literature diversified under new conditions果子洁
体裁的流变：加拿大当代文档诗的文体重构
World Literature Studies 世界文学研究, 2023, 11(4), 278-284 Published Online August 2023 in Hans. https:///journal/wls https:///10.12677/wls.2023.114049体裁的流变：加拿大当代文档诗的文体重构 徐 露，张 雯上海理工大学外语学院，上海收稿日期：2023年5月25日；录用日期：2023年8月7日；发布日期：2023年8月17日摘要 加拿大当代英语文坛的三部著名长诗：迈克尔·翁达杰的《比利小子作品集》、玛格丽特·阿特伍德的《苏姗娜·穆迪日记》与安·卡森的《红的自传》，都是在原有的历史材料或文学文本基础上再创造的“文档诗”。
这三首长诗在重述、整合与虚构文档的同时，也分别对自传、日记与作品集这三种载体形式进行了颠覆性解构。
通过分析三部作品分别以照片的空白、模糊与变形对摄影这种相对现代且纪实的形式的后现代主义的处理，在探究文档诗在体裁重构过程中的叙事哲学与策略的同时，亦能管窥当代加拿大文学创作的后现代主义式多元化探索和走向。
关键词加拿大，英语诗歌，文档诗，文体重构The Evolution of Genres: The Reconstruction of Genres in Canadian Documentary PoemsLu Xu, Wen ZhangCollege of Foreign Languages, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai Received: May 25th , 2023; accepted: Aug. 7th , 2023; published: Aug. 17th , 2023AbstractThree famous long poems in contemporary Canadian English literature: Michael Ondaatje’s The Collected Works of Billy the Kid , Margaret Atwood’s The Journals of Susanna Moodie and Anne Car-son’s Autobiography of Red , are all “documentary poems” recreated on basis of existing historical materials or literary texts. While restating, integrating, and fabricating documents, these three long poems subversively deconstruct the three carrier forms: autobiography, journal, and collec-tion. The three works deal with photography, the relatively modern and documentary form, by taking the blankness, blur, and distortion of photographs as clues, which can explore the narrative徐露，张雯philosophy and strategies of documentary poems in the process of the reconstruction of genres, and can also glimpse the postmodernist diversified trend and exploration of contemporary Cana-dian literary creation.KeywordsCanada, English Poetry, Documentary Poems, Genre ReconstructionThis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0)./licenses/by/4.0/1. 引言自传、日记与作品集通常被认为是纪实性或史料式的体裁，然而加拿大当代英语诗坛的三首具有代表性的“重量级”长诗，即安·卡森(Anne Carson)的《红的自传》(Autobiography of Red)、玛格丽特·阿特伍德(Margaret Atwood)的《苏姗娜·穆迪日记》(The Journals of Susanna Moodie)与迈克尔·翁达杰(Michael Ondaatje)的《比利小子作品集》(The Collected Works of Billy the Kid)，虽然分别题为“自传”、“日记”与“作品集”，却又分别对这三种文体进行了后现代式的阐释与重构，进而重新定义自传、日记与作品集。
defamiliarization英文注解
1. 什么是defamiliarization？Defamiliarization（异化）是文学理论中的一个概念，最早由俄国形式主义学派提出。
该概念指的是通过艺术手法将熟悉的事物或场景呈现得不那么熟悉，从而引起读者或观众的新鲜感和思考。
在文学和艺术领域，defamiliarization被视为一种重要的创作手法，用以打破读者的习惯感知和思维模式，引发对世界的新鲜认识和理解。
2. defamiliarization的作用defamiliarization的作用在于激发和挑战观众的感知能力和想象力。
通过将日常事物或情景呈现得陌生化和非常规化，艺术作品打破了观者的认知惯性，引发了对世界的重新认识。
这种方式能够增强作品的艺术感和创新性，提升观众的审美体验，引发深入思考和情感共鸣。
3. defamiliarization在文学中的应用在文学创作中，defamiliarization的应用十分广泛。
作家通过突破常规的叙事结构、运用特殊的语言、描绘离奇的场景等手法，创造了许多让读者眼前一亮的作品。
通过这些异化的手法，读者在阅读过程中往往能够感受到独特的艺术魅力和思维冲击，对作品产生更加深刻的印象。
4. defamiliarization在艺术创作中的实践在艺术创作领域，defamiliarization同样起到了重要的作用。
艺术家通过改变观众对日常事物的认知方式，引导他们思考现实生活中的矛盾和冲突，进而产生新的认识和体验。
这种方式能够打破观众的思维局限，激发他们对生活的新理解，同时也为艺术作品赋予了更多的意义与情感。
5. 结语defamiliarization作为一种重要的艺术表现手法，对文学与艺术创作产生了深远的影响。
它激发了作品的艺术感和创新性，同时也提升了观众的审美体验和认知水平。
通过运用defamiliarization，艺术家们能够打破既有的创作模式，呈现新颖与鲜活的艺术形式，让观众们在接触作品时获得更为丰富与深刻的感受。
Literature
by Shakespeare and by Milton, consists of unrhymed iambic pentameters. Some languages prefer longer lines; some shorter ones. Some of these conventions result from the ease of fitting a specific language's vocabulary and grammar into certain structures, rather than into others; for example, some languages contain more rhyming words than others, or typically have longer words. Other structural conventions come about as the result of historical accidents, where many speakers of a language associate good poetry with a verse form preferred by a particular skilled or popular poet.Works for theatre (see below) traditionally took verse form. This has now become rare outside opera and musicals, although many would argue that the language of drama remains intrinsically poetic.In recent years, digital poetry has arisen that takes advantage of the artistic, publishing, and synthetic qualities of digital media.ProseProse consists of writing that does not adhere to any particular formal structures (other than simple grammar); "non-poetic" writing, perhaps. The term sometimes appears pejoratively, but prosaic writing simply says something without necessarily trying to say it in a beautiful way, or using beautiful words. Prose writing can of course take beautiful form; but less by virtue of the formal features of words (rhymes, alliteration, metre) but rather by style, placement, or inclusion of graphics. But one need not mark the distinction precisely, and perhaps cannot do so. One area of overlap is "prose poetry", which attempts to convey using only prose, the aesthetic richness typical of poetry.EssaysAn essay consists of a discussion of a topic from an author's personal point of view, exemplified by works by Francis Bacon or by Charles Lamb.'Essay' in English derives from the French 'essai', meaning 'attempt'. Thus one can find open-ended, provocative and/or inconclusive essays. The term "essays" first applied to the self-reflective musings of Michel de Montaigne, and even today he has a reputation as the father of this literary form.Genres related to the essay may include:FictionNarrative fiction (narrative prose) generally favours prose for the writing of novels, short stories, graphic novels, and the like. Singular examples of these exist throughout history, but they did not develop into systematic and discrete literary forms until relatively recent centuries. Length often serves to categorize works of prose fiction. Although limits remain somewhat arbitrary, modern publishing conventions dictate the following:∙ A Mini Saga is a short story of exactly 50 words∙ A Flash fiction is generally defined as a piece of prose under a thousand words.