全真TOEFL试题集(阅读PDF高清版)
托福(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析)
托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionSections Three：Reading ComprehensionEarly Theories of Continental DriftP1: The idea that the geography of Earth was different in the past than it is today is not new. As far back as 1620, Francis Bacon spotted that the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America looked as if they would fit together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Between then and 1912, other people identified further similarities between other continental coastlines. But because much of the early support for mobilism was based on far-flung intercontinental similarities, geologists tended to be skeptical of the fieldwork of others.P2: During the late nineteenth century, Austrian geologist Eduard Suess proposed the name “Gondwanaland”in his book The Face of the Earth (1885) and gave far greater emphasis to the evolutionary nature of the earth and he noted the similarities among the Late Paleozoic plant fossils of India, Australia, South Africa, and South America. Based upon glossopteris fern fossils in such regions, he explained that the three land masses were once connected in a supercontinent which he names Gondwanaland, and that the ocean flooded the spaces currently between those lands. Thus, in his view, the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by postulating the concept of a land bridge that existed once but subsided later.P3: Later, a number of refinements to Suess’s theory were made. The American geologist Frank Taylor published a pamphlet in 1910 presenting his concept of “horizontal displacement”. He explained the formation of mountain ranges as a result of the lateral movements of continents. With the earth’s capture of the moon, the gravitational forces between them generated a pull towards lower latitudes where they thickened and formed folded mountain belts especially in middle latitudes. Although we now know that Taylor’s explanation of continental drift is erroneous, one of his most significant contributions was his suggestion that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge—an underwater mountain range discovered by the 1872-1876 British HMS Challenger expeditions—might mark the site at which an ancient continent broke apart, forming the present-day Atlantic Ocean.P4: However, it is Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, who is generally credited with developing the hypothesis of continental drift. In his monumental book, The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1915), Wegener theorized that a single supercontinent he called “Pangaea”existed sometime between 350 million to 225 million years ago. Wegner portrayed his grand concept of continental movement in a series of maps showing the breakup of Pangaea and the movement of various continents to their present-day locations. What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis of continental drift? First, Wegener noted that there is geographical similarity along both the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The opposing coasts of the Atlantic can be fitted together in the same way as two cut off pieces of wood can be refitted. Furthermore, mountain ranges and glacial deposits seem tomatch up in such a way that suggests continents could have once been a single landmass. Finally, many of the same fossils and vegetative remains are found today on widely separated continents, indicating that the continents must have been in proximity at one time. During his days, Wegener was regarded as an advocate rather than as an impartial scientific observer, appearing to ignore vast evidence unfavorable to his ideas and distort other evidence to bring it into harmony with the theory.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea. He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus”occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa. Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.P6 :The debate over continental drift has the same role and stature in the history of the earth sciences as the debate over Darwinian evolution in the history of life sciences and the debates over relativity and quantum theory in the history of physics. In the largest sense, the history of earth science, the history of biology, and the history of physics in the 20th century are all histories of the consolidation of opinion and the formation of broad consensus—that these theories were the best way to organize and advance these sciences.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea.■He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus” occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa.■Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. ■Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. ■Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.1．According to paragraph 2, Eduard Suess believed that similarities of plant and animal fossils on the southern continents were due toA．living in the southern climateB．crossing the land bridgesC．fossilization in the coal layersD．movements of the supercontinent正确答案：B解析：【事实信息题】题目问动植物化石的相似性是因为什么，文中提到“the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by”所以原因是之前有陆桥后来消失了，答案是B。
TOEFL全真试题
TOEFL全真试题为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理了托福练习试题,下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
TOEFL全真试题1Reading Comprehension Time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). Now set your clock for 55 minutes.Question 1-12Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. The column is designed so that a single pollination will fertilize hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of seeds, so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. The most noticeable of the petals is called the labellum, or lip. It is often dramatically marked as an unmistakable landing strip to attract the specific insect the orchid has chosen as its pollinator.To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors, and scents. At least 50 different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each blended to attract one, or at most a few, species of insects or birds. Some orchids even change their scents to interest different insects at different times.Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed. By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities. At the same time they have made themselves irresistible to collectors. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Birds(B) Insects(C) Flowers (D) Perfume 2 The orchid is unique because of(A) the habitat inwhich it lives(B) the structure of its blossom(C) the variety of products that can be made from it(D) the length of its life 3 The word fused in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) combined(B) hidden(C) fertilized(D) produced 4 How many orchid seeds are typically pollinated at one time?(A) 200(B) 2,000(C) 20,000(D) 200,000 5 Which of the following is a kind of petal? (A) The column(B) The sepal(C) The stem(D) The labellum 6 The labellum(line7) is most comparable to(A) a microscope(B) an obstacle course(C) an airport runway(D) a racetrack7 The word lure in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) attract(B) recognize(C) follow(D) help8 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a means by which an orchid attracts insects?(A) Size(B) Shape(C) Color(D) Perfume9 The word their in line 13 refers to(A) orchids(B) birds(C) insects(D) species10 Which of the following statements about orchids scents does the passage support?(A) They are effective only when an insect is near the blossom.(B) Harmful insects are repelled by them.(C) They are difficult to tell apart.(D) They may change at different times.11 The word placed in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) estimated(B) measured(C) deposited(D) identified12 The word discrete in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) complicated(B) separate(C) inoffensive(D) functionalTOEFL全真试题2Reading Comprehension Time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). Now set your clock for 55 minutes.Question 1-12Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. The column is designed so that a single pollination will fertilize hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of seeds, so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, oftendistorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. The most noticeable of the petals is called the labellum, or lip. It is often dramatically marked as an unmistakable landing strip to attract the specific insect the orchid has chosen as its pollinator.To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors, and scents. At least 50 different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each blended to attract one, or at most a few, species of insects or birds. Some orchids even change their scents to interest different insects at different times.Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed. By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities. At the same time they have made themselves irresistible to collectors. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Birds(B) Insects(C) Flowers (D) Perfume 2 The orchid is unique because of(A) the habitat in which it lives(B) the structure of its blossom(C) the variety of products that can be made from it(D) the length of its life 3 The word fused in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) combined(B) hidden(C) fertilized(D) produced 4 How many orchid seeds are typically pollinated at one time?(A) 200(B) 2,000(C) 20,000(D) 200,000 5 Which of the following is a kind of petal? (A) The column(B) The sepal(C) The stem(D) The labellum 6 The labellum(line7) is most comparable to(A) a microscope(B) an obstacle course(C) an airport runway(D) a racetrack7 The word lure in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) attract(B) recognize(C) follow(D) help8 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a means by which an orchid attracts insects?(A) Size(B) Shape(C) Color(D) Perfume9 The word their in line 13 refers to(A) orchids(B) birds(C) insects(D) species10 Which of the following statements about orchids scents does the passage support?(A) They are effective only when an insect is near the blossom.(B) Harmful insects are repelledby them.(C) They are difficult to tell apart.(D) They may change at different times.11 The word placed in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) estimated(B) measured(C) deposited (D) identified12 The word discrete in line 18 is closest in meaning to (A) complicated(B) separate(C) inoffensive(D) functionalTOEFL全真试题31. A microscope can reveal vastly ______detail than is visible to the naked eye.(A) than(B) than more(C) more than(D) more 2. Narcissus bulbs ______ at least three inches apart and covered with about four inches of well drained soil.(A) should be planted(B) to plant(C) must planting(D) should plant 3. Industrialization has been responsible for ______ most radical of the environmental changes caused by humans.(A) a (B) the(C) some of which (D) which are the 4. In many areas the slope and topography of the land ______ excess rainfall to run off into a natural outlet.(A) neither permit(B) without permitting(C) nor permitting(D) do not permit 5. Color and light, taken together, ______ the aesthetic impact of the interior of a building.(A) very powerfully influence (B) very influence powerfully(C) powerfully very influence(D) influence powerfully very 6. ______ that Rachel Carsons 1962 book Silent Spring was one of the chief sources of inspiration for the development of nontoxic pesticides.