Response to the course Positive Psychology
精神分裂症及其他精神病性障碍(英文)
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis suggested
that schizophrenia in which the pathological changes of the disorder are laid down early in life, presumably through genetic influences, and then modified by maturational and environmental factors (Murray et al, weinberger 1987).
M.Bleuler- 4A symptoms：
Association disorder Apathy Ambivalence Autism
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History（3）
Schneider：first rank symptoms
1.Thought hearing 2. Third-person hallucinations 3. Hallucinations in the form of a commentary 4. Thought withdrawal or insertion 5. Thought broadcasting /diffusion 6. Forced feeling 7. Forced impulsive 8. Forced behavior 9. Somatic passivity experience 10. Delusional perception
12
Part 2 Etiology
Biological factors
positive prompt negative prompt
positive prompt negative prompt"Positive prompt" and "negative prompt" are terms often used in the context of psychology, education, or behavior modification. These terms describe cues or stimuli that influence individuals' thoughts, behaviors, or attitudes in a positive or negative direction. Here's an explanation of each:1. **Positive Prompt:**- A positive prompt is a cue or stimulus designed to encourage positive behavior or thinking.- It provides guidance or motivation in a constructive and affirmative manner.- Examples include encouraging words, affirmations, or cues that promote a desired action or mindset.2. **Negative Prompt:**- A negative prompt is a cue or stimulus that may lead to negative thoughts, behaviors, or attitudes.- It can discourage certain actions or reinforce undesirable behaviors.- Examples include warnings, discouraging statements, or cues that signal a potential consequence for a particular behavior.In educational settings, positive prompts are often used to motivate students, foster a positive learning environment, and reinforce desired behaviors. Negative prompts, on the other hand, may be employed cautiously to discourage unwanted behaviors or to highlight potential consequences.It's important to note that the effectiveness of prompts can vary depending on individual differences and the context in which they are used. Positive reinforcement is generally encouraged as a way to motivate and guide individuals toward positive outcomes.。
专业八级模拟611
专业八级模拟611(总分：134.92，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTURE(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Culture Shock and the Process of AdaptationⅠ. Culture shock1) Theoretical 1—troublesome feelings,—caused by loss of familiar 2 from the home culture.2) 3—to describe problemse.g. Chinese meet when they 4e.g. Foreigners have when they come to China.3) 5 of culture shock.—Living in one"s home culture, a person knows what people mean by means of 6—After leaving the familiar environment, meanings are not 7 , and the person does not know how to respond.4) Results of culture shock.— 8 : the person will not adapt successfully.—opportunities: changes as a person.It is not easy predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. toⅡ. The process of adaptation.1) Stage one: Excitement.—The excitement continues through 9—Eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture 10 do not work in the new environment, but make the problem worse.2) Stage two: 11—people experience a 12 in mood or spirit.3) Stage three: Frustration.—self-doubt and depression are replaced by more13 attitudes.—start the long climb up toward feeling positive.4) Stage four: Growing effectiveness.—increasing 14 that he can deal with new situations as they arise.5) Stage five: Appreciation.—be able to experience the full 15 of human feelings in the new culture.6) Increased ability.Culture Shock and the Process of AdaptationⅠ. Culture shock1) Theoretical 1—troublesome feelings,—caused by loss of familiar 2 from the home culture.2) 3—to describe problemse.g. Chinese meet when they 4e.g. Foreigners have when they come to China.3) 5 of culture shock.—Living in one"s home culture, a person knows what people mean by means of 6—After leaving the familiar environment, meanings are not 7 , and the person does not know how to respond.4) Results of culture shock.— 8 : the person will not adapt successfully.—opportunities: changes as a person.It is not easy predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. toⅡ. The process of adaptation.1) Stage one: Excitement.—The excitement continues through 9—Eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture 10 do not work in the new environment, but make the problem worse.2) Stage two: 11—people experience a 12 in mood or spirit.3) Stage three: Frustration.—self-doubt and depression are replaced by more13 attitudes.—start the long climb up toward feeling positive.4) Stage four: Growing effectiveness.—increasing 14 that he can deal with new situations as they arise.5) Stage five: Appreciation.—be able to experience the full 15 of human feelings in the new culture.6) Increased ability.（分数：15.00）解析：definition [听力原文]Good morning, everyone, today"s lecture is the very first of a series of lectures on culture shock. So I"d like to spend some time discussing with you the nature of culture shock and the six stages of the adaptation process so as to help you better understand and adapt to a new cultural environment.First of all, what is culture shock? I believe most people are familiar with the idea of culture shock. In theory, culture shock is defined as troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture. The "shock" in culture shock emphasizes the pain and doubt that a person experiences when faced with a significantly new experience.In practice, people usually use the term culture shock whenever they tell a story about problems. Chinese meet when they go abroad or when they want to describe problems foreigners have when they come to China. It can be easily understood that when a person is living in his home culture, he knows what people mean when they speak and act. He is able to interpret situations and knows how to respond. The world makes sense. However, when he leaves that familiar environment, he is deprived of familiar cues, familiar behaviors and meanings that reassure him that he understands the world. Suddenly meanings are not clear, and the person does not know how to respond. He feels disoriented. This is perfectly normal and occurs in situations other than moving to a new culture. When put into any significantly new and challenging situation, the person faces risks and has opportunities. The risk is that the person will not adapt successfully. If the person is not able to endure the pain and overcome the problems, he may abandon the new situation and return to a life that is more familiar and comfortable. If that is not possible, he may continue to live inthe new situation, but in a way that causes continuing difficulties for himself and others. If the person adapts successfully, he changes as a person. He acquires new skills, new attitudes, and a new outlook on the world.It is not easy to predict who will adapt successfully and who will not. So before going abroad, learning about the process of adaptation will help you better understand what is happening to you, though it will not prevent culture shock. Typically people experience the following stages as they adapt to a new cultural situation.Stage one: Excitement about the new situation.Except for refugees and others who are pushed to leave home against their will, most people who go abroad to live temporarily or permanently in a new culture do so willingly. They have some specific purpose in mind such as furthering their education, pursuing economic or professional opportunities, or simply experiencing something new. Especially when friends and relatives put a positive value on going abroad, when they give it high prestige or think they will also benefit, then the person who is going usually anticipates the experience with a great deal of excitement. The excitement of this stage typically continues through the early period after arriving in the new culture. Everything seems to be wonderful. The expectations the person has for the new experience have not yet been tested. The newcomer is using standards from his home culture to evaluate the situation in the new culture. But eventually the person will meet a situation in which home culture strategies for dealing with problems not only do not work, but make the problem worse. And this marks the end of the first stage and the beginning of the second.Stage two: Confusion when faced with the hidden aspects of culture.At the beginning of the confusion stage, the person in an unfamiliar culture often experiences a sudden decline in mood or spirit. Often at this stage, newcomers misread or misinterpret the behavior and speech of the local people. Part of the problem may be limited language skills, but more important is a tendency to interpret meanings according to the home cultural grammar. Stage three: Frustration when old ways of dealing with situations fail to work.At this stage the confusion, self-doubt and depression of the second stage usually decline and are replaced by more negative attitudes such as frustration and anger about the new culture. Instead of blaming or doubting himself, the newcomer starts to put the blame for his difficulties on the new culture and its people. He may become suspicious and believe that the host country people around him always have negative reasons for doing what they do. In a way, this is a change for the better, because it shows that the newcomer is paying more attention to what the people around him are actually doing. And this will lead him to start the long climb up toward feeling as positive about himself and the new culture as he did the day he left home.Stage four: Growing effectiveness as new skills are acquired.During the third stage the person is feeling bad but is acting in a more assertive way to deal with the new culture. In time these efforts pay off and the person becomes more effective. The person is gaining cross-cultural skills and has added important new skills to his cultural software and has some confidence that he can deal with new situations as they arise.Stage five: Appreciation as new skills and attitudes enable the person to live more fully in the new situation.In this stage the person moves beyond effectiveness in the new culture to an attitude of appreciation. He is developing a more personal understanding of the new culture and values it. The person is able to live a full life, experiencing the full range of human feelings in the new culture. He is becoming more creative, expressive and able to take initiative and responsibility. Stage six: Increased ability to deal with new and novel situations.When a person has successfully adapted to a new culture, he has learned how to learn culture. That is a valuable attribute for anyone living in the global village. The person is now ready for new cross-cultural experiences.Now, to sum up, in today"s lecture we have elaborated on the nature, causes and results of culture shock, which was a commonplace phenomenon experienced by people going abroad. The subsequent discussion on the six stages of the adaptation process focuses on what is happening to people going abroad, a good knowledge of these stages can help people understand what is going on, so as to ease the confusion and frustration of the initial stages and accelerate the acquisition of the ability to appreciate and deal with the new cultural environment.[解析] 由文章开头看出讲座首先从理论的角度定义了culture shock这一概念。