∙ A short story comprises prose writing of between 1000 and 20,000 words (but typically more than 5000 words), which may or may not have a narrative arc.∙ A story containing between 20,000 and 50,000 words falls into the novella category.∙ A work of fiction containing more than 50,000 words falls squarely into the realm of the novel.Genres of literatureA literary genre refers to the traditional divisions of literature of various kinds according to a particular criterion of writing. See the list of literary genres.List of literary genres∙Autobiography, Memoir, Spiritual autobiography∙Biography∙Diaries and Journals∙Electronic literature∙Erotic literature∙Slave narrative∙Fictiono Adventure novelo Children's literatureo Comic novelo Crime fictionDetective fictiono Fable, Fairy tale, Folkloreo Fantasy (for more details see Fantasy subgenres; fantasy literature)o Gothic fiction (initially synonymous with horror)o Historical fictiono Horroro Medical novelo Mystery fictiono Philosophical novelo Political fictiono Romance novel▪Historical romanceo Saga, Family Sagao Satireo Science fiction (for more details see Science fiction genre)o Thriller▪Conspiracy fiction▪Legal thriller▪Psychological thriller▪Spy fiction/Political thrillero TragedyLiterary techniquesA literary technique or literary device may be used by works of literature in order to produce a specific effect on the reader. Literary technique is distinguished from literary genre as military tactics are from military strategy. Thus, though David Copperfield employs satire at certain moments, it belongs to the genre of comic novel, not that of satire. By contrast, Bleak House employs satire so consistently as to belong to the genre of satirical novel. In this way, use of a technique can lead to the development of a new genre, as was the case with one of the first modern novels, Pamela by Samuel Richardson, which by using the epistolary technique strengthened the tradition of the epistolary novel, a genre which had been practiced for some time already but without the same acclaim.Literary criticismLiterary criticism implies a critique and evaluation of a piece of literature and in some cases is used to improve a work in progress or classical piece. There are many types of literary criticism and each can be used to critique a piece in a different way or critique a different aspect of a piece.Legal statusUKLiterary works have been protected by copyright law from unauthorised reproduction since at least 1710.[2] Literary works are defined by copyright law to mean any work, other than a dramatic or musical work, which is written, spoken or sung, and accordingly includes (a) a table or compilation (other than a database), (b) a computer program, (c) preparatory design material for a computer program, and (d) a database. It should be noted that literary works are not limited to works of literature, but include all works expressed in print or writing (other than dramatic or musical works).。
解构主义思想下延异的翻译观
浅析“延异”视角下翻译的意义重构摘要：本文从三个方面对翻译进行阐述，通过浅议解构主义的“延异”的思想，从而对翻译理论进行概念整合并将其意义重构。
本文对解构主义中的“延异”了的“翻译观”进行了详细的论述和细致的分析，从而重构了的“延异”着的翻译，特别是“翻译”的民族心理和译者的主体性进行了详尽的论述。
关键词：解构延异翻译社会文化民族心理译者主体性【Abstract】The present paper discusses the translation in 3 views. With the historical origin and the inner meaning of deconstruction, we discuss the theory of the translation. The author dwells on the différance, in which we can use Derrida’s theories into the translation，especially from the ethnic psychology and the subjectivity of the translators.一、引言解构主义起源于上世纪60年代的法国，德里达等著名学者将它引入翻译学，试图打破那种形而上学的翻译观，在当时充满理性被概念化的翻译界引起一阵改革热潮，更加注重翻译的主体性和创造性，使得翻译更加灵动。
其中，德里达自创的的“延异”思想为翻译注入了活力，他反对一切封闭僵硬的体系，他宣扬的主题是：消散，意义的延异以及能指自由。
换一句话说，它强调的是语言的自由。
在德里达看来，符号概念本身被涂改而易于阅读，遭到破坏而又清晰可见。
（Derrida,1999:969）我认为：解构主义所要宣扬的并非是一种“在场”，而是一种“踪迹”。
它是难以确定，难以捉摸，无形无踪的，但是又无时不在，有人形象的描述解构主义为“戴着镣铐舞蹈”。
解构主义翻译韦努蒂
归化法是以目的语文化为归宿的翻译方法, 是基于人
类文化和语言的个性而发展。要求译者向译语读 者靠拢，采取译语读者习惯的译语表达方式，来传达
原文ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ内容。
关于归化与异化
2.异化（foreignization）eg是:H指i偏gh离b本u土ild主in流g价s 值ar观e ，springing up like 保留原文的语言和文化差异；或指在m一u定sh程ro度o上m保s，留原in Beijing 文的异域性，故意打破目标语言常规异的化翻：译犹。它如主蘑张菇在般地涌现 译表文 达中方式保。留源语文化，丰富目的语文归化化和：目的如语雨的后语春言笋般地涌现
2013年5月27日应邀做客清华大学外文系
主要著作
《对翻译的重新思考：语篇、主体性与意识形态》
（RethinkingTranslation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology)（1992）
《译者的隐身：一部翻译史》 ———成名作
（Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation)（1995）
他称这种翻译策略为“抵抗”(resistancy)。所谓“抵 抗”，就是抵抗目的语文化的种族中心主义。但同时韦 努蒂也指出，“抵抗式翻译”不适合于科技翻译，因为 科技翻译主要是为了达到交际的目的。
奈达
韦努蒂的异化的翻译主要包括：
1 选材之异。选择被主流文化排斥的文本，重构外国文学经典。 （《译者的隐身》第二章中强调了翻译选材的重要性和策略性。）
１、反对译文通顺
1 韦努蒂认为，以往翻译传统，是以民族中心主义和帝国主义的价
原型理论关照下的诗歌翻译
９ ・ ５
延 安职业 技术学 院学报
池月光 ；第四行再把乡愁也比作水 。这样 ，就用水 ，而不是圆 诵 ，同时还蕴涵着丰富的思想 。由于汉语和英语的不同，要在
把明月和乡愁联系起来 了。水意象柔软温和的特点恰好能唤起 译文中保持原文的韵律而又不改变意思几乎是不可能的事。译 西方读者淡淡的思乡之愁。这一靳泽过程，实质上是作者和译 文在译语文化 中是为了方便译语读者，主要是成年人，领会三
圆的思念。中国人历来都有团圆的习俗。每逢佳节倍思亲 ，过 年过节都要与家人团圆。圆月这一意象引起了中国人的共鸣。
这也是千百年来 《 静夜思 》 一直广为传诵的原因。西方人并没
原型的归纳性体现在事物类型之问界限的模糊性上 。每一 有团圆的习俗。天上的圆月也不会使他们想到家人的团圆。译 类型的事物都有各 自独特的特征 ，任何特征可以和一种 以上的 者充分考虑到了这一点，译文第一行把明月光比作水 ，说是一 【 日期】２Ｏ－ ３Ｏ 收稿 Ｏ９－ － ５ Ｏ 【 作者简介】呼媛媛 （９ －） 女 ， １２ ， ８ 陕西省延安人，延安大学外国 语学院， 教师； 白 红 （９８ １７一），女，山西省吕梁人 ，吕梁高等专科学校外语系，教师。
原型理论关照下的诗歌翻译
呼媛媛 ，白 红
（ ． 大学外 国语学院 ， 陕西 延安 ７ ６ ０ ；２吕梁 高等 专科 学校 外语 系，山西 吕梁 ０ ３ ０ １延安 １０ ０ ． ３ ０ ０） 【 要】 翻译是一个认知过程 ，是一个原型范畴 ，翻译是对源语语篇和译语语篇进行原型分析进 而确定最佳译文的过程。 摘 诗歌翻译作为文学翻译的一种 ，也应该从原型理论视 角进行分析，从而使译者采取正确的翻译方法，再现原文的神韵。
