美国Loadstar公司,美国Loadstar产品
安吉星产品分析
安吉星Onstar上海安吉星(OnStar)信息服务有限公司成立于2009年10月28日，由通用汽车、上汽集团和上海通用共同出资组建。
上海安吉星(OnStar)信息服务有限公司是为通用汽车在华制造，生产和销售的系列车型提供安全，保障和车载信息服务的行业领先供应商上海安吉星的母公司美国OnStar是美国处于领先地位的车载信息服务系统供应商。
最初，通用汽车利用旗下子公司EDS和休斯电子在IT技术及汽车电子方面的领先技术和丰富经验组建了美国OnStar，旨在为车主提供全方位的安全保障和不断创新的人性化车载信息服务。
截止目前，安吉星(OnStar)在全球已经拥有700万的用户，中国近100万用户。
对于一辆配有OnStar系统的汽车而言，OnStar系统的车身硬件部分包含几大模块：用户控制模块；用于碰撞监测和强度计量的传感器；用于定位的车内GPS、用于对发动机/车灯/车锁等系统进行有限度控制的车身控制单元；用于拨打电话和与OnStar呼叫中心通信的免提电话；用于与服务中心传输所有以上系统数据的CDMA无线通信模块。
1.碰撞自动求助（自动请求）在搭载安吉星系统的车辆发生碰撞事故时，只要传感器检测到碰撞强度大于临界点（即使安全气囊没有爆开的情况下），车辆的信号发射器就会第一时间自动连接上海的呼叫中心紧急救援坐席。
工作人员在接通电话后会根据不同情况极力保障驾驶者安全，并依托安吉星和全国3400家110指挥中心的合作和卫星定位系统，及时找到车辆并救治伤员。
并在必要时将以下信息提供给相应的救援机构进行救援。
1.碰撞方向和碰撞力度2.是否发生了多次碰撞3.是否发生了翻车事故（如果您的车辆拥有翻车传感器）4.是否有安全气囊爆开以及爆开的安全气囊的数量及位置碰撞呼救”功能其他车载系统中虽说也能实现，但并不完善。
例如丰田G-book，其可以实现紧急呼救功能，但却必须人工按键，这并不符合严重碰撞事故中的应用场景。
而安吉星则无需人工按键，人性化服务可见一斑。
SUNSTAR商斯达实业集团 产品说明书
SUNSTAR商斯达实业集团是集研发、生产、工程、销售、代理经销、技术咨询、信息服务等为一体的高科技企业，是专业高科技电子产品生产厂家，是具有10多年历史的专业电子元器件供应商，是中国最早和最大的仓储式连锁规模经营大型综合电子零部件代理分销商之一,是一家专业代理和分銷世界各大品牌IC 芯片和電子元器件的连锁经营綜合性国际公司。
在香港、北京、深圳、上海、西安、成都等全国主要电子市场设有直属分公司和产品展示展销窗口门市部专卖店及代理分销商，已在全国范围内建成强大统一的供货和代理分销网络。
我们专业代理经销、开发生产电子元器件、集成电路、传感器、微波光电元器件、工控机/DOC/DOM电子盘、专用电路、单片机开发、MCU/DSP/ARM/FPGA软件硬件、二极管、三极管、模块等，是您可靠的一站式现货配套供应商、方案提供商、部件功能模块开发配套商。
专业以现代信息产业（计算机、通讯及传感器）三大支柱之一的传感器为主营业务，专业经营各类传感器的代理、销售生产、网络信息、科技图书资料及配套产品设计、工程开发。
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欢迎各厂商互通有无、交换信息、交换链接、发布寻求代理信息。
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全球星技术公司EM-406 GPS引擎板说明说明书
D o cV e r s i o n2.1GPS RECEIVER ENGINE BOARDGL O B AL S A T TE C H N O L O GY C OR P OR ATI O N GPS Engine Board Specifications2006GlobalSat Technology Corporation(Taiwan)16F,No.186Jian Yi Road,Chung Ho City,Taipei,235,Taiwan.USGlobalSat,Inc.(USA)1308John Reed Court,City of Industry,CA91745globalsat.coT able of ContentsEM-406GPS BOARD OVERVIEW (1)FEATURES (1)SPECIFICATIONS (2)PIN ASSIGNMENT (3)PIN DESCRIPTIONS (3)DIMENSIONS (4)PULSE PER SECOND TEST POINT (5)MOUNTING (6)NMEA&SiRF COMMAND LINKS (6)EM-406GPS BOARDOVERVIEWThe EM-406GPS engine board is low cost but maintains high reliability and accuracy making it an ideal choice for integration with OEM/ODM systems.The EM-406features an integrated patch antenna for complete implementation.FEATURES:1.SiRF Star III high performance GPS chipset2.Very high sensitivity(Tracking Sensitivity:-159dBm)3.Extremely fast TTFF(Time To First Fix)at low signal levels4.Supports the NMEA0183data protocol5.Built-in SuperCap to maintain system data for rapid satellite acquisition6.Built-in patch antenna7.Foliage Lock for weak signal trackingpact in size9.All-in-view20-channel parallel processing10.Snap Lock100ms re-acquisition time11.Superior urban canyon performance12.WAAS/EGNOS supportSPECIFICA TIONS General-ReceiverChipset:SiRF Star IIIFrequency:L1,1575.42MHzC/A Code:1.023MHz chip rate Channels:20channel all-in-view tracking Sensitivity:-159dBmAccuracyPosition:10meters,2D RMS5meters,2D RMS,WAAS enabled Velocity:0.1msTime:1 s synchronized to GPS time DatumDefault:WGS-84Acquisition TimeReacquisition:0.1sec.,averageHot Start:8sec.,averageWarm Start:38sec.,averageCold Start:42sec.,average Dynamic ConditionsAltitude:18,000meters(60,000feet)max Velocity:515meters/second(1000knots)max Acceleration:Less than4gJerk:20m/sec**3PowerMain Power Input:4.5V~6.5V DC InputPower Consumption:70mA(35mA trickle mode) Backup power:+2.5V to+3.6VBackup current:10uA typicalProtocolElectrical Level:TTL level,Output Voltage Level:0V~2.85VBaud Rate:4800bpsOutput Message:NMEA0183GGA,GSA,GSV, RMC(VTG,GLL optional)Physical CharacteristicsDimensions:1.181”x1.181”x0.413”(30mm x30mm x10.5mm) Operating Temperature:-40F to+176F(-40C to+85C) Humidity:Up to95%non-condensingPINASSIGNMENTPIN DESCRIPTIONSVCC:(DC power input):This is the main DC supply for a4.5V~6.5V power module board.TX:This is the main transmit channel for outputting navigation and measurement data to user’s navigation software or user-written software.RX:This is the main receive channel for receiving software commands to the engine board from SiRfdemo software or from user-written software.Normally this pin must be kept High and if you don’t use this pin please connect a resistor to3.5V to pull it high.GND:GND provides the ground for the engine boards.Be sure to connect all groundsDIMENSIONSPULSEPER SECONDTESTPOINTTP10=1PPS TIME MARK OUTPUTMOUNTINGRecommended mounting methods:e industrial grade double-sided foam tape.Place it on the bottom side of the engine board.b.A recessed cavity in your housing design with a foam pad to eliminate shifting or movement.e provided mounting holes on the GPS engine board PCB.NMEA&SiRFCOMMAND LINKSPlease download the latest output and control commands from our web-site:NMEA Command Reference Manual(/downloads/NMEA_commands.pdf)SIRF Binary Protocol Reference Manual(/downloads/SiRF_Binary_Protocol.pdf)All product specifications contained in this document are subject to change without notice.NOTES:。
石油英语词汇（L3）_生物化学英语词汇
load at certain elongation 定伸长载荷load at specifide elongation 定伸长载荷load ball 负载球load bearing grain 承载颗粒load bearing solids 骨架砂load binder 扎紧管子的装置load brake 重锤刹车load capacity of lubriciant 润滑剂负荷能力load capacity 负荷容量load cast 负载铸型load cell 负载变送器load change test 变负荷试验load characteristic 负载特性load circuit 负载电路load control 负载控制load current 负载电流load curve 负荷曲线；钻压曲线load deflexion 载荷挠度load distribution 载荷分布load double precision 双精度装入load down 降负荷load draft 重载吃水load drum 提升滚筒；起重滚筒load duration curve 荷载持续曲线load factor 负载因数load fluid 携砂液load fold 负载褶皱load guy line 负荷绷绳load in bulk 散装装料load increment 载荷增量load indicator 指重表load input tensile tester 输入载荷强力试验仪load length 负荷长度load limit 载荷极限load limiter 载荷限制器load line 吃水线load measuring recorder 荷重测录器load metamorphism 负载变质作用load module 负载模；压坑load module library 输入模块库load module 输入模块load oil 压裂工作油；油井起流油load on bit 钻头负荷load pocket 负载囊load point 信息起止点load pouch 负载囊load prediction 负荷估计load setter 负载定值器load setting unit 负载定值装置load shedding 卸载load strain diagram 载荷应变曲线图load striation structure 负载擦痕构造load supporting capability 承载能力load switch 置数开关load tension 负载张力load test 负荷试验load water line coefficient 满载水线面积系数load water line 满载水线load water 压裂工作水；积水load wave 负载波纹load 负荷load-and-go 装入立即执行load-bearing capacity 承载能力load-bearing formation sand 承载地层砂load-carrying ability 载荷能力load-carrying area 加载面积load-carrying capacity 提升能力load-carrying swivel joint 承载旋转接头load-cast lineation 负载铸型线状构造load-cast striation 负载铸型条痕load-deflection curve 载荷-挠度曲线load-deformation curve 应力-应变曲线load-deformed mark 荷载变形痕迹load-elongation curve 载荷伸长曲线load-free speed 无载荷速度load-measuring device 负荷测量装置load-off 卸荷load-point marker 