coursera social psychology答案
coursera social psychology答案1. After a terrible in which a spike went thr0ugh his brain, Phineas Gage had severe damage to his brain, including his frontal lobe. As a result, what happened to him?a He lost the ability to produce language.b. He retained motor control over only half of his body.c He was unable to recognize common objectsd. He exhibited significant personality changes.B 2. The threshold level for a neuron to fire is a 10. What will happen the stimulus to the neuron is 8?a. The neuron will fire, but only at 809 strengthb. The neuron will not fire at allA 3. On the somatosensory homunculus, which of the following parts would be the largest?a. faceb.kneec.backd. stomachC 4. A split-brain patient is presented with two images: a key is presented on her left side, and a ring is presented on her right side. The patient is asked to report what she sees. How will she respond?a. The patient will say 'key because the left hemisphere "sees thekeyb. The patient will say 'key because the right hemisphere "sees" the keyc. The patient will say 'ring' because the left hemisphere "sees the ringd. The patient will say ring because the right hemisphere "sees' the ringC 5, Which of the following is not a major premise of Freudian theory?a. The importance of the unconsciousb. The importance of early experiencesc.The importance of self-esteemd. The importance ofsexualityA 6. According to psychoanalytic theory, which part of the mind corresponds to consciousness?a.The Egob.The ldc. The Superegod. The Uberego。
2001年考研英语阅读
2001 Passage 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrate d into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveal s not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represent ed worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of referee ing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delay ed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckon ed as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.[A] sociology and chemistry[B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology[D] physics and chemistry52. We can infer from the passage that ________.[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs54. The direct reason for specialisation is ________.[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societies重点词汇：specialisation ♦☐♏☞☜●♋♓♏♓☞☜⏹（专业化）即special+is(e)+ation，special（特别的；额外的），-ise 动词后缀（specialise即v.专业化），-ation名词后缀；specialist （专家；专科医生）←special+ist后缀表“人”。
Unit 2 Healthy Lifestyle 课件-高中英语人教版(2019)选择性必修第三册
6. repeatedly[rɪˈpiːtɪdli] adv. 重复地
repeated ad.重复的：再三的 repeat vt:重复 repetition n.重复
3. abuse[əˈbjuːs]n. 滥用；虐待；辱骂 ab [əˈbjuːz]vt. 滥用；虐待；辱骂
abused adj. (尤指药物)滥用的；受虐的 abusive
1.酗酒/滥用药物 alcohol/drug abuse 2.吸烟成瘾 tobacco abuse 3.虐待孩子 child abuse 4.滥用职权 abuse one’ s power/position
domination n.支配：统治 dominant adj.支配/统治的；占优势的；显性的 be dominated by 由……主宰 Fathers think they have the power to dominate children and young people
父辈们认为他们有权支配孩子们和年轻人的生活。
Unit 2 Healthy Lifestyle
Words and Expressions
1. tobacco[təˈbækəʊ]:n.烟草，烟叶
cigar/sɪˈɡɑː(r)/n.雪茄烟 cigarette /ˌsɪɡəˈret/ n.香烟,卷烟 E-Cigarette 电子烟(electronic) smoke v.吸烟 light a pack of
10.reward[rɪˈwɔːd] n．回报；奖励；报酬 vt. 奖励；奖赏；给以报酬
新冠疫情期间学生心理应激反应与非自杀性自伤行为:有调节的中介模型
(1. Depa/mex- of Childrex Psychiat— and RedaPiliOtiop, Afi/ated Shedzhed Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southem Medical Universig, Shedzhed 5/628, China； 4. School of Psycho—ay//Center for StuUics of Psycho—yical AppUca—on ,
采用心理应激反应筛查问卷（SRQ-20）中文版 （系数为942）,非自杀性自伤行为问卷（系数为 9.04），简易应对方式问卷（SCSQ）修订版（a系数为 945），情绪管理因素分量表（a系数为9.05）-
2结果
23共同方法偏差的控制与检验 采取匿名测量、部分项目反向计分等措施从程
序上控制共同方法偏差.对收集的数据采用Harmon 单因素检验法进行共同方法偏差的检验，对4个问 卷所有条目进行因子分析，结果显示KM0 = 9O7, Bartle—= 57 924474f= 3 093,a<9091.提取特征根 大于1的因子共7个，最大因子方差解释率为 21.05%（小于44%），故本研究不存在严重的共同方 法偏差23 NSSI检出率
收稿日期：2222-65-25
《华南师范大学学报(自然科学版)》网址：切：〃j—rvO-uLvuLduLu
基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目(51906776)
* 通信作者：韦臻，Email ： aU/—weOhex@ .
医学人文英语教程答案
Unit 1. History of medicineKeysText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary, and pay attention to the tense, voice and collocations of the verbs.1. is credited with;2. are sometimes referred to as;3. was supposed to;4. were espoused by;5. in addition to;6. was attributed to;7. categorize;8. is given credit for;9. though.Sentence Simulation（略）Translate the following sentences into English.1.Hippocrates proposed the humoral theory that the body of man has four distinct bodily fluidsin itself: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, different mixture of which leads todifferent temperaments.2.In ancient Greece, career as a doctor was passed on from father to son, so Hippocrates studiedmedicine under his father from his early age.3.Ancient Greek medicine was a field restricted by religious superstition where wizards cureddiseases by means of prayer, magic or ritual recitation of spells.4.It now appears that Hippocrates was incorrect in his explanation of the causes of humantemperament, but his temperament categories and names have been in use ever since.5.Ancient Western doctors about to enter medical practice were required to take an oath onmedical ethics, which was derived from the oath of Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician revered as "father of medicine” in the West.6.As the father of Western medicine, Hippocrates is the first to formulate the code of ethics thatdoctors are required to comply with. Furthermore, his medical opinions and medical practice have exerted a huge influence on the development of Western medicine for centuries.Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.1. Four traditional examination methods: looking, listening and smelling, asking, and touching.2.①TCM can make diagnoses and treat patients without needing a scientific understanding of cause and pathogenesis.②the fundamentals of TCM remain largely unchanged and its theories inexplicable to science.3.①the methodological quality of trials is low.②Most of these trials are published in Chinese, inaccessible to western doctors, and not included in systematic reviews.③Selective publication of positive trials is another problem.4. All natural phenomena could be categorised into Yin and Yang (two opposite, complementary, interdependent, and exchangeable aspects of nature), everything in the universe consisted of five basic elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water), and the universe was constantly changing towards dynamic balance or harmony. Yin refers largely to the material aspects of the organism and Yang to functions. There is a circulation of Qi (energy) and blood. The organs work together by regulating and preserving Qi and blood through the so-called channels and collaterals. Disease occurs after a disturbance in Yin-Yang or flow of Qi or blood, or disharmony in the organs caused by pathogenic (eg, sadness, joy, lifestyle) and climatic factors (dampness, heat, cold). Treatment aims to expel or suppress the cause and restore balance.Unit 2 Health professionals for a new centuryText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1.integration2.kept pace with3.adopts4.In view of5.effectiveness6.ultimate7.acquiring8.attributes9.shifts10.encounterTranslate the following sentences into English.7.Medical science is no longer simply biomedicine, but a comprehensive discipline ofhumanities, social sciences and biomedicine.8.Science and technology development, along with social progress, has put forward higherdemands and greater challenges on higher medical education.9.Medical education is characterized by a high degree of specialization and practicality, as wellas a comparatively high cost and a long training cycle.10.It is the main task of medical schools to train good doctors needed by the people.11.The objective of clinical medical education is to train capable and well qualified academicdoctors with a solid professional foundation and a broad spectrum of knowledge.12.The innovation of teaching methods has not only improved the students' initiative andenthusiasm to learn, but also enhanced the quality of clinical teaching and practice.13.In spite of its great progress, our country’s medical education still fails to keep pace withsocial progress, development of science and technology, and needs for medical and healthreform.Translate the following passage/sentence into Chinese.1.过去一个世纪教育的进步在于三个时代的教育改革。
雅思阅读第038套P3-Musical_Maladies
雅思阅读第038套P3-Musical_Maladies雅思阅读第038套P3-Musical Maladies阅读段落 3你应该花大约 20 分钟来回答问题 27-40，这些问题基于下面的阅读文章 3。
音乐病Norman M. Weinberger 回顾了 Oliver Sacks 的最新音乐作品。
音乐和大脑都是无穷无尽的迷人主题，作为一名专门研究听觉学习和记忆的神经科学家，我发现它们特别有趣。
所以我对最新推出的Musicophilia 抱有很高的期望来自神经学家和多产作家 Oliver Sacks。
我承认我对这本书的反应好坏参半感到有点内疚。
Sacks 本人是 Musicophilia 中最好的部分。
他在书中丰富地记录了自己的生活，并揭示了高度个人化的经历。
这他在书的封面上的照片——照片显示他戴着耳机，闭着眼睛，听着阿尔弗雷德·布伦德尔演奏贝多芬的悲怆奏鸣曲时明显着迷——给人留下了积极的印象，这一点得到了证实根据书的内容。
萨克斯的声音自始至终稳定而博学，但从不教皇。
他既不自觉也不自我推销。
序言很好地说明了本书将要传达的内容。
萨克斯在其中解释说，他想传达从中收集到的见解“关于音乐感知和意象的神经基础的大量和快速增长的工作，以及这些容易出现的复杂且经常奇怪的疾病”他还强调了“简单的观察艺术”和“丰富的人类背景。
” 他说，他想将“观察和描述与最新的技术”结合起来，并以富有想象力的方式进入他的患者和受试者的体验中。
读者可以看到，从事神经病学 40 年的萨克斯在“老式”的观察路径和新奇的高科技方法之间左右为难：他知道他需要注意后者，但他的心在于前者。
这本书主要包括对病例的详细描述，其中大部分涉及萨克斯在他的实践中见过的病人。
对当代神经科学报告的简短讨论在整本书中大量出现。
第一部分，“被音乐困扰”，以托尼·西科里亚（Tony Cicoria）的奇怪案例开始，托尼·西科里亚（Tony Cicoria）是一位非音乐的中年外科医生，被闪电。
高二英语心理学原理探究单选题40题
高二英语心理学原理探究单选题40题1.The student's fear of public speaking can be an example of _____.A.phobiaB.anxietyC.depressionD.stress答案：A。
本题考查心理学名词的理解。
选项A“phobia”意为恐惧症，学生对公开演讲的恐惧可以被视为一种特定的恐惧症。
选项B“anxiety”焦虑通常较为宽泛，不一定特指对特定事物的恐惧。