(A) There is likely(B) Likely to be(C) It is likely(D) Likely7. Total color blindness, ______, is the result of a defect in the retina.(A) a rare condition that(B) a rare condition(C) that a rare condition (D) is a rare condition8. ______ no conclusive evidence exists, many experts believe that the wheel was invented only once and then diffused to the rest of the world.(A) Even(B) But(C) Although (D) So9. Wherever there is plenty of rain during the growing season, life is ______ in various forms.(A) abundant (B) the abundance(C) an abundant(D) it abundantTOEFL全真试题4Structure and Written Expression Time: 25 minutes (including the reading of the directions) Now set your clock for 25 minutes. Structure 1 Wind motion can be observed in the mesosphere by______ the trails of meteors passing through it.(A) to watch (B) watching (C) watched (D) watch 2 Thomas Edison s first patented invention was a device ____in Congress.(A) votes counted for (B) had been counting votes (C) for counting votes (D) be a counted vote3 Clara Bow, a popular actress in the 1992 s,retired______she was unable to make the transition from silent films to sound films.(A) nevertheless (B) in spite of (C) because (D) and for4 Built in 1882,the Kinzua Viaduct in Mckean County, Pennsylvania, is open only to those visitors _____ are able to walk its 2058-foot length.(A) who (B) to whom (C) which they (D) that which5 A bridge must be strong enough to support its own weight _____ the weight of the people and vehicles that use it.(A) as well (B) so well (C) as well as (D) so well as6 The swallows of Capistrano are famous _____ to the same nests in California each spring.(A) to returned (B) who returned (C) they returned (D) for returning7 In the fourteenth century, ____ that glass coated with silver nitrate would turn yellow when fired in an oven.(A) the discovery (B) it was discovered (C) with the discovery (D) if it was discovered8 _____ recurring fear is out of proportion to any real danger, it is called a phobia.(A) When (B) Whereas (C) Which (D) Whether9 Many modem photographers attempt to manipulate elements of photography other _____ in their photographs.(A) than light is (B) than light (C) being light (D) light 10 For any adhesive to make a really strong bond _____ to be glued must be absolutely or grease.(A) and surfaces (B) when surfaces (C) the surfaces (D) surfaces that11 Although still underwater, Loihi Seamount, the newest Hawaiian island, _____ closer to the surface by frequent volcanic eruptions that add layers of lava to the island.(A) brought (B) to be brought (C) being brought (D) is being brought12 _____unstable and explodes as a supernova is not known.(A) Fora star to become (B) how a star becomes (C) A star becomes(D) That a star is becoming13 Not until linoleum was invented in 1860_____hard-wearing, easy-to-clean flooring.(A) any house did have (B) did any house have (C) house had any (D) any house had14 Hiram Revels, the first Black member of the United States Senate, served as senator from Mississippi, an office _____ he was elected in 1870.(A) which (B) to which (C) and which (D) being which15 Oceans continually lose by evaporation much of the river water _____.(A) to constantly flow into them (B) is constantly flowing into them (C) constantly flows into them (D) constantly flowing into them Written Expression16 Because of it consists only of a relatively short strand of DNA protected by a shell of protein,__________ _____ _____A B C a virus cannot eat or reproduce by itself.______D17 The oxygen in the air we breathe has no tasted, smell, or color._____ _____ _____ ______ A B C D18 In 1977 Kathleen Battle was hired by the New York metropolitan Opera, where her became_________ ___ A B C the star soprano.__D19 The aardvark is a mammal that burrows into the ground to catches ants and termites.___ ___ ________ ______ A B C D20 Because of the availability of trucks and easy access to modern highways, the locate of farms____has become relatively unimportant with respect to their distance from markets._______ ________ ____ A B C D21 The homes created by the legendary architect Frank Lloyd Wright are still viewed as ________ _____uniquely, innovative, and valuable._________ A B C D22 Geologists find it useful to identification fossils in a rock sample because certain assemblages _ ___________________of species are characteristic of specific geologic time periods.__________A B C D23 Many poets enhance their work by creating a contrast among realism and symbolism in a____ _______ ______ _____ A B C D given poem.24 Most countries depend to few extent on cereal imports to augment their own crops.______ ___ _____ ____ A B C D25 The fragrant leaves of the laurel plant to sell commerciallyas bay leaves and are used for___________ ____ __ A B C seasoning foods.____D26 When contented, and occasionally when hunger, cats frequently make a purring sound.___ _____ _______ ____ A B C D27 The evolution of fishes is a history of constant adaptation to new possibilities, and a refined of______ ______ _ ____ A B C D these adaptations.28 In 1991 Antonia Novello, the United States Surgeon General, launched several programs to______ _____ A B address particulate problem that young people have.______ ______ C D29 Some psychologists believe that those who are encouraged to be independent, responsible, _______ ________ A B and competent in childhood are likely more than others to become motivated to achieve. _______ ________ C D30 The central purpose of management is for making every action or decision help achieve a________ ______ A B C carefully chosen goal.______D31 As a poetry Nikki Giovanni makes effective use of jazz and blues rhythms._____ ______ _ ______ A B C D32 Unlike wood, paper, and fabric, which tendency to disintegrate after being buried for many_____ ______ _______ A B C years, ceramics and glassware, although easily broken, survive well in the ground._____ D33 Margaret Mead achieved world famous through her studies of child-rearing, personality, and_____ _____ ________ A B C culture._____D34 The discovery of the antibiotic penicillin in 1928 has not produced antibiotics useful for the_______ _____________ ____ A B C treatment of infectious diseases until 1940._______D35 In the United States, the Cabinet consist of a group of advisers, each of whom is chosen by ____ _______ __________ _____ A B C D the President to head an executive department of the government.36 Colleges in the newly formed United States, in recovering from the adverse effects of the________ ____ A B American Revolution, inaugurated a broad curriculum in response of social demands._____ ______ C D37 Humus is formed during soil microorganisms decompose animal and plant material into ____ ____________ A B elements usable byplants.______ _____ C D38 Ozone is an unstable, faintly bluish gas that is the most chemical active form of oxygen.__ ____ ___ ______ A B C D39 The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to nineteenth century.__________________ ____ __________ A B C D40 Long before his death, John Dewey saw his philosophy have a profound influences on ________ _______ A B C education and thought in the United States and elsewhere.___ D。
TOEFL全真试题4
TOEFL全真试题4TOEFL全真试题4TOEFL全真试题（4-1）Structure and Written ExpressionTime: 25 minutes (including the reading of the directions) Now set your clock for 25 minutes.Structure1 Wind motion can be observed in the mesosphere by ______ the trails of meteors passing through it.(A) to watch (B) watching (C) watched (D) watch2 Thomas Edison s first patented invention was a device ____in Congress.(A) votes counted for (B) had been counting votes (C) for counting votes (D) be a counted vote3 Clara Bow, a popular actress in the 1992 s,retired______she was unable to make the transition from silent films to sound films.(A) nevertheless (B) in spite of (C) because (D) and for4 Built in 1882,the Kinzua Viaduct in Mckean County, Pennsylvania, is open only to those visitors _____ are able to walk its 2058-foot length.(A) who (B) to whom (C) which they (D) that which5 A bridge must be strong enough to support its own weight _____ the weight of the people andvehicles that use it.(A) as well (B) so well (C) as well as (D) so well as6 The swallows of Capistrano are famous _____ to the same nests in California each spring.(A) to returned (B) who returned (C) they returned (D) for returning7 In the fourteenth century, ____ that glass coated with silver nitrate would turn yellow when fired in an oven.(A) the discovery (B) it was discovered (C) with the discovery(D) if it was discovered8 _____ recurring fear is out of proportion to any real danger, it is called a phobia.(A) When (B) Whereas (C) Which (D) Whether9 Many modem photographers attempt to manipulate elements of photography other _____ in their photographs.(A) than light is (B) than light (C) being light (D) light10 For any adhesive to make a really strong bond _____ to be glued must be absolutely or grease.(A) and surfaces (B) when surfaces (C) the surfaces (D) surfaces that11 Although still underwater, Loihi Seamount, the newest Hawaiian island, _____ closer to thesurface by frequent volcanic eruptions that add layers of lava to the island.(A) brought (B) to be brought (C) being brought (D) is being brought12 _____unstable and explodes as a supernova is not known.(A) For a star to become (B) how a star becomes (C) A star becomes(D) That a star is becoming13 Not until linoleum was invented in 1860 _____hard-wearing, easy-to-clean flooring.(A) any house did have (B) did any house have (C) house had any (D) any house had14 Hiram Revels, the first Black member of the United States Senate, served as senator fromMississippi, an office _____ he was elected in 1870.(A) which (B) to which (C) and which (D) being which15 Oceans continually lose by evaporation much of the river water _____.(A) to constantly flow into them (B) is constantly flowing into them (C) constantly flows into them (D) constantly flowing into themWritten Expression16 Because of it consists only of a relatively short strand of DNA protected by a shell of protein,__________ _____ _____A B Ca virus cannot eat or reproduce by itself.______D17 The oxygen in the air we breathe has no tasted, smell, or color._____ _____ _____ ______A B C D18 In 1977 Kathleen Battle was hired by the New York metropolitan Opera, where her became__ _______ ___A B Cthe star soprano.__D19 The aardvark is a mammal that burrows into the ground to catches ants and termites.___ ___ ________ ______A B C D20 Because of the availability of trucks and easy access tomodern highways, the locate of farms____ has become relatively unimportant with respect to their distance from markets._______ ________ ____A B C D21 The homes created by the legendary architect Frank Lloyd Wright are still viewed as ________ _____uniquely, innovative, and valuable.______ ___A B C D22 Geologists find it useful to identification fossils in a rock sample because certain assemblages _ ___________________of species are characteristic of specific geologic time periods.__________A B C D23 Many poets enhance their work by creating a contrast among realism and symbolism in a____ _______ ______ _____A B C Dgiven poem.24 Most countries depend to few extent on cereal imports to augment their own crops.______ ___ _____ ____A B C D25 The fragrant leaves of the laurel plant to sell commercially as bay leaves and are used for___________ ____ __A B Cseasoning foods.____D26 When contented, and occasionally when hunger, cats frequently make a purring sound.___ _____ _______ ____27 The evolution of fishes is a history of constant adaptation to new possibilities, and a refined of______ ______ _ ____A B C Dthese adaptations.28 In 1991 Antonia Novello, the United States Surgeon General, launched several programs to______ _____A Baddress particulate problem that young people have.