认 知语言学的原型理论对翻译研究有重要意义。国外对此
比较文学英文版
比较文学英文版Comparing Literature in English TranslationLiterature, as a form of artistic expression, has long been a subject of fascination and study. The act of translating literary works from one language to another is a complex and multifaceted process that can significantly impact the way a text is perceived and understood. When it comes to comparing literature in English translation, there are several key factors to consider.One of the primary challenges in translating literature is the preservation of the original work's essence. Literary texts often contain nuances of language, cultural references, and stylistic elements that can be difficult to convey accurately in a different linguistic context. Translators must navigate the delicate balance between maintaining the original's integrity and creating a version that is accessible and meaningful to a new audience.The choice of translation strategy can greatly influence the final product. Some translators may opt for a more literal approach, striving to preserve the exact wording and syntax of the original. Others may take a more dynamic or idiomatic approach, prioritizingthe conveyance of the work's overall meaning and tone over a word-for-word translation. The decision to lean towards either of these strategies can significantly shape the reader's perception of the work.Another crucial factor in comparing literature in English translation is the cultural and historical context of the original work. Literary texts are often deeply rooted in the societal, political, and philosophical landscapes of their place of origin. Translating these works into English can require extensive research and adaptation to ensure that the nuances and subtleties of the original are not lost in the process.For example, a novel written in a language with a rich tradition of oral storytelling may require a translation that captures the rhythmic and lyrical qualities of the original, rather than a more straightforward, academic rendering. Conversely, a work that is heavily influenced by a specific cultural or historical event may necessitate the inclusion of explanatory notes or contextual information to aid the English-speaking reader's understanding.The role of the translator in shaping the perception of a literary work cannot be overstated. Translators often make subjective decisions about word choice, sentence structure, and the overall tone of the translation, which can profoundly impact the reader's interpretation. In some cases, a single word or phrase can carry vastly different connotations in the target language, leading to a divergence fromthe original author's intent.Furthermore, the availability of multiple translations of the same work can also influence the comparative analysis of literature in English. Different translators may bring their own unique perspectives, styles, and biases to the task, resulting in varying interpretations of the same source material. Readers may find that comparing these translations can provide a more nuanced understanding of the original work, as well as the challenges and creative choices involved in the translation process.In addition to the linguistic and cultural considerations, the publication and distribution of translated literature can also play a role in its comparative analysis. The accessibility and visibility of a work in English translation can affect its reception and influence within the broader literary landscape. Factors such as the publisher's reputation, the translation's marketing and promotion, and the work's placement within academic or popular discourse can all contribute to its comparative standing.It is also important to acknowledge the ongoing debates and discussions surrounding the ethics and politics of literary translation. As a practice that involves the mediation and interpretation of cultural products, translation can be viewed through the lens of power dynamics, representation, and the negotiation of linguisticand cultural hegemony. Comparative analyses of literature in English translation must grapple with these complex issues and their impact on the reception and understanding of the works in question.In conclusion, comparing literature in English translation is a multifaceted endeavor that requires a deep understanding of the linguistic, cultural, and historical contexts of the original works, as well as the creative choices and interpretive decisions made by the translators. By considering these various factors, readers and scholars can gain a more nuanced appreciation for the richness and diversity of global literary traditions, as well as the transformative power of translation in shaping the way we engage with and understand the written word.。
美国文学选读课件
American Natrualism
Applied scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to the study of human beings. Influenced by Darwinism (natural selection) and psychology (Freud) Posited that men were governed by heredity（遗传） and environment. Often depict man in conflict with nature, society, or himself. Prominent from 1880-1920(ish) Naturalism, together with realism, regionalism, is a truly American mode of writing.
Two Poems to facilitate our thinking
"When I was one-and-twenty..." by A. E. Housman (1859-1936)
When I was one-and-twenty I heard a wise man say, 'Give crowns and pounds and guineas But not your heart away; Give pearls away and rubies But keep your fancy free.' But I was one-and-twenty, No use to talk to me.
