and who learn to spatially encode information become less dependent on context for successful recall.These examples show that gross motor development has implications beyond the immediately apparent benefits of crawling and walking.2..The word onset in the passage is closest in meaning to○achievement○beginning○improvement○practice3..The phrase immediately apparent in the passage is closest in meaning to○available○obvious○desirable○useful4..According to paragraph2,why do infants with locomotor experience have less trouble locating hidden objects○Moving around their environment helps infants to develop a better memory for spatial locations.○Moving around their environment increases infants'ability to make use of context to identify objects.○Moving around their environment gives infants more opportunity to correct their errors when searching for objects.○Moving around their environment reduces the time infants have to spend spatially encoding information.5..According to paragraph2,as a result of developing an understanding of here and there,infants are better able to○describe the locations of objects in space○feel comfortable in new and unfamiliar situations○use context as an aid to recalling previously encoded information○recall information in situations unlike the one in which it was originally encodedParagrah3：Renowned psychologist Jean Piaget argued that the development of reaching and grasping was a key aspect of development because it formed an important link between biological adaptation and intellectual adaptation.Reaching and grasping are voluntary actions under the infant's control,and as such,they open up exciting new possibilities in their ability to explore the environment.An infant who reaches for and grasps an object so as to explore it pushes his development forward as he engages in processes such as adapting his grip to the size and shape of the object.Piaget argued that these early processes drive cognitive development in the first two years of an infant's life.6..The word Renowned in the passage is closest in meaning to○Educational○Controversial○Famous○Theoretical7..The phrase engages in in the passage is closest in meaning to○repeats○learns about○performs○imitates8..What can be inferred from paragraph3about the cognitive development of an infant in its first two years of life as described by Piaget○It is a sign of advanced development when an infant is able to control its urges to reach and grasp.○Repeated practice reaching for and grasping objects results in important biological adaptations.○Infants who spend large amounts of time in exciting environments have more difficulty in their intellectual development.○An infant's development will be slower if it is not given the opportunity to reach for and hold objects.Paragrah4：█The development of reaching begins early on in life.Newborn infants seated in an upright position will swipe and reach towards an object placed in front of them,a behavior labeled"prereaching."█These poorly coordinated behaviors start to decline around two months of age and are replaced by"directed reaching"which begins at about three months of age.█At this time reaching becomes more coordinated and efficient,and improves in accuracy.█According to research conducted by Clifton et al.,the infant's reaching does not depend simply on the guidance of the hand and arm by the visual system but is controlled by proprioception, the sensation of movement and location based on the stimulation arising from bodily sources such as muscle contractions.By about nine months old,infants can adjust their reaching to take into account a moving object.However,nine month olds are far from expert reachers.A good deal of skill must still develop.9..In paragraph4,why does the author emphasize the point that nine month olds are far from expert reachers○To support the idea that nine-month-olds vary a great deal in their reaching abilities ○To distinguish between the directed reaching and the non directed reaching of infants○To stress that an infant's reaching skills continue to improve even after the first nine months○To call into question the accuracy of the results presented by Clifton et al10..According to paragraph4,which of the following statements about directed reaching is true○Directed reaching behaviors have typically developed by the time an infant is about two months old.○Directed reaching behaviors do not appear until an infant is able to account for the movement of an object.○Directed reaching is the earliest form of reaching behavior that infants develop.○Directed reaching is controlled both by the visual system and by proprioception.Paragrah5：Once infants begin reaching they also begin to grasp the objects that are the target of their reaches.The ulnar grasp is seen when infants first engage in directed reaching.The ulnar grasp is a primitive form of grasping in which the infant's fingers close against its palm.The fingers seem to act as a whole,requiring the use of the palm in order to hold an object.Shortly after this accomplishment,when infants can sit upright on their own,they can acquire the ability to transfer objects from hand to hand.Around the end of the first year,infants will have graduated to using the pincer grasp where they use their index finger and thumb in an opposable manner (placing them opposite each other),resulting in a more coordinated and finely tuned grip which allows for the exploration of very small objects or those objects which demand specific actions for their operation,such as the knobs on a stereo system which require turning to the left or right to adjust volume.11..All of the following statements about the ulnar grasp are true EXCEPT:○It is a relatively uncoordinated form of grasping.○It is used by infants when they first engage in directed reaching.○It develops only after infants become able to sit upright on their own.○It makes use of the palm as well as the fingers to hold an object.12..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Infants of about a year old begin using their index finger and thumb to make more coordinated and finely tuned movements,allowing them to explore and manipulate small objects.○Around the end of the first year,infants begin to use a type of grip on small objects that is more coordinated and finely tuned than was the pincer grasp.○Infants begin handling very small or difficult-to-operate objects at about one year of age,resulting in improvements in their ability to grip objects with their thumb and fingers.○When one-year-old infants begin using the pincer grasp,they become much moreinterested in very small objects(such as knobs on a stereo system).13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.What accounts for this greater accuracyWhere would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Paragrah4：█The development of reaching begins early on in life.Newborn infants seated in an upright position will swipe and reach towards an object placed in front of them,a behavior labeled"prereaching."█These poorly coordinated behaviors start to decline around two months of age and are replaced by"directed reaching"which begins at about three months of age.█At this time reaching becomes more coordinated and efficient,and improves in accuracy.█According to research conducted by Clifton et al.,the infant's reaching does not depend simply on the guidance of the hand and arm by the visual system but is controlled by proprioception, the sensation of movement and location based on the stimulation arising from bodily sources such as muscle contractions.By about nine months old,infants can adjust their reaching to take into account a moving object.However,nine month olds are far from expert reachers.A good deal of skill must still develop.14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○The ability to move around in an environment gives infants an understanding of location and thus reduces the extent to which their memory is dependent on context.○Infants become better at finding hidden objects once they have developed the type of grasp that allows them to handle and explore very small objects in their environment.○Piaget argues that an infant's cognitive development is related to the development of fine motor skills that make it possible for infants to interact with and adapt their actions to their environment.