______ ______C D29 Some psychologists believe that those who are encouraged to be independent, responsible, _______ ________A Band competent in childhood are likely more than others to become motivated to achieve._______ ________C D30 The central purpose of management is for making every action or decision help achieve a________ _ _____A B Ccarefully chosen goal.______D31 As a poetry Nikki Giovanni makes effective use of jazz and blues rhythms._____ ______ _ ______32 Unlike wood, paper, and fabric, which tendency to disintegrate after being buried for many_____ ______ _______A B Cyears, ceramics and glassware, although easily broken, survive well in the ground._____D33 Margaret Mead achieved world famous through her studies of child-rearing, personality, and_____ _____ ________A B Cculture._____D34 The discovery of the antibiotic penicillin in 1928 has not produced antibiotics useful for the_______ _____________ ____A B Ctreatment of infectious diseases until 1940._______D35 In the United States, the Cabinet consist of a group of advisers, each of whom is chosen by ____ _______ __________ _____A B C Dthe President to head an executive department of the government.36 Colleges in the newly formed United States, in recovering from the adverse effects of the________ ____A BAmerican Revolution, inaugurated a broad curriculum in response of social demands._____ ______C D37 Humus is formed during soil microorganisms decompose animal and plant material into ____ ____________A Belements usable by plants.______ _____C D38 Ozone is an unstable, faintly bluish gas that is the most chemical active form of oxygen.__ ____ ___ ______A B C D39 The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to nineteenth century._________ _________ ____ __________A B C D40 Long before his death, John Dewey saw his philosophy have a profound influences on _____ ___ _______A B Ceducation and thought in the United States and elsewhere.___D <BR。
TOEFL试题（3）2_托福_
TOEFL试题（3）2ith the Halle does Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.11.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Advances in iron processing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries(B) The effects of t he Industrial Revolution on traditional architectural styles(C) Advantages of stone and timber over steel as a building material(D) The evolution of the use of iron in architecture during the 1800's12.The word "revolutionized" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) quickly started(B) gradually opened(C) dramatically changed(D) carefully examined13.According to the passage, iron was NOT used for beams, columns, and girders prior to the early eighteenth century because(A) all available iron was needed for other purposes(B) limited mining capability made iron too expensive(C) iron was considered too valuable for use in public buildings(D) the use of charcoal for refining are produced poor quality iron14. Iron replaced stone and timber in the building of bridges because iron was considered(A) more beautiful(B) new and modern(C) much stronger(D) easier to transport15. The word "it" in line 11 refers to(A) industrial architecture(B) internal iron skeleton(C) stone(D) strength16. The word "appeal" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) adjustment(B) assignment(C) attraction(D) attempt17. The word "spawned" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A)Created(B)maintained(C)rejected(D)exposed18. The word "surpassed" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A)imitated(B) exceededC)approached(D)included19. According to paragraph 3, the architectural significance of the Halle des Machines was its(A)wide span(B)great height(C)unequaled beauty(D)prefabricated units of glass20. How did the artistic elite mentioned in the passage react to the buildings at the Paris Exhibition?(A) They tried to copy them.(B) They ridiculed them.(C) They praised them.(D) They refused to pay to see them.21. It can be inferred that the delayed use of exposed iron structures in traditional styles of architecture is best explained by the(A) impracticality of using iron for small, noncommercial buildings(B) association of iron architecture with the problems of the Industrial Revolution(C) general belief that iron offered less resistance to fire and harsh weather than traditional materials(D) general perception that iron structures were not aesthetically pleasing22. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses(A) the gradual inclusion of exposed iron in traditional styles of architecture(B) further improvements in iron processing methods(C) the return to traditional building materials for use in commercial structures(D) the decreased use of stone and timber as a building materialQuestions 23——32The most easily recognizable meteorites are the iron variety, although they only represent about 5 percent of all meteorite falls. They are composed of iron and nickel along with sulfur, carbon, and traces of other elements. Their composition is thought to he similar to that of Earth's iron core 3 and indeed they might have once made up the core of a large planetoid that disintegrated long ago. Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.One of the best hunting grounds for meteorites is on the glaciers of Antarctica1 where the dark stones stand out in stark contrast to the white snow and ice. Whenmeteorites fall on the continent) they are embedded in the moving ice sheets. At places where the glaciers move upward against mountain ranges, meteorites are left exposed on the surface. Some of the meteorites that have landed in Antarctica are believed to have conic from the Moon and even as far away as Mars, when large impacts blasted out chunks of material and hurled them toward Earth.Perhaps the world's largest source of meteorites is the Nullarbor Plain, an area of limestone that stretches for 400 miles along the southern coast of Western and South Australia. The pale, smooth desert plain provides a perfect backdrop for spotting meteorites, which are usually dark brown of black. Since very little erosion takes place, the meteorites are well preserved and are found just where they landed. Over 1,000. fragments from 150 meteorites that fell during the last 20,000 years have been recovered. One large iron meteorite, called the Mundrabilla meteorite, weighed more than 11 tons.Stony meteorites, called chordates, are the most common type and make up more than 90 percent of all falls . But because they are similar to Earth materials and therefore erode easily, they are often difficult to find. Among the most ancient bodies in the solar system are the carbonaceous chondrites that also contain carbon compounds that might have been the precursors of life on Earth.23. What is the passage mainly about?(A) Finding meteorites on Earth's surface(B) How the composition of meteorites is similar to that of Earth(C) Why most meteorites do not survive impact with Earth(D) The origins of meteorites24. The word "core" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) center(B) surface(C) mineral(D) field25.The author mentions "dark stones" and "white snow" in line 9 to illustrate that.(A) meteorites are found most often inAntarctica(B) glaciers stop meteorites from mixing with soil(C) meteorites are easier to find in glacial areas(D) most of Antarctica is covered with meteorites26. The word "embedded" in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) isolated(B) encased(C)enhanced(D) enlarged27.The word "spotting" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) removing(B) identifying(C)cooling(D) falling28.The passage suggests that which of the following is most commonly responsible for the poor preservation of meteorites that fall to Earth?(A) The size of the fragments(B) Ice sheets(C) Erosion(D) Desert heat29.Where was the Mundrabilla meteorite discovered?(A)On the Nullarbor Plain(B)In a field(C)On a mountain(D)In Antarctica30.The word "they" in line 25 refers to(A)stony meteorites(B) falls(C)Earth materials(D) ancient bodies31.Why does the author mention carbonaceous chondrites (line 26)?(A) They are the largest meteorites found on Earth(B) They are most likely to be found whole.(C) They come from outside the solar system.(D) They may be related to the origins of life on Earth.32.According to the passage, stony meteorites are(A) composed of fragmented materials(B) less likely to be discovered than iron meteorites(C) mostly lost in space(D) found only on the Nullarbor PlainQuestions 33-41A pioneering set of experiments has been important in the revolution in our understanding of animal behavior-a revolution that eroded the behaviorist dogma that only humans have minds. These experiments were designed to detect consciousness-that is, signs of self-awareness or self-recognition-in animals other than humans.The scientific investigation of an experience as private as consciousness is frustratingly beyond the usual tools of the experimental psychologist. This may be one reason that many researchers have shied away from the notion of mind and consciousness in nonhuman animals. In the late1960's, however, psychologist Gordon Gallup devised a test of the sense of self: the mirror test. if an animal were able to recognize its reflection in a mirror as "self," then it could be said to possess an awareness of self, or consciousness. It is known that a cat or a dog reacts to its own image in mirror, but often it treats it as that of another individual whose behavior very soon becomes puzzling and boring.The experiment called for fanuliarizing the animal with the mirror and then marking the animal's forehead with a red spot. If the animal saw the reflection as just another individual, it might wonder about the curious red spot and might even touch the mirror. But if the animal realized that the reflection was of itself, it would probably touch the spot on its own body. The first time Gallup tried the experiment with a chimpanzee, the animal acted as if it knew that the reflection was its own, it touched the red spot on its forehead. Gallup' report of the experiment, publishedin a. 1970 article, was a milestone in our understanding of animal minds and psychologists wondered how widespread self-recognition would prove to be.28. The word "dogma" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) evaluation(B) proof(C) intention(D) belief34. The word "detect" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) imitate the behavior of(B) provide a reason for(C) discover the presence of(D) report a need for35.Which of the following statements best describes the behaviorist position with regard to consciousness in nonhuman animals?(A) Most nonhuman animals show signs of self-consciousness.(B) Most monhuman animals can be taught self-consciousness.(C) Chimpanzees are the only nonhuman animals that have a human level of self-consciousness.(D) Nonhuman animals do not possess self-consciousness36.The author suggests that researchers before 1960 probably avoided studying nonhuman animal consciousness because they(A) did not wish to experiment with live animal subjects(B) were discouraged by earlier unsuccessful experiments that studied human consciousness(C) had not yet devised adequate research methods foranimal consciousness experiments(D) lacked the necessary laboratory equipment37.The phrase "shied away from" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) approached(B) avoided(C) respected(D) allowed38.What does the author mean when stating in line 14 that "The experiment called for familiarizing the animal with the mirror?(A) The experiment required the use of a chimpanzee that had not participated in previous mirror tests.