选项C“depression”抑郁症主要表现为长期的情绪低落等，与对公开演讲的恐惧不符。
选项D“stress”压力，可以由多种情况引起，但与特定的恐惧也不同。
2.When a person always feels sad and hopeless, it might be a sign of _____.A.maniaB.schizophreniaC.depressionD.anorexia答案：C。
选项A“mania”躁狂症，主要表现为情绪高涨等。
选项B“schizophrenia”精神分裂症，有多种复杂症状，与总是感到悲伤和绝望不同。
选项C“depression”抑郁症的主要症状之一就是长期感到悲伤和绝望。
选项D“anorexia”厌食症，主要与饮食问题相关。
3.A person who has a strong need for order and routine may have traits of _____.A.OCDB.PTSDC.ADHDD.bipolar disorder答案：A。
选项A“OCD”强迫症，患者通常有对秩序和常规的强烈需求。
选项B“PTSD”创伤后应激障碍，主要由创伤事件引起。
选项C“ADHD”注意缺陷多动障碍，表现为注意力不集中等。
选项D“bipolar disorder”双相情感障碍，有情绪的大幅波动。
4.The tendency to remember positive events more than negative ones is called _____.A.confirmation biasB.rosy retrospectionC.selective memoryD.optimism bias答案：B。
Unit Three Stress
(3)StressStress isn’t just a catchall complaint; it’s being linked to heart disease, immunedeficiency and memory loss. We’re learning that men and women process stress differently and that childhood stress can lead to adult health problems. The worst partis, we inflict it on ourselves.by Jerry Adler t was vital once ‐ an innate response to danger, inherited directly from the primeval Iveld down to our own lifetimes, where it causes nothing but trouble. Some people make a virtue of stress, under the mantra ʺthat which does not kill me makes me stronger.ʺ But science shows this to be a lie. A whole new body of research shows the damage stress wreaks on the body: not just heart disease and ulcers, but loss of memory, diminished immune function and even a particular type of obesity. That which doesnʹt kill you, it turns out, really does kill you in the end, but first it makes you fat.Zen masters, of course, have known this for a long time, and techniques such as yoga are still useful prescriptions for stress. But orthodox Western medicine long resisted the notion that a purely mental condition could have measurable effects in the empirical realm of arteries and organs. ʺWhen I started studying stress 30 years ago, I was told I was jeopardizing my medical career,ʺ says Dr. Herbert Benson, who founded the Mind/Body Medical Institute at Harvard. It was only in the past few years that researchers came up with a quantifiable measure of stress, based on the concentration of certain hormones in saliva, and began tracing the complex neurological and chemical events that lead from a traffic jam on the Santa Monica Freeway to cardiac intensive care at Cedars‐Sinai. Research has revealed that menʹs and womenʹs bodies process stress differently, and provided disturbing evidence about how stress affects child development from the earliest weeks of life. And it has spawned a whole new discipline, psychoneuroimmunology — which, according to Bruce Rabin of the University of Pittsburgh, has reached the point where research on smoking and cancer was back in the 1960s. ʺYou knew there was a link because of the epidemiology, but you didnʹt know the mechanism. Now thereʹs enough epidemiology to establish the association [between stress and illness]. Weʹre still working out the mechanisms.ʺThe very concept of stress was formulated only in the 1930s, by the pioneering endocrinologist Hans Selye. It was Selyeʹs insight that organisms show a common biological response to a wide range of unpleasant sensory or psychological experiences. These are called ʺstressors.ʺ Stressors are, in short‐hand, whatever youʹre trying to avoid: an electric shock, if youʹre a lab rat; the sight of a predator, if youʹre a prey animal; a 500 point drop in the Dow, if youʹre a Yuppie. Those are acute stress events; everyone recognizes the adrenaline rush (pounding heart, dry mouth, butterflies in the stomach) that marks their onset. Human beings are equipped to deal with it if it doesnʹt happen too often. But when it happens again and again, the effects multiply and cascade, invisibly, compounding over a lifetime.①The classic study linking stress to immune dysfunction was done just in 1991, when Carnegie Mellon psychologist Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues showed that people who ranked high on a psychological test of perceived stress were more likely to develop colds when intentionally infected with a respiratory virus. He repeated the study last year and this time refined his results: although a single, large, stressful event in the preceding year did not affect the subjectsʹ chances of getting sick, chronic stress ‐ ongoing conflicts with co‐work‐ers or family members, for example ‐ increased the odds by as much as three to five times. Looking at another measure of immune function, response to a standard influenza vaccine, immunologist Ronald Glaser of Ohio State found diminished antibody production (compared with a control group matched for age) among people caring for a spouse with dementia. ʺThe human body,ʺ says Dr. Pamela Peeke of the University of Maryland, ʺwas never meant to deal with prolonged chronic stress. We werenʹt meant to drag around bad memories, anxieties and frustrations.ʺOther studies have found an association between long‐term stress and heart problems. Thatʹs also true of macaque monkeys, favored subjects of stress researchers because they share with humans a hierarchical social structure and a susceptibility to coronary‐artery disease. Wake Forest University anthropologist Jay Kaplan studied both high ‐ and low ‐ status male macaques in captivity, and found, as expected, that the subordinate ones showed more atherosclerosis. But when he artificially shook up the social hierarchy, by introducing new animals into the troop, it was the high‐ranking males, forced to fight again and again to establish their dominance, who showed the most signs of coronary disease.Yet the stress reaction obviously serves an evolutionary purpose. It is, essentially, a response to danger, in two distinct phases. The first of these, involving the ʺsympathetic‐adreno‐medullary axisʺ (SAM), is the familiar flight‐or‐fight response. Your brain perceives a threat ‐ a lion crouched in the brush is the classic illustration ‐ and sends a message down the spinal cord to the medulla, or core, of the adrenal glands, signaling it to pump out adrenaline. In a matter of seconds, the body is transformed. To prepare for exertion, blood pressure and heart rate skyrocket; the liver pours out glucose and calls up fat reserves to be processed into triglycerides for energy; the circulatory system diverts blood from nonessential functions, such as digestion, to the brain and muscles. This is precisely what you need if your goal is to survive the next 10 minutes.②Civilization, by contrast, gives you the opportunity to experience an adrenaline rush at every traffic light. And — since all youʹre doing is sitting in your car ‐ the elaborate preparations your body makes are wasted. Worse than wasted: every heartbeat at elevated blood pressure takes its toll on the arteries. The excess fats and glucose donʹt get metabolized right away, so they stay in the bloodstream. The fats contribute to the plaques that form inside blood vessels, which can lead to heart disease or strokes; high levels of glucose are a step in the direction of diabetes. ʺIf you mobilize in the first place for a nonsense psychological stressor,ʺ says Robert Sapoisky of Stanford, a leading authority on stress, ʺby definition your defense becomes more damaging than the imaginary challenge.ʺThe second phase to the stress reaction kicks in five to 10 minutes later. This ʺhypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axisʺ (HPA) seems more closely associated withemotional and intellectual stress. Re‐searchers have many clever ways of producing intellectual stress, such as asking subjects to name the color of ink a word is written in (blue) when the word itself spells out the name of a different color (red). The HPA axis originates in the hypothalamus, in the middle of the base of the brain. The hypothalamus signals the pituitary to produce a substance called ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce a set of hormones known as glucocorticoids: cortisone, cortisol and corticosterone.The action of these is complex, because hormones almost always work as part of a loop of positive and negative feedbacks. Glucocorticoids seem to stimulate the hippocampus, a part of the brain vital to memory and learning. But an excess of these hormones can actually be toxic to the hippocampus. People with above‐average glucocorticoid levels ‐ including those with depression and post‐traumatic‐stress syndrome ‐ tend to have impaired memory and cognition. Their hippocampi may actually appear shrunken in an MRI scan. Glucocorticoids also suppress parts of the immune system. Researchers still donʹt understand why the body should suppress immunity during times of stress ‐ if anything, the opposite would seem to make sense. But the negative effects are clear: chronic stress leaves one more vulnerable to infections.③Amazingly enough, stress can even change the shape of your body. Since the stress reaction involves mobilizing the bodyʹs fat reserves for energy, Peeke says, it makes sense to store that fat near the liver, which processes it so it can be metabolized in the muscles. Sure enough, fat cells in the abdomen appear to be especially sensitive to glucocorticoids, and people with a high concentration of those hormones tend to accumulate fat around their middles ‐ a potbelly ‐ even if the rest of their bodies are thin. Researchers think that waist‐hip ratio, the relative circumference of those two body parts, could be a useful way to identify people at risk for stress‐related disease. But not everyone gets all of these diseases, or even any of them. People respond differently to the same objective stressors. Individualsʹ cortisol levels vary (in general, the older you are, the higher the concentration), and they go up by varying amounts in reaction to stress. But, surprisingly, that effect doesnʹt seem to follow a normal bell‐shaped curve, like most physiological variables. Instead, some studies suggest, people fall into categories of ʺhotʺ or ʺcoolʺ responders. A 1995 study subjected 20 men to five grueling days of mental arithmetic performed before an audience. Starting from about the same baseline ‐ a cortisol concentration in saliva of seven to eight nanomoles per liter ‐ one group, comprising seven men, shot up to an average of 29 in the first day; the rest went only to around 19. The first group, researchers reported, ʹview themselves as being less attractive than others, having less self‐esteem, and being more often in a depressed mood.