起止点标记load-position diagram 示功图load-through 全装load-up condition 载荷状态；载荷条件load-up stop-motion 过载自停装置loadability 承载能力loadage 货重loadamatic control 负载变化自动控制loaded impedance 负载阻抗loaded length 载荷长度loaded matching 载荷匹配loaded stream 含泥沙河流loaded string 充液钻柱loaded 加载的loader routine 输入程序loader 装载机loader-digger 装载挖掘两用机loader-dozer 装载推土两用机loading agent 增重剂loading and unloading operation 装卸作业loading arm 装油鹤管loading berth 装货泊位loading board 加料板loading bridge 灌油桥台loading buoy 装油浮筒loading chemical 注入化学剂loading coefficient 负荷系数loading coil 加感线圈loading depot 装货站loading dock 灌油码头loading error 装入误差loading facility 装油设施loading factor 载荷系数loading flexible conduit 装油软管loading hose 装油软管loading in bulk 散装loading installation 装油设施loading line 灌注线loading mandrel 装卡片的圆筒loading material 填料loading on board 装船loading operation 装油作业loading piston 承载活塞loading plate 承载板loading platform 装货台loading pole 爆炸杆loading port 装货港口loading program 装油计划loading pump 装油泵loading rack 灌油桥台loading ratio 荷载比loading routine 输入程序loading space 装载空间loading spring 负载弹簧loading strength 承载强度loading stress 载荷应力loading system 加载系统loading table 容积表loading tray 加料盘loading valve 装卸阀loading voucher 装货单loading 负荷loadingunloading rate 装卸率loadometer 测荷仪；车辆过磅器；测压仪loadstar 北极星；指导原则loadstone 磁石loam 沃土loan certificate 贷款证券loan consortium 贷款团loan fund 贷款资金loan interest rate 贷款利率loan note 贷款证loan on real estate 不动产抵押放款loan on security 抵押贷款loan trust 贷款信托loan value 贷款额loan 贷款；外来语；公债loandeposit ratio 贷款-存款比率loans payable 应付借款loans receivable 应收放款lob 平衡线法lobate delta 朵状三角洲lobate pattern 舌状图象lobate rill mark 朵状细流痕lobate vessel 叶瓣状外壳lobe pattern 波瓣图lobe 凸起；叶lobed filament 叶片状异形长丝lobing 天线波束的控制lobster 龙虾；飞机上的反干扰探寻设备loc 地方loc 地方的loc 位置loc. cit 引证local acceptance 当地承兑local action 局部作用local address 局部地址local anisotropy 局部各向异性local area network 地区网络local bending 局部弯曲local cell 局部电池local civil time 地方民用时local cleavage 局部劈理local climate 小气候local coefficient 局部系数local constraint 地区约束local convergence 局部收敛local corrosion 局部腐蚀local data bank 局部数据库local datum 地方基准面local deformation 局部变形local derivative 偏导数local dip 局部倾斜local discretization error 局部离散误差local display unit 就地显示装置local equilibrium distribution 局部均衡分布local erosion 局部侵蚀local error 局部误差local extrapolation operator 局部外推算子local fault 局部故障local field 局部场local flow 局部流动local gradation 区域分级local gravity 局部重力值local grid refinement 局部网格加密local hardening 局部淬硬；局部硬化local horizon 地平线local hour angle 地方时角local income tax 地方所得税local indexing 局部变址local material 当地材料local maximum 局部最大值local memory 局部存储器local meridian 地方子午线local mesh reflnement 局部网格加密local metamorphism 局部变质作用local minimization problem 局部极小化问题local minimum 局部最小值local mode 本机方式；局部模式local optima 局部选优local optimum 局部最优local orientation 局部定向local oscillator 本机振荡器local overheating 局部过热local peat 潜育泥碳local population 地方种群local pore pressure 局部孔隙压力local pressure system 局部压力系统local project 地方项目local property 局部性质local race 地方种local refinement 局部加密local register 局部寄存器local relief 局部地形起伏local repressentation 局部显示local resistance 局部阻力local resources 地方资源local saddle 局部鞍状构造local stock 地区仓库local storage 局部存储器local store 地区库存local stratigrapic range 局部地层延限local surtax 地方税local tax 地方税local terminal 本地终端local thickness 局部厚度local time 地方时local trap 局部圈闭local true time 地方真时local unconformity 局部不整合local value 局部值local variable 局部变量local water 地层水local 地方的local-range-zone 局部延限带locality 地点localization method 定位法localization of fault 故障定位localization 定位localizator 定位器localize 局部化localized attack 局部侵蚀localized band 定域键localized cooling 局部冷却localized oxide 局部氧化层localizer 航向信标；定位器localizing system 局部化系统locally minimax property 局部极小极大性locate mode 定位方式locate statement 定位语句locate 定位；位于；设置located 定位的；设置的locating arrangement 定位装置locating bush 定位套locating device 定位装置locating pin 定位销locating ring 定位环locating shoulder 定位台肩locating sleeve 定位套locating 定位location clause 地点条款location correction 位置校正location crosshair 位置十字丝location diagram 图幅位置示意图location free procedure 浮动过程location identifier 存储区标识符location index 图幅接合表location indicator 定位指示器location map 定位图location marker 位置标识器location of instruction 指令存储单元location of leak 泄漏地点location of malfunction 事故位置测定location of well 定井位location stack register 存储区栈寄存器location survey 定线测量location 位置locator mandrel 定位心轴locator meams 定位方式locator of pipe 探管器locator sub 定位接头locator tubing seal nipple 油管定位密封接头locator 探测器loch 海湾lochriea 洛奇索与测距locked coil wire 密封钢丝绳locking off 切断locking ring 扣环；锁环lockopen device 锁定在开启位置的装置locomotive oil 机车油locus 轨迹lodge claim 提出索赔loferite 收缩孔碳酸盐岩loft 低频射电望远镜loft 顶楼lofting 放样；理论模线的绘制loftsman 放样工log analysis centre 测井分析中心log analyst 测井分析家log binomial distribution 对数二项分布log book 钻井记录log calibration 测井曲线标定log computing centre 测井计算中心log data base 测井数据库log data 测井数据log deflection opposite 测井曲线偏转幅度log editing 测井曲线编辑log file editing 测井文件编辑log form 测井记录格式log format 测井记录格式log heading 测井图头log information standard format 测井信息标准记录格式log information 测井资料log interpretation chart 测井解释图板log level indicator 对数电平指示线log line 测程仪绳log mean temperature 对数平均温度log measurement 测井测量log of hole 钻井地质柱状图log operation system 测井操作系统log paper 对数纸log parameter 测井参数log presentation 测井显示log probability graph 对数概率图log processing center 测井资料处理中心log quality control 测井质量控制log reading 测井读数log repeatability 测井重复性log resolution 记录分辨率log response 测井响应log scale 对数标尺log sheet 钻井地质柱状圈log value 测井值log zero 测井零线log 测井log-convertor 对数变换器log-derived clay volume 测井导出的粘土体积log-in 记入log-inject-log 测-注-测log-like seismic displays 地震合成测井曲线log-lithofacies data-base 测井-岩相数据库log-log analysis 双对数曲线分析log-log coordinate 双对数坐标log-log diagnosis plot 双对数诊断曲线log-log graph 双对数曲线图log-log paper 双对数坐标纸log-log plot 双对数坐标图log-log scale 重对数图尺log-log transformation 重对数变换log-log type curve 双对数型曲线log-marker correlation 测井标准层对比log-mean temperature difference 对数平均温差log-off 注销log-on 记入log-transformation 对数变换log. 