○Fine motor skills tend to develop later than do gross motor skills because fine motor skills require smaller,more finely tuned movements and a great deal of coordination.○When infants first begin to grasp objects,they transfer the objects from hand to hand and firmly close their fingers against their palms.○Reaching and grasping begin early;by about three months,reaching is more coordinated and efficient,and by one year,infants begin to develop a coordinated and finely tuned grip.Bison and HumansParagraph1：When human beings first migrated from Asia into North America at the end of the last ice age,they found an enormous,now extinct creature known as the giant long-horned bison(Bison priscus).We know that early Americans hunted thesebeasts because excavated skeletons of the bison bear stone spear tips.The style of the points dates them to twelve to thirteen thousand years ago,not long after the first wave of human immigrants washed south and east across the continent.These early Americans ate a variety of plants and animals,but judging from the campsite remains, they had a special taste for long-horned bison.It was their favorite prey,perhaps because one animal filled so many stomachs.1..According to paragraph1,which of the following best describes the relationship between humans twelve to thirteen thousand years ago and the giant long-horned bison○Humans first came to the Americas as a result of following long horned bison that were migrating from Asia to the Americas.○Humans in the Americas preferred hunting long-horned bison to hunting other animals.○Humans in the Americas were forced to migrate south and east across the continent as a result of the presence of long-horned bison.○Humans in the Americas generally ate plants and small animals because long-horned bison were difficult to hunt.Paragraph2：The giant horns that gave Bison priscus its common name tell us some important things about its lifestyle.Animals with gigantic weapons on their heads usually live alone or in small groups.Animals that live in herds usually have small horns.Horns and antlers help males in several ways.Animals use these horns and antlers to fight with other members of the same species,to increase their appeal to potential mates,and to protect themselves from predators.Fossil bones suggest that giant bison used their long,outward-facing horns to injure their opponents.An individual with longer horns had a better chance of circumventing its opponents' horns and fatally wounding them than one with shorter horns,and females probably preferred to mate with winners of these contests rather than with losers,either because they liked what they saw in the male or because they liked the territory that the male could defend from competitors.2..The word gigantic in the passage is closest in meaning to○very big○very dangerous○powerful○sharp3..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Females may have chosen their mates based on the male's ability to win contests with other males,or perhaps they decided based on territory.○The longer-horned opponent was more likely to win in a fight,which probablymade him more attractive to females because of his physical characteristics or his ability to protect territory.○Males engaged in contests in which they tried to wound one another with their horns while avoiding being hit by the horns of their opponent.○An individual that was able to avoid its opponents'horns had a better chance of fatally wounding them and winning the contest for territory or females.4..According to paragraph2,the fact that Bison priscus had giant horns suggests which of the following about its lifestyle○The bison were probably more concerned with protecting themselves from predators than with fighting each other.○The horns were probably more for display to attract mates than for use as actual weapons.○Those individuals with smaller horns probably banded together to fight the males with larger horns.○Individuals probably lived by themselves or with only a few other bison. Paragraph3：The giant bison's architecture served it well for thousands of years,but its body shrank and changed shape starting about twelve thousand years ago.The timing gives us an important clue about the cause.Only two major predators,wolves and lions,had hunted giant bison for tens of thousands of years.If they caused the change,it would have happened much earlier.The big change in the bison's environment twelve to thirteen thousand years ago was the arrival of a new predator. This one walked on two feet,hunted in cooperative bands,and carried spears with well-designed stone points.Its remarkable efficiency at hunting seems to have caused a reduction in the body size of other large mammals,too.Over the past ten thousand years,North American sheep,elk,moose,musk ox,bears,antelope,and wolves have all shrunk.5..In paragraph3,why does the author include the information that wolves and lions "had hunted giant bison for tens of thousands of years"○To emphasize how good the bison's defenses were○To support the claim that only wolves and lions hunted the bison for long enough to cause changes in its evolution○To help explain why predation by wolves and lions cannot account for the changes that occurred in bison twelve thousand years ago○To introduce a discussion of how changes in bison directly affected other large animals in North America6..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph3about North American sheep,elk,moose,musk ox,bears,antelope,and wolves○They have all changed as a result of hunting by humans.○They all originated in North America at about the same time.○They all contributed to the change in the bison's environment.○They all contributed to the change in the bison's size and shape.Paragraph4：Scholars have offered various explanations for these changes,but it seems likely that these new hunters converted the giant bison's shape and habits from virtues into liabilities.Hunters who needed to get close to their prey,such as wolves and human beings armed with spears,preferred to attack lone individuals rather than many victims at once.Hunting punished solitary,territorial giant bison and rewarded those that stayed close together.Clumps of bison became more common and grew into herds.7..According to paragraph4,which of the following is true about humans and wolves when hunting large animals○Both needed to attack their prey when their prey were outside their territory.○Both attacked the animals in the closest part of a herd.○Both preferred to attack animals that were far from others.○Both preferred to attack multiple animals at the same time.Paragraph5：Herding is a classic response to heavy predation.It brings a statistical advantage to herd members because the odds that a predator will hone in on any one individual will decrease with the size of the herd.Herds further improved odds for members through cooperative behavior.Members warned each other of danger,and they fought off predators by joining forces(e.g.by forming a circle with vulnerable backsides to the center and dangerous horns facing the periphery).8..The word vulnerable in the passage is closest in meaning to○hidden○defenseless○harmless○useless9..Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons given in paragraph5for why herding is a classic response to heavy predation○Herd members can teach one another strategies for avoiding predators.○Herd members can alert one another to approaching predators.○Herd members can fight off predators together.○Being in a herd reduces the chance that any particular individual will be a target.Paragraph6：But bison paid a price for herding.In a given area,the supply of food per individual declined along with the chances of being attacked.Smaller bodies probably resulted from a decline in food availability as bison crowded together.Herding changed the bison's shape as well as size.Now survival depended on the ability to crop grass,bison's main food,quickly.Shifting the head closer to the ground, reducing horn size,and growing a hump to cantilever,or support,the head's weight enabled bison to graze for long periods without strain.Giant horns,which enabled。