ʺ Not surprisingly, they also reported more health problems.Catherine Stoney of Ohio State has also found significant differences between men and women. Womenʹs blood goes up less than menʹs in reaction to stress (although their response increases noticeably after menopause or hysterectomy, suggesting a buffering effect from estrogen). But women tend to react to a wider range of outside stressors than men, according to Ronald Kessler of Harvard, who asked 166 married couples to keep a daily stress diary for six weeks. Women feel stress more often, says Kessler, because they take a holistic view of everyday life. A man may worry if someone in his immediatefamily is sick; his wife takes on the burdens of the whole neighborhood. ʺMen take care of one thing [at a time],ʺ he says. ʺWomen put the pieces together.ʺ Apart from gender, early childhood experiences seem to have a powerful influence on how people deal with stress. Children raised in orphanages or in neglectful homes may have elevated levels of glucocorticoids and ʺhotʺ responses to stress later in life. Weʹre finding,ʺ says Frank Treiber of the Medical College of Georgia, ʺthat if you come from a family thatʹs somewhat chaotic, unstable, not cohesive, harboring grudges, very early on, itʹs associated later with greater blood pressure reactivity to various types of stress.ʺ The brains of children up to around the age of 8 are still developing in response to the environment; cells literally live or die as experiences impinge on it. ʺThe early brain can become hard‐wired to deal with high fear states,ʺ says Dr. Jay Giedd of the National Institutes of Health. ʺIts normal state will be to have a lot of adrenaline flowing. When these children become adults theyʹll feel empty or bored if theyʹre not on edge.ʺ Contrariwise, children raised in secure, loving homes learn to modulate the stress reaction, according to Megan Gunnar of the University of Minnesota. Newborns typically show a cortisol spike under the stress of circumcision. But as early as three months, well‐cared‐for babies can suffer discomfort without evoking a stress response; theyʹll cry when they get a physical exam, but their stress hormones donʹt go up commensurately. ʺChildren who are in secure, emotionally supportive relationships are buffered to everyday stressors,ʺ she says.Many authorities think childhood stress is on the rise. Dr. Barbara Howard, a pediatrician at Johns Hopkins, says a quarter of her patients are there for stress‐related problems, and the proportion has been rising. ʺTheyʹll come in with abdominal pain, urinary frequency, headaches... a whole variety of complaints which could be mistaken for medical problems and often are.ʺ Parents are frequently wrong about the sources of stress in their childrenʹs lives, according to surveys by Georgia Witkin of Mount Sinai Medical School; they think children worry most about friendships and popularity, but theyʹre actually fretting about the grown‐ups. ʺThe biggest concern,ʺ she says, ʺwas that the parents are going to be sick, or angry, or theyʹre going to divorce.ʺ And ʺoften and somewhat surprisingly,ʺ says Giedd, ʺchildren have very global worriesʺ ‐ wars, environmental issues and crime, the same things adults worry about.Which raises the question no researcher dares answer: is increasing stress an inevitable hazard of modern life? In many of the ways that count, Kessler muses, life was more stressful 200 years ago, when children routinely died before reaching adulthood. But life was simpler then, too, he thinks, before ʺanxiety became a core theme in our lives.ʺ People knew their place in society and lived with the support of extended families, tribes and villages. What is certain is that people came into the world then, as they do now, prepared by millions of years of evolution for dangers long gone from our lives.The challenge we face is to master not the threats themselves, but our all‐too‐human responses to them.EXERCISEMCQs1. The stress responsea.has been causing nothing but trouble since the prehistoric times.b.was a vital survival mechanism for our remote ancestors.c.does not kill us but makes us stronger.d.has never been defined properly.2. What the stress response has turned out to be in modern society, according to theauthor, isa.insignificant.b.detrimental.c.beneficial.d.amusing.T/FQs3. Techniques such as yoga have long been prescribed for stress by orthodox Westernmedicine. [ ]4. Benson had advanced his medical career since he began to study stress. [ ]5. Stress is a common experience which affects people of all ages. [ ]6. The research on stress has developed to involve the mind, the brain and the immunesystem. [ ] 7. The point Bruce Rabin makes is that stress is a major epidemic today. [ ]MCQs8. According to Selye, stress is a physiological state of arousal in response toanisms.b.daily activities.c.multiple stressors.d.all of the above.9. Stress can wreak damage on the body whena.you reach old age.b.a stress event occurs.c.we deal with a stress event.d.the triggering of the biological response is persistent.GQ①10. Research on M of the Stress Response.SCQs11. In Cohen’s classic study, stress reduced people’s immunity . 10. Cohen further proved that persistent stress increased people’s chances of gettingsick .13. According to Glaser, prolonged chronic stress can .12. Peeks implies that we are doomed to suffer if we are afflicted with .MCQs15. Stress researchers chose macaque monkeys as subjectsa.because they are amenable and cooperative.b.for their similar physical ad social environment.c.because they share with human social problems.d.for their similar determinants of stress and heart diseases.16. Kaplan found that stress‐induced signs of coronary disease were more likely tooccur in the male macaquesa.whose social positions are high.b.whose dominance was threatened.c.who had been picked out as favored subjects.d.who had inherited a susceptibility to coronary disease.T/FQs17. Essentially, the stress response is aroused to prepare the body to respond either byfighting a threat or by fleeting. [ ]18. The flight‐or‐fight response covers two stages involving SAM. [ ]19. Triggered by a perceived threat, the brain begins to pump out adrenaline. [ ]20. In a matter of seconds, the body is transformed into a state of mobilization. [ ]21. What has happened within the body is a vital survival mechanism for us. [ ]GQ②22. The stress R in CivilizationMCQs23. You waste what has been poured out in the body while sitting in your car at a trafficlight becausea.you can neither “fight” nor “fleet”.b.you don’t know how to detour.c.you waste gasoline.d.you waste time.24. If you fail to metabolize what your body has metabolized for action, it willa.be carried with you like a ticking time bomb.b.be stored in the bloodstream.c.become damaging to your body.d.all of the above.SCQs25. The second phase to the stress reaction refers to .26. The HPA axis seems to respond to .27. A chain of reactions along the HPA axis result in .MCQs28. An excess of glucocorticoids tend toa.cause depression and trauma.b.impair memory and cognition.c.result from the impaired hippocampus.d.produce both positive and negative feedbacks.29. Researchers are in the dark about why the body should suppress immunity duringtimes of stressa.not in a state of relaxation.b.instead of the reverse.c.for no reasons.d.and vice versa.GQ③30. Stress and P ShapeT/FQs31. It is stress that builds up the body’s fat reserves. [ ]32. According to Peeke, the stress reaction can shrink the fat reserves near the liver.[ ] 33. An excess of glucocorticoids contributes to the accumulation of the abdominal fat.[ ] 34. Researchers could tell the possible victims of stress‐related disease according totheir waist‐hip ratio. [ ]MCQs35. The stress response to the same objective stressorsa.assumes the same mode.b.leads to the same results.c.doesn’t take exactly the same form.d.produces the same amount of cortisol.36. Which of the following decides cortisol levels in the body?a.Age.b.The type of responders.c.The period of the stress response.d.All of the above.37. In the 1995 study, the first groupa.had a lower concentration of cortisol in saliva than the rest.b.fell into categories of “hot” or “cool” responders.c.could be called “hot” responders.d.acted as “cool” responders.SCQs38. The differences between women’s and men’s blood pressure can be observed .39. According to Kessler, women differ from men in reaction to .40. Men tend to take a particular view of everyday life and they feel .MCQs41. Which of the following may work as a contributing factor in making people “hot”responders?a.Growing in orphanages or in neglectful homes.b.Raised in a chaotic, unstable family.c.Unhappy childhood.d.All of the above.42. Giedd implies that childrena.enjoy putting themselves on edge.b.are born with the ability to deal with high fear states.c.can develop “hot” responses to stress.d.can have higher levels of glucocorticoids than adults.43. According to Gunnar, secure, loving homes cana.prevent children from producing stress hormones.b.buffer children to everyday stressors.c.free children from the stress reaction.d.all of the above.T/FQs44. We learn from Howard that childhood stress is on the rise, so is their incidence ofstress‐related problems. [ ]45. Howard implies that many of children’s complaints are not biological butpsychological in nature. [ ]46. Witkin tells us that the resources of stress in children’s lives are their peers. [ ]47. According to Giedd, children share similar concerns with adults. [ ]MCQs48. Kessler would say that in many ways life is less stressful than it was 200 years ago,buta.its inevitable hazard is increasing stress.b.its nature has remained the same.c.it is becoming more dangerous.d.its core theme has changed.49. We can infer from the author’s conclusion that what matters is to learna.not to make stress responses in our lives.b.how to cope with stress effectively in our lives.c.how to reduce the quantity and complexity of stress in our lives.d.all of th above.Words and Expressionsinnate ['ineit] a. inborn; naturalprimeval [prai'mi:vəl] a. primitive; ancientVeld [velt] n. (南非洲的)草原mantra ['mæntrə] n. (印度教和大乘佛教中的)曼特罗，祷文，符咒wreak (on) [ri:k] v. to cause damage toZen [zen] n. 禅宗（佛教的一个派别，强调默坐专念）yoga ['jəugə] n. 瑜伽（古印度哲学的一派，实行默坐苦修，以求灵魂的解脱而与宇宙之灵合一）established; traditionalorthodox ['ɔ:θədɔks] a.empirical [em'pirikəl] a. 经验主义的；以经验为依据的 discipline ['disiplin] n. subject; a branch of science psychoneuroimmunology心理神经免疫学[,saikə'nju:rə,imju'nɔlədʒi] n.