对数logarithm table 对数表logarithm 对数logarithmic amplifier 对数放大器logarithmic analysis 对数分析法logarithmic approximation 对数近似logarithmic calculator 对数计算器logarithmic computation 对数计算logarithmic contour interval 对数等值线距logarithmic coordinate 对数坐标logarithmic creep 对数蠕变logarithmic criteria 对数判定法logarithmic crossplot 对数交会图logarithmic decline curve 对数递减曲线logarithmic function amplifier 对数函数放大器logarithmic function 对数函数logarithmic graph 对数图logarithmic grid 对数网络logarithmic homologur 对数同系物logarithmic increment 对数增量logarithmic interval 对数间距logarithmic mean temperature difference 对数平均温差logarithmic mean temperature 对数平均温度logarithmic normal distribution 对数正态分布logarithmic paper 对数坐标纸logarithmic probability paper 对数概率纸logarithmic ratemeter 对数率表logarithmic scale 对数比例尺logarithmic spiral 对数螺线logarithmic straight line equation 对数直线方程logarithmic tables 对数表logarithmic term 对数项logarithmic time base 对数时基logarithmic transformation 对数变换logarithmic viscosity number 比浓对数粘度logarithmic 对数的logarithmically calibrated scale 对数标度logarithmically distributed radial node 对数分布的径向结点logged up 上行测井loggen down 下行测井logger 记录器logging cable 测井电缆logging correction 测井校正logging current 测井电流logging device 测井仪器logging equipment 测井装备logging head 测井仪器接头logging instrument 测井下井仪器logging instrumentation 测井仪器logging interval 记录间隔logging mode 测井方式logging motion arrestor 测井升沉制动器logging multiple regression analysis 测井多元回归分析logging oscillograph 测井示波仪logging point 测井点logging program 测井程序logging sensitivity 测井灵敏度logging speed 测井速度logging suite 测井系列logging technology 测井技术logging tool response 测井仪器响应logging tool 测井下井仪器logging trace 测井曲线logging truck 测井车logging unit 测井拖橇；测井仪logging while drilling apparatus 随钻测井仪logging wire selection 测井缆芯选择logging 测井logging-while-drilling tool 随钻测井仪logging-while-drlling 随钻测井loghdg 测井图头logic add 逻辑加logic algebra 逻辑代数logic analysis 逻辑分析logic array 逻辑阵列；逻辑数组logic behavior 逻辑特性logic circuit 逻辑电路logic comparison 逻辑比较logic deccsion model 逻辑决策模型logic decision 逻辑判定logic design automation 逻辑设计自动化logic design 逻辑设计logic device 逻辑装置logic diagram 逻辑框图logic difference 异logic element 逻辑元件logic error 逻辑错误logic family 逻辑系列logic gate 逻辑门logic level 逻辑电平logic matrix 逻辑矩阵logic multiply 逻辑乘logic node 逻辑节点logic operation 逻辑操作logic oscilloscope 逻辑示波器logic product gate 与门logic product 逻辑积logic shift 逻辑移位logic simulation 逻辑模拟logic sum 逻辑和logic symbol 逻辑符号logic unit 逻辑装置logic 逻辑；工作程序；逻辑部分logic-sum gate 或门logical add 逻辑加logical addition 逻辑加法logical address 逻辑地址logical assignment statement 逻辑赋值语句logical block 逻辑单元logical calculus 逻辑演算logical circuit 逻辑电路logical combination 逻辑组合logical comparison 逻辑比较logical computer 逻辑计算机logical condition 逻辑条件logical connector 逻辑连接符logical constant 逻辑常数logical control organ 逻辑控制机构logical data path 逻辑数据通路logical decision analysis 逻辑决策分析logical design 逻辑设计logical diagram 逻辑图logical difference 异logical engineering method 逻辑工程方法logical equatiion 逻辑方程logical expression 逻辑表达式logical file 逻辑文件logical if statement 逻辑条件语句logical inputoutput 逻辑输入输出logical machine 逻辑计算机logical message 逻辑信息logical model 逻辑模型logical multiplication 逻辑乘法logical multiply 逻辑乘logical name 逻辑名logical network 逻辑网络logical operation unit 逻辑操作部件logical operation 逻辑操作logical operator 逻辑算子logical or 逻辑或logical order 逻辑指令logical organization 逻辑结构logical orientation 逻辑定向logical path 逻辑路径logical program 逻辑程序logical record 逻辑记录logical rule 逻辑尺logical shift left 逻辑左移logical shift right 逻辑右移logical shift 逻辑移位logical sum 逻辑和logical symbol 逻辑符号logical unit 逻辑装置logical value 逻辑值logical 逻辑的logical-analysis framework 逻辑解析结构logicality 逻辑性logically true 逻辑正确logicor 逻辑磁心logistic curve 增加曲线logistic 逻辑的；对数的logistics 后勤logitron 磁性逻辑元件lognormal component 对数正态分量lognormal cumulative frequency 对数正态累积频率图lognormal distribution 对数正态分布lognormal frequency distribution 对数正态频率分布lognormal model 对数正态模型lognormal probability 对数正态概率lognormal 对数正态lognormality 对数正态logo =logotypelogometer 测电流比计；比率表；对数计算尺logos 测井操作系统logotype 连合活字；标识；商标；作为标志的语句logout 运行记录logs 钻井记录logy casing 堆下的套管logy drill column 不易起下的钻柱logy 阻卡的loi 未点燃的loi 杂质限度loipon 强化学风化残积层lom 有机变质程度londinian 浪丁阶london discount market association 伦敦贴现市场同业公会london force 伦敦力london internal bank offer rate 伦敦银行同业拆放利率london stock exchange 伦敦股票交易所long array 长组合long chain alcohol defoamer 长链醇消泡剂long chain molecule 长链分子long chain polymer 长链聚合物long computer potentiometer 计算器长轴电位器long credit 长期信用证long delay 长时延迟long distillate 宽馏分long division 长除法long draft system 大牵伸系统long duration test 耐久试验long electrode 长电极long fishing neck 长打捞颈long form 详细格式long hollow barrel 长空心筒long horizontal traverse well 大斜度井long interval method 长间隔法long interval 长层段long lasting sand control treatment 长效防砂作业long lateral device 长梯度电极系long life bearing 长寿命轴承long life oil 长寿油long life 长使用期限long line current 电流线long link chain 长环链long lower window count rate 长源距下部窗口计数率long migration 长距运移long normal device 长电位电极系long normal 长电位long number 长数long offset recording 大偏移距记录long period bond 长期债券long period lever 长周期摆long period pendulum 长周期摆long period static 长周期静校正long period vertical seismograph 长周期垂直地震仪long period vessel 长周期船long poop 长艉楼long position 多头long precision 多倍精度long profile 纵剖面long pulse 长脉冲long radius reducing elbow 长径异径弯头long radius 大半径long range 远距离的long residuum 常压渣油long ridged dune 长脊沙丘long rigid logging tool 长刚性测井仪器long run test 长期试验long run 远程的long shutdown 长期停产long spaced acoustilog 长源距声波测井long spaced densilog 长源距密度测井long spaced detector 长源距探测器long spaced 长源距的long spacing count rate 长源距计数率long spacing detector 长源距探测器long spread of detector 长检波器排列long squeeze 长程挤注long string tailpipe 长管柱尾管long string 长管柱long strke bumper sub 长冲程震击器long stroke pumping unit 长冲程抽油机long stroke 长冲程long substrate blank 加长复合片long term predictive deconvolution 长项预测反褶积long term storage 长期储存long term test 长期试验long thread casing 长螺纹套管long thread 长螺纹long ton 长吨long tongs 长柄管钳long toothed bit 长齿钻头long upper window count rate 长源距上部窗口计数率long wave phase 长波相long wave 长波long wavelength gravity map 长波长重力图long wavelength 长波长long wheelbase grader 长车架平地机long word 长字long 长的long 经度long-base method 长基线法long-core test 长岩心驱替试验long-distance remote control 长距离遥控long-distance 远距离的long-duration measurement 长期计量long-flame coal 长焰煤long-form report 详细查帐报告long-half-life material 长半衰期物质long-life lithium battery 长寿命锂电池long-life performance 长期使用特性long-life tube 长寿命管long-lived element 长寿命元素long-lived fault 长期活动断层long-lived 使用期长的long-nose plier 长嘴钳long-path multiple 长程多次波long-path 长路径long-period array 长周期组合long-period multiples 长周期多次波long-period reverberation 长周期混响long-period seismometer 长周期检波器long-period water bottom multiples 长周期水底多次波long-period 长期的long-range clock 慢钟long-range fossil 长时限化石long-range navigation 远程导航long-range particle 长射程粒子long-range planning 长期规划long-range research 长期研究long-range system 远程导航系统long-run analysis 长期分析long-run average cost 长期平均成本long-run standards 长期标准long-stroke hydraulic snubbing unit 长行程液压不压井起下作业装置long-stroke pump 长冲程泵long-term benefit 长期受益long-term bill 长期汇票long-term climatic cycle 长期气候循环long-term corrosion test 长期腐蚀试验long-term drift 长期掉格long-term forecasting 长期预测long-term liability 长期负债long-term objective 长期目标long-term operation 长期运转long-term pressure drawdown test 长时间压降试井long-term seal 长效密封long-term solvency 长期偿付能力long-term state economic programme 国家长期经济计划long-term trend 长期趋势long-term 长期的long-time base 测长距扫描long-time cycle 长周期long-time memory 长时存储器long-wave limit 长波范围long-wavelength residual static 长波长剩余静校正longeron 大梁longevity 寿命longifolene 长叶烯longitude circle 子午圈longitude determination 经度测定longitude difference 经差longitude 