(B) Gallup had to allow the chimpanzee to become accustomed to the mirror before he began the experiment.(C) Gallup had to teach the chimpanzee to recognize its reflection in the mirror.(D) The chimpanzee had to first watch the experiment being conducted with another chimpanzee.39.The word "it" in line 16 refers to(A) red spot(B) animal(C) reflection(D) another individual40. The chimpanzee in Gallup's first experiment responded to themirror test by touching(A) its own forehead(B) the researcher's forehead(C) the red spot on the mirror(D)the red spot on another chimpanzee41. The word "milestone" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) significant development(B) initial step(C) universal concept(D) obstruction to progressQuestions 42-50Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades. The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragilityof biological diversity. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems. As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of Earth's ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat destruction. in most situations, the result is irreversible. Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course.Certainly, there have been periods in Earth's history when mass extinctions have occurred. The extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or cosmic. There have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached an extreme conclusion.Only .01 percent of the species that have lived on Earth have survived to the present, and it was largely chance that determined which species survived and which died out.However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves, that will lead to biological devastation. Life on Earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on Earth, but life needs time to adapt-time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in new environments.42. What does the passage mainly discuss?extinction of the discuss?(B)The variety of species found in tropical rain forests.(C) The impact of human activities on Earth's ecosystems(D) The time required for species to adapt to new environments43. The word "critical" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) negative(B) essential(C)interesting(D) complicated44. The word "jolting" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) predicted(B) shocking(C)unknown(D) illuminating45. The author mentions the reduction of the variety of species on Earth in lines 11 - 12 to suggest that(A) new habitats can be created for species(B)humans are often made ill by polluted water(C) some species have been made extinct by human activity(D) an understanding of evolution can prevent certain species from disappearing46. The author mentions all of the following as examples of the effect of humans oil the world's ecosystems EXCEPT(A) destruction of the tropical rain forests(B) habitat destruction in wetlands(C)damage to marine ecosystems(D)the introduction of new varieties of plant species47.The author mentions the extinction of the dinosaurs in the second paragraph to emphasize that(A)the cause of the dinosaurs extinction is unknown(B)Earth's climate has changed significantly since the dinosaurs' extinction(C)not all mass extinctions have been caused by human activity(D) actions by humans could not stop the irreversible process of a species' extinction48.The word "magnitude" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) concern(B) determination(C)carelessness(D) extent49. According to the passage, natural evolutionary change is different from changes caused by humans in that changes caused by humans(A) are occurring at a much faster rate(B) are less devastating to most species(C)affect fewer ecosystems(D) are reversible50.With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?(A)human influence on ecosystems should not be a factor in determining public policy.(B)The extinction of a few species is an acceptable consequence of human progress.(C)Technology will provide solutions to problems caused by the destruction of ecosystems.(D) humans should be more conscious of the influence they have on ecosystems。
托福考试模拟试题及答案word
托福考试模拟试题及答案word一、听力部分1. 听一段对话，然后选择正确的答案。
- 问题：对话中提到了什么活动？- 选项：A. 看电影B. 参加派对C. 去图书馆- 答案：B2. 听一段讲座，然后回答以下问题。
- 问题：讲座中提到了哪些主要观点？- 答案：讲座主要讨论了环境保护的重要性以及个人在日常生活中可以采取的措施。
二、阅读部分1. 阅读以下短文，然后回答相关问题。
- 短文：《城市化的影响》- 问题：城市化对环境有哪些影响？- 答案：城市化导致空气污染、水资源短缺和生物多样性的减少。
2. 阅读以下文章，然后选择正确的答案。
- 文章：《科技与教育》- 问题：科技如何改变教育？- 选项：A. 通过在线课程B. 通过提高学费C. 通过减少教师数量- 答案：A三、口语部分1. 描述你最近参加的一个活动，并解释为什么你选择参加它。
- 答案示例：我最近参加了一个环保志愿者活动，因为我对环境保护非常感兴趣，并且希望能够为保护我们的地球做出贡献。
2. 讨论你如何看待全球化对文化的影响。
- 答案示例：我认为全球化促进了不同文化之间的交流和理解，但同时也可能导致某些文化特色的丧失。
四、写作部分1. 写一篇短文，讨论科技发展对日常生活的影响。
- 答案示例：科技发展极大地方便了我们的日常生活，例如智能手机让我们随时随地都能获取信息，但同时也带来了隐私和安全问题。
2. 选择一个你感兴趣的话题，写一篇文章表达你的观点。
- 答案示例：我选择讨论教育的重要性。
教育不仅能够提高个人的生活质量，也是社会进步和发展的关键。
结束语托福考试是一个全面评估英语能力的测试，希望以上的模拟试题及答案能够帮助你更好地准备考试。
记住，持续的练习和复习是提高语言能力的关键。
祝你考试顺利！请注意，以上内容仅为模拟试题，实际的托福考试内容和形式可能会有所不同。
考生应以官方发布的考试指南为准。
托福阅读真题第10套
第10套Individual Performance and the Presence of OthersParagraph1：A person's performance on tasks can be enhanced or impaired by the mere presence of others,and a person's behavior as part of a group can be quite different from the person's behavior when acting alone.1..The word enhanced in the passage is closest in meaning to○interrupted○improved○influenced○hurt2..What role does paragraph1play in the passage○It introduces a common opinion that the rest of the passage challenges on the basis of scientific evidence.○It explains why the passage focuses on actions people take individually rather than on actions people take as part of a group.○It offers a specific example of a general principle discussed in the rest of the passage.○It describes two phenomena,possible explanations of which are considered in the rest of the passage.Paragraph2：In certain cases,individual performance can be either helped or hindered by the physical presence of others.The term social facilitation refers to any effect on performance,whether positive or negative,that can be attributed to the presence of others.Research on this phenomenon has focused on two types of effects:audience effects(the impact of passive spectators on performance)and coaction effects(the effect on performance caused by the presence of other people engaged in the same task).3..According to paragraph2,the term"social facilitation"refers to the phenomenon that a person's performance○is intended to help someone○is influenced by the presence of other people○is evaluated by other people○has an effect on others working on the same taskParagraph3：In one of the first studies in social psychology,psychologist Norman Triplett looked at coaction effects.He had observed in official bicycle records that bicycle racers pedaled faster when they were pedaling against other racers than when they were racing against the clock.Was this pattern of performance peculiar to competitive bicycling Or was it part of a more general phenomenon whereby peoplework faster and harder in the presence of others than when performing alone Triplett set up a study in which he told40children to wind fishing reels as quickly as possible under two conditions:alone or in the presence of other children performing the same task.He found that the children worked faster when other reel turners were present than when they performed alone.4..The phrase peculiar to in the passage is closest in meaning to○damaging to○unique to○rare in○new in5..The study conducted by Norman Triplett described in paragraph3supported the hypothesis that○coaction effects are stronger on the performance of children than they are on the performance of adults○coaction effects are limited to situations in which the time taken for a task matters ○people perform better when they know that their performance is being measured by someone○people perform better in the presence of others who are doing the same thing they areParagraph4：Social psychologist Robert Zajonc proposed an explanation for these seemingly contradictory effects.He reasoned that we become aroused by the presence of others and that arousal facilitates the dominant response the one most natural to us. On simple tasks and on tasks at which we are skilled,the dominant response is to perform effectively.However,on tasks that are difficult or tasks we are just learning, the incorrect response(making a mistake or not performing effectively)is dominant. This reasoning accounts for the repeated findings that,in the presence of others, performance improves on tasks that people do easily but suffers on difficult tasks. Other researchers have suggested that concern over the observers'evaluation is what most affects people's performance,particularly if they expect a negative evaluation.6..According to paragraph4,Robert Zajonc proposed that whether the presence of others hurts or helps a person's performance is determined by○how skilled the observers are in the task that they are observing○how closely the person is being watched○whether or not the person finds the task difficult○whether or not the person likes the people who are watching7..According to paragraph4,if other people are present,a person's performance on a task that he or she is just learning would most likely be○somewhat worse than if no one else is there○somewhat better than if no one else is there○completely unaffected by the presence of those other people○dependent on the number of people who are presentParagraph5：What happens in cooperative tasks when two or more people are working together instead of competing Do they increase their effort or slack off Researcher Bibb Latan used the term social loafing to refer to people's tendency to exert less effort when working with others on a common task than when they work alone.Social loafing occurs in situations where no one person's contribution to the group can be identified and individuals are neither praised for a good performance nor blamed for a poor one.In one experiment,Latan and others asked male students to shout and clap as loudly as possible,first alone and then in groups.In groups of two,individuals made only71percent of the noise they had made alone;in groups of four,each student put forth51percent of his solo effort;and with six students,each made only a 40percent effort.8..The word exert in the passage is closest in meaning to○put forth○waste○demand○accept9..According to paragraph5,people tend to engage in social loafing when they○prefer to work alone○fear being blamed for a poor performance○believe that their individual performance will not be identified○desire to be loyal to their group10..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph5about Bibb Latan¨¦'s research on social loafing○The less a person likes to work alone,the harder that person is likely to work as a member of a group.○The less a person contributes to a group,the more likely it is that person will be blamed if the group performs poorly.○The more people there are in a group,the more likely they are to compete with each other.○The fewer people there are in a group,the less likely it is that social loafing will occur.Paragraph6：Harkins and Jackson found that social loafing disappeared when participants in a group believed that each person's performance could be monitored and evaluated;indeed,even the idea that the group performance may be evaluated against some standard can be sufficient to eliminate the loafing effect.When a group is relatively small and group evaluation is important,some members will even expendextra effort if they know that some of their coworkers are unwilling,unreliable,or incompetent to perform well.Moreover,social loafing is unlikely when participants can evaluate their own individual contribution or when they have a personal stake in the outcome.It is also unlikely when participants feel that the task is challenging or when they are working with close friends or teammates.Some80experimental studies have been conducted on social loafing in diverse cultures.Based on evidence these studies have produced,social loafing probably occurs in almost all cultures.11..