内分泌学家endocrinologist [,endəukrai'nɔlədʒist] n.predator ['predeitə] n. 动物捕食者prey [prei] n. 被捕食的动物adrenaline [ə'drenəlin] n. 肾上腺素butterflies in the stomach (因紧张等引起的)恶心；颤抖cascade [kæs'keid] v. 串联；接踵发生spouse [spauz] n. husband or wifefrustration [frʌs'treiʃən] n. defeat, disappointmenthierarchical [,haiə'rɑ:kikəl] a. 等级（制度）的susceptibility [sə,septə'biliti] n. 易感性人类学者anthropologist [ænθrə'pɔlədʒist] n.captivity [kæp'tiviti] n. imprisonmentsubordinate [sə'bɔ:dinit] a. 下级的，从属的atherosclerosis[æθərəuskliə'rəusis]n. 动脉粥样硬化sympathetic [,simpə'θetik] a. 交感神经的adreno [ə'dri:nl] n. 肾上腺medullary[me'dʌləri] n. 髓的，髓状的axis ['æksis] n. 轴crouch ['krautʃ] v. 蹲伏medullar ['medʌləri] n. 髓质call up to summon for action or service triglyceride[trai'glisə,raid] n. 甘油三酯take its toll (on) to wreak onmobilize ['məubilaiz] v. to release (something stored in theorganism) for bodily usekick in to make a contribution hypothalamic [,haipəuθə'læmik] a. 下丘脑的pituitary [pi'tju(:)itur i] a. 垂体的adrenocortical [ə,dri:nəu'kə:tikl] a. 肾上腺皮质的ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone 促肾上腺皮质激素glucocorticoid[,glu:kəu'kɔ:ti,kɔid]n. 糖（肾上腺）皮质激素cortisone ['kɔ:tisəun] n. 可的松（天然糖皮质激素）cortisol ['kɔ:tisəl] n. 可的索，皮质醇corticosterone [,kɔ:ti'kɔstərəun] n. 皮质（甾）酮hippocampus [,hipə'kæmpəs] n. 海马cognition [kɔg'niʃʃn] n. 认识MRI magnetic resonance imaging 磁共振成像potbelly ['pɔtbel i] n. 大肚皮circumference[sə'kəmfərəns]n. 周长nanomole ['nænə,məul; 'nei-]毫微克分子，纳摩尔分子 hysterectomy [,histə'rektəmi] n. 子宫切除术holistic [həʊ'listik] a. 整体的；全面的orphanage ['ɔ:fənidʒ]n. 孤儿院chaotic [kei'ɔtik] a. in a state of disorder and confusion cohesive [kəu'hi:siv] a 团结的harbor ['hɑ:bə] v. 拥有grudge [grʌdʒ] n. resentment; ill willliterally ['litərəli] ad. actually, virtuallyimpinge [im'pindʒ] v. to have an effeccontrariwise['kɔntrəriwaiz] ad. conversely; in contrastmodulate['mɔdjuleit] v. to regulate; adjustspike [spaik] n. (曲线的)峰circumcision [,sə:kəm'siʒən] n. 包皮环切术evoke [i'vəuk] v. to call up; invokecommensurately [kə'menʃəritli] ad. 同量地，相称地buffer ['bʌfə] v. 缓冲fret (about) v. to worry; annoy。
病理生理学名词解释(发热,应激,休克,DIC)部分词语配有英.
发热Fever即发热，是指在致热原的作用下，使体温调节中枢调定点上移而引起的调节性体温升高，超过正常值0.5C 时的病理过程Fever refers to the regulatory elevation of core body temperature and 0.5 ℃ greater than normal value, due toSet point即调定点，是指在下丘脑体温调节中枢内存在着与恒温器相类似的调定点Hyperthermia即过热，是指体温调节功能发生障碍，集体体温调节中枢不能将体温控制在与未上移的调定点相适应的水平，使体温被动性升高超过调定点时的病理过程。
Hyperthermia is characterized by an unchanged (normothermic setting of the thermoregulatory center in conjunction with an uncontrolled increase in body temperature that exceeds the body’sability to lose heat.Pyrogenic activactor及发热激活物，是指能激活体内产内生致热原细胞，产生和释放内生致热原的物质。
The term pyrogen is used to describe any substance that causes fever.Exogenous pyrogen即外致热原，是指来自体外能引起人或动物发热的物质，使发热激活物的重要组成部分。
Exogenous pyrogens are derived from outside the patient; most are microbial products, microbial toxins, or whole microorganisms.EP即内生致热原，是指在发热激活物的作用下，产内生致热原细胞产生和释放的一类能引起体温升高的致热性细胞因子。
当心理医生解决问题英语作文80词
当心理医生解决问题英语作文80词全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Being a Psychologist is the Best!Hi there! My name is Timmy, and I'm 8 years old. Today, I want to tell you all about my dream job – being a psychologist! Isn't that the coolest? I know what you're thinking, "But Timmy, you're just a kid! How do you even know what a psychologist does?" Well, let me tell you!You see, psychologists are like super heroes, but instead of fighting bad guys, they help people with their minds and feelings. They're like mind detectives, trying to figure out what's bothering someone and how to make them feel better. How awesome is that?Imagine you're feeling really sad or worried about something, and you can't seem to shake those icky feelings no matter what you do. That's where a psychologist comes in! They'll listen to you talk about your problems, ask you questions, and try to understand what's going on inside your head. It's likethey have a special superpower to see into your thoughts and emotions!But being a psychologist isn't just about listening – it's also about finding solutions. They'll help you figure out why you're feeling a certain way and teach you special tricks to cope with those feelings. Maybe they'll suggest writing in a journal, doing some deep breathing exercises, or even playing with toys to express yourself. Whatever it is, they'll work with you to find the best way to make you feel better.And you know what else is really cool? Psychologists don't just help kids like me – they help grown-ups too! Imagine your mom or dad is feeling really stressed out from work or having trouble with their marriage. A psychologist can help them work through those tough times and find ways to be happier and healthier.I know what you're thinking, "Timmy, that sounds like a lot of hard work!" And you're right, it is. But that's why I want to be a psychologist – because helping people and making a difference in their lives is the most rewarding thing in the whole world.Can you imagine how awesome it would be to have someone come up to you and say, "Thank you for helping methrough my problems. You changed my life"? That's the kind of thing that would make all the hard work worth it.So, there you have it, folks! That's why being a psychologist is the coolest job ever. They're like superheroes of the mind, using their powers to solve problems and make people's lives better. And who knows? Maybe one day, you'll be sitting on a couch in my office, telling me all about your problems while I listen with my super psychologist ears!Well, that's all for now. I've got to go practice my deep breathing exercises and journal writing. After all, a future psychologist has to start somewhere, right? Thanks for listening, and remember – if you ever need a pint-sized psychologist, I'm your kid!篇2Being a Psychologist Solving ProblemsHi there! My name is Tommy and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to tell you all about my dream of becoming a psychologist when I grow up. A psychologist is someone who helps people with their minds and feelings. They listen to people's problems and try to find solutions. I think it would be the coolest job ever!Ever since I was a little kid, I've always loved helping my friends and family members when they're feeling sad, angry, worried or confused about something.篇3Being a Psychologist to Solve ProblemsHi, my name is Emma and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to tell you about my dream job - being a psychologist! I think being a psychologist would be the best because you get to help people solve their problems and feel better.First of all, as a psychologist you learn all about how the human mind works. That's really fascinating to me. The mind is like this amazing computer that controls everything we think, feel, and do. But it's also very complex and there's still a lot we don't understand about it. As a psychologist, I would get to study the mind and learn its secrets.Even more importantly though, psychologists get to use their knowledge about the mind to help people. They work with patients who are struggling with things like anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues, and all sorts of other mental and emotional difficulties. The psychologist talks to the patient, givesthem tests, and really tries to understand what's going on in their mind and life that is causing their problems.Then the really cool part is the psychologist teaches the patient strategies and techniques to manage their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a healthier way. Things like cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, exposure therapy, and many other treatments. I think it would be so rewarding to guide someone through overcoming their challenges and start feeling happier.I also think it would be really interesting to specialize in a certain area as a psychologist. Maybe I'd want to work specifically with children and families. Or become an expert in treating things like eating disorders or addiction. There are so many possibilities to focus on the area I find most interesting and impactful.No matter what though, the core of the job would be about helping people understand themselves better and make positive changes in their lives. I can't think of a more meaningful way to spend my career than being that supportive guide for others.It's a very rigorous path, but I think it would be worth it to become an expert in such an important field. I'm a hard worker though, so I could handle all the studying and preparationrequired. More than anything, I find the human mind utterly fascinating and want to dedicate my career to helping others overcome their psychological struggles.Psychologists get to form deep connections with their patients and truly improve people's quality of life. Whether it's helping someone cope with trauma, manage a mental illness, strengthen their relationships, or just become a happier and more self-aware person overall, the impact psychologists make is profound.I know the job can also be emotionally draining at times, dealing with people's personal pain and issues day after day. But I'm the type who actually gets energy from helping others and using my mind to solve complex puzzles. The challenges would motivate me to work harder and celebrate the successes even more.Plus, being a psychologist offers a lot of flexibility in the type of work environment. Some psychologists have their own private practice where they can set their own hours andbe their own boss. Others work in clinics, schools, hospitals, or for companies or organizations. There are opportunities to do research, teaching, consulting, or go into specialized areas like forensic orsports psychology. I could find the path that fits my personality and interests best.No matter what though, at the end of the day I'll get to go home knowing I made a positive difference in someone's life. That their mind is a little healthier, their emotions a little more balanced, and their behavior a little more functional thanks to my guidance and care. To me, that's what true career satisfaction looks like.So those are my thoughts! Let me know if you have any other questions about my psychologist aspirations. For now though, I need to go play outside and be a kid again. Thanks for listening!