经度longitudinal aberration 纵向象差longitudinal angle 纵向角longitudinal anisotropy 纵向各向异性longitudinal axis 纵轴longitudinal baffle 纵向折流板longitudinal band 纵向条带longitudinal bar 纵向沙坝longitudinal bending 纵向弯曲longitudinal bulkhead 纵舱壁longitudinal center of gravity 重心纵向位置longitudinal center on buoyancy 浮心纵向位置longitudinal compressive stress 纵向压缩应力longitudinal conductance 纵向电导longitudinal consequent stream 纵顺向河longitudinal crack 纵向裂纹longitudinal defect 纵向缺陷longitudinal dextral shear 纵向右旋剪切longitudinal diagram 纵剖面图longitudinal diffusion 纵向扩散longitudinal dip scanning 纵向倾角扫描longitudinal dispersion 纵向弥散longitudinal dispersivity 纵向弥散性longitudinal fault 纵断层longitudinal fold 纵褶皱longitudinal force 纵向力longitudinal frequency 纵波频率longitudinal furrow 纵沟longitudinal joint 纵节理longitudinal magnetization 纵向磁化longitudinal magnetostriction constant 纵向磁致伸缩系数longitudinal overlap 航向重叠longitudinal plan 垂直投影longitudinal profile 纵剖面longitudinal redundancy check 纵向冗余校验longitudinal relaxation 纵弛豫longitudinal ridge 纵脊longitudinal rift 纵向裂谷longitudinal river 纵向河longitudinal root crack 纵向根部开裂longitudinal seam 纵向焊缝longitudinal section 纵截面longitudinal shrinking 纵向收缩longitudinal slot 纵向割缝longitudinal stability 纵向稳定性longitudinal stiffness 轴向刚性longitudinal strain 纵向应变longitudinal stream 走向河longitudinal stress 纵向应力longitudinal striation 纵纹longitudinal strike-slip fault 纵平移断层longitudinal tectonic system 纵向构造体系longitudinal thrust 纵向推力longitudinal thrust-fault 纵向冲断层longitudinal thruster 纵向推进器longitudinal view 纵视图longitudinal wave 纵波longitudinal welding 对焊longitudinal 经度的longitudinal-bead bend test 焊道纵向弯曲试验longitudinally polarized geophone 轴向偏振拾波器longitudinally welded 纵焊的longitudinally-welded pipe 直缝焊接管longos 纵向缠绕longshore bar 沿岸沙坝longshore current 沿岸流longshore drift 沿岸漂移longshore 沿岸的longshoreman 码头装卸工人longterm bank loan 长期银行借款longterm charter 长期租船longterm credit bank of japan 日本长期信贷银行longterm credit 长期信贷longterm investment 长期投资longterm loan 长期贷款longterm planning 长远规划longulite 长联雏晶lonicerapollis 忍冬粉属lonsdaleia 朗士德珊瑚属look ahead control 先行控制look for bottom 下放钻柱测井底look for 寻找；期待look-at-me 中断信号look-up table 检查表looking glass 窥镜lookout 警戒；了望台；景色loom dobby 多臂机loom 织机；桨柄；翼肋腹部；隐现loop analysis 回路分析loop antenna 环形天线loop back test 回送检查loop bar 环形沙坝loop box 变址寄存器loop chain 环链loop direction finder 环状天线测向器loop expansion pipe 环形伸缩节loop feeder cable 环状天线馈电电缆loop filter 环路滤波器loop jump 循环转移loop lake 环形湖loop line 环线loop network 环状网络loop oscillograph 回线示波仪loop statement 循环语句loop system 闭合系统loop test 环形试验loop variable 循环变量loop 环形沙坝loop-shaped sounding 环形测探loop-within-loop 循环套循环；复杂循环looped barrier 环形沙坝looped link 吊环looped pipeline 副管looping coefficient 环绕系数looping meander 环状河曲looping method 环线法looping 闭合导线观测looping-in 形成回路loose bushing 游轮衬套loose collar 活动环loose contact 不紧密接触loose coupling 松联轴节loose explosive 松装炸药loose fit 松配合loose fitting poiston 松配合的活塞loose flange 松套法兰盘loose ground 松散岩体loose iron 小金属落物loose measure 粗测；松量loose pack 松散充填loose propeller blade 可拆卸推进器桨叶loose pulley 空转轮loose punch 松冲模loose sand 疏松砂岩loose stuff 疏松岩层loose 空转的loose-packed concentration 松装浓度loose-running 空转的loosely aggragated structure 松聚集结构loosen a connection 松开连接部位loosen 放松loosened rock 松散岩石loosened 松开的looseness 松度loosening junk 松散杂物lop 定位线lop 未熔穿lop 修剪lopatin method 洛帕廷方法lophodolithus 鸟冠颗石lophotriletes 三角锥瘤孢属lopolith 岩盆lopolithic sill 岩盆式岩床lopper 砍除器loprotron 整流射线管lopsided wear 单面磨损lorac 高准确度远程脉冲导航lorad 远程精确测位器loran chart 罗兰海图loran communication 罗兰通信loran fix 罗兰定位loran lattice chart 罗兰海图loran positioning system 罗兰定位系统loran system 罗兰法；罗兰导航系统loran table 罗兰表loran 罗兰loran-a sweep 罗兰-a扫描loran-c landing 罗兰-c 着陆loran-c long range navigation 罗兰-c远程导航loran-c receiver 罗兰-c定位接收仪loran-c timing 罗兰-c授时loran-c 罗兰-cloran-c-inertial integrated navigation system 罗兰-c 惯性组合导航系统loranthacites 桑寄生粉属lore 经验知识；特殊学问；专门知识lorectz transform 洛伦兹变换lorentz coefficient 洛伦兹系数lorentz coil 洛伦兹线圈loret 罗兰转发loricated pipe 内部涂沥青的管子lorry loading 汽车装载lorry 运料车los angeles type smog 洛杉矶型烟雾los 海洋法los 视线losing return 循环液漏失losing stream 渗失河loss account 亏损帐户loss and gain 损益loss appointment 损失分摊loss area 损失区loss by vapour emission 蒸气放出损耗loss circulation material 防漏剂loss control 控制损耗loss current 损耗电流loss factor 损失因数loss from devaluation 贬值损失loss from spoilage 损坏损失loss function 功能损失loss in bends 管路弯折处摩阻损失loss in head 压头损失loss in weight 重量损耗loss modulus 力学内耗loss of cash 现金损失loss of circulation 循环液漏失loss of gauge 不合标准loss of profits insurance 利润损失保险loss of return 井口无返loss of voltage 电压损失loss of well control 井失控loss of working diameter 井径缩小loss on foreign exchange 外汇损失loss on heating 加热损失loss on sale 销售损失loss rate of circulation 井漏速率loss ratio method 递减比法loss ratio 递减比loss register 挂失loss resistance 损耗电阻loss tangent 损耗角正切loss through breathing 蒸发损耗loss through standing 储存损耗loss 损失loss-free line 无损耗传输线loss-free propagation time 无损耗传播时间loss-free 无损耗的losser 衰减器losses of petroleum products 石油产品损耗lossless condition 无损耗条件lossless filter 无损滤波器lossless formation 无损耗地层lossy formation 有损耗地层lossy medium 损耗介质lossy travel time 有损耗传播时间lossy 大损耗；大衰减lost bill 遗失汇票lost bit 漏失码lost buoyance method 损失浮力法lost check 遗失支票lost circulation additive 堵漏剂lost circulation alarm 漏失报警器lost circulation material 堵漏材料lost circulation plug 堵漏塞lost circulation 循环液漏失lost cone 掉牙轮lost cost 白费的成本lost fluid 漏失液lost hole 落物不能清除的井lost motion 空动lost record 地层缺失lost return 循环液漏失lost river 流失河lost strata 地层缺失lost stream 流失河lost tool 落在井内的工具lost velocity head 速度头损失lost wax casting 蜡模铸造lost wax process 失蜡铸造法lost work 无效功lost 损失的lost-circulating zone 循环漏失层lost-circulation zone 漏失带lost-in-hole price 花费在井内的费用lot drawing 抽签lot number 批数lot production 成批生产lot size 批量lot striping 地块划线lot 从顶部装油lot 批lot 泄漏试验lot-acceptance sampling 认可抽样试验lot-size problem 批量问题lotharingian 洛林阶lotion 洗液loudness contour 等响线loudness 响度loudspeaker 扬声器loupe 放大镜louver liner 百叶窗式割缝衬管louver slot 百叶窗式割缝louver 百叶窗louvre =louverlovibond tintometer 劳维旁特色调计low alarm limit 报警下限low alloy steel 低合金钢low and ball 槽脊相间地形low angle cross-bedding 缓角交错层理low angle extensional detachment 缓角延伸脱顶作用low angle fault 缓角断层low angle hole 低倾角井low angle thrust 缓角冲断层low arched 微凸的low beam 车头短焦距光low bearing oil pressure alarm 轴承油压下降警报器low byte strobe 低位组选通脉冲low carbon steel 低碳钢low coal rank 低煤阶low conductivity 低导电率low contrast 低反差low data-rate input 低速输入low definition 低清晰度low density foam pig 低密度泡沫清管器low density gravity flow 低密度重力流low density polyethylene 低密度聚乙烯low dip 平缓倾斜low down pump 水平手摇泵low energy environment 低能环境low energy well 低能量井low excess air burner 低过剩空气火嘴low excess air operation 低过剩空气操作low explosive 低效炸药low fine gravel 细砂含量低的砾石low finned tube 低翅片管low fire 弱火low flowing pressure 低流动压力low fluid level well 低液面井low fluid-loss cement 低失水水泥low flush tank 