TOEFL全真试题阅读部分

TOEFL全真试题阅读部分TOEFL全真试题阅读部分TOEFL全真试题（2-2）VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSIONQuestions 1-13Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher, the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top,more than 100 meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century , themovement of water s in trees and other talls plants was a mystery.Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps, but many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanations for the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall trees, Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees have unusually low root pressures.If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, .and if it is not pushed, to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask. How does it get there?According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves,a negative pressure or tension is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from insidethe plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water .are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohestion (the attraction between water molecules) arc so great that the strength of a column of water compares with the strength of a. steel wire of the same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.1. How many theories does the author mention?(A) One(B) Two(C) Three(D) Four2. The passage answers which of the following questions ?(A) What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage?(B) When do dead cells harm plant growth?(C) How does water get to the tops of trees?(D) Why is root pressure weak?3. The word demonstrated in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A)ignored(B) showed(C) disguised(D) distinguished4. What do the experiments mentioned in lines 6-8 prove?(A) Plant stems die when deprived of water.(B) Cells in plant sterns do not pump water.(C) Plants cannot move water to high altitudes.(D) Plant cells regulate pressure within stems.5. How do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants?(A) Some very tall trees have weak root pressure.(B) Root pressures decrease in winter.(C) Plants can live after their roots die.(D) Water in a plant s roots is not connected to water in its stem.6. Which of the following statements does the passage support?(A) Water is pushed to the tops of trees.(B) Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps.(C) Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees.(D) Botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants.7. The word it in line 13 refers to(A) top(B) tree(C) water(D) cohesion-tension theory8. The word there in line 15 refers to(A)treetops(B) roots(C) water columns(D) tubes9. What causes the tension that draws water up a plant?(A) Humidity(B) Plant growth(C) Root pressure(D) Evaporation10. The word extend in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) stretch(B) branch(C) increase(D) rotate11. According to the passage, why does water travel through plants in unbroken columns?(A) Root pressure moves the water very rapidly.(B) The attraction between water molecules is strong.(C) The living cell of plants push the water molecules together.(D) Atmospheric pressure supports the columns.12. Why does the author mention steel wire in line 24?(A) To illustrate another means of pulling water(B) To demonstrate why wood is a good building material(C) To indicate the size of a column of winter(D) To emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in water13. Where in the passage does the author give an example of a plant with low root pressure?(A.) Lines 3-5(B) Lines 6-8(C) Lines 11-12(D) Lines 13-14Questions 14-22Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted outpeople and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urbon life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fulled what we now know as urban sprawl.Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them. located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years-lots that could have housed five to six millionpeople.Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. There excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to thegrowth of mass transportation urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly and near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it.Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceededmuch faster than population growth.14. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?(A) Types of mass transportation(B) Instability of urban life(C) How supply and demand determine land use(D) The effects of mass trans- city portation on urban expansion15. The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT(A) growth in city area(B) separation of commercial and residential districts(C) changes in life in the inner city(D) increasing standards of living.16. The word vast in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) large(B) basic(C) new(D) urban17. The word sparked in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) brought about(B) surrounded(C) sent out(D) followed18. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?(A)To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth(B) To show that mass transit changed many cities(C) To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation(D) To contrast their rates of growth19. The word potential in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) certain(B) popular(C) improved(D) possible20.The word many in line 21 refers to(A) people(B) lots-(C) years(D) developers21.According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?(A) It was expensive.(B) It happened too slowly.(C) It was unplanned.(D) It created a demand for public transportation.22.The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city(A) that is large(B) that is used as a model for land development(C) where land development exceeded population growth(D) with an excellent mass transportation systemQuestions 23-33The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record.The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroy by before they can be fossilized.Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of beingpreserved than did terrestrial creaturesbecause,asmarine animals, they tended to liveinenvironments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilizationrequired a suiteof factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lackof swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairlyrapidburial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black , bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousandsof speciments of marine reptiles, fish, and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks.The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition,the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young atHolzmaden when they are sorare elsewhere? The quality of preservation, is almost unmatched and quarry operationshave been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But thesefactors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such aconcentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.23.The passage supports which of the following conclusions?(A) Some species of ichthyoeaurs decayed more rapidly than other species.(B) Ichthyosaur newborns are smaller than other new born inarine reptiles.(C) Ichthyosaurs were more advanced than terrestrial creatures.(D) Ichthyosaurs may have gathered at Holzmaden lo give birth.24. The word they in line 3 refers to(A) skelectons(3) scavengers(C) creatures(D) environments25. All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization EXCEPT the(A) speed of buring(B) conditions of the water(C) rate at which soft tissues decay(D) cause of death of the animal26. Which of the following is true of the fossil deposits discussed in the passage ?(A) They include examples of newly discovered species.