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Social loafing does not occur when participants in the group believe that evaluating individual performance will improve the group's performance.○The loafing effect is eliminated if the members of the group accept the standard by which their performance and that of the group is evaluated.○Social loafing tends to disappear if the members of the group believe that their or the group's performance may be evaluated.○Researchers have found that when group members receive monitoring and evaluation of their performance,their performance improves.12..According to paragraph6,which of the following has NOT been shown to decrease social loafing○Participants know that fellow group members are willing,reliable,and competent.○The group's task is seen as a challenge.○Group members know and like each other.○Participants know that their group is being judged on its performance.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Paragraph6：Harkins and Jackson found that social loafing disappeared when participants in a group believed that each person's performance could be monitored and evaluated;indeed,even the idea that the group performance may be evaluated against some standard can be sufficient to eliminate the loafing effect.【】When a group is relatively small and group evaluation is important,some members will even expend extra effort if they know that some of their coworkers are unwilling, unreliable,or incompetent to perform well.（担心队友偷懒采取行动）【】Moreover, social loafing is unlikely when participants can evaluate their own individual contribution or when they have a personal stake in the outcome.【】It is also unlikely when participants feel that the task is challenging or when they are working with close friends or teammates.Some80experimental studies have been conducted on social loafing in diverse cultures.Based on evidence these studies have produced,social loafing probably occurs in almost all cultures.【】However,it appears to be most common in individualistic Western cultures such as that of the United States.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○When people are present,the performance of individuals generally improves on tasks they already do well but worsens on tasks they generally do poorly.○Studies show that bicycle racers pedal faster when they are competing against other racers,but children wind fishing reels slower when in the presence of others than when alone.○People's performance on a task is more affected by the presence of others when those others are engaged in the same task than when the others are passive spectators.○When people work together on a common task but no one's contribution is measured,there is a tendency for individuals to work less hard than if they were working alone.○Social loafing decreases under certain conditions,such as when the performance of the group or its members is evaluated or when a positive outcome matters to the participants.○While social loafing occurs in almost all groups across cultures,the extent to which it occurs in any particular group depends on the individual personalities of the group's members.The Identification of the Genetic MaterialParagraph1：The history of biology is filled with incidents in which research on one specific topic has contributed richly to another,apparently unrelated area.Such a case is the work of Frederick Griffith,an English physician whose attempts to prevent the disease pneumonia led to the identification of the material in cells that contains genetic information the information that determines an organism's characteristic structure.In the1920s,Griffith was studying the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae,or pneumococcus,one of the organisms that cause pneumonia in humans. He was trying to develop a vaccine against this devastating illness.He was working with two strains of the bacteria pneumococcus.A bacterial strain is a population of cells descended from a single parent cell;strains differ in one or more inherited characteristics.Griffith's strains were designated S and R because,when grown in the laboratory,one produced shiny,smooth(S)colonies or groups of bacteria,and the other produced colonies that look rough(R).1..The word apparently in the passage is closest in meaning to○seemingly○surprisingly○relatively○previously2..According to paragraph1,Griffith experimented with strains of the pneumococcus bacteria because he wanted to discover which of the following○A strain of bacteria that could be used to develop a vaccine○How bacterial strains developed under laboratory conditions○Why the strains of bacteria differed in appearance○Which bacterial strains were most infectious in humansParagraph2：When the S strain was injected into mice,the mice became diseased. When the R strain was injected,the mice did not become diseased.Bacteria of the S strain are virulent(able to cause disease)because they are surrounded by a protective jelly-like coating that prevents the mouse's immune defense mechanisms from destroying the bacteria before they can multiply.The R strain lacks this coating. 3..Why does the author provide the information that The R strain lacks this coating○To provide an example of variations within strains of pneumococcus bacteria○To explain why the R strain is not able to cause disease○To suggest that the R strain has other ways to defend itself from immune defense mechanisms○To explain why mice became diseased when injected with the R strainstrainParagraph3：With the hope of developing a vaccine against pneumonia,Griffith injected some mice with heat-killed S pneumococci.These heat-killed bacteria did not produce infection.Griffith assumed the mice would produce antibodies to the bacteria that would allow them to fight the virulent form if they were exposed to it.However, when Griffith inoculated other mice with a mixture of living R bacteria and heat-killed S bacteria,to his astonishment,the mice became ill with pneumonia. When he examined blood from these mice,he found it full of living bacteria many with characteristics of the virulent S strain.Griffith concluded that,in the presence of the dead S pneumococci,some of the living R pneumococci had been transformed into virulent S-strain organisms.4..The word astonishment in the passage is closest in meaning to○alarm○surprise○disappointment○interest5..According to paragraph3,why did Griffith conclude from his experiment injecting both R and S strains pneumococci into mice that some of the R strain bacteriatransformed into disease-causing S strain pneumococci○All the living bacteria he found in the blood of the injected mice were S strain bacteria.○He already knew from earlier experiments that R strain pneumococci sometimes transform into S strain pneumococci.○He could tell from examining the bacteria under a microscope that some individual pneumococci cells had characteristics of both the S and R strains.○He observed living cells in the mice's blood with S strain characteristics,but the only living cells injected were R strain pneumococci.Paragraph4：Did this transformation of the bacteria depend on something the mouse did to the bacteria No.It was shown that simply putting living R and heat-killed S bacteria together in a test tube yielded the same transformation.Next it was discovered that a cell-free extract of heat-killed S cells also transformed R cells.(A cell-free extract contains all the contents of cells,but no intact cells.)This result demonstrated that some substance called at the time a chemical transforming principle from the extract of S pneumococci could cause a heritable change(a change that could be passed on to future generations)in the affected R cells.From these observations,some scientists concluded that this transforming material carried heritable information,and thus was the genetic material that scientists had been searching for.6..According to paragraph4,why was Griffith's experiment repeated in a test tube○To provide additional support for the transformation of R-strain into S-strain pneumococci○To establish whether or not the transformation of R cells was caused by something the mouse's body did○To determine why the S-strain pneumococci somehow survived if they were in the presence of the R-strain○To test the results of adding a cell-free extract to the mixture7..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○This result showed that the chemical transforming principle in S pneumococci was passed on to future generations of S pneumococci.○After exposure to the cell-free extract from the S pneumococci,R pneumococci strain cells acquired the ability to transform themselves into S pneumococci.○The transformation of R cells by a cell-free extract of S pneumococci demonstrated the existence of a chemical transforming principle that brought about heritable change.○This transformation showed that the characteristics that the S pneumococci possess are superior to the characteristics of R pneumococci.Paragraph5：The identification of the transforming material was a crucial step in the history of biology,accomplished over a period of several years by Oswald Avery and his colleagues at what is now Rockefeller University.They treated samples of the transforming extract in a variety of ways to destroy different types of substances proteins,nucleic acids,carbohydrates,and lipids and tested the treated samples to see if they had retained transforming activity.The answer was always the same:If the DNA(deoxyribo nucleic acid)in the extract was destroyed,transforming activity was lost;everything else could be eliminated without removing the transforming ability of the extract.As a final step,Avery,with Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty,isolated virtually pure DNA from a sample of pneumococcal transforming extract and showed that it caused bacterial transformation.8..According to paragraph5,why did Oswald Avery and his colleagues treat the transforming extract in a variety of destructive ways○They hoped to destroy the virulent part of the transforming extract.○They wanted to identify the substance responsible for the transforming activity.○They wanted to identify which methods would destroy particular substances in the transforming extract.○They needed to determine which treatments were most successful in destroying DNA.9..The word virtually in the passage is closest in meaning to○perfectly○nearly○partially○relativelyParagraph6：In retrospect,the work of Avery,MacLeod,and McCarty,published in 1944,was a milestone in establishing that DNA is the genetic material.However,at the time,it had little impact on scientists'view about the physical basis of inheritance. The genetic material had to encode all the information needed to specify an organism, and the chemical complexity and diversity of proteins were known to be impressive. So during the first half of the twentieth century,the hereditary material was generally assumed to be a protein.Nucleic acids,by contrast,were known to have only a few components and seemed too simple to carry such complex information.10..The phrase In retrospect in the passage is closest in meaning to○By general agreement○In reality○Looking back○Practically speaking11..According to paragraph6,why did scientists continue to believe that the hereditary material was a protein○Scientists thought that the research of Avery and his colleagues provided insufficient information about the nature of DNA.○Scientists believed that only proteins were complex enough to carry genetic information.