低位水箱low fold stack 低次叠加low freezing 低凝固点的low frequency filter 低频滤波器low frequency generator 低频信号发生器low frequency geophone 低频检波器low frequency induction furnace 低频电感加热炉low frequency recovery 低频复原low frequency shadow 低频阴影low frequency sweep 低频扫描low frequency 低频low friction compound 减摩剂low gear torque 低速传动扭矩low gear 低束齿轮low grade material 低级别材料low gravity crude 低api度数原油low gravity 低api度数low head 低压头low heat flow zone 低热流带low heating value gas 低热值气体low heating value 低热值low hydrogen type electrode 低氢型焊条low impedance interval 低阻抗层段low impedance sampling oscilloscope 低阻抗采样示波器low injection pressure 低注入压力low interest funds 低利资金low interest rate loan 低息贷款low interfacial tension displacement 低界面张力驱替low latitude 低纬度low level alarm 低限报警器low level 低电平的low limit 下限low maintenance 少量维护保养low marsh 低平沼泽low molecular hydrocarbon 低分子烃low molecular weight compound 低分子量化合物low moor pat 低位泥炭low noise amplifier 低噪声放大器low order address 低位地址low pass 低通low permeability contrast reservior 渗透率差异小的储层low permeability gas reservoir 低渗透气藏low permeability layer 低渗透层low permeability mud cake 低渗透性泥饼low permeable sublayer 低渗透夹层low pitch cone roof 小坡度锥形顶盖low plunge 平缓倾伏low point 低点low polymer 低分子聚合物low power consumption 低电耗low pressure distributor 低压分配器low pressure end 低压端low pressure molding 低压模塑low pressure pilot 低压导阀low pressure polyethylene 低压聚乙烯low pressure polymerizer 低压聚合釜low pressure sensor 低压传感器low pressure stage 低压级low pressure well 低压井low pressure 低压力；低压的low producing well 低产井low profile 低糙度low rank bituminous coal 低级无烟煤low residue fracturing fluid 低残渣压裂液low resistivity annulus profile 低阻环剖面low resistivity pay zone 低电阻率产层low resistivity zone 低阻层low resistivity 低阻low resolution 低分辨率low ring lock 下环梁锁销low salinity water 低矿化度水low section 低处部分low shrink resin 低收缩树脂low shut pressure 低关井压力low si/al ratio catalyst 低硅铝比催化剂low solid concentration 低固相含量low solid content 低固相含量low solid mud 低固相泥浆low solids clay-free mud system 低固相无粘土泥浆low speed gear 低速齿轮low sulfur waxy residue 低硫含蜡渣油low tell-tale screen 下部信号筛管low temperature carbonization 低温干馏low temperature chromatography 低温色谱low temperature gas separation process 深冷气体分离过程low temperature resistance 耐寒性low temperature separation 低温分离low temperature shift catalyst 低温变换催化剂low temperature shift 低温变换low temperature storage tank 低温储罐low vacuum 低真空度low velocity region 低速带low velocity zone 低速带low viscosity flow packing 低粘液循环充填low viscosity fluid 低粘液low volatile bituminous coal 低挥发烟煤low wall of the hole 斜井下段井壁low water cut section 低含水部位low water cut well 低含水井low water mark 低潮线low water ratio cement 低水灰比水泥浆low water season 枯水期low water 低潮low yield clay 低造浆粘土low 低的low-alloy 低合金的low-altitude aerial photography 低空航空摄影学low-altitude orbit 低高度轨道low-amplitude continuous facies 低幅度连续相low-amplitude display 低振幅显示low-amplitude paleofold 小幅度古褶皱low-amplitude paleostructrue 小幅度古构造low-angle growth fault 低角生长断层low-angle negative rake 小负角倾斜定向。
美国能源之星要求的SSL灯具[1]
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美国能源之星要求的SSL灯具[1]美国”能源之星”对SSL灯具的要求章海骢“能源之星”是美国能源部(DOE)发给那些产品在能效⽔平上满⾜现阶段能效要求的上市场的照明产品时使⽤的⼀种标志,是⼀种代表它是绿⾊环保产品的标志.在市场上看到贴有该标志的产品就是经DOE认证过的节能产品.从上世纪90年代开始已沿⽤了⼗⼏年了.主要是发给代替⽩炽灯的满⾜发光效率指标要求的紧凑型荧光灯(CFL)等产品.标记是⼀个⽤绿⾊植物包围起来的似灯泡形状的图案.凡是在美国市场上销售的满⾜该类产品能效要求的产品都可以申请.LED的出现使照明电器产品增加了新的系列和品种.由于它与传统光源在形状上﹑发光机理上的很⼤不同,并在能效上的潜⼒上⼀开始就被看好,因此竞相研究和开发,使⼀种全新的光源和形态很快呈现在我们的⾯前.⼈们预期在2015年左右,市场上的商品光效可达到130-150lm/W.LED是固体光源,⽤它制造的照明产品称半导体(固态)照明产品(英⽂简称SSL).由于它的迅猛发展,DOE⾮常重视它的进展和应⽤.为了将这类新光源纳⼊”能源之星”管理渠道,近来DOE公布了SSL产品申请”能源之星”的要求.现将它全部内容(第⼀版本)概括地介绍如下,相信对国内同⾏亦会所借鉴:⼀.分类和⽬标按照现有SSL产品的⽔平,”能源之星”将分为近期和远期的两⼤类.近期产品的要求称为A类,定义为能耗性能指标达到或超过⽬前同类应⽤场所荧光灯具的性能;远期产品的要求称为B类,⽬前尚没有定义,将视发展的情况和实质性提升能效要求到达更⾼的性能⽔平后再定,计划三年内达到.⼆..限定对象⽬前申请限定的对象是:1.SSL产品申请”能源之星”只限定于⼀般照明应⽤的范畴,如果⽤于装饰照明的产品也可以⽤于⼀般照明的话也属此例.2.上述要求规定了两类产品:商业⽤和住宅⽤的SSL产品.它们要使⽤通常的电⽹电压,不是交通信号指⽰灯和单纯的装饰类照明灯具.三.对灯具和驱动的要求1.对灯具的⾊度要求见表1:表1SSL产品申请”能源之星”的产品需达到的⾊度要求相关⾊温(CCT)的范围和要求规定灯具的8种⾊温,⾊坐标必须落在下⾯注定的范围内,见下图1中规定的8个四边形中.规定的CCT名称CCT(K)27002725⼠14530003045⼠17535003465⼠24540003980⼠27545004503⼠24350005028⼠28357005665⼠35565006530⼠510⾊空间均匀度不同⽅向上的⾊度变化在0.004之内(CIE1976u’v’图)⾊保持在全寿命期内⾊度变化在CIE1976u’v’图中0.007以内显⾊指数(CRI)室内灯最⼩的CRI为75说明:能源之星的⾊温分类沿⽤了荧光灯⾊温的分类技术,只是将定义荧光灯⾊温的6个⾊温等级:2700K,3000K,3500K,4000K,5000K和6500K的椭圆改成8个规定的四边形,它们的位置处于相当于MacAdam椭圆或超出⼀些的地⽅.现在规定,四⾓区域内属于同⼀⾊温等级.8个分级规定的⾊坐标见表2.表2.定义SSL产品⾊温的8个四边形的四⾓的坐标值2.其他要求1)待机功耗:不⼯作时应不耗电.但与探测有否⼈员活动的监测设备合⽤的灯具例外.2)保证:从购买之⽇起三年内免费修理替换光源或驱动器,对住宅⽤灯具的保证⽇期是从运输之⽇起算的.3)灯具制造商要附上灯具热管理的说明﹑证书⽂件和试验过程.4)装置要求LED光源的平均流明衰减到起始值70%时的时间起码是35000⼩时(L70).5)附着在建筑上且功率⼤于13W的SSL灯具必须设有光控设备,能⾃动启闭,24⼩时内可⼈⼯或⾃动控制.6)对驱动器的要求:见表3表3SSL 灯具的驱动器的要求说明:对住宅⽤的SSL 电器的功率因数定为0.7完全是因为价格的问题.四.“A”类灯具的要求细分1.能效评价的建⽴基础根据现有”能源之星”评价要求的⽔平着⼿建⽴SSL”能源之星”评价的要求:1)来⾃市场上对荧光灯要求的⽔准;2)考虑LED 的灯具⼤部分是利⽤LED 的直接出射光;3)考虑被照⾯上需要的照度情况;4)⽬前LED 的能效⽔平.2.荧光灯具已建⽴的能效要求⽬前已建⽴的⼏类荧光灯具的能效要求见表4.3.灯具能效的评价的建⽴由于LED 的⼯作离不开灯具,灯具的设计和热设计与它的发光情况密切相关,因此,建⽴⼀个不同于传统光源的”灯具能效”评价⽅法是必要的,其定义为:灯具能效=灯具光输出(包含灯具的效率和热管理)/输⼊灯具的功率⽽对传统光源的灯具是⽤”系统能效”定义的,定义为:系统能效=在25℃的环境下,光源—镇流器系统的光输出/输⼊灯具的功率.本⽂中引⽤”灯具能效”评价的原因如下:1)将LED 与灯具分开的话就不能得到应有的相应数据,因为LED 的发光情况与技术要求内容相应的数据功率因数对住宅⽤≥0.7,对商业⽤≥0.9最低⼯作温度驱动器的最低⼯作温度为-20℃或更低正常⼯作时灯具内的驱动器和基座的温度安装后,不超过驱动制造商推荐的驱动器/驱动器座的温度.注意:UL 给出的是安全⽽不是长寿命,此两者规定的热要求是不同的.认证产品的内容还包括线﹑吊装件﹑近天花的情况﹑集成电路和⾮集成电路的封装件等.以及UL1598(灯具标准)除外的产品.EMC1.住宅内产品应符合FCC 的消费品要求(FCC47CFR 部分15,消费品发射限制)2.商业内产品应符合FCC 的⾮消费品要求(FCC47CFR 部分15,⾮消费品发射限制)噪⾳在A 声级以内瞬变保护驱动器要符合IEEE C62.41-1991,A 级⼯作.线性瞬变由7段100KHz 的环波在2.5KV ⽔平下构成.采⽤两种输⼊模式:共模或差模.应⽤场所系统能效(lm/w)器具效率(%)厨房柜内⽤灯58.840书架内固定灯58.850⼿提台灯/作业灯58.850嵌⼊式筒灯58.860户外⼊⼝处廊灯58.840户外踏步灯50.040户外⾛道灯50.050灯具提供的散热条件密切相关,不象传统光源,它的发光能⼒与周围的温度关系较⼩;2)在结构上,LED 与灯具紧密接触,不能分离,与传统光源相⽐,要换个光源(LED)是很不⽅便的;3)计⼊驱动和灯具的热损失后,”灯具能效”更能贴近实际,实现节能评价的⽬的.4.对各类灯具共性的评价内容1)对A 类灯具产品,⽬前建⽴了⼀个调节系数,即能效⾼的产品,显⾊指数(CRI)可以低于80;2)对嵌⼊式下射灯:DOE 提⾼了器具效率到50-60%.其原因是对双插座的CFL 的器具,50%的器具效率是很典型的.我们向上调整这个数字是因为使⽤有反射器的CFL 灯的灯具效率更⾼.使⽤更⾼的灯具效率意味着增加了灯具的能效,对住宅内⽤灯的能效从29提⾼到35lm/w,对商业⽤灯具从33提⾼到35lm/w,CRI 的调节系数同上款.3)对相关⾊温(CCT)的附加评价:⽬前⾼光效的LED 都是⾼⾊温的,⼤于5000K.⽽标准的住宅照明需要的都是低⾊温2700-3000K.为了确保灯具能满意使⽤,规定在厨房内的柜灯和嵌⼊式下射筒灯的⾊温不能⼤于3500K.对便携式灯或作业照明灯允许使⽤⾼⾊温的光源,因为那时需要的是看清作业的细节.对户外灯具没有限制.5.各类灯具的评价判据1)厨房柜下照明灯2)柜架内安装的作业照明灯3)便携式作业台灯3)嵌⼊式下射灯最⼩光输出每呎长度上灯具⾄少发出150lm(初始),由下⽅程计算需要的光输出:被测量的器具长度(呎)X150=最⼩需要的光输出(流明)需要的环带光通密度在0-60°环带内灯具发出的光通量不超过75%的总光通量(初始)最⼩灯具能效24lm/w允许的相关⾊温2700K,3000K,3500K最⼩光输出每呎长度上灯具⾄少发出150lm(初始),由下⽅程计算需要的光输出:被测量的器具长度(呎)X150=最⼩需要的光输出(流明)需要的环带光通密度在0-60°环带内灯具发出的光通量不超过75%的总光通量(初始)最⼩灯具能效29lm/w允许的相关⾊温2700K,3000K,3500K,4000K,4500K,5000K 最⼩光输出灯具⾄少发出200lm(初始)需要的环带光通密度在0-60°环带内灯具发出⾄少总光通的85%的(初始)光通量最⼩灯具能效29lm/w允许的相关⾊温2700K,3000K,3500K,4000K,4500K,5000K4)户外壁灯5)户外台阶灯6)户外步道灯五.“B”类灯具的说法----将来性能的⽬标1.B 类中的⼀些变化:1)范围:增加将来的性能要求,⿎励不断改进技术,使⽤SSL 光源设计灯具.B 类的灯具不受限于A 类的应⽤范围.可能主要⽤于⼀般照明的应⽤场合2)评价依据:B 类⽬录的最⼩灯具能效要求应该是⼤部分传统光源今天使⽤的照明系统的效率.例如,常⽤的最好的⾼性能T8荧光灯和电⼦镇流器系统在100lm/w.使⽤该系统的⾼质量灯具约有70%的效率,即产⽣70lm/w 的能效.在商业照明领域LED 灯具⽬前还未达到B 类的最低⽔平,但随着LED 的能效﹑温度偏差﹑驱动的改进和灯具设计的提⾼,其性能会提⾼.DOE 相信3年内有不少的⼀般照明产品的能效会达到70lm/w 的⽬标.由此进⾏B 类产品的认证.3)还有的问题:将来产品的眩光.DOE 知道近来对不舒适眩光的评价的视觉舒适⼏率(VCP)﹑统⼀眩光指数(UGR)和眩光指数(GI)都是来⾃特定应⽤场合的不舒适的主观试验报告,DOE 希望照明产业中能推荐/发展⼀种针对B 类灯具使⽤的处理令⼈不愉快的眩光.2.将来灯具的能效⽬标最⼩光输出≤10cm(4吋):300lm(初始)＞10cm(4吋):500lm(初始)需要的环带光通密度在0-60°环带内灯具发出⾄少总光通的75%的(初始)光通量最⼩灯具能效35lm/w允许的相关⾊温·对住宅⽤2700K,3000K,3500K ·商业⽤没有规定减少漏⽓安装在绝热天花板上的嵌⼊式下射灯将是IC 等级的,并通过ASTME-283的漏⽓试验,以证实在压差75Pa 时每分钟的漏⽓量⼩于2.0⽴⽅呎.灯具必须有⼀个”⽓密”的标志或类似说明按照ASTME238中规定的在压差75Pa 时的漏⽓量⼩于2.0⽴⽅呎最⼩光输出灯具发出≥150lm 的光通量(初始)需要的环带光通密度在0-90°环带内灯具发出⾄少总光通的85%的(初始)光通量最⼩灯具能效24lm/w最⼩光输出灯具发出≥50lm 的光通量(初始)需要的环带光通密度在0-90°环带内灯具发出⾄少总光通的85%的(初始)光通量最⼩灯具能效20lm/w最⼩光输出灯具发出≥100lm 的光通量(初始)需要的环带光通密度在0-90°环带内灯具发出⾄少总光通的85%的(初始)光通量最⼩灯具能效25lm/w灯具的能效能≥70lm/w.3.所有的其他要求眩光的要求:正在进⾏中.随着B类灯具的出现,象A类灯具⼀样有其它的要求,但A类中的最⼩光输出和环带流明密度将不会应⽤.。