(B) They contain large numbers of well-preserved specimens.(C) They are older than fossils found in other places.( D ) They have been analyzed more carefully than other fossils.27. The word outstanding in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) extensive(B) surprising(C) vertical(D) excellent28. The word site in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) example(B) location(C) development(D) characteristic29. Why does the author mention the speciment preserved in the birth canal (line 21-22)?(A) To illustrate that the embryo fossils are quite advanced in their development(B) To explain why the fossils are well preserved(C) To indicate how the ichthyosaurs died(D) To prove that ichthyosaurs are marine animals30. The word they in line 25 refers to(A) pregnant females and young(B) quarry operations(C) the value of the. fossils(D) these factors31. The phrase account for in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) record(B) describe(C) equal(D) explain32. Which of the following best expresses the relationship between the first and second paragraphs?(A) The first paragraph describes a place which the second paragraph describes a field of study.(B) The first paragraph defines the terms that are used in the second paragraph(C) The second paragraph describes a specific instance of the general topic discussed in the first paragraph(D) The second paragraph presents information that contrasts with the information given in the first paragraph33. Where in the passage does the author mention the variety of fossils found at holzmaden?(A) Line 1(B) Lines 3-5(C) Lines 13-15(D) Lines 21-23Questions 34-41The Lewis and Clark expedition, sponsored by President Jefferson, was the most important official examination of the high plains and the Northwest before the War of 1812. The President s secretary. Captain Meriwether Lewis, had been instructed to explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it as,by its course andcommunication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean. . . may offer the most direct and practicable water communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce.Captain William Clark, the younger brother of famed George Rogers Clark, was invited to share the command of the exploring party.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknownregion and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent, the two captains set out. The date was May 14,1801. Their point of departure was the mouth of the Wood River, just across the Mississippi from the entrance of the Missouri River. Aftertoiling up the Missouri all summer , the group wintered near the Mandan villages in the center of what is now North Dakota. Resuming their journey in the spring of 1805. the men worked their way along the Missouri to its source and then crossed the mountains of western Montana and Idabo. Picking up a tributary of the Columbia River , they continued westward until they reached the Pacific Ocean, where they stayed until the following spring.Lewis and Clark brought back much new information, including the knowledge that the continent was wider than originally supposed. More specifically, they learned a good deal about river drainages and mountain barriers. They ended speculation that an easy coast-to-coast route existed via the Missouri-Columbia River systems, and their reports of the climate, the animals and birds, the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West -- though not immediately published -- were made available to scientists.34.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?(A)The river systems of portions of North America(B)Certain geological features of the North America(C)An exploratory trip sponsored by the United States government(D)The discovery of natural resources in the United States35.According to the passage, the primary purpose of finding a water route across the continent was to(A)gain easy access to the gold and other riches of the Northwest(B)become acquainted with the inhabitants of the West(C)investigate the possibility of improved farmland in the West(D)facilitate the movement of commerce across the continent36. The river Meriwether Lewis was instructed to explore was the(A) Wood(B) Missouri(C) Columbia(D) Mississippi37. According to the passage ,the explorers spent their first winter in what would become(A) North Dakota(B) Missouri(C) Montana(D) Idaho38. The author states that Lewis and Clark studied all of the following characteristics of the explored territories EXCEPT(A) mineral deposits(B) the weather(C) animal life(D) native vegetation39. The phrase Picking up in line 20 could best be replaced by which of the following?(A) Searching for(B) Following(C) Learning about(D) Lifting40. It can be Inferred from the passage that prior to the Lewis and Clark expedition the size of the continent had been(A) of little interest(B) understimated(C) known to native inhabitants of the West(D) unpublished but known to most scientists41. Where in the passage does the author refer to the explorersfailure to find an easy passageway to the western part of the continent?(A) Lines 1-3(B) Lines 7-9(C) Lines 18-20(D) Lines 23-25Question 42-50For a century and a half the piano has been one of the most popular solo instruments for Western music. Unlike string and wind instruments, the piano is completely self-sufficient ,as it is able to play both the melody and its accompanying harmony at the same time. For this reason, it became the fa-vorite household instrument of the nineteenth century.The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries-the spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. The clavichord s tone was metallic and never powerful, nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympatheticinstrument for intimate chamber music.The harpsichord with its bright, vigrous tone was the favorite instrument for supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and for concert use but the character of the tone could not be varied save by mechanical or structural devices .The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth century by a harpsichord maker inItaly (though musicologists point out several previous instances of the instrument).This instrument was called a piano e forte (soft Mid loud), to indicate its dynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head. The wires were much heavier in. the earlier instruments. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a BRliquid, singing tone to sharp, percussive brilliance.42. What does the passage mainly discuss ?(A) The historical development of the piano(B) The quality of tone produced by various keyboard instrument(C) The uses of keyboard instruments in various types of compositions(D) The popularity of the piano with composers43. Which of the following instruments was widely used before the seventeenth century?(A) The harpsichord(B) The spinet(C) The clavichord(D) The organ44. The words a supremacy in line 9 are closest in meaning to(A ) a suggestion(B) an improvement(C) a dominance(D) a development45.The word supplanted in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) supported(B) promoted(C) replaced(D) dominated46.The word it in line 12 refers to the(A) supported(B) promoted(C) replaced(D) dominated47.According to the passage, what deficiency did the harpsichord have?(A) It was fragile.(B) It lacked variety in tone.(C) It sounded metallic.(D) It could not produce a strong sound.48.Where in the passage does the author provide a translation?(A) Lines 4-5(B) Lines 13-17(C) Lines 20-22(D) Lines 23-2849. According to the information in the third paragraph , which of the following improvements made it possible to lengthen the tone produced by the piano?(A) The introduction of pedals(B) The use of heavy wires(C) The use of felt-padded hammerhead s(D) The metal frame construction50. The word myriad in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) noticeable(B) many(C) loud(D) unusual BR。