篇4Being a Psychologist to Solve ProblemsHi there! My name is Timmy and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to tell you all about my dream job - being a psychologist! I think it would be so cool to help people solve their problems and feel better.First of all, what even is a psychologist? Well, they are kind of like special doctors, but instead of treating Physical boo-boos,they help treat people's minds and emotions. Pretty neat, right? Some of the things psychologists do is talk to people about what's bothering them, give advice, and teach coping skills. They use their big brains to understand how we think and feel.There are so many reasons why I'd want to be a psychologist when I grow up. For one, I just love helping people! Whenever one of my friends is sad or upset, I always try my best to cheer them up. As a psychologist, I could do that all day long! How awesome would that be?Another reason is because I'm really curious about how the mind works. It's so fascinating that we can think, dream, imagine, and ponder all these incredible things, all thanks to the human brain. Psychologists get to study that amazing organ and learn all about what makes people tick. Sign me up!I also think I'd be really good at the listening part of the job. My mom is always telling me what a great listener I am when she vents about her day. I never interrupt, I pay close attention, and I try my hardest to understand how she's feeling. Those are super important skills for a psychologist to have.Now, if I was a psychologist, how would I actually solve people's problems? Well, first I'd have them tell me all about what's bothering them. I'd let them get everything off their chestwithout judgement. Then, once I understood the full situation, I'd try to help them see things from a new perspective. Sometimes, just having someone really listen can help put your mind at ease.After that, we could work together on finding strategies to improve their negative thoughts or behaviors. If they're feeling sad, maybe we could list out all the things they have to feel grateful for. If they're super stressed, I'd teach them relaxation techniques like deep breathing. If they have unrealistic expectations, I could help re-frame them. The possibilities are endless!Some people might think that psychologists just have people lie down on a couch and say "How does that make you feel?" all day. But it's so much more than that! It's an incredibly important job that helps people live happier, healthier lives. Psychologists are like superheros, but instead of blocking bad guys, they fight against sadness, fear, trauma, and negativity. How cool is that?Whenever I watch movies or TV shows with a psychologist character, I always think "That could be me someday!" I'd love to have an office full of kind-looking furniture and soothing decorations. And of course, a toy box, because you can never betoo old for toys! Maybe I'd even get to use cool psychology tools like vision goggles or brain imaging machines.Although I'm still pretty young, I'm already trying to prepare for my future psychology career. I read a lot about the mind and human behavior. I practice my listening skills during conversations. And I'm always keeping an open mind to understand people's different perspectives and backgrounds. After all, a good psychologist needs to be caring, patient, and accepting of all people.Can you tell I'm really excited about this potential career path? To me, being a psychologist combines so many of my interests and strengths into one amazing job. Whether I'd work in a hospital, school, private practice, or somewhere else, I know I'd find so much fulfillment in helping others overcome their struggles. Imagine getting to be a real-life mind and emotion expert! How incredibly awesome is that?So in a few decades, don't be surprised if you see "Dr. Timmy, Psychologist" on an office door somewhere. I'll be in there, doing my dream job of guiding people through life's toughest challenges with wisdom and care. Just wait and see! For now, I better get back to learning everything I can about the brilliant human mind. Pursuing my passion starts today.Being a Psychologist: Solving Problems One Mind at a TimeHi there! My name is Emma, and I'm a 10-year-old girl who loves to learn about the human mind. I know, it might sound a bit strange for a kid like me to be so interested in something as complex as psychology, but ever since I can remember, I've been fascinated by how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors work.You see, when I was younger, I used to get really frustrated when I couldn't figure something out or when things didn't go my way. I would throw tantrums, cry, and sometimes even lash out at my parents or friends. It wasn't until my mom took me to see a psychologist that I started to understand why I felt and acted the way I did.The psychologist, Dr. Jones, was this kind-looking lady with a warm smile and a gentle voice. She would ask me questions about my thoughts and feelings, and she would listen to me without judging or interrupting. It was like she could see right into my mind and understand me in a way that no one else could.Over the course of ourBeing a Psychologist and Solving ProblemsHi there! My name is Sam and I'm 10 years old. Today I wanted to tell you all about what it's like to be a psychologist. A psychologist is someone who helps people with their thoughts, feelings and behaviors. They try to figure out why people act certain ways or feel sad, angry or worried a lot. Then they help those people get through their problems. Pretty cool job, right?Last week in school, we had a career day where different grown ups came in and talked about their jobs. My favorite was definitely the psychologist, Dr. Martin. She seems like she has such an interesting and fun job! She gets to meet new people every day and really get to know them. But it also looks really hard too.Dr. Martin told us that being a psychologist means you have to be a great listener. You can't just hear the words someone is saying, you need to actually listen and understand how they really feel deep down inside. That's not easy at all! Sometimes people get embarrassed or don't want to share their true feelings. As a psychologist, you have to make them feel safe and comfortable so they'll open up to you.She also said that solving people's problems isn't as easy as it might seem. Everyone is different, with their own unique experiences and personalities. So there's no "one size fits all" solution. The psychologist has to really get to know the person and figure out the right way to help them based on who they are. It's like a big puzzle that needs to be solved piece by piece.One example Dr. Martin gave was about two kids who were both feeling really sad a lot. For one kid, it turned out he was being bullied at school and didn't feel safe. So the solution was working with the school to stop the bullying. But for the other kid, she was sad because her parents were getting divorced. In that case, the psychologist helped her learn ways to cope with her feelings about the divorce. See what I mean? Same problem on the surface, but really different causes and solutions.Dealing with all sorts of heavy stuff like bullying, divorce, trauma and more seems really hard. But Dr. Martin says the best part is when you can finally help someone make progress and start feeling better. She talked about this one teenage girl she worked with who had such bad anxiety that she could barely leave her house. But after months of work, the girl was able to go back to school, make friends and get her life back. How amazing is that?!I have to admit, being a psychologist also seems pretty stressful at times too. You're dealing with people's personal issues and struggles all day. That could really get you down if you're not careful. Dr. Martin said it's super important for psychologists to practice self-care. This means doing things to take care of your own mental health, like exercise, spending time with loved ones, or just relaxing. You can't help others if you don't help yourself first!Another cool thing about psychology is that there are so many different areas you can specialize in. In addition to general therapy for all ages, Dr. Martin said psychologists can focus on certain groups like kids, teenagers, families or couples. Or you can specialize in specific issues like anxiety, depression, eating disorders or addictions. There are also psychologists who work in schools, hospitals, prisons or with athletes and performers. So many options!Overall, I think being a psychologist seems like a really meaningful and important job, but also pretty challenging.You're basically a problem solver and helper for people's minds. You have to be a good listener, creative thinker, and have tons of patience. It's not just about telling someone "cheer up" or "getover it." There's a lot of hard work involved to get to the root of someone's issues and help them make real positive changes.I'm still a kid with a lot of time to figure out what I want to be when I grow up. But after hearing Dr. Martin, being a psychologist does seem like a pretty cool career. If I did that job, I would love getting to help people every day and really make a difference in their lives. Plus, I've always been a super curious person who likes asking tons of questions to understand how things work. Trying to untangle the mysteries of why people think and feel the way they do seems right up my alley!Who knows, maybe you'll see me on career day in 20 years, talking all about my life as a psychologist. For now, I've got to get back to sleepovers, soccer practice and fighting with my little brother. But I'llfor sure be thinking a lot more about this interesting possibility for my future. Thanks for reading, guys!。
生理和心理状态英语作文
生理和心理状态英语作文Title: Understanding the Interplay Between Physiological and Psychological States。