○Scientists thought Avery and his colleagues had little understanding of the physical basis of inheritance.○Scientists ignored important milestones that indicated the chemical complexity of DNA.12..Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the transformed R-strain pneumococci○They had acquired the genetic information for producing a protective coating.○They were unable to cause transformation in other strains of pneumococci.○In the presence of heat-killed R-strain bacteria,they lost their virulence.○They did not multiply as quickly as nontransformed cells did.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.WhyWhere would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.此题被插入句不完整，无法做14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○From the1920s through1944,researchers used pneumococcus bacteria to discover the properties of DNA because the bacteria was relatively simple,having only two strains.○Frederick Griffith discovered that a nonvirulent strain of bacteria could be transformed into a virulent strain by being exposed to dead cells from the virulent strain.○By selectively destroying various substances in the cells of pneumococci bacteria, Oswald Avery and his colleagues identified DNA as the substance that caused bacterial transformation.○Oswald Avery injected the combination of heat-killed,virulent cells and nonvirulent cells into mice because he hoped this would lead to a vaccine for pneumonia.○Avery and his colleagues were able to isolate Griffith's transforming principle by injecting mice with the extract that contained the transforming principle.○Scientists did not initially recognize the importance of the discovery that DNA could cause genetic transformation because the hereditary material was assumed to be a protein.How Birds Acquire Their SongsParagraph1：Most songbirds hatch in the spring and then merely listen to the songs of adult male birds until sometime in late summer or autumn,when the adults stop singing,not to resume until the end of winter the following year.It is usually male birds that are doing the singing in northern latitudes,though female singing is common in the tropics.Many young songbirds do no singing of their own until nearly a year after their birth.With the coming of their second spring,their testosterone levels rise and this in turn prompts them to begin singing,with their song development following a predictable pattern over a period of weeks.At first,their songs may be a quiet,jumbled series of chirps and whistles.Over time,young birds begin to use the syllables of their species'songs,though the order in which these syllables appear will vary.Finally,their songs crystallize(take form)into the clear, orderly song of their species.1..The word prompts in the passage is closest in meaning to○stimulates○strengthens○prepares○forces2..According to paragraph1,which of the following is true of male songbirds in the first year of life○They do not begin singing until sometime in late summer or autumn.○They begin singing earlier in the tropics than in northern latitudes.○They listen to songs of adults for an extended period of time before they themselves sing.○Their earliest songs contain the characteristic order of syllables for their species. Paragraph2：There is a songbird,called the white-crowned sparrow,whose song development follows this general script while providing some variations that are instructive about the interplay of internal influences and learning in birdsong. White-crowned sparrows raised in captivity will follow the pattern of song acquisition just described:they listen to songs in their first spring and summer but do not themselves begin singing until they are perhaps six months old.In nature,however, things are different.For example,the white-crown found year-round in the San Francisco area sings a particular regional variant or dialect of the basic white-crown song and begins singing within six weeks or so of birth and may progress to fully crystallized song as early as three months after birth,meaning about September. 3..The word particular in the passage is closest in meaning to○popular○specific○well-known○complexParagraph3：Why would there be a difference between singing in nature and singing in the laboratory█The pressures of nature.█As year-round residents,the San Francisco white-crowns do not fly into an area in spring and then establish territories.█Rather,they establish territories as early as their first autumn.█One function of birdsong is to announce,I have a territory here.Young white-crowns,like many species,will extend this practice by counter singing,meaning a male,upon hearing the song of a nearby male of its species,will repeat the exact song he has heard,thus setting off a back-and-forth duel,like two children in an argument,each of them saying,I'm still here.4..According to paragraphs2and3,all of the following are true about San Francisco white-crowns EXCEPT:○They do not migrate to another area in spring to establish territories.○They completely acquire their song as early as three months after birth.○They establish territories in their first autumn.○They begin singing much earlier in captivity than they do in nature.5..In paragraph3,the author points out that San Francisco white-crowns establish their territories in the area in which they are born in order to explain which of the following○Why they practice counter-singing○Why they get better territories than white-crowns that establish territories in areas in which they are not born○Why they are more competitive than white-crowns raised in captivity○Why in their natural habitat they start singing earlier than white-crowns raised in captivity6..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Many species,including white-crowns,use a dueling technique to spread the practice of countersinging to other males of the species.○A young white-crown male uses countersinging to learn the songs of nearby males by repeatedly practicing them.○A young white-crown male engages in countersinging with a nearby male in order to assert its continuing presence in its territory.○Young white-crown males,much like young children,are competitive.Paragraph4：Internal influences and learning are also on display in white-crowns in the way they acquire their songs.We know that there is often a so-called sensitive period for animal learninga kind of window in which an animal is able to acquire certain skills or information.In laboratory-raised white-crowns,the sensitive periodstarts at about ten days after birth and extends until about fifty days after birth.A white-crown that became deaf prior to the opening of the sensitive period eventually will sing individual notes,but it will never learn to sing its species'song.Meanwhile, white-crowns that are raised in nature through part of their sensitive period and then taken to the laboratory will begin singing the following winter in the dialect of the area in which they were hatched.Two points are worth observing about this.First, note that these birds are learning the white-crown song months before they ever start practicing it themselves.Indeed,the learning window will be closed completely(in their first summer)before these lab-reared birds ever sing a note(the following winter).Second,learning is important enough in song acquisition that white-crowns learn not just their species'song but local or regional variants of it,which they are able to recall months after last hearing them.7..The word eventually in the passage is closest in meaning to○generally○probably○in the end○at the least8..The word recall in the passage is closest in meaning to○repeat○remember○recognize○complete9..According to paragraph4,white-crowns with which of the following life histories demonstrate the importance of memory in song acqusition○White-crowns that learn a dialect before they learn their standard song○White-crowns that first heard a dialect of the white-crown song before they were ten days old○White-crowns that were moved from where they were born to a different region during their sensitive period○White-crowns that were raised in nature through part of their sensitive period and then transferred to the laboratory10..What can be inferred from paragraph4about the local dialect of the species song that a white-crown sings after the sensitive period has closed○Those dialects must be learned during the sensitive period and are retained thereafter even in new environments.○Those dialects can be learned after the sensitive period if they are common in the local area.○Those dialects can be learned after the sensitive period if the birds are raised in the laboratory.○Those dialects are learned during the sensitive period and afterward used only when。
全真TOEFL试题集(阅读PDF高清版)
智课网TOEFL备考资料全真TOEFL试题集(阅读PDF高清版)摘要：全真TOEFL试题集内容丰富，包含了历年托福阅读真题以及每篇阅读里面的核心词汇，并附有详细的答案，害怕的不了托福阅读高分吗？全真 TOEFL 试题集说白了就是ETS的真题集，都是阅读的，分享给大家。
全真TOEFL试题集内容速览文件大小:1.77 MB (1,856,971 字节)文件类型:pdf全真TOEFL试题集部分内容：Reading Test 51 Lasers are often the preferred tools of surgeons in the modern operating room.A. sole C. favoredB. best D. required2 In 1981 presidential adviser Virginia Knauer was selected to be director of the office ofConsumer Affairs.A. rumored C. chosenB. supposed D. willing3 People fishing on a lake must wait calmly so as not to scare the fish away.A. considerately C. alertlyB. hungrily D. quietly4 When department stores have an oversupply of good, they frequently cut prices toencourage sales.A. conceal C. damageB. review D. reduce以上就是关于全真TOEFL试题集的部分内容，托福阅读做题量不在多，关键在于你所选择的材料和你是否把这些真题真正弄懂，好资料我们已经上传，供大家下载，接下来就靠大家努力啊!相关字搜索：全真TOEFL试题集-阅读。
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0-1 ９０年１月ＴＯＥＦＬ听力 A1. (A) I have the key s to my sister's house.(B) My sister may have forgotten her skis.(C) My keys are probably at my sister's house.(D) I had to leave a pair of skis for my sister.2. (A) We should have graduated sooner.(B) The graduation ceremony is to be held as early as possible.(C) Early arrivals don't need to reserve seats for the ceremony.(D) It's necessary for us to arrive at the ceremony early.3. (A) Sara taught me how to use the computer.(B) Sara is spending too little time on computer projects.(C) I use the computer half as much as Sara does.(D) I have one computer and Sara has two.4. (A) Robert warned us to listen carefully.(B) We should pay attention to Robert.(C) Robert is talking instead of listening.(D) Let Robert hear the good news.5. (A) Stop that!(B) Go outside!(C) Do it again!(D) Put the scissors away!6. (A) Lois should work harder.(B) You should look for Lois.(C) Lois works very hard.(D) You are expecting too much of Lois.7. (A) Dean Williams asked the president to speak to the faculty.(B) The president asked Dean Williams to speak to the faculty.(C) Dean Williams and the president were invited to the faculty meeting.(D) The faculty must notify the president of a change of address.8. (A) Soon I'll be finished.(B) I've just finished.(C) I finished it a while ago.(D) I'll never finish it.9. (A) He doesn't like his work.(B) He isn't doing a good job.(C) He became ill at the office.(D) He's tired of looking for a job.10. (A) You don't find posters interesting, do you?(B) I believe framed posters are good for decorating.(C) Collecting posters is an interesting hobby.(D) He's tired of looking for a job.11. (A) I brought a camera just like that one.(B) I bought the wrong type of camera.(C) That camera ought to take very sharp photographs.(D) A camera is precisely what we need.12. (A) He gave back only the quizzes.(B) He gave only one quiz.(C) We wish he would return our quizzes.(D) We would like him to stop giving us quizzes.13. (A) I'm sorry to have inconvenienced you.(B) I'm not the cause of your problems.