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精选TOEFL全真试题精选TOEFL全真试题TOEFL全真试题Structure and Written ExpressionTime: 25 minutes (including the reading of the directions) Now set your clock for 25 minutes.Structure1 Amber comes____from the resins of pine trees that grew in Northern Europe millions of years ago. (A) chiefly (B) and chiefly(C) it is chiefly (D) since it is chiefly2 An adult human must take eight steps to go ____as a giraffe does in one stride.(A) as far (B) the farther (C) how far (D) farther3 When the focus of a pair of binoculars is adjusted, ____into view.(A) bringing distant objects (B) distant objects can be brought (C) and bring distant objects(D) to bring distant objects4 From the Iroquois tradition of behind-the-scenes political participation by women, Alice Jemison acquired a self-confidence that ____in her later crusades.(A) her served well (B) served well her (C) served her well (D) her well served5 Because of its importance in modern living, ____in all parts of the world.(A) algebra is studied in schools and colleges (B) studying algebra in schools and colleges(C) and the study of algebra in school and colleges (D) in schools and colleges are algebra studies6 ____in the diet is especially important for vegetarians.(A) Enough protein is obtained (B) Obtaining enough protein(C) They obtain enough protein(D) By obtaining enough protein7 The early work of Edith Wharton ____the relationship between the individual and the community.(A) focuses attention on (B) focusing the attention on (C) the attention focused on(D) is the attention and locus8 Archaeologists know ____35,000 years ago, but it is still unclear for precisely what purpose.(A) drawing being practiced (B) when the practice of drawing(C) that drawing was practiced(D) practicing of drawing9 Coral reefs owe their brilliant colors to algae ____in symbiosis with coral polyps.(A) that live (B) do they live (C) why they live (D) live10 The specialized nature of anthropological research makes ____that various to determine theirsimilarities and differences.(A) imperative is (B) it imperative (C) it is imperative (D) it is an imperative11 Watercolor provides a brilliant transparency and freshness, ____it allows extraordinarily freebrushwork.(A) that (B) during (C) which (D) and12 The common cold, normally ____illness, can seriously threaten the health of postoperativepatients.(A) can be minor (B) as minor (C) minor an (D) a minor13 Commercial expansion from city to suburb has affected the way people in the United States___.(A) living and working (B) they live and work (C) live and work(D) to live and to work14 Only recently ___possible to separate the components of fragrant substances and to determinetheir chemical composition.(A) it becomes (B) having become (C) has it become (D) which becomes15 Charles Lindbergh told reporters ___never been deterred from attempting to cross the Atlanticalone even though others had failed.(A) that he had (B) that he had it (C) had it (D) his havingWritten Expression16. Sculptor Duane Hanson is noted for his many life-sized and realistic figure.A B C D17. A liquid does not have reach its boiling point to evaporate completely.A B C D18. The discovery of gold in California in 1848 brought more than 40,000 prospectors thereA B Cby two years.D19. Some psychologists believe what even when a person suffers from amnesia, some memoryA B C Dremains in the unconscious .20. The Aeneid was the greatest achievement in the goldenage of Latin literature, and it doesA Bcontinued to influence poets through the centuries.C D21. The Appalachian Range of North America is made up ofa broken chain of ridges, plateaus,A B Cand moutainous.D22. Bacteria are either plants nor animals, but are single-called organisms that reproduce most。