In the intricate web of human existence, the relationship between physiological and psychological states is profound and multifaceted. Our bodies and minds are inextricably linked, each influencing and shaping the other in a dynamic interplay that defines our experiences and perceptions of the world around us.Firstly, let us delve into the realm of physiology. The human body is a marvel of biological engineering, governed by intricate systems and processes that ensure its proper functioning. From the beating of our hearts to the firing of neurons in our brains, every aspect of our physiological state plays a crucial role in shaping our overall well-being.One of the key components of our physiological state isour autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration. The sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of this system work in tandem to maintain a delicate balance, responding to internal and external stimuli to keep us alive and functioning optimally.For instance, when faced with a perceived threat, the sympathetic nervous system kicks into gear, triggering the famous "fight or flight" response. Adrenaline floods our bloodstream, our hearts race, and our muscles tense, preparing us to either confront the danger head-on or flee from it. This physiological response is essential for our survival, allowing us to react swiftly and decisively in the face of danger.Conversely, the parasympathetic nervous system promotes a state of rest and relaxation, allowing our bodies to recover and rejuvenate after periods of stress or exertion. During restful periods, our heart rate slows, our breathing becomes deep and steady, and our muscles relax, enabling us to conserve energy and replenish depleted resources.While our physiological state undoubtedly plays acrucial role in shaping our experiences, it is equally important to acknowledge the profound influence of our psychological state. Our thoughts, emotions, andperceptions have a powerful impact on how we interpret and respond to the world around us, shaping our attitudes, behaviors, and overall well-being.Consider, for example, the phenomenon of stress. While stress itself is a physiological response to perceived threats or challenges, our psychological state plays a significant role in determining how we experience and cope with stressors. Individuals who perceive themselves as having control over a situation and possess strong coping mechanisms are better equipped to manage stress effectively, whereas those who feel overwhelmed or powerless may experience more significant negative consequences on both their physical and mental health.Furthermore, our psychological state can influence our physiological functioning in profound ways. The field ofpsychoneuroimmunology, for instance, explores the intricate connections between our thoughts, emotions, and immune system function. Studies have shown that chronic stress, depression, and other psychological factors can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to illness and disease.Moreover, our psychological state can shape our perceptions of pain and discomfort. Research has demonstrated that factors such as mood, attention, and past experiences can influence how we perceive and respond to pain stimuli. For instance, individuals experiencing chronic pain may find their symptoms exacerbated during periods of stress or anxiety, highlighting the complex interplay between mind and body.In conclusion, the relationship between physiological and psychological states is a complex and multifaceted one, with each exerting a profound influence on the other. By understanding and acknowledging the interconnected nature of our bodies and minds, we can gain valuable insights into our experiences and develop strategies for promotingholistic well-being. Only by addressing both our physiological and psychological needs can we truly thrive and lead fulfilling lives.。
设问句表达情感的例子英语
设问句表达情感的例子英语Certainly! Here are some examples of rhetorical questions expressing emotions in English:1. "Can you believe how beautiful the sunset was tonight?" (Expressing awe and appreciation)2. "Why do we always have to say goodbye to the ones we love?" (Expressing sadness and longing)3. "Is there anything more heartwarming than a child's laughter?" (Expressing joy and warmth)4. "How can anyone not be moved by the plight of the homeless?" (Expressing empathy and concern)5. "What could be more terrifying than the thought of losing everything?" (Expressing fear)6. "Why do we often take for granted the simple pleasures in life?" (Expressing regret and reflection)7. "Can there be a more rewarding feeling than helping someone in need?" (Expressing satisfaction and fulfillment) 8. "How can we not feel a sense of wonder at the vastness of the universe?" (Expressing amazement)9. "What's the point of working so hard if we can't enjoy the fruits of our labor?" (Expressing frustration)10. "Is there anything more comforting than a warm hug from a loved one?" (Expressing comfort and affection)These rhetorical questions are designed to evoke an emotional response from the listener or reader, often without expecting a literal answer.。
假设你是一名心理咨询师英语作文
假设你是一名心理咨询师英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Suppose you are a psychological counselor, and you have been approached by a client who is struggling with anxiety and low self-esteem. This client, let's call her Sarah, has been dealing with these issues for quite some time and is seeking your help to overcome them. As a counselor, it is your responsibility to provide Sarah with the support and guidance she needs to work through her challenges and lead a healthier, happier life.First and foremost, it is important to establish a strong rapport with Sarah. Building trust and a positive relationship with her will create a safe space for her to open up about her struggles and fears. Listen attentively to her concerns and show empathy and understanding towards her experiences. Let Sarah know that you are here to support her and that you believe in her ability to overcome her difficulties.Once a trusting relationship has been established, it is important to help Sarah identify the root causes of her anxiety and low self-esteem. Encourage her to explore her pastexperiences and the beliefs she holds about herself that may be contributing to her negative feelings. By examining these underlying issues, Sarah can begin to challenge and reframe negative thought patterns that are holding her back.In addition to exploring the underlying causes of her anxiety and low self-esteem, it is important to provide Sarah with practical tools and techniques to manage her symptoms. Teach her relaxation exercises, such as deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation, to help her cope with feelings of anxiety. Encourage her to practice positive self-talk and affirmations to build her self-esteem and confidence. Additionally, guide her in setting realistic goals and taking steps towards achieving them, which can help boost her sense of accomplishment andself-worth.Throughout the counseling process, it is crucial to monitor Sarah's progress and adapt your approach as needed. Regularly check in with her to see how she is feeling and whether the strategies you have implemented are helping her. Be flexible in your interventions and willing to adjust your approach based on Sarah's feedback and evolving needs.As Sarah works towards overcoming her anxiety and low self-esteem, it is important to celebrate her successes andacknowledge her progress. Encourage her to recognize her strengths and accomplishments, no matter how small they may seem. By highlighting her achievements and reinforcing her positive qualities, you can help Sarah build the confidence and resilience she needs to continue moving forward on her journey towards healing.In conclusion, as a psychological counselor, you play a vital role in supporting clients like Sarah as they navigate their mental health challenges. By establishing a trusting relationship, exploring the root causes of issues, providing practical tools and techniques, monitoring progress, and celebrating successes, you can help clients overcome anxiety and low self-esteem and lead more fulfilling lives. Remember, each client is unique, and it is important to tailor your approach to meet their individual needs and goals. With your guidance and support, clients like Sarah can break free from the grip of anxiety and low self-esteem and embrace a brighter, more hopeful future.篇2As a psychological counselor, I am passionate about helping individuals navigate through their emotional struggles, relationship issues, and personal challenges. The role of a counselor involves providing support, guidance, and anon-judgmental space for clients to explore their thoughts and feelings. It is a privilege to be able to accompany others on their journey towards self-discovery and personal growth.One of the key responsibilities of a counselor is to create a safe and confidential environment where clients feel comfortable sharing their innermost thoughts and emotions. This involves active listening, empathy, and establishing a therapeutic rapport with clients. By building a trusting relationship, I am able to help clients identify their core concerns, gain insight into their behavioral patterns, and develop coping strategies to manage their difficulties.In therapy sessions, I utilize a variety of evidence-based techniques and interventions to address clients’ specific needs. This may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness practices, solution-focused therapy, and psychodynamic approaches. Each client is unique, and it is important to tailor the therapeutic process to match their individual goals and preferences.As a counselor, I also place a strong emphasis on self-care and well-being. I encourage clients to prioritize their mental health, practice self-compassion, and engage in activities that promote overall wellness. By cultivating healthy habits andpositive coping mechanisms, clients can enhance their resilience and emotional resilience.Moreover, I am committed to ongoing professional development and self-reflection. It is essential for counselors to continuously enhance their skills, broaden their knowledge, and engage in supervision or peer support. By staying informed about current research and ethical guidelines, I can provide competent and ethical care to clients.In conclusion, being a psychological counselor is a deeply rewarding profession that allows me to make a meaningful impact in the lives of others. Through compassion, empathy, and skillful interventions, I strive to empower clients to overcome their challenges, build resilience, and cultivate a sense ofwell-being. I am grateful for the opportunity to accompany clients on their journey towards healing and personal growth.