世界汽车品牌名称中英文对照
世界汽车品牌名称中英文对照AAC 爱希英国爱希跑车公司ACCENT 重音（雅绅）韩国现代汽车公司ACCLAIM 欢呼美国克莱斯勒公司顺风部ACCORD 雅阁（阿科德、雅廓）日本本田公司ACE 高手英国爱希跑车公司通用汽车公司奥兹莫比尔ACHIEVA 成就美国部ACTY 阿克泰日本本田公司ACURA 阿库拉（极品）日本本田公司豪华车部ADMIRAL 海军上将德国欧宝汽车公司AERO 飞弹瑞典绅宝汽车公司AEROSTAR 空中之星美国福特汽车公司AFINI 阿飞尼日本马自达公司AIRFLOW 气流美国克莱斯勒公司AIRSTREAM 气爆美国克莱斯勒公司ALCYONE 阿尔雄日本富士重工公司ALECO 奥列格苏联莫斯科小客车厂ALFA 阿尔法意大利阿尔发·罗密欧公司ALFA ROMEO 阿尔法·罗密欧（XX译爱快·罗米意大利阿尔发·罗密欧公司欧）ALFASUD 阿尔法苏意大利阿尔发·罗密欧公司ALFETTA 阿尔菲塔意大利阿尔发·罗密欧公司ALHAMBRA 阿尔汉布拉西班牙西特公司ALLANTE 阿尔兰特（艾杨迪）美国通用汽车公司卡迪莱克部ALLEGRO 阿莱格罗英国罗孚汽车公司ALLIANCE 联盟法国雷诺汽车公司ALMERA 阿尔美拉日本日产汽车公司ALPINA 阿尔宾那德国宝马汽车公司ALPINE 阿尔派法国雷诺汽车公司ALTIME 阿尔蒂马日本日产汽车公司ALTO 奥拓日本铃木汽车公司AMBASSADOR 大使美国美国汽车公司AMBASSADOR 大使印度印度斯坦公司AMC 美国美国汽车公司AM GENERAL 美国美国汽车综合公司AMIGO 阿米格日本五十铃汽车公司ANFINI 安菲妮日本马自达公司APOLLO 阿波罗美国通用汽车公司别克部APPLAUSE 普乐（掌声、雅宝士）日本大发公司APV 多用途车ARCADIA 阿卡迪亚韩国大宇汽车公司ARGENTA 阿金塔意大利菲亚特工业公司ARGENTO VIVO 梦中丽人日本本田汽车公司ARIES 爱丽丝美国克莱斯勒公司道奇部ARMADA 阿玛达印度ARO 阿罗罗马尼亚穆西尔汽车厂ARROW 飞箭美国克莱斯勒公司道奇部ASCONA 阿斯科纳德国欧宝汽车公司ASCOT 阿科特日本本田汽车公司ASIA 亚细亚韩国亚细亚汽车公司ASKA 阿斯卡日本五十铃汽车公司ASPEN 白杨美国克莱斯勒公司道奇部ASPIRE 追求美国福特汽车公司ASTON MARTIN 阿斯顿·马丁英国阿斯顿·马丁·拉贡公司ASTRA 雅特（阿斯特拉，德国精湛）德国欧宝汽车公司ASTRAMAX 大阿斯特拉英国沃克斯豪尔汽车公司ASTRE 阿斯特美国通用汽车公司旁蒂克部通用汽车公司货车及客车ASTRO 天体（宇宙）美国部奥迪纳苏汽车公司（大众AUDI 奥迪德国公司的子公司）通用汽车公司奥兹莫比尔AURORA 曙光（黎明女神）美国部AUSTER 南风日本日产汽车公司AUSTIN 奥斯汀英国罗孚汽车公司AUTOBIANCHI 奥托比安希意大利奥托比安希公司AVALON 亚洲龙（阿瓦龙）日本丰田汽车公司AVANTI 阿凡提美国阿凡提汽车公司AVELLA 阿维拉韩国起亚工业公司AVENGER 复仇者美国克莱斯勒公司道奇部罗尔斯－罗依斯汽车公司AZURE 蓝天英国本特利部BBARINA 巴丽娜澳大利亚霍顿汽车公司BACK PACK 背包美国克莱斯勒公司顺风部BALENO 百乐日本铃木汽车公司BALLADE 叙事曲日本本田公司BARCHETTA 新月意大利玛莎拉蒂公司BARRACUDA 梭鱼美国克莱斯勒汽车公司BEDFORD 贝德福德英国沃尔斯豪尔汽车公司BEETLE 甲克虫德国大众汽车公司BEL AIR 贝埃尔美国通用汽车公司雪佛莱部BELMONT 贝尔蒙特英国沃克斯豪斯汽车公司BELVEDERE 观景楼美国克莱斯勒汽车公司BENTLEY 本特利英国罗尔斯－罗依斯汽车公司BENZ 奔驰（本茨，平治）德国梅赛德斯－奔驰公司BERETTA 贝里塔美国通用汽车公司雪佛莱部BERLIET 贝里埃法国贝利埃汽车公司BERLINA 贝琳娜澳大利亚霍顿汽车公司BERTONE 博通意大利博通汽车设计公司BEAT 比特（节拍）日本本田公司BERETTA 贝雷塔美国通用汽车公司雪佛莱部BETA 贝塔意大利兰旗公司BIARRITZ 拜芮茨美国通用汽车公司卡迪莱克部BIGHORN 大号角日本五十铃汽车公司BL 英国英国利兰汽车公司BLAZER 传播者美国通用汽车公司雪佛莱部BLITZ 闪电意大利博通汽车设计公司BLUEBIRD 蓝鸟日本日产汽车公司BMW 宝马（巴依尔）德国宝马汽车公司BOBCAT 山猫美国福特汽车公司林肯部BONGO 本格日本马自达公司BONNEVILLE 博纳维尔美国通用汽车公司旁蒂克部BOXER 拳击家日本马自达公司BOXSTER 芭色尔德国保时捷公司BRAT 小鬼日本五十铃汽车公司BRAVA 布拉瓦意大利菲亚特工业公司通用汽车公司奥兹莫比尔BRAVDA 布拉瓦达美国部BRAVO 布拉沃意大利菲亚特工业公司BREEZE 轻风美国克莱斯勒公司顺风部BRISA 布里萨韩国起亚工业公司BRISTOL 布利斯托英国布利斯托汽车公司BRONCO 烈马美国福特汽车公司罗尔斯－罗依斯汽车公司BROOKLAND 布罗克兰英国本特利部美国通用汽车公司卡迪莱BROUGHAM 超级沙龙（布劳汉姆）美国克部BUCRANE 布克兰韩国大宇汽车公司BUGATTI 布加迪意大利布加迪公司BUICK 别克美国通用汽车公司的一个分部CCABALL 卡布尔日本日产汽车公司CABRIOLET 敞篷车CABRO 眼镜蛇英国AC 公司CABSTAR 货星日本日产汽车公司CADILLAC 卡迪拉克（凯迪莱克）美国通用汽车公司的一个分部CALA 卡拉意大利兰伯基尼汽车公司CALAIS 加来通用汽车公司卡迪莱克部CALDINA 卡尔迪娜日本丰田汽车公司CALIBRA 佳丽（卡利布拉）德国欧宝公司CAMARGUE 卡马克英国罗尔斯－罗依斯汽车公司CAMARO 卡马洛美国通用汽车公司雪佛莱部CAMPER 野营者美国美国汽车公司CAMRY 佳美日本丰田汽车公司CANTER 奔马日本三菱汽车公司CAPELLA 卡佩拉日本马自达公司CAPITAL 首都韩国起亚工业公司CAPRI 凯丽（快百里）美国福特汽车公司水星部CAPRICE 随想曲（开普瑞斯）美国通用汽车公司雪佛莱部CARAVAN 商队日本日产汽车公司CARAVAN 捷龙美国克莱斯勒公司道奇部CARAVELLE 卡拉维尔德国大众汽车公司CARAVELLE 卡拉维尔美国克莱斯勒公司CARGO 货运意大利伊维柯工业车辆公司CARGOSTAR 货运之星美国万国联合收割机公司CARINA 卡利那日本丰田汽车公司CARSMA 凯斯玛日本三菱汽车公司CARLTON 卡尔通英国沃克斯豪尔汽车公司CAROL 颂歌日本马自达公司CARRERA 卡列拉德国保时捷研究设计发展公司CARRY 运载日本铃木汽车公司CATALINA 卡塔丽娜美国通用汽车公司旁蒂克部CAVALIER 骑士英国沃克斯豪尔汽车公司CAVALIER 骑士美国通用汽车公司雪佛莱部CADRIC 公爵日本日产汽车公司CEFIRO 赛飞龙（风度）日本日产汽车公司CELEBRITY 名人美国通用汽车公司雪佛莱部CELICA 赛利卡日本丰田汽车公司CENTURY 世纪美国通用汽车公司别克部CENTURY 世纪日本丰田汽车公司CERBERA 赛伯乐英国TVR 公司CERVO 牡鹿日本铃木汽车公司CHALLENGER 挑战者美国克莱斯勒公司道奇部CHAMP 冠军美国克莱斯勒公司CHARADE 夏利日本大发公司CHARMANT 魅力日本大发公司CHARGER 战马美国克莱斯勒公司道奇部CHASER 猎手（追击者）日本丰田汽车公司CHECKER 切克美国切克汽车公司CHEROKEE 切诺基美国克莱斯勒汽车公司CHERRY 樱花日本日产汽车公司CHEVELLE 学维尔美国通用汽车公司雪佛莱部CHEVETTE 学维特英国沃克斯豪尔汽车公司CHEVROLET 雪佛兰美国通用汽车公司的一个分部CHICO 齐柯德国大众汽车公司CHIMAERA 驰马拉英国TVR 公司CHRYSLER 克莱斯勒美国克莱斯勒公司CIADIA 加的亚阿根廷加的亚汽车公司CIELO 蓝天韩国大宇汽车公司通用汽车公司奥兹莫比尔CIERA 赛拉美国部CIMA 喜马日本日产汽车公司CIMARRON 西马龙美国通用汽车公司卡迪莱克部CINQUECENTO 新快全多（文艺复兴）意大利菲亚特工业公司CIRRUS 卷云美国克莱斯勒公司CISTALIA 西斯塔利亚德国保时捷研究设计发展公司CITATION 嘉奖美国通用汽车公司雪佛莱部CITROEN 雪铁龙法国雪铁龙汽车公司CITY 城市德国欧宝汽车公司CITY 城市日本本田汽车公司CIVIC 市民（思域）日本本田公司CIVILIAN 平民日本日产汽车公司CLIO 克利鸥法国雷诺汽车集团CLIPPER 快马日本日产汽车公司CLUB 俱乐部美国福特汽车公司CLUBMAN 交际家英国陆虎汽车公司COASTER 考斯利日本丰田汽车公司COBRA 眼镜蛇英国爱希跑车公司COBRA 眼镜蛇美国福特汽车公司COLONY PARK 移民公园美国福特汽车公司COLT 小马美国克莱斯勒公司道奇部ANCHE 科曼契美国克莱斯勒公司MODORE 海军准将德国欧宝汽车公司CONCERTO 雄才日本本田公司CONCORD 协和（君王）美国克莱斯勒公司CONCORD 协和韩国起亚工业公司CONDOR 神鹰日本日产柴油机公司CONQUEST 征服美国通用汽车公司雪佛莱部CONSORTE 伴侣日本大发公司CONSUL 领事美国福特汽车公司CLASSIC 康特萨－经典印度印度斯坦公司CONTINENTAL 大陆美国福特汽车公司林肯部罗尔斯－罗依斯汽车公司CONTINENTAL 大陆英国本特利部CONTOUR 轮廓美国福特汽车公司CORDIA 科迪亚日本三菱汽车公司CORDOBA 科尔多巴美国克莱斯勒公司CORDOBA 科尔多巴西班牙西特公司CORNICHE 险路英国罗尔斯－罗依斯汽车公司COROLLA 花冠（歌乐娜）日本丰田汽车公司CORONA 花冠（可乐娜）日本丰田汽车公司CORONET 王冠美国克莱斯勒公司CORRADO 科拉多德国大众汽车公司CORSA 可赛日本丰田汽车公司CORSA 可赛德国欧宝汽车公司CORSICA 可喜家美国通用汽车公司雪佛莱部CORTINA 柯蒂那美国福特汽车公司CORVETTE 科尔维特（科维、护卫舰）美国通用汽车公司雪佛莱部COSMO 宇宙日本马自达公司COUGAR 美洲狮美国福特汽车公司水星部COUNTACH 康塔什（蛮牛）意大利兰伯基尼汽车公司COUNTRY 家乡美国福特汽车公司COUPE 小型运动轿车COURIER 信使美国福特汽车公司CREDOS 魁多韩国起亚工业公司CRESSIDA 克莱希达日本丰田汽车公司CRESTA 登峰日本丰田汽车公司CRESTWOOD 克莱斯伍美国克莱斯勒公司CREW 乘务员日本日产汽车公司CROMA 克罗玛意大利菲亚特工业公司CROWN 皇冠日本丰田汽车公司CROWN VICTORIA 维多利亚皇冠美国福特汽车公司通用汽车公司奥兹莫比尔CRUISER 巡洋舰美国部CUNNINGHAM 康凡美国通用汽车公司雪佛莱部CUORE 库雷（廓丽）日本大发公司CUPPUCCINO 开普喜乐日本铃木汽车公司CUSTOM 风俗美国福特汽车公司CUSTOM 风俗美国通用汽车公司别克部通用汽车公司奥兹莫比尔CUTLASS 弯刀（短剑）美国部CYNOS 西诺斯日本丰田汽车公司DDACIA 达西亚罗马尼亚彼特什蒂汽车厂DAEWOO 大宇韩国大宇汽车公司DAF 达夫荷兰达夫汽车厂DAIHATSU 大发日本大发工业公司DAILY 得意意大利跨国工业车辆公司DAIMLER 戴姆勒德国德国最早的汽车公司之一DAIMLER 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早上星光SunSaver Duo MODBUS规格V.1.0.0说明书