接受美学关照下林语堂作品的跨文化传播
本 的 涵 并 填 补 文 本 的空 白 ， 之具 体 化 ， 终 实 现 文 本 的 意 义 。 不 同 的译 者 （ 者 ） 于 同 一 文 本 或 词 汇 会 产 生 不 同 的 审 美 使 最 读 对 体 验 ， 之 会 带来 文本 意 义 的不 同具 体 化 。这 就 能 解 释 为 何 对 同一 文 本 ， 同译 者 有 不 同 的理 解 和 阐 释 。接 受 理 论 打 破 了 以 随 不 往 以原 文 为 中心 、 者 为 中 心 的 翻译 模 式 ， 再 局 限 于 传 统 “ 实 ” “ 等 ” 作 不 忠 、对 的翻 译 标 准 ， 分 关 照 译 文 读 者 的反 应 和接 受 ， 翻 充 给 译 过 程 以及 翻 译作 品研 究 提 供 了一 个 全 新 的理 论 视 角 。
点 。 随着 科 学 的发 展 和 通 讯 领 域 的不 断革 命 ， 际 交 流 日益频 繁 而 广泛 ， 使 得 跨 文 化 传 播 在 现 代 生 活 中 发挥 着 越 来 越 重 要 国 这 的纽 带作 用 。
爱 德 华 ・霍尔 还提 出 了文 化 即传 播 ， 播 即 文 化 的 观 点 ， 传 播 定 义 文 化 传 承 的 观 点 一 直 影 响 着 跨 文 化 传 播 的 研 究 发 传 以 展 ｏ ］３｝ 语 言 是 文 化 的 载 体 ， 人 们 文 化 认 同 的工 具 之 一 ， 时 也 是 传 播 的 重 要 手 段 。 翻 译 作 为 一 种 语 言 活 动 ， 跨 文 化 ［（４ 而 ４Ｐ６ 是 同 是 传 播 的重 要 组 成 部 分 。拉 里 ・ ・ 莫 瓦 （ ａｒ Ａ 萨 Ｌ ｒｙ Ａ．Ｓ ｍｏａ） 出 翻 译 常 常 是 有 问 题 的 ， 是 因 为 在 翻译 时 要 做 到 词 汇 、 ａ ｖｒ指 这 惯
英语文学文本审视的新角度
英语文学文本审视的新角度作者：谢诗琳来源：《环球市场信息导报》2013年第11期文体学是语言学的一个分支学科。
如李龙植的《文体学与语言实践》：“文体就是在特定的交际领域，通过有目的地选择所产生的表现手段和表达方式的总体。
它是在历史上形成的，同时被整个社会所接受的完整体系。
文体学就是研究和探讨这些体系的科学。
它是为了更加有效地表达思想，对选择和运用语言材料的原则进行研究的语言学的一独立分科。
Michael Toolan的专著《文学中的语言：文体学导论》，作为一本面向文体学学习者的入门书，为英语文学文本审视提供了新的角度：以深入浅出的语言解释了文学语言学中的核心概念及主题，在细致观察作品的写作技巧的同时，探究语言产生文学效果与意味的种种途径与方式。
《文学中的语言：文体学导论》的重要特点本书的一个重要特点是，Toolan为读者设计了大量的实践活动，这对对读者具有很强的引导性和启迪性。
作者邀请读者参与大量的“实践活动”（activities），这构成本书最为突出的一个特点。
“这种“实践活动”有六个特征：（1） Toolan常常把自己放到一位读者的位置上，跟读者（“我”跟“你”）一起逐步向前走，识别和分析各种相关语言特征，探索它们意在表达什么主题意义。
（2）Toolan不断对读者提出问题，要求读者进行各种具体分析，让读者进入积极思考的状态。
（3）对有的问题，Toolan马上给出了自己的解答，这样有利于读者一步步跟随他进行分析；但对有的问题，他则不是马上给出自己的看法，而是用“§”标示，告诉读者本章最后会有评论或解答，这样就给读者留下了充分独立思考的余地：先自己寻找答案，然后再到本章最后将自己的看法与7Foolan的看法相比较和验证。
还有一些问题，’Toolan则完全交给读者去分析和回答。
（4）Toolan有时有意不将文体分析进行到底，而是要求读者在书中分析的基础上，进一步加以探讨。
（5）引导读者进行作品之间的比较，通过对照来更好地看清单个作品的效果。
文体学视角下的英文歌词汉译研究
文体学视角下的英文歌词汉译研究1. 引言1.1 研究背景The background of this research lies in the increasing interest in the study of English song lyrics translation from a stylistic perspective. Translation of song lyrics is a challenging task due to the nuances and cultural references embedded in the original text. Stylistics offers a unique approach to analyzing the language choices, rhythm, rhyme, and imagery used in song lyrics, which can provide valuable insights into the translation process.Moreover, the popularity of English songs worldwide has led to a growing demand for translated versions that capture the essence and emotions conveyed by the original lyrics. This has sparked interest in exploring innovative translation techniques and strategies to maintain the poetic and artistic qualities of the songs while ensuring the message is effectively conveyed to the target audience.Understanding the background and significance of this research will provide a foundation for exploring the methodology, challenges, and potential solutions in translatingEnglish song lyrics from a stylistic perspective. By delving into the intricacies of language and literary devices employed in songwriting, we can enhance our understanding of the cultural and artistic nuances inherent in song lyrics translation.1.2 研究意义The significance of studying English song lyrics from the perspective of stylistics lies in its potential to deepen our understanding of the intricacies of language and culture. English song lyrics are not just mere words set to music; they are complex artistic expressions that reflect the social, political, and emotional contexts of their time. By analyzing the stylistic features of these lyrics, we can uncover hidden meanings, cultural nuances, and artistic techniques that may not be immediately apparent to the casual listener.Furthermore, studying English song lyrics from a stylistic perspective can also enhance our translation skills. Translating song lyrics requires a deep understanding of both the source language and the target language, as well as an appreciation for the subtle nuances of literary style. By examining how different stylistic features are used in English song lyrics, we can develop more effective translation strategies that capture the essence and mood of the original lyrics.Ultimately, by delving into the stylistic aspects of English song lyrics, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the artistry and creativity of songwriters, as well as a better understanding of the cultural and linguistic intricacies that shape our world.1.3 研究目的The research purpose of this study is to explore the translation of English song lyrics from the perspective of stylistics. By examining the unique characteristics of song lyrics and the challenges they present in translation, this research aims to develop effective translation strategies that preserve both the form and the content of the original lyrics. Through detailed analysis of translation examples and the application of stylistic theories, this study seeks to provide insights into the complex process of translating song lyrics and contribute to the growing body of research in this field. Ultimately, the goal of this research is to enhance our understanding of how stylistic elements impact the translation of English song lyrics and to provide practical guidance for translators and researchers in this area.2. 正文2.1 文体学视角下的英文歌词翻译方法In the translation of English song lyrics from the perspective of stylistics, there are several methods that can be used to effectively convey the style and meaning of the original text while also making it appealing to the target audience.2.2 文体学视角下的英文歌词特点分析Under the perspective of stylistics, the analysis of the characteristics of English song lyrics translation is essential in understanding the nuances and complexities of the source text and how they can be effectively conveyed in the target language.2.3 文体学视角下的英文歌词翻译实例分析One example of translating English song lyrics from a stylistic perspective is Adele's song "Hello." In this song, the lyrics are emotional and introspective, reflecting the singer's feelings of longing and regret.2.4 文体学视角下的英文歌词翻译中的挑战Additionally, the subjective nature of interpreting emotions and nuances in lyrics can also be a challenge. Translators must carefully consider the context, tone, and emotion of the original lyrics to accurately convey the intended message in the target language.2.5 文体学视角下的英文歌词翻译策略Another important strategy is to pay attention to the cultural references and nuances present in the original lyrics, as these can greatly impact the overall meaning and feel of the song. Translators must be aware of these subtleties and find creative ways to convey them in the target language, whether through explanations in the translated text or through the use of equivalent cultural references that resonate with the target audience.3. 结论3.1 文体学视角对英文歌词翻译的启示：通过文体学的研究，我们可以更好地理解不同类型的英文歌词在表达情感，传达信息和表达风格上的差异。