篇3If I were a psychological counselor, I would consider it a great privilege and responsibility to help individuals navigate through their emotional and mental struggles. Being a counselor requires not only a deep understanding of human behavior andemotions but also a strong sense of empathy and respect for each individual's unique experiences.One of the key aspects of being a psychological counselor is building a trusting and open relationship with clients. By creating a safe and non-judgmental space, clients would feel comfortable enough to open up about their thoughts and feelings. This foundation of trust is crucial in guiding clients towardsself-awareness and self-acceptance.As a counselor, I would also emphasize the importance of setting realistic goals and developing effective coping strategies. By helping clients identify their strengths and weaknesses, we can work together to create a personalized plan for growth and healing. Whether it's through cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness techniques, or other therapeutic approaches, my goal would be to empower clients to overcome their challenges and live a more fulfilling life.Furthermore, I believe in the power of communication and active listening in the counseling process. By truly listening to clients' concerns and validating their emotions, I can help them gain insight into their thoughts and behaviors. Through open and honest dialogue, we can explore patterns of behavior,identify triggers, and work towards finding solutions to their problems.Additionally, I would strive to stay updated on the latest research and techniques in the field of psychology. By continuing my education and training, I can provide clients with evidence-based interventions and ensure that I am offering the most effective support possible.Ultimately, my goal as a psychological counselor would be to help clients cultivate self-awareness, build resilience, and make positive changes in their lives. By offering a compassionate and supportive environment, I hope to guide individuals towards a path of healing and personal growth. The journey towards mental wellness may be challenging, but with the right guidance and support, I believe that every individual has the potential to lead a happier and more fulfilling life.。
尊重个性发展的英语作文
Respecting individuality is a crucial aspect of personal growth and societal development.In todays rapidly changing world,it is essential to recognize and appreciate the unique qualities and talents that each person brings to the table.Here are some key points to consider when discussing the importance of respecting individuality in an English composition:1.Embrace Diversity:Every individual is unique,with their own set of experiences, perspectives,and skills.Embracing diversity means valuing these differences and understanding that they contribute to a richer,more dynamic society.2.Foster Creativity:When people are allowed to express their individuality,they are more likely to think creatively and come up with innovative solutions to problems.This is vital for progress in various fields,from technology to the arts.3.Encourage Personal Growth:Respecting individuality supports personal growth by allowing individuals to explore their interests and passions.This selfdiscovery process is essential for developing a sense of identity and selfworth.4.Promote Inclusivity:Inclusive environments are those that respect and accommodate the needs and preferences of all individuals.This not only makes people feel valued but also leads to a more harmonious and productive community.5.Enhance Teamwork:In a team setting,respecting individuality can lead to better collaboration.When team members are free to contribute their unique insights and skills, the team as a whole can achieve more than the sum of its parts.6.Cultivate Tolerance:Respecting individuality involves being tolerant of others beliefs, lifestyles,and choices.This fosters a culture of acceptance and understanding,which is crucial for social cohesion.7.Support Mental Health:When people feel that their individuality is respected,they are more likely to experience positive mental health outcomes.This is because they feel seen, heard,and valued for who they are.8.Drive Economic Growth:A society that respects individuality is likely to have a more engaged and motivated workforce.This can lead to increased productivity and innovation, which are key drivers of economic growth.9.Preserve Cultural Heritage:Respecting individuality also means acknowledging and preserving the cultural heritage of different groups.This helps to maintain the richtapestry of human culture and history.10.Challenge Stereotypes:By respecting individuality,we challenge the stereotypes and prejudices that can limit peoples potential.This encourages a more openminded and fair society.In conclusion,respecting individuality is not just about acknowledging the differences among people it is about creating an environment where everyone can thrive and contribute to the best of their abilities.It is a fundamental principle that should be at the heart of any progressive society.。
高一英语心理学理论单选题30题
高一英语心理学理论单选题30题1. We often feel happy when we receive a compliment. This is an example of which psychological concept?A. MotivationB. EmotionC. CognitionD. Perception答案：B。
本题考查心理学概念。
A 选项“Motivation”是动机，与收到赞美感到开心关系不大。
B 选项“Emotion”是情绪，收到赞美感到开心是一种情绪反应。
C 选项“Cognition”是认知，与题干不符。
D 选项“Perception”是知觉，也不符合题意。
2. When we remember a happy event from our childhood, we are using which psychological process?A. LearningB. MemoryC. ThinkingD. Sensation答案：B。
A 选项“Learning”是学习，与回忆童年快乐事件不太直接相关。
B 选项“Memory”是记忆，回忆童年事件正是运用了记忆过程。
C 选项“Thinking”是思考，题干主要强调回忆不是思考。
D 选项“Sensation”是感觉，与回忆不对应。
3. If you are afraid of spiders, this is an example of whichpsychological phenomenon?A. HabitB. PhobiaC. AddictionD. Preference答案：B。
A 选项“Habit”是习惯，害怕蜘蛛不是习惯。
B 选项“Phobia”是恐惧症，害怕蜘蛛是一种恐惧症表现。
C 选项“Addiction”是成瘾，与害怕蜘蛛无关。
D 选项“Preference”是偏好，害怕不是偏好。
4. When we make a decision based on our past experiences, we are using which psychological ability?A. IntuitionB. ReasoningC. Memory recallD. Creativity答案：C。
紧张症治疗研究进展
•综述.紧张症治疗研究进展☆刘兴兰*苏雯靓F【关键词】紧张症药物治疗物理治疗心理治疗紧张症是一组伴随多种躯体及精神疾病的严重精神运动障碍综合征，主要表现为认知、情感、行为、警觉性改变及自主神经紊乱［T,发病率达&92%卩】,病程越长治疗效果越差叫因此早期快速有效的治疗至关重要。
目前已有较多关于紧张症治疗的病例系列研究和开放性前瞻性试验，但缺乏对紧张症治疗的系统性阐述，故本文将对紧张症治疗的研究现状进行综述。
1紧张症的药物治疗1.1异戊巴比妥是最早治疗紧张症的药物。
一项随机双盲安慰剂对照试验对20例缄默患者进行治疗，比较静脉注射异戊巴比妥与生理盐水的治疗效果。
10例患者注射异戊巴比妥，其中6例有反应，4例无反应，对4例无反应的患者注射生理盐水仍无反应；10例患者注射生理盐水，均无反应，随后注射异戊巴比妥，其中4例患者有反应⑸。
异戊巴比妥治疗紧张症有效，但因为其具有神经毒性、药物依赖性、过量致死等局限性，而逐渐被苯二氮罩类药物所替代。
1.2苯二氮革类药物(benzodiazepines,BZDs)通过结合•y-氨基丁酸A型(y-aminobutyricacid type A,GABA-A)受体，调节大脑中主要的抑制性神经递质GABA而产生作用，是目前治疗紧张症的首选药物回，治疗缓解率70%~ 80%［7-n］o但在精神分裂症患者中的应答率只有59.1%,而双相障碍中达97%,抑郁症93%,其他精神疾病92%,躯体疾病82%［2】。
BZDs种类较多，其中劳拉西泮因口服吸收完全、肌松作用轻微，而使用最广泛，其缓解率达79%叫BZDs对紧张症患者能快速起效凹，即使病因未明或由躯体doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0152.2020.10.013☆重庆市精神卫生中心院级课题项目(编号：2019-yjkt-20)*重庆市精神卫生中心金紫山院区男二病区(重庆401147)**重庆市精神卫生中心歌乐山院区八病区e通信作者(E-mail:*****************.com)疾病引起的紧张症也有效问。
气功和太极拳的英文介绍
气功和太极拳的英文介绍气功和太极拳的英文介绍Theoretical basis of Qigong The human body is a plicated system. Gases form, food is digested, Qi and blood circulate, saliva secretes, waste material is discharged, the PH changes, and spiritual activity influences metabolisms, all happening continuously in response to the growth of life. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) regards such physiological changes as results of fluctuations and changes in the flow and function of Qi which circulate throughout the body through channels and collaterals. Qigong is a psychopneumatological exercise, drills posture, respiration and focus of the mind in order to unclog the channels and collaterals and re-establish body equilibrium.Benefits of practicing Qigong: Qigong can affect the plex mechanism of the human body in various ways. Qigong experts and doctors in the past have done muchresearch and established many theories. Contemporary research has further proven that Qigong is a holistic exercise, which requires little of the enviro____ent but produces a positive effect on the functions of all body organs and systems or tracts.Effects on the Respiration System The effect of Qigong is very obvious on the respiratory system. Most people can deepen, prolong, invigorate and slow down their breathing after from 10-20 times per minute to 4-5 times or even fewer. When Qigong practice is effective, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide decrease. This indicates that Qigong increasesalveolar ventilation by activating gas exchange. Reduction in the number of respiration does not cause shortage of oxygen but saves much bio-physiological energy which otherwise would be consumed in more respiratory movement.Effects on the Digestive System Qigong exercise invigorates and regulates digestion. Studies have shown that the up-and-down movements of the diaphragm muscles in the Qigong-practicing group of patientswere much larger on scale than in a parison group that did not practice Qigong. The stomach fun。
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Response to the course Positive Psychology
I spent a part of time in watching <the course Positive Psychology> from the Harvard University.I will describe my ideas in the next paragraphs.
1st lesson What is positive psychology?
1、unscramble is much more vital than the item obtained.
2、Two specialities of success:(1)self-confidence——the foretell of self-actualization
(2)curiousity——question,question,question!
3、The best study is teaching others what you have already known.
4、Don't ask about what you have known,but what you have changed at the End of Semester,you know that action and changing is more vital.
5、Soul grows more by subtraction than by addition.
6、It’s not just information that determines our wellbeing.
7、We need to give much more dignity and freedom to the person.
2nd lesson Why should we study positive psychology?
1、What suitable for you is the best.The way know what is suitable for you:Try—identify—decide —engage life and study
2、We study more negative psychology than positive psychology.The negative psychology shows the shortages、weakness and mistakes about human beings,And it not mentions Potential advantages,actual desire and spiritual highly recently.
3、The aim of studying positive psychology:Self-fulfilling prophecy, concentrating on building a positive mental attitude.
4、How to foucus on what works? The important thing is not learn about"Why these people will be losers?"but "what makes them be successful".
5、Cultivating resilience, Even if you face a very adverse or dangerous environment.
6、Do more assertive trainings.,making use of social support,helping others,looking for example,recognizing your strengths.
7、Shoulder responsibility on your own initiative.
3rd lesson
1、Build a health model——Two models:disease model and health model.Try to enhance psychological immune system.
2、Five premises:build bridges,tools method and techniques,internal factors,happiness is a moral pursuit.
3、Change is possible:research possible things,research the most excellent individual,do a person who is at the happy top.。