(C) I came because I heard you were in trouble.(D) I don't intend to worry about it very much.14. (A) One section of students is the best.(B) The students are very fond of playing football.(C) It's interesting to watch football practice.(D) I enjoy sitting with the students at the game.15. (A) We cannot attend the meeting at the airport.(B) Doesn't anyone want to go to the airport?(C) I believe that we'll be met at the airport.(D) Do you want to see someone at the airport?16. (A) These things take time to learn.(B) Will you study any more?(C) Why do you keep on making the same mistakes?(D) It will be a good learning experience for you.17. (A) That doesn't look like my suitcase.(B) Don't you recognize my suitcase?(C) Don't I usually lock my suitcase?(D) As far as I know, my suitcase should be open.18. (A) If you can see the movie on television, why pay for it?(B) Would it be foolish to watch that movie on television?(C) Why did you pay to see a movie on television?(D) When you saw that movie on television, was it silly?19. (A) I had no idea which report was due.(B) I thought only one report was due.(C) I didn't know they were both reporters.(D) I don't report what I do every day.20. (A) The sessions are very short.(B) The sessions may become longer.(C) The classes are too long.(D) The classes should be made smaller.21. (A) At a hairdresser's.(B) At a tailor's.(C) At a butcher's.(D) At a photographer's.22. (A) He is not used to big cities.(B) He is very tall and thin.(C) He will be hard to find.(D) he should watch what he does.23. (A) Cash a check for the man.(B) Get money to pay a bill.(C) Return Bill's books to the store.(D) Check to see whether she can pay in cash.24. (A) Five may be too many.(B) The decision must be made soon.(C) It would be smart to take more.(D) Four People are enrolled in them.25. (A) Find the newspaper editor.(B) Find a job working as a reporter.(C) Stay awake for the midnight news program.(D) Prepare an editorial for this week's newspaper.26. (A) A furnished house.(B) A recent book.(C) A refinished cellar.(D) A new record.27. (A) He hasn't had time to do the experiment.(B) The experiment turned out well.(C) The experiment took a lot of time.(D) He only did part of the experiment that day.28. (A) Keeping the check.(B) Sending a wire.(C) Inspecting the wiring.(D) Replacing the lamp.29. (A) It is in the center of the campus.(B) It should have a map of the city.(C) It has information about summer camps.(D) It probably has a campus map.30. (A) The paper must be in on time.(B) The question wasn't very clear.(C) He should ask a different person.(D) His request was made too late.31. (A) They have arrived late.(B) She agrees with the man.(C) They are uncertain about the weather.(D) She didn't think the man was ever late.32. (A) Her room isn't the one that's messy.(B) Joan's room is the large one.(C) She would like to change the subject.(D) She shares her room with Joan.33. (A) Happy.(B) Resentful.(C) Disappointed.(D) Sentimental.34. (A) Continue to drive.(B) Pay a traffic ticket.(C) Let the passenger out.(D) Park at the corner.35. (A) The woman hadn't sent a thank you note.(B) The woman hadn't noticed him.(C) The woman had left him a note.(D) The woman hadn't gotten his note.36. (A) Biomedical engineers.(B) Nursing students.(C) Students of philosophy.(D) Mechanics.37. (A) During the first week of classes.(B) During the second week of classes.(C) After the second week of classes.(D) Just before the final exam.38. (A) The mind can be completely understood through scientific observation.(B) The mind is too complex to be considered part of the "vital force".(C) The mind and the brain have the same chemical and physical functions.(D) The mind may function separately from the brain.39. (A) Decide whether they are mechanists or vitalists.(B) Take an article home and read it.(C) Transfer to the introductory class.(D) Write an essay about vitalism and mechanism.40. (A) An art student.(B) A chemistry student.(C) A newspaper reporter.(D) A landscape designer.41. (A) The name of an art school.(B) The differences between two kinds of paint.(C) Information about a course.(D) Locations about a course.42. (A) They dry in a short time.(B) They are easy to find in stores.(C) They come in many unusual colors.(D) They feel pleasant to the touch.43. (A) Experiment with achieving textures in painting.(B) Learn to mix their own paints.(C) Learn to appreciate abstract designs.(D) Copy the works of master painters.44. (A) Complete unfinished projects.(B) Practice techniques he has learned before.(C) Teach less advanced students how to use acrylic paints.(D) Learn how to apply paints with different kinds of brushes.45. (A) See the woman's work.(B) Ask his roommate for advice.(C) Order some supplies.(D) Sign up for a painting class.46. (A) On a Tuesday.(B) On a Wednesday.(C) On a Thursday.(D) On a Friday.47. (A) A final copy of the research project.(B) Copies of the midterm.(C) A textbook and pencils.(D) A few pens.48. (A) There will be only multiple-choice questions.(B) The exam will be both multiple-choice and essay questions.(C) The exam will have an oral and a written section.(D) There will be only essay questions.49. (A) it will be easy to understand.(B) Students will be tested on all the material discussed in class.(C) It will cover topics from a wide variety of academic fields.(D) Students must complete all parts of it.50. (A) During the first week of class.(B) During midterm week.(C) On the last day of class.(D) On the last day of exam week. ＥＸＥＲＣＩＳＥ ＦＩＶＥ B1. ---ratchet is a wheel or bar that can move in only one direction.(A) A(B) It is a(C) Although a(D) There is a2. Thomas Jefferson's achievements as an architect rival his contributions ---a politician.(A) such(B) more(C) as(D) than3. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on ---best in its climate and soil.(A) it grows(B) what grows(C) does it grow(D) what does it grow4. Possibly the greatest advance in ---materials came with the invention of a cheap way to makesteel.(A) bridge-building(B) building of bridges(C) building a bridge(D) bridges are built5. ---, snakes frequently subdue their prey without injecting poison.(A) Contrary to general belief(B) General belief contrary to(C) Belief contrary to general(D) Contrary belief general to6. Two years after she was chosen president of the Texas State Senate, ---successfully for aseat in the United States Congress.(A) Barbara Jordan's campaign being(B) Barbara Jordan campaigned(C) Campaigning for Barbara Jordan(D) Barbara Jordan campaigning7. The values of a people, their customs, and their perceptions of the world ---their language.(A) are influenced(B) be influenced(C) influencing(D) influence8. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event's ---is equal to the probabilitythat it will not occur.(A) occurs(B) will occur(C) can occur(D) occurring9. ---fashioned from a wick floating in a bowl of oil functioned according to the principle ofcapillary action.(A) All lamps early(B) Lamps all early(C) All early lamps(D) Early all lamps10. Annie Jump Cannon, ---discovered so many stars that she was called "the census taker of thesky." (A) a leading astronomer who(B) who, as a leading astronomer,(C) was a leading astronomer(D) a leading astronomer,11. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---to thebody.(A) the stress it is greater(B) greater is the stress(C) greater stress is(D) the greater the stress12. And ideal is a standard ---people judge real phenomena.(A) how(B) of(C) by which(D) for it13. Maine has ---weather than most of the other states in the continental United States.(A) coolest(B) the coolest(C) cooler(D) the cooler14. Amoebas are ---small to be seen without a microscope.(A) far too(B) far and(C) so far(D) as far as15. Graphite conducts electricity ---does not burn.(A) because(B) if(C) when(D) and16. The methods of spectrum analysis vary according to the wavelength region were studied. A B C D17. Hurricanes are severe cyclones with winds over seventy-five miles an hour who originateover A B C D tropical ocean waters. 18. A great proportion of the seeds of desert flora they possess germination-inhibiting substances. A B C D19. Window treatment, furniture arrangement and color combine all contribute to the overall A B C impression of a room. D20. Harvesting of grains is affected by annual changes in temperature or in the amount of A B Cmoisture, but both. D21. Due to its excellent tensile strength, acetate rayon is an important material for products so as A B C balloons, parachutes, fire hoses, and webbing. D22. It has not been determined how years sea turtles can live in their natural environment, butthey A Bwill reach a very old age if left undisturbed by humans. C D23. A footnote is characteristically employed to give information that is too long or too detailed A B C Dbe included in the body of a text. 24. Watercolors dry more faster than other paints. A B C D25. In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or relating A B C D those objects. 26. Alike most fruit trees, the quince is normally propagated from shoots or cuttings. A B C D27. A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. A B C D28. In 1981 the fossil jaw of a previously unknown small mammal was found onto a Navaho A B C Dreservation in Arizona. 29. The wild carrot, knew as Queen Anne's lace, gave rise to the cultivated carrot in its A B Cdomesticated form. D30. A statue, a monumental, a building, or a park may be dedicated to commemorate a A B Cdistinguished individual. D31. The Earth's magnetic poles are not stationary, but slowly shift its position. A B C D32. A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. A B C D33. The elbows are joints that connected people's up arms with their forearms. A B C D34. Ants have an elaborate structure social, and enjoy a longevity far greater than that of most A B C Dinsects. 35. Municipal planners deal chiefly for the physical layout of communities. A B C D36. A musician with multiply talents, Aretha Franklin is able to write songs that are unusually A B C consistent in style and content. D37. Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a question of A B C Dphysiology and of culture. 38. One of the most distinction dialects of North American English, Gullah is spoken by many A B Cpeople in the South Carolina area. D39. The novels of John Cheever belongs to a literary tradition that is concerned primarily with A B C D manners. 40. Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has.A B C DＥＸＥＲＣＩＳＥ ＦＩＶＥ CPassage 1The railroad industry could not have grown as large as it did without steel. Thc first rails were made of iron. But iron rails were not strong enough to support heavy trains running at high speeds. Railroad executives wanted to replace them with steel rails because steel was ten or fifteen times stronger and lasted twenty times longer. Before the 1870's, however. steel was too expensive to be widely used. It was made by a slow and expensive process of heating. stirring. and reheating iron oreThen the inventor Henry Bessemer discovered that directing a blast of air at melted iron in a furnace would burn out the impurities that made the iron brittle As the air shot. through the furnace. the bubbling metal? would erupt in showers of sparks. When the fire cooled. the metal had been changed. or converted. to steel. The Bessemer converter made possible the mass production of steel. Now three to five tons of iron could be changed into steel? in a matter of minutes.Just when the demand for more and more steel developed. prospectors discovered huge new deposits of iron ore in the Mesabi Range, a 120 - mile - long region in Minnesota near Lake Superior. The Mesabi deposits were so near the surface that they could be mined with steam' shovels.Barges and steamers carried the iron ore through Lake Superior to depots or: the southern shores of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. With dizzying speed Gary. Indiana. and Toledo. Youngstown. and Cleveland. Chic. became major steel - manufacturing centers Pittsburgh was the greatest steel city of all.Steel was the basic building material of the industrial age. Production skyrocketed from seventy - seven thousand tons in 1870 to over eleven million tons in 1900. 