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TOEFL试题（3）11. Because air is highly compressible, --- to define a clear upper boundary of the atmosphere.(A) it is impossible(B) impossible is(C) so the impossibility(D) is the impossibility2. BASIC, the acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, is a high – level Instruction Code, is a high –level computer programming language ---.(A) learning relatively simple(B) related it simply to learning(C) simple and relative to learn(D) that is relatively simple to learn3. --- Frances Perkins held the post of labor secretary for twelve years.(A) The first woman appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position was(B) The first woman appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position(C) Appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position was the first woman who(D) The first woman was appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position who4. --- at the turn of the century, the Minnesota State Capitol building is made of white granite and marble.(A) Erected(B) Was erected(C) To erect it(D) Erecting it5. A stream of volcanic lava flows differently, -- on the sort of ground it flows over.(A) to depend(B) depending(C) that dependent(D) when it depended6. --- large amounts of vitamin E found in green leaves, such as lettuce, and in cereals, especially in wheat germ.(A) The(B) They have(C) There are(D) Because of7. A popular belief --- radio and television have homogenized the language of the United States. (A) states that(B) that is stated(C) that states(I) stating that 8. The astronomical unit is the average distance of the Earth from the Sun --- is the standard of distances in the Solar System.(A) and(B) also (C) in addition (D) because9. In 1952 Ernest Hemingway published The Old Man and the Sea ---.(A) won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954(B) and the Nobel Prize for Literature won in 1954(C) in 1954 won the Nobel Prize for Literature for this work.(D) a work that won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 195410. Many birds have feathers----with their surroundings.(A) colors blend(B) that colors to blend(C) whose colors blend(D) of which the colors that blend11.Mosaic is the art of closely setting small, colored pieces, such as stone or glass, into a surface --.(A) and create a decorative design(B) and a decorative design creates(C) to create a decorative design(D) that a decorative design is created12.--- that distinguish human beings from mother primates are related to the ability of people to stand upright and walk on two legs.(A) Many of the physical characteristics(B) Of the many physical characteristics(C) The physical characteristics(D) There are many physical characteristics13.The letters of Abigail Adams to her husband and future President, John, --- during the American Revolution, conveyed a vivid picture of the times(A) were written(B) which written(C) written(D) written when14. The lenses in an optical microscope bend the light passing through a specimen to form an image of that specimen that is much larger --- actually viewed.(A) Than it(B) Than the one(C) One than(D) Than one which15. Not only --- as a cooked dish the world over, but it is also used as the base of many other foods, condiments, and even beverages.(A) eating rice(B) rice is eaten(C) people eat rice(D) is rice eaten16 According(A) to modern astronomers, the space between the planets (B)and stars is not empty; rather he (C) is filled with something called (D) dark matter;17. In the late nineteenth century, journalist and publisher WilliamRandolph Hearst established (A) a vast publishing empire that included (B)Eighteen newspapers(C)in twelve city (D).18. Because (A) the diamond is the hardest naturally (B) substance, it isused in industry for to cut (C), grinding, and boring other hard (D) materials.19. An electromagnet will remain (A) magnetized only as longer (B) as electricity (C) flows through itD20. Being (A) chemical compounds, minerals have characteristic (B)shapes andcolors, whereas (C) do rocks not (D).21. Some of the (A) first aerial photographs (B)were taken from (C) a balloon while (D) the Civil War in the United States.22. Beyond their (A) importance as a source (B) of food for both (C) people and animals, corn is also used (D) to produce alcohol-based fuels.23 The Bollingen Prize in (A) poetry established of (B)the Bollingen Foundation, is a $1,000 award (C) for the year's highest(D) achievement in poetry in the United States.24. For more eighty (A) years, scientists have argued over whether (B) life(C) exists on the planet (D) Mars.25.Ludmilla Turkevich, known as a translator (A) and scholar in the field (B) of Russian literature, she became (C)a member of the faculty of Princeton University during (D) the Second World War.26. The Architectural History Foundation was (A) established in 1977 to support (B) the publication (C) of important book (D) on architecture.27.Wildlife photographers are involved of (A) a new government project to docum (B) the 50 most endangered (C) species in (D) the United States.28.Most (A) bats roost in crevices, caves, or building(B) by day and are active (C) at night or (D) twilight.29.Changes within the chemist (A) structure of single genes may (B) be induced by (C) exposure to radiation and extreme (D) temperatures.30. A landmark famous (A), the Brooklyn Bridge in (B) New Yolk was (C) one of the first woven wire cable suspension bridges ever constructed.