后现代主义文学 英文
后现代主义文学英文Postmodern Literary Theory.Postmodernism is a broad movement that emerged in the mid-20th century across many disciplines, including literature, philosophy, art, and architecture. Postmodern literature is characterized by its rejection of the grand narratives and certainties of modernism, its emphasis on fragmentation, indeterminacy, and the role of the reader in creating meaning, and its exploration of the relationship between text and reality.Rejection of Grand Narratives and Certainties.One of the defining characteristics of postmodern literature is its rejection of the grand narratives and certainties of modernism. Modernism, which emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, was characterized by a belief in progress, reason, and the possibility ofobjective truth. Postmodernism, on the other hand, viewsthese grand narratives as oppressive and unrealistic.Postmodern writers argue that there is no single, objective truth, but rather multiple, subjective truths. They also argue that progress is not inevitable and that reason is often limited and unreliable. This rejection of grand narratives and certainties leads to a sense of fragmentation and indeterminacy in postmodern literature.Fragmentation and Indeterminacy.Postmodern literature is often characterized by its fragmentation and indeterminacy. Fragmentation refers to the breaking up of a text into smaller, often disconnected pieces. Indeterminacy refers to the lack of a clear or definitive meaning in a text.These techniques are used to create a sense of disorientation and uncertainty in the reader. Postmodern writers want to challenge the reader's expectations and to make them question the nature of reality.The Role of the Reader.Postmodern literature also emphasizes the role of the reader in creating meaning. In modernist literature, the author is seen as the primary source of meaning. In postmodern literature, however, the reader is seen as an active participant in the creation of meaning.Postmodern writers use a variety of techniques to involve the reader in the creative process. For example, they may use open-ended endings, unreliable narrators, and multiple perspectives. These techniques force the reader to make their own interpretations and to become active participants in the creation of meaning.Exploration of the Relationship between Text and Reality.Postmodern literature also explores the relationship between text and reality. Modernist writers believed that literature could accurately represent reality. Postmodern writers, however, argue that literature is always mediatedby language and that it is impossible to represent reality objectively.Postmodern writers use a variety of techniques to explore the relationship between text and reality. For example, they may use self-reflexive techniques, which draw attention to the constructed nature of the text. They may also use pastiche, which involves the borrowing of elements from other texts. These techniques help to create a sense of distance between the text and the reader and to make the reader aware of the constructed nature of reality.Examples of Postmodern Literature.Some notable examples of postmodern literature include:The Crying of Lot 49 by Thomas Pynchon.Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon.White Noise by Don DeLillo.The Famished Road by Ben Okri.Midnight's Children by Salman Rushdie.These novels all exhibit some of the characteristics of postmodern literature, such as the rejection of grand narratives, the emphasis on fragmentation and indeterminacy, the exploration of the role of the reader, and the exploration of the relationship between text and reality.Conclusion.Postmodern literature is a complex and multi-faceted movement that has had a profound impact on the developmentof literature in the 20th and 21st centuries. Postmodern writers have challenged many of the assumptions of modernism and have opened up new possibilities for literary expression.。
关于文学的书籍英语作文
Literature is a vast and diverse field that encompasses a wide range of written works, including novels,plays,poetry,and essays.It is a reflection of human experiences, emotions,and thoughts,and it has the power to inspire,educate,and entertain.In this essay,I will discuss the importance of literature,its various forms,and the impact it has on society.Firstly,literature is a means of selfexpression and communication.Writers use their creativity to convey their ideas,beliefs,and emotions through their works.This allows readers to gain insights into different perspectives and cultures,fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of the world around them.For example,reading a novel set in a foreign country can provide a glimpse into the lives of people from that region, their customs,and their struggles.Secondly,literature serves as a historical record.Many literary works are based on real events or inspired by historical figures,providing a unique perspective on the past.These works can help us understand the social,political,and cultural context of different time periods,as well as the motivations and actions of individuals who shaped history.For instance,Shakespeares plays often explore the lives of kings and queens,offering a dramatic portrayal of their reigns and the events that transpired during their rule. Moreover,literature has the power to entertain and inspire.A wellwritten novel can transport readers to different worlds,allowing them to