1.Which of the following is the best title for the passage( A) The Railroad industry(B) Famous Inventors( C) Changing Iron into Steel(D)' Steel Manufacturing Centers2.According to the passage. the railroad industry try preferred steel to iron because steel was(A) cheaper and more plentiful(B) lighter. and easier to mold(C) cleaner. And easier to mine(D)stronger and more durable 3. According to the passage, how did the Bessemer method make the mass production ofsteel possible? (A) It directed air at melted iron in a furnace. removing all impurities. (B) It slowly heated iron ore.. then stirred itand heated it again.C) It changed iron ore into iron, which was a substitute for steel.( D It could quickly find deposits 6f iron oreunder the ground.4.The furnace that Bessemer used to process iron into steel was called a(A)heater(B)steamer(C)converter(D)shower5.According to the passage. where were large deposits of iron one uncovered?(A)In Pittsburgh(B)In the Mesabi Range(C)Near Lake Michigan(D)Near Lake Erie6.In line 17 the words 'Barges and steamers could best be replaced by which of the following?(A)Trains(B)Planes(C)Boats(D)Trucks7.It can be inferred from the passage that the mass production of steel caused(A)a decline in the railroad industry (B)a revolution in the industrial world (C) an increase in the price of steel(D) a feeling of discontent among steel workPassage 2The origins of the horse go back to eohippus the "dawn horse" of me Eocene only 10 to 20 inches tall. Like its relatives the ancient tapir and rhinoceros, eohippus had four toes on its front feet, three on the rear, and teeth adapted to a forest diet of soft leaves. Bohippus died out about5(1 million years ago in both North America and Europe.Late ancestral horse types moved from their forest niche out onto the grassy plains. Their teeth ac to accommodate to hard siliceous grass. No longer could these protohorses slip away through thick forest when dancer threatened Escape now demanded speed and endurance Limbs crew longer. Extra toes became vestiges that were not visible externally1.The passage mainly discusses the(A) evolution of the horse(B) 5iZC of eohippus(C) animals of the Eocene(D) plight of endangered species2.The author states that eohipous was related to the(A) horsefly(B)tapeworm (C)hippopotamus(D)rhinoceros3.What did the eohippus eat? (A) Rhinoceros meat (B) Soft leaves (C) Hard siliceous grass (D) Other horses 2. In what way did predators present less of a threat to eohiopus than to later proto horses. (A) Eohippus was hidden by the forest.(B)Eohippus could run farther.(C)Eohiopus was not edible.(D) Eohipous was larger and stronger5.Tne paragraph following the passage most probably discusses(A)other changes that the rhinoceros has undergone(B)more reasons for the extinction of eohiopus(C)further development of early horse types.(D)the diet of eohippus.Passage 3In terrestrial affairs we think of "big" as being complicated; a city is more intricate than a village. an ocean more complicated than a puddle. For the universe. the reverse seems to be the case bigger is simpler Galaxies have some puzzling features. but on the whole. they are scarcely more complicated than the stars that compose them Beyond the galaxies. in the hierarchy of the cosmos. there are clusters of galaxies; these clusters are loosely bound by the gravity of their largest members and tend to look very much the same in all directions. Simplest of all is the universe at large. it is far less complicated than the Earth, one of its most trivial members. The universe consists of billions of galaxies flying apart as if from an explosion that set it in motion'. it is not lopsided. nor does it rotate. The more thoroughly scientists investigate the universe. the more clearly its simplicity shines through.1. What is the main point made in the passage? (A)The Earth is more complicated than the solar system(B) The universe is filled with puzzling materials.(C) The universe is a relatively simple phenomenon.(D) Galaxy clusters are an illusion.2.Acoording to the passage. clusters of galaxies are(A) indiscernible in the cosmos(B) held together by gravity(C) made up of only one or two galaxies(D) created when stars explode3.According to the passage, which of the fllowing is the most complicated?(A) The Earth(B) A cluster of galaxies(C) The universe(D) A galaxy4. It can be inferred from the passage that future research will support which of thefollowing statements?(A) Scientists in the past have been misled by the apparent simplicity of the universe.(B) The chaos and confusion of the universe will never be understood(C) Findings will confirm the belief that the universe is simple(D) Billions of galaxies are predicted to explode, adding to universal complexity.Passage 4Arid regions in the southwestern United States have become increasingly inviting playgrounds for the growing number of recreation seekers who own vehicles such asmotorcycles or powered trail bikes and indulge in hill - climbing contests or in carving new trails in the desert. But recent scientific studies show that these off - road vehicles can cause damage to desert landscapes that has long - range effects on the area' 5 water - conserving characteristics and on the entire ecology, both plant and animal. Research by scientists in the western Mojave Desert in California revealed that the compaction of the sandy arid soilresulting from the passage of just one motorcycle markedly reduced the infiltration ability of the soil and created a stream of rain runoff water that eroded the hillside surface. In addition, the researchers discovered that the soil compaction caused by the off - road vehicles often killed native plant species and resulted in the invasion of different plant species within a few years. The native perennial species required many more years before they showed signs of returning. The scientists calculated that roughly a century would be required for the infiltration capacity of the Mojave soil to be restored after being compacted by vehicles.1. What is the main topic of the passage?(A) Problems caused by recreational vehicles(B) Types of off - road vehicles(C) Plants of the southwestern desert(D) The increasing number of recreation seekers2. According to the passage, what is being damaged?(A) Motorcycles(B) The desert landscape(C) Roads through the desert(D) New plant species3. According to the passage, the damage to plants is(A) unnoticeable(B) superficial(C) long-lasting(D) irreparable4. According to the passage, what happens when the soil is compacted?(A) Little water seeps through (B) Better roads are made(C) Water is conserved (D) Deserts are expanded5. What is happening to the desert hillsides?(A)The topsoil is being eroded(B)The surface is being irrigated(C) There are fewer types of plants growing on them(D)There are fewer streams running through them6.According to the passage, what is happening to native plants in these areas?(A)They are becoming more compact(B)They are adapting(C)They are invading other areas(D)They are dying7.It can be inferred that which of the following people would probably be most alarmed by the scientists' findings?(A)Historians (B)Mapmakers (C)Farmer (D) EcologistsPassage5 Certainly one of the most intelligent and best educated women of her day, MercyOtis Warren produced a variety of poetry and prose. Her farce The Group ( 1776) was the hit of revolutionary Boston. a collection of two plays and poems appeared in 1790,and he three - volume History of the Rise. Progress. and Termination of the American Revolution. Interspersed with Biographical and Moral Observations appeared in 1805 She wrote other farces. as well as anti -Federalist pamphlet. Observations on the New Constitution. and on the Federal and State Conventions(1788) There is no modern edition of her works. but there are two twentieth - century biographies. one facsimile edition of The Group. and a generous discussion of her farces and plays in Arthur Hubson Quinn's A History of the American Drama From the Beginning to the Civil Wa r. Of her non-dramatic poetry. critics rarely speakMercy Otis was born into a prominent'. family in Barnstable. Massachusetts. In 1754, she married James Warren. a Harvard friend of James Otis and John Adams. comes Warren was to become a member of the Massachusetts legislature just before the war and a financial aide to Washington during the war with the rank of major general). The friendship of the Warrens and Adamses was lifelong and close: Abigail Adams was one 0* Mercy Warren's few close friends. Following the war. James Warren reentered politics to oppose the Constitution because he feared that it did not adequately provide for protection of individual rights. Mercy Warren joined her husband in political battle. out the passage of the Bill of flights marked the end of their long period of political agitation.In whatever literary form Warren wrote. she had but one theme-liberty. In her farces and history. it was national and political freedom. In her poems. it was intellectual freedom. In her anti - Federalist pamphlet. it was individual freedom. Throughout all of these works. moreover.runs the thread of freedom (equal treatment) for women. Not militant. she nevertheless urged men to educate their daughters and to treat their wives as equals.1. Which of the following is the main topic of the Passage?(A) Mercy Otis Warren and other poets of the Revolutionary War period(B) The development of Mercy Otis Warren' 5 writing style(C) Mercy Otis Warren' 5 contributions to American literature and society(D) The friends and acquaintances of Mercy Otis Warren2. In what year was Warren's pamphlet about the Constitution written?(A)1776(B) 1788(C)1790(D)18053. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a kind of writing done by Warren?(A) Farces(B) Poetry(C) Plays(D) Advertisements4. The author implies that Mercy Otis Warren felt the Constitution would fail to Protect(A) literary progress(B) political parties(C) the American economy(D) personal freedom5.In line 21 the word "but" could best be replaced by which of the following? (A) only (B) yet (C) still (D) however6.According to the passage. the kind of liberty emphasized in Warren's poems was(A) national (B) intellectual (C) political (D) religious7.In lines 24 - 25, the author refers to Warren as "not militant" to indicate that she (A)remainedpolitically aloof(B)did not continue agitating for a Bill of flights(C)did not campaign aggressively for women's rights(D)did not support military conscription。
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全真TOEFL试题集(阅读PDF高清版)
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Reading Test 5
1 Lasers are often the preferred tools of surgeons in the modern operating room.
A. sole C. favored
B. best D. required
2 In 1981 presidential adviser Virginia Knauer was selected to be director of the office of
Consumer Affairs.
A. rumored C. chosen
B. supposed D. willing
3 People fishing on a lake must wait calmly so as not to scare the fish away.
A. considerately C. alertly
B. hungrily D. quietly
4 When department stores have an oversupply of good, they frequently cut prices to
encourage sales.
A. conceal C. damage
B. review D. reduce
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