SunSaver Duo MODBUS SpecificationV.1.0.020 March 2007Morningstar Corporation1098 Washington Crossing RDWashington Crossing, PA 18977************************ContentsCONTENTS (2)GENERAL INFORMATION (3)PARAMETERS (3)SUPPORTED MODBUS FUNCTIONS (4)R EAD H OLDING R EGISTERS (0X03) AND R EAD I NPUT R EGISTERS (0X04) (4)R EAD C OILS (0X01),R EAD D ISCRETE I NPUTS (0X02),W RITE S INGLE C OIL (0X05) (6)W RITE S INGLE R EGISTER (0X06) (7)T ABLES (7)R EAD D EVICE I DENTIFICATION (0X2B, SUBCODE 0X0E) (7)VARIABLES AND DEFINITIONS (8)R EAD H OLDING AND R EAD I NPUT R EGISTERS (8)EEPROM V ALUES (13)C OILS (15)EXAMPLES (16)R EAD H OLDING R EGISTER,S CALING (16)R EAD H OLDING R EGISTER,2W ORD VALUES (16)W RITE S INGLE R EGISTER,S CALING (16)REFERENCES (17)DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY (17)General InformationThe SunSaver Duo supports the industry standard MODBUS application protocol via its Meterbus RJ-11interface. A Meterbus to Serial Converter (MSC) is required to adapt the Meterbus interface to an isolated RS-232 interface**. This document assumes the user is familiar with the MODBUS protocol and its terminology. Please refer to the documents listed in the References section for more information.Modbus™ is a trademark of Modicon, Inc.ParametersThe SunSaver Duo supports RTU mode only.16bit MODBUS addresses (per the spec) The serial communication parameters areBPS: 9600 baud Parity: None Data bits: 8 Stop bits: 2Flow control: NoneAll addresses listed are for the request PDU. The SunSaver Duo default server address: 0x01.** To obtain a Meterbus to Serial Converter A Meterbus to Serial Converter (MSC) is available free of charge. Please send a written request that includes the following: Full Name Mailing Address (no P.O. boxes please) Phone number Email to: support@ Or Mail: Morningstar Corporation Attn: MSC Request 1098 Washington Crossing RD Washington Crossing, PA 18977Supported Modbus FunctionsRead Holding Registers (0x03) and Read Input Registers (0x04) RAMPDU Addr LogicalAddrVariable name Variable description UnitsScaling orRange0x0000 1 vb1Battery 1 voltage, filtered (τ≈ 2.5s) V n / 1800 0x0001 2 vb2Battery 2 voltage, filtered (τ≈ 2.5s) V n / 1800 0x0002 3 va Solar voltage, filtered (τ≈ 2.5s) V n / 1032 0x0003 4 ia1Charge current battery 1 A n / 673 0x0004 5 ia2Charge current battery 2 A n / 673 0x0005 6 internaluse0x0006 7 internaluse0x0007 8 internaluse0x0008 9 vref1Charging reference voltage, Battery 1 V n / 1800 0x0009 10 vref2Charging reference voltage, Battery 2 V n / 1800 0x000A 11 dutcyc1PWM duty cycle, Battery 1 % 0 - 417 0x000B 12 dutcyc2PWM duty cycle, Battery 2 % 0 - 417 0x000C 13 vmaxb1Maximum battery 1 voltage V n / 1800 0x000D 14 vminb1Minimum battery 1 voltage V n / 1800 0x000E 15 vmaxb2Maximum battery 2 voltage V n / 1800 0x000F 16 vminb2Minimum battery 2 voltage V n / 1800 0x0010 17 iamax Maximum solar current A n / 673 0x0011 18 internaluse0x0012 19 internaluse0x0013 20 hours_LO Hourmeter LO word hrs0x0014 21 hours_HI HourmeterHIword hrs 0x0015 22 ah.total_LO Total amp-hours, LO word Ah n / 10 0x0016 23 ah.total_HI Total amp-hours, HI word Ah n / 10 0x0017 24 ah.b1_LO Battery 1 amp-hours, LO word Ah0x0018 25 ah.b1_HI Battery 1 amp-hours, HI word Ah0x0019 26 ah.b2_LO Battery 2 amp-hours, LO word Ah0x001A 27 ah.b2_HI Battery 2 amp-hours, HI word AhBattery 1Present configuration0x001B 28 tcompcoef Temperature compensation coefficient V n / 1800 0x001C 29 priority Charging priority, battery 1 percentage % 0 - 417 0x001D 30 vabs1Absorption voltage, battery 1 V n / 1800 0x001E 31 veql1Equalize voltage, battery 1 V n / 1800 0x001F 32 vfloat1Float voltage, battery 1 V n / 1800 0x0020 33 vclamp1Max. regulation voltage, battery 1 V n / 1800 0x0021 34 tfloat1Float timer, battery 1 min0x0022 35 teq1Equalize timer, battery 1 minBattery 2 Present configuration0x0023 36 vabs2Absorption voltage, battery 2 V n / 1800 0x0024 37 veql2Equalize voltage, battery 2 V n / 1800 0x0025 38 vfloat2Float voltage, battery 2 V n / 18000x0026 39 vclamp2Max. regulation voltage, battery 2 V n / 18000x0027 40 tfloat2Float timer, battery 2 min0x0028 41 teq2Equalize timer, battery 2 minPre-scaled Values0x0100 257 ta_F Ambient temperature, local temp sensor F0x0101 258 ta_C Ambient temperature, local temp sensor C0x0102 259 tr_F Remote temperature, RTS F0x0103 260 tr_C Remote temperature, RTS Ctemperature F0x0104 261 ths_F Heatsinktemperature C0x0105 262 ths_C Heatsink0x0106 263 dc1Duty cycle, battery 1 %0x0107 264 dc2Duty cycle, battery 2 %0x0108 265 state SS Duo state: 1=normal, 3=night, 4=Fault -0x0109 266 faults controller faults bitfield bits (see faults table) 0x010A 267 flags controller flags bitfield bits (see flags table) 0x010B 268 DIPs DIP switch positions bits (see DIPs table)use0x010C 269 internal0x010D 270 b1_state Battery 1 state: 0=normal, 1=Eq, 2=Float -0x010E 271 b2_state Battery 2 state: 0=normal, 1=Eq ,2=Float -=connected-detection,0=disconnected,10x010F 272 b1_detect Batt.1=connected-detection,00x0110 273 b2_detect Batt.2=disconnected,1EEPROMPDU Addr LogicalAddrVariable name Variable description WriteallowedUnits Scaling orRangeCustom configuration, Common values0xE000 57345 mt_id meterbusid(address) 9- 1 - 247 0xE001 57346 mb_id modbusid(address) 9- 1 - 15 0xE002 57347 priority_off Battery 1 priority, DIP 3 OFF 9% 0 - 417 0xE003 57348 priority_on Battery 1 priority, DIP 3 ON 9% 0 - 417 0xE004 57349 tcompcoef temperature compensation coefficient 9V n/1800 0xE005 57350 internaluseCustom configuration, Battery1, DIP 1 OFF0xE006 57351 v_absorption absorptionvoltage 9V n/1800 0xE007 57352 v_equalize equalizevoltage 9V n/1800 0xE008 57353 v_float floatvoltage 9V n/1800 0xE009 57354 v_reg_max maximum regulation voltage 9V n/1800 0xE00A 57355 t_float Time until float 9min0xE00B 57356 t_equalize Equalizationtimer 9minCustom configuration, Battery1, DIP 1 ON0xE00C 57357 v_absorption absorptionvoltage 9V n/1800 0xE00D 57358 v_equalize equalizevoltage 9V n/1800 0xE00E 57359 v_float floatvoltage 9V n/1800 0xE00F 57360 v_reg_max maximum regulation voltage 9V n/1800 0xE010 57361 t_float Time until float 9min0xE011 57362 t_equalize Equalizationtimer 9minCustom configuration, Battery2, DIP 2 OFF0xE012 57363 v_absorption absorptionvoltage 9V n/1800 0xE013 57364 v_equalize equalizevoltage 9V n/1800 0xE014 57365 v_float floatvoltage 9V n/1800 0xE015 57366 v_reg_max maximum regulation voltage 9V n/1800 0xE016 57367 t_float Time until float 9min0xE017 57368 t_equalize Equalizationtimer 9minCustom configuration, Battery2, DIP 2 ON0xE018 57369 v_absorption absorptionvoltage 9V n/1800 0xE019 57370 v_equalize equalizevoltage 9V n/1800 0xE01A 57371 v_float floatvoltage 9V n/1800 0xE01B 57372 v_reg_max maximum regulation voltage 9V n/1800 0xE01C 57373 t_float Time until float 9min0xE01D 57374 t_equalize Equalizationtimer 9min Read Coils (0x01), Read Discrete Inputs (0x02), Write Single Coil (0x05)PDU Addr LogicalAddrVariable description0x0010 17 reset amp-hours0x0014 21 clear faults0x0016 23 force EE update0x0017 24 reset min / max volts and amps 0x00F1 242 switch to meterbus protocol0x00FF 256 reset controllerWrite Single Register (0x06)Any write to EEPROM will set an “EEPROM changed” fault. The control must be reset to clear this fault. Note: No verify is performed on the write.See EEPROM table in Read Input Registers(0x04).TablesBit 