experience a range of emotions and situations.This can be a source of enjoyment and relaxation,as well as a means of escapism from the stresses of everyday life.Additionally,literature can inspire readers to think critically,question societal norms,and seek change.Many authors have used their works to advocate for social justice,equality,and freedom,influencing public opinion and driving societal progress.There are various forms of literature,each with its unique characteristics and purposes. Novels are long,narrative works of fiction that tell a story with multiple characters and a developed plot.They often explore complex themes and provide a detailed examination of human nature.Plays,on the other hand,are written to be performed on stage,with dialogue and action driving the narrative.They often focus on the interactions between characters and the conflicts that arise from these relationships.Poetry is another form of literature that uses language in a creative and expressive way, often employing rhythm,imagery,and symbolism to convey meaning.Poems can be personal and introspective,or they can address broader themes and issues.Essays, meanwhile,are nonfiction works that present an authors perspective on a particular topic, often using logical arguments and evidence to support their claims.In conclusion,literature is an essential aspect of human culture and society.It provides a means of selfexpression,a historical record,and a source of entertainment and inspiration. The various forms of literature,from novels to poetry,offer unique ways of exploring the human experience and engaging with the world around us.By reading and appreciating literature,we can broaden our understanding,challenge our perspectives,and enrich our lives.。
论中国当代文学的“到人民中间去”叙事
【人文视野】DOI ：10.14182/ki.j.anu.2024.03.004论中国当代文学的“到人民中间去”叙事*方维保（安徽师范大学文学院，安徽芜湖241002）——————————————————————————————————————————关键词：到人民中间去；叙事；当代文学摘要：中国当代文学中的“到人民中间去”叙事，起源于近现代历史文化中的“到民间去”思潮。
中国文学进入当代时期，这种叙事模型随着中国当代历史的变迁，在不同的历史时期呈现出特定的时代特征。
五、六十年代的农村题材小说中的“到人民中间去”叙事主要表现为下派干部到农村领导农业合作化运动；革命历史题材小说中的“到人民中间去”叙事则主要叙述青年学生发动群众干革命或改造自我。
新时期文学则有三种型式，即伤痕文学和知青文学中对“流放地”“下放地”人民的感念、改革小说中的“到工厂去”领导改革、寻根文学对民间神秘力量的发现和文化反思小说对民间的反思。
新世纪以后的文学中，主要表现形式为身处城市的机关干部“到农村去”扶贫和搞乡村振兴，也包括“纸上还乡”等返乡叙事。
当代文学中的“到人民中间去”叙事具有多种社会文化功能。
中图分类号：I206.6文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-2435（2024）03-0028-08On the Narratives of "Going among the People"in Chinese Contemporary LiteratureFANG Weibao （School of Liberal Arts ，Anhui Normal University ，Wuhu Anhui 241002，China ）Key words ：going among the people ；narrative ；contemporary literatureAbstract ：The "going among the people"narration in contemporary Chinese literature originates from the trend ofthought of "going among the folk"in modern and contemporary cultural history.As Chinese literature entered thecontemporary period ，this narrative model ，reflecting the changing landscapes of contemporary Chinese history ，mani-fested distinct characteristics in different historical periods.In the rural-themed novels of the 1950s and 1960s ，the"going among the people"narrative primarily depicted cadre reassignment to rural areas to lead agricultural collectiv-ization movements.The narrative of "going among the people"in the revolutionary historical novels mainly tells thestory of young students initiating the masses to revolutionize or transform themselves.There are three types of litera-ture in the new period ：the nostalgia for the "exiled"and "lower-level"people in scar literature and educated youthliterature ，the leadership of reform in factory settings in reform novels ，the discovery of folk mysterious forces in root-seeking literature and the reflection on folk culture in cultural introspection novels.In the literature after the turn ofthe century ，the predominant form of expression is the urban cadres "go to the countryside"for poverty alleviationand rural revitalization ，including the "returning home on paper"narratives.The narrative of "going among the peo-ple"in contemporary literature serves many socio-cultural functions.——————————————————————————————————————————中国当代文学中的“到人民中间去”叙事，可以称之为“到民间去”叙事，也可以称之为“到群众中去”或“深入群众”叙事。
文学需新路作文
文学需新路作文题目：Charting New Paths in Literature: Embracing Innovation and DiversityIn the ever-evolving landscape of literary expression, the call for fresh perspectives, innovative storytelling techniques, and a broader embrace of diverse voices has never been more urgent. As we stand at the threshold of a new era in literary discourse, it becomes imperative to explore uncharted territories, challenge established norms, and forge ahead on a path that redefines the very essence of what literature can be.The quest for new literary frontiers begins with a radical reimagining of narrative structures. Traditional linear narratives, while time-honored and effective, must give way to more experimental forms that reflect the complexities and non-linearity of contemporary existence. Fragmented narratives, recursive loops, and multi-layered storylines can offer readers a more immersive, thought-provoking experience, mirroring the labyrinthine nature of our interconnected world. Similarly, the integration of multimedia elements, such as augmented reality, interactive fiction, or hybrid text-image formats, can push the boundaries of storytelling, inviting readers to engage actively with the textrather than passively consume it.At the heart of this literary revolution lies a commitment to amplifying underrepresented voices and narratives. Literature should serve as a mirror to society, reflecting its rich tapestry of experiences, identities, and perspectives. By fostering platforms and publishing initiatives that prioritize marginalized authors, untold stories can finally find their rightful place in the literary canon. This inclusivity not only enriches our understanding of the human condition but also challenges dominant cultural narratives, dismantling stereotypes and fostering empathy across borders of difference.Moreover, literature must venture beyond the confines of genre, embracing