(D)31. Industry's need for (A) more and minerals (B) is a constant challenge (C)to the mining industry to make new discoveries (D).32. The waters of Hanauma Bay in Oahu, Hawaii, are known(A) for the color(B), diversity and abundant (C) of their (D) tropical fish.33. The United States government program (A) Head Start prepares children (B) for school encourages (C) the involvement of local communities in the children's Development (D).34.Brown rice has great (A) nutritional value than white ricebecause the nutrient-rice outer layers (B) of the rice kernel are (C) not removed from (D) brown rice.35. After (A) 1845, pestilence spread in Boston, but before then (B) , Boston was a city in which (C) the life span of its citizens was long and disease was rarely (D).36. Entomologists, scientists (A) who study (B) insects, are often concerned with the fungus, poisonous (C), or virus carried(D) by a particular insect.37. The eight stripes (A) of red, white, and blue on state (B) flag of Hawaii represent (C) Hawaii's eight major (D) islands.38. Cool temperatures, shade, moist (A), and the presence of dead (B) organic material provide (C) the ideal living conditions(D) for mushrooms.39. Metalworkers use the term "machine tool" to refer to (A)a piece of an(B) equipment (C) used for shaping (D) metal.40. In pools, goldfish are not just (A) ornamental: since (B) they feed on (C) mosquito larva they are also benefit (D) .CQuestions: 1-10A seventeenth-century theory of burning proposed that anything that burns must contain material that the theorists called "phlogiston." Burning was explained as the release of phlogiston from the combustible material to the air. Air was thought essential, since it had to provide a home for the released phlogiston. There would be a limit to the phlogiston transfer, since a given volume of air could absorb only so much phlogiston. When the air had become saturated, no additional amounts of phlogiston could leave the combustible substance, and the burning would stop. Burning would also stop when the combustible substance was emptied of all its phlogiston.Although the phlogiston theory was self-consistent, it was awkward because it required that imaginative, even mysterious, properties be ascribed to phlogiston. Phlogiston was elusive. No one had ever isolated it and experimentally determined its properties. At times it seemed to show a negative weight: the residue left after burning weighed more than the material before burning. This was true, for example, when magnesium burned. Sometimes phlogiston seemed to show a positive weight, when, for example, wood burned, the ash weighed less than the starting material. And since so little residue was left when alcohol, kerosene, or high-grade coal burned, these obviously different materials were thought to be pure or nearly pure phlogiston.In the eighteenth century, Antoine Lavoisier, on the basis of careful experimentation, was led to propose a different theory of burning, one that required a constituent of air- later shown to be oxygen- for combustion. Since the weight of the oxygen is always added, the weight of the products of combustion, including the evolved gases, would always be greater than the weight of the starting material.Lavoisier's interpretation was more reasonable and straightforward than that of the phlogiston theorists. The phlogiston theory, always clumsy, became suspect, eventually fell into scientific disrepute, and was replaced by new ideas.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The chemical composition of phlogiston.(B) Attempts to explain what happens when materials burn.(C) Limitations of seventeenth-century scientific theories.(D) The characteristics of the residue left after fires.2. The word "it" in line 4 refers to(A) burning(B) phlogiston(C) combustible material(D) air3. The "phlogiston transfer" mentioned in line 5 is a term used to describe the(A) natural limits on the total volume of phlogiston(B) absence of phlogiston in combustible material(C) ability of phlogiston to slow combustion(D) release of phlogiston into the air from burning material4. The word "properties" in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) interpretations(B) locations(C) characteristics(D) virtues5. The phrase "ascribed to" in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) analyzed and isolated in(B) returned to their original condition in(C) assumed to be true of(D) diagrammed with6. The author mentions magnesium in line 14 as an example of a substance that(A) seemed to have phlogiston with a negative weight(B) leaves no residue after burning(C) was thought to be made of nearly pure phlogiston(D)was thought to contain no phlogiston7.The "different materials" mentioned in line 17 were considered different because they(A) required more heat to burn than other substances did(B) burned without leaving much residue(C) were more mysterious than phlogiston(D) contained limited amounts of phlogiston8. The word "constituent" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) component(B) opposite(C) principle(D) temperature9. The word "Since" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) later(B) because(C) during(D) although10. Which of the following is true of both the phlogiston theory of burning and Lavoisier's theory of burning?(A) Both theories propose that total weight always increases during burning.(B) Both theories are considered to be reasonable and straightforward.(C) Both theories have difficulty explaining why residue remains after burning.(D)Both theories recognize that air is important to combustion.Questions 11-22Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it was now possible to make cast-iron beams, columns, and girders. During the nineteenth century furtheradvances were made, notably Bessemer's process for converting iron into steel, Which made the material more commercially viable.Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far greater than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings had been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types spawned by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition halls, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vauits of medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton's Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1848 feet by 408 feet in prefabricated units of glass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far w。