cross-pollination and hybridity. The rigid categorizations of fiction, poetry, drama, and non-fiction often limit the creative potential of writers and restrict readers' exposure to unconventional literary experiences. By encouraging genre-blurring works that seamlessly blend elements from different forms, we open up a space for unprecedented artistic exploration and intellectual stimulation. Such interdisciplinary endeavors can lead to groundbreaking insights, as disparate literary traditions converge to createentirely new modes of expression.Finally, literature should harness the power of digital technologies to democratize access and facilitate global dialogue. The advent of e-books, online publishing platforms, and social media has made it possible for writers from all corners of the world to share their work instantaneously, transcending geographical barriers and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. These digital tools also enable readers to engage in real-time conversations about literature, fostering a sense of community and deepening our collective understanding of the texts we encounter.题目：文学创新之路：拥抱革新与多元在不断演进的文学表达领域，对新颖视角、创新叙事手法以及广泛接纳多元声音的需求从未如此迫切。
探讨文学的英语作文高中
探讨文学的英语作文高中Literature, in its diverse forms and genres, has long been recognized as a powerful medium for human expression, reflection, and exploration. As a high school student, I have come to appreciate the profound impact that literature can have on our lives, shaping our understanding of the world and ourselves. In this essay, I will delve into the significance of literature, examining its role in personal growth, cultural enrichment, and intellectual development.Firstly, literature serves as a window into the human experience, allowing us to connect with the thoughts, emotions, and perspectives of others. Through the written word, authors invite us to step into the shoes of their characters, to empathize with their struggles, and to share in their triumphs. This vicarious experience fosters a deeper understanding of the human condition, cultivating our capacity for empathy and compassion. As we engage with literature, we are challenged to confront our own biases, preconceptions, and beliefs, ultimately broadening our horizons and encouraging personal growth.Moreover, literature plays a crucial role in preserving and transmitting cultural heritage. Across time and geography, literary works have served as repositories of cultural traditions, values, and narratives. By exploring the literary works of diverse communities, we gain insights into the rich tapestry of human civilization, its shared experiences, and its unique expressions. This cultural exchange not only enhances our appreciation for the diversity of the world but also strengthens our sense of global interconnectedness.In addition to its cultural significance, literature also serves as a powerful tool for intellectual development. The act of reading and engaging with literary texts challenges us to think critically, analyze complex ideas, and articulate our own perspectives. Through the exploration of themes, symbolism, and literary devices, we hone our analytical skills, cultivating a deeper understanding of the nuances of language and the power of storytelling. This intellectual stimulation extends beyond the classroom, as we apply the critical thinking skills developed through literature to navigate the complexities of the world around us.Furthermore, literature offers a refuge from the stresses and distractions of everyday life, providing a space for contemplation, reflection, and personal growth. The act of immersing oneself in a captivating narrative or a thought-provoking poem can be a therapeutic experience, allowing us to escape the confines of ourown experiences and explore new realms of possibility. In this way, literature serves as a sanctuary, nourishing our emotional and psychological well-being, and offering a respite from the demands of the modern world.Beyond its personal and intellectual benefits, literature also plays a crucial role in shaping social and political discourse. Literary works have long been used as vehicles for social commentary, challenging the status quo and advocating for change. From the powerful narratives of marginalized communities to the incisive critiques of societal structures, literature has the ability to amplify voices, expose injustices, and inspire collective action. In this way, literature becomes a powerful tool for social and political transformation, empowering individuals and communities to challenge the prevailing narratives and work towards a more equitable and just world.In conclusion, the significance of literature in our lives cannot be overstated. As a high school student, I have come to appreciate the multifaceted ways in which literature enriches our personal, cultural, and intellectual experiences. Through its ability to foster empathy, preserve cultural heritage, stimulate critical thinking, and inspire social change, literature emerges as a vital component of a well-rounded education and a fulfilling life. As I continue my academic journey, I am committed to further exploring the depths of literaryexpression and harnessing its transformative power to better understand myself, my community, and the world around me.。
英语世界对《人间词话》的翻译与研究
英语世界对《人间词话》的翻译与研究本文以《英语世界对《人间词话》的翻译与研究》为题，旨在探讨英语世界在翻译《人间词话》方面的研究状况，并在此基础上提出相应的建议。
《人间词话》是中国历史上著名的文艺作品，其语言内容丰富而又富于深意，具有普遍的时代性和文化意义。
随着世界的经济一体化，大量的外文翻译工作正在进行中，英语世界也为此作出了不可小觑的贡献。
从历史文献中可以看出，英语世界对《人间词话》的翻译至少可以追溯到17、18世纪。
那时，一位老外对此颇有兴趣，透过他的孩子翻译了一部分《人间词话》。
但他的翻译并没有得到多大的认可，成为另一个时期的参考价值。
随着英语世界的发展，《人间词话》在英语世界的翻译和研究越来越多。
19世纪末，《人间词话》得到更多的认可，出现了英文版本的译本。
英语世界里出现了多种不同的译本，其中最有名的是张国藩的英语译本《人间语》。
后来出现了窦文楷译本，以及郑振铎等人编写的收录了民间故事的英语译本。
此外，伴随着英语世界的翻译活动，《人间词话》的研究也开始蓬勃发展。
从20世纪起，英文版本的《人间词话》已经被认为是中国诗歌文学的标志。
不少资深学者都对此作出了贡献，其中最有名的例子是由吉兰斯泰因博士编写的《英语世界中《人间词话》研究》一书。
此外，学者们从不同的视角，如文化视角、诗学视角等，对此作出深入的研究。
此外，英语世界的学者们开始探索将《人间词话》翻译成英文的语言学问题。
他们根据翻译原则，对于《人间词话》的文化意义和语言形式进行了极其具体的探索。
他们提出，要想准确反映原文的意思，必须注意翻译过程中的文化等级、文化惯例、文化背景、原文结构、语言艺术等。
英语世界对《人间词话》的翻译和研究发挥了重要的作用，为世界文艺学界增添了新的内容。
在此基础上，建议以下几点：首先，学者们应该加强对《人间词话》的研究，研究当代英语世界对《人间词话》的翻译及其意义；其次，应当加强英语世界对《人间词话》的学术研究，探究《人间词话》诗歌抒情的特点及其对英语语言的影响；第三，应当加强对中文版本《人间词话》的研究，加深对诗句结构、内涵和格调的理解；最后，应当加强对英语世界翻译《人间词话》的比较，了解不同译者的翻译思想和理念。
接受美学视角下《尼亚加拉大瀑布》的英译研究
《戏剧之家》2019年第03期 总第303期209文化天地接受美学视角下《尼亚加拉大瀑布》的英译研究戚素丽，董银燕（宁波大学科学技术学院，浙江 宁波 315212）【摘 要】近年来接受美学视角下的翻译观逐渐走入人们的视野，主张以读者为接受主体，展开翻译活动，这给文学作品的英译带来了新启示。
基于接受美学理论，本文以英国作家查尔斯·狄更斯的抒情散文《尼亚加拉大瀑布》的张谷若译本为语料，选取文中译例进行研究，探讨其英译过程中的翻译技巧。
【关键字】接受美学；《尼亚加拉大瀑布》；英译研究中图分类号：G04 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1007-0125(2019)03-0209-03一、引言《尼亚加拉大瀑布》创作于1841年，选自十九世纪英国伟大小说家查尔斯·狄更斯的游记作品《游美札记》。
作为一篇抒情散文，其情景结合、寓情于景之处语言凝练、感情饱满。
“作者的感情完全融入在景物之中，使读者不仅看到瀑布的凛然峻伟，而且听到作者内心的呼唤，触到作者脉搏的跳动。
”（李肇星，1982）。
译者张谷若对中英文化背景有着深刻的了解，善于运用各类翻译技巧，其译文用词精炼，广为各类读者所接受，展现了抒情散文的独特美感。
鉴于此，本文基于接受美学理论，选取文中译例，分析译者在英译过程中所采用的翻译技巧。
二、接受美学理论概述及其对翻译的启示接受美学是二十世纪六十年代中期兴起的一种文学研究理论，其创始人是联邦德国康斯坦茨大学的姚斯教授。
该理论的研究重点不在于文本内部结构之间的关系，而在于读者的接受，其核心思想是“读者中心论”，即读者在文学作品传达过程中占据的重要地位。
接受美学认为，文学作品本身没有独立存在的意义，需要通过读者参与阅读使之“具体化”，即文本中本身存在的“未定点”，需要读者基于自身阅读经验和审美感知，即读者的“审美经验”，来填补文本中的空白，才具有文学意义。
接受美学理论也给文学作品翻译带来重要启示。
关于文学作品的翻译模式，杨武能（1987）提出：“文学翻译活动的全过程包括译者→作者和读者→译者→作者的阐释、接受和再创造的循环”。
“跨文化视阈下的20世纪英语文学国际研讨会”通知
出版物刊名： 外国文学研究
页码： 52-52页
年卷期： 2010年 第5期
主题词： 英语文学教学;国际研讨会;20世纪;文化视阈;哈尔滨工业大学;《外国文学研究》;华中师范大学;外国语学院
摘要：华中师范大学《外国文学研究》杂志与哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院将于2011年1月14日至17日在哈尔滨共同举办“跨文化视阈下的20世纪英语文学国际研讨会”，就美国、英国、爱尔兰、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等英语国家的文学进行研讨，诚邀国内外专家学者拨冗与会。
会议议题包括：1）20世纪文化思潮与英语文学创作；2）文本中的文化记忆与文化想象；3）性别、种族与文化；4）英语文学的生态关怀；5）英语文学的跨文化研究；6）英语文学在中国的翻译与研究；7）全球化与英语文学教学。
接受美学理论关照下影视字幕文化负载词的英译
接受美学理论关照下影视字幕文化负载词的英译王卓摘要：影视字幕作为一种语言艺术，由于其与剧情同步播放、停留时间较短，同时由于其本身的商业性，需要获得大众的认可，因此其翻译既需要语言的“雅”，也需要语言的“俗”，从而实现最大的利润。
因此无法采用传统的“信、达、雅”的翻译策略。
接受美学理论就改变了传统翻译理论以文本为中心的翻译标准，将翻译研究的视角转向了译者和译本，认为译者既是原文读者，又是原文的二次创造者，在翻译过程中译者需要充分考虑到读者的期待视野和审美需求。
本文以国产电影《英雄》和《功夫之王》中为例，从接受美学理论的角度分析了影视字幕中文化负载词的英译策略，即应该采用归化、异化、省译相结合的方式，避免过度归化造成源语文化信息的丟失、或是过度异化妨碍译入语观众的理解、又或者过度冗余影响观众对影片的理解，以期为我国的影视字幕翻译工作者们提供一定的参考借鉴。
关键词：影视字幕;文化负载词;接受美学理论;翻译策略引言在全球化日益发展的今天，随着中外影视文化交流的日益频繁，越来越多的中国电影开始进军国际市场，走上了世界的舞台。
电影已经成为人们快速地获取异域信息、领略异域风情的重要媒介手段之一[1]。
但是，由于中西方文化的差距，外国观众在欣赏中国的影视大片时，常常由于文化上的理解困难而影响对剧情发展的理解，从而影响了观众对于中国影视的正面评价。
因此，如何使外国观众跨越文化的差异、领略到中国电影的魅力便成了一个重要的问题。
可以说，影视字幕翻译的好坏已经成为决定电影成败的试金石。
翻译不仅仅是不同文字之间的翻译，更是一种跨文化行为。
影视字幕作为一种语言艺术，由于其与剧情同步播放、停留时间较短，同时由于其本身的商业性，需要获得大众的认可，因此其翻译既需要语言的“雅”，也需要语言的“俗”，从而实现最大的利润。
因此无法采用传统的“信、达、雅”的翻译策略。
为了将中国优秀影视更好的推向国际市场，我们要结合影视字幕翻译的特点，提高翻译质量。
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The influence of Existentialism • Definition：Existentialism was a European philosophy that informed and inspired a whole generation of American writers and artists in the 1950s and 1960s. P278
• 存在主义产生于第一次世界大战之后。第一次世 界大战是欧洲资产阶级文明终结的开端。随着现 代时期的到来，人进入了历史中的非宗教阶段。 此时，虽然人们拥有了前所未有的权利、科技、 文明，但也同时发现自己的无家可归。随着宗教 这一包容一切的框架的丧失，人不但变得一无所 有，而且变成一个支离破碎的存在物。他没有了 归宿感，认为自己是这个人类社会中的“外人”， 自己将自己异化。在他迫切的需要一种理论来化 解自己的异化感觉时，存在主义就应运而生了。
• These social activities produced new energies, new ideas, and new conditions. • A wider variety of intellectual and stylistic [staɪˈl ɪstɪk]文体的 forms emerged. • The “beat generation”垮掉的一代
• Nietzsche 德国哲学家尼采 • Kierkeggard克尔恺郭尔；存在主义者 • Dostoevsky [ˈd ɒstəˈj ɛfski]杜思妥也夫斯基
• Existentialism is, strictly speaking, a philosophy formulated in the first half of the 20th century, with Heidegger海德格尔 , Sartre萨特 and Camus加缪 （法国小说家、剧作家） being the three main representatives. •
• Key words: railroad, big city, the center of a network of world communications linked by airplanes, internets, cell phones, and fax
Two halves of a 50-year period
Two halves of a 50-year period
Two halves: with the 1950s and 1960s being the first half and with the second half, covering several decades, beginning in the 1960s.
• 存在主义（Existentialism），又称生存主义，当 代西方哲学主要流派之一。这一名词最早由海德 格尔提出。存在主义是一个很广泛的哲学流派， 主要包括有神论的存在主义、无神论的存在主义 和人道主义的存在主义三大类，它可以指任何以 孤立个人的非理性意识活动当作最真实存在的人 本主义学说。存在主义以人为中心、尊重人的个 性和自由，认为人是在无意义的宇宙中生活，人 的存在本身也没有意义，但人可以在存在的基础 上自我造就，活得精彩。
The Korean War
1947
1950.6.25 1953.7.27
The Vietnam War
1954
1955 1968
1975
1991
McCarthism
The Civil Rights Movement
The Cold War
Two halves of a 50-year period
• Postmodernism(s) • Theory and deconstruction
Two halves of a 50-year period • For the development of American literature from the end of World War Ⅱ till today, a period of more than half a century, a single phrase does not suffice. P275 • The conditions: historical, social, cultural, political and intellectural — under which American literature has became diversified.
Thank you!
Two halves of te 1960s and early 1970s, the world has undergone some dramatic changes. P276
• Colonialism has come to an end. • The Berlin War fell in the 1990s. • The postcolonial literature has come into being and has become a main feature of culture production in the last 30 years. • The event of 9/11 in 2001→new chaos Immigrants • Ethnic literature—including Native American literature, Asian American literature, Latino American literature, and others—has finally been recognized as significant components of American literature.
• About this 50-year period, it is quite clear in retrospect [ˈretroʊspekt]回顾 that the first 20years and the last 30 years are almost like two eras. P278
Two halves of a 50-year period
• In the first half of the period • Leadership of the Western capitalist world, the role of world policemen, an imperialist role in the world
• To gain a more conceptual understanding, we might also make a brief review under three subheadings: the influence of existentialism; postmodernism; critical theory and deconstruction.
• Existence precedes essence—this is the first and most important principle of Existentialism. “存在先于本质”为萨特所 提出，代表了存在主义的形而上学。
• The idea of absurdity [əb'sɜːdəti]荒诞 is thus central to existentialism.
Part 5 American Literature Diversified: 1945 to the New Millennium
Chapter 21 Literature Diversified Under New Conditions
• Two halves of a 50-year period • The influence of Existentialism
Two halves of a 50-year period
• Perhaps the most significant change is the on-going information revolution, which is profoundly transforming the ways in which man perceives the world.