托福阅读真题第7篇RegulationofBodyTemperature（答案文章最后）

托福阅读真题第7篇RegulationofBodyTemperature（答案文章最后）体温调节大多数动物都有一个可以生存的体温上限。

例如，在人类中，41摄氏度的体温会导致蛋白质功能丧失和神经系统崩溃，而42至43摄氏度的体温会导致是致命的。

鸟类的静息体温略高于哺乳动物（大约为 40 至 41 摄氏度，而大多数哺乳动物为 35 至 38 摄氏度），它们无法在高于 46 至 47 摄氏度的体温下生存。

在高于 50 摄氏度的环境温度下，几乎所有动物都会死亡。

然而，在温度范围的另一端，极冷的耐受性更好。

例如，一些动物在解冻后可以冷冻并存活。

冷冻/解冻通常是危险的，因为冰晶会在细胞和破裂膜内形成。

然而，许多昆虫，如毛毛虫，少数种类的两栖动物，如林蛙，以及极少数爬行动物，如彩龟，都可以阻止其细胞中的晶体形成。

他们通过从肝脏中大量流出葡萄糖来响应皮肤表面的冰块来做到这一点。

储存在肝脏中的葡萄糖进入血液和细胞，降低它们的冰点，使细胞不会冻结成固体。

这些动物可以长时间完全冷冻 65% 或更多的身体，只有在温暖时期才解冻而不会产生有害影响。

他们通过从肝脏中大量流出葡萄糖来响应皮肤表面的冰块来做到这一点。

储存在肝脏中的葡萄糖进入血液和细胞，降低它们的冰点，使细胞不会冻结成固体。

这些动物可以长时间完全冷冻 65% 或更多的身体，只有在温暖时期才解冻而不会产生有害影响。

他们通过从肝脏中大量流出葡萄糖来响应皮肤表面的冰块来做到这一点。

储存在肝脏中的葡萄糖进入血液和细胞，降低它们的冰点，使细胞不会冻结成固体。

这些动物可以长时间完全冷冻 65% 或更多的身体，只有在温暖时期才解冻而不会产生有害影响。

这些动物热血来源，例如因为自己来温暖来来。

通过类似的热血动物产生。

用同样的方式让人们在同样的温暖和类似的耳机上运行。

等温动物利用外部热源来温暖的身体，而利用自己的体温，而吸热动物的体温。

动物的性格内有不同的温度变化范围。

动物是等温的和异温的。

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托福阅读真题第7篇RegulationofBodyTemperature（答案文章最后）