0 = LSBFaults Table Flags Table DIP Switch Table Bit Fault Bit Flag Bit DIP Switch0 Reverse polarity solar connection 0 internal use 0 DIP 11 Reverse polarity battery 1 1 internal use 1 DIP 22 Reverse polarity battery 2 2 internal use 2 DIP 33 Damaged local temperature sensor 3 Regulation 3 DIP 44 damaged or removed RTS 4 Valid RTS 4 DIP 5condition 5 alternating 5 05 Over-current6 High Temperature disconnect 6 On / Off regulation 6 07 High Voltage disconnect 7 Started 7 0Read Device Identification (0x2B, subcode 0x0E)Only supports “basic device identification (stream access)” (ID code 0x01)Object Id Object Name/Description Typical ValueCorp.”0x00 VendorName “Morningstar0x01 Product Code “TS-45” or “TS-60”0x02 MajorMinorRevision“v01.01.01”(hardware major.minor. software revision)Variables and DefinitionsVariable_name[Logical Address][PDU Address] (Units). Short description.Definition.Read Holding and Read Input RegistersLocated in processor RAM, updated continuously.vbx[01,02][0x0000,0x0001] (V). battery voltage, filtered.Voltage measured directly at the battery 1 or battery 2 connection on the SunSaver Duo.va[03][0x0002] (V). solar voltage.Va is the terminal voltage of the solar input connection.iax[04,05][0x0003,0x0004] (A). solar current, filtered.Charging current to each battery as measured by on-board shunt.vrefx[09,10][0x0008,0x0009] (V). Reference Voltage.Target voltage to which the battery will be charged. This value is temperature compensated.dutcycx[11,12][0x000A,0x000B] (%) duty cycle. Reports the PWM regulation duty cycle for each battery, 0 to 100%.The value ranges from 0 to 417, with 0 = 0% and 417 = 100% (values above 417 are also 100%).vmaxbx[13,15][0x000C,0x000E] (V). Maximum battery voltage.Maximum battery voltage measured since last min/max clear.vminbx[14,16][0x000D,0x000F] (V). Maximum battery voltage.Maximum battery voltage measured since last min/max clear.[17][0x0010] (A). Maximum solar current .Maximum solar charge current measured since last min/max clear.hours_HI / hours_LO[13,14][0x0020, 0x0021] ().hour meter counter.Reports total hours of operation since installed.ah.total_HI / ah.total_LO[15,16][0x0022,0x0023] (ah).Total amp-hours.Reports total solar amp-hours since last ah reset.ah.bx_HI / ah.bx_LO[24 - 27][0x0017 - 0x001A] (ah).Battery amp-hours.Reports amp-hours to each battery since last ah reset.tcompcoef[28][0x001B] (V). Temperature compensation coefficient .Battery regulation compensation per 12V battery per degree C. This is the compensation value currently used for charging.priority[29][0x001C] (%). Charging priority, battery 1 .Charging priority that is selected for battery 1.vabs1[30][0x001D] (V). Absorption Voltage, battery 1 .The absorption voltage setpoint assigned to battery 1.veq1[31][0x001E] (V). Equalize Voltage, battery 1 .The equalize voltage setpoint assigned to battery 1.vfloat1[32][0x001F] (V). Float Voltage, battery 1 .The float voltage setpoint assigned to battery 1.vclamp1[33][0x0020] (V). Maximum regulation voltage, battery 1 .The max. regulation voltage setpoint assigned to battery 1.tfloat1[34][0x0021] (V). Float timer, battery 1 .The float timer setpoint assigned to battery 1.[35][0x0022] (V). Equalize timer, battery 2.The equalize timer setpoint assigned to battery 1.vabs2[36][0x0023] (V). Absorption Voltage, battery 2.The absorption voltage setpoint assigned to battery 2.veq2[37][0x0024] (V). Equalize Voltage, battery 2.The equalize voltage setpoint assigned to battery 2.vfloat2[38][0x0025] (V). Float Voltage, battery 2 .The float voltage setpoint assigned to battery 2.vclamp2[39][0x0026] (V). Maximum regulation voltage, battery 2.The max. regulation voltage setpoint assigned to battery 2.tfloat2[40][0x0027] (V). Float timer, battery 2.The float timer setpoint assigned to battery 2.teq2[41][0x0028] (V). Equalize timer, battery 2.The equalize timer setpoint assigned to battery 2.ta_F, ta_C[257,258][0x0100,0x0101] (F,C). Ambient Temperature.Ambient temperature as measured by local temperature sensor. Reported in degrees C and degrees F. ta_F, ta_C[259,260][0x0102,0x0103] (F,C). Remote Temperature.Remote battery temperature as measured by optional RTS. Reported in degrees C and degrees F. ths_F, ths_C[261,262][0x0104,0x0105] (F,C). Heatsink Temperature.Sunsaver Duo Heatsink temperature. Reported in degrees C and degrees F.dc1[263][0x0106] (%). Duty cycle, battery 1.PWM duty cycle for battery 1.dc2[264][0x0107] (%). Duty cycle, battery 2.PWM duty cycle for battery 2.state[265][0x0108] ( ).Reports the current software state.StateValue Control1 NORMAL3 NIGHT4 FAULTfaults[266][0x0109] (bit-field). self diagnostic faults.Reports faults identified by self diagnostics. Each bit corresponds to a specific fault. See Tables section on page 7 for fault bits definitions.flags[267][0x010A] (bit-field). Software flags.Reports software flags. Each bit corresponds to a specific even. See Tables section on page 7 for flag bits definitions.dip_switch[268][0x010B] (bit-field). dip switch positions.Each bit in the bit-field corresponds to an individual DIP switch setting. Useful for remote applications where access to SunSaver Duo to verify DIP positions is not feasible. See Tables section on page 7 for DIP bits definitions.b1_state[270][0x010D] ( ). Battery 1 state.Reports the current Battery 1 charge state.StateValue Control0 NORMAL1 EQUALIZE2 FLOATb2_state[271][0x010E] ( ). Battery 2 state. Reports the current Battery 2 charge state.State Value Control0 NORMAL1 EQUALIZE2 FLOATb1_detect[270][0x010D] ( ). Battery 1 detection. Reports status of battery 1.State Value Control0 DISCONNECTED1 CONNECTEDb2_detect[271][0x010E] ( ). Battery 2 detection. Reports status of battery 2.State Value Control0 DISCONNECTED1 CONNECTEDEEPROM ValuesEEPROM values that require updating are done so once every 24 hours.mt_id[57345][0xE000](). SunSaver Duo Meter Bus IDAddress which uniquely identifies the controller on the Morningstar proprietary Meter Bus network.Devices are daisy-chained on the Meter Bus network via the RJ-11 connections. Addresses are limited to the range of 1-15mb_id[57346][0xE001](). SunSaver Duo Modbus server IDModbus address which uniquely identifies the controller on the MODBUS network.priority_off[57347][0xE002](%). Battery 1 Priority, DIP 3 OFF.Defines the percentage of available charge current to battery 1 when both batteries are recharging. Itfollows that the percentage of charge to battery 2 is 100% - X. This priority will be used when DIPswitch 3 is in the off position. A different custom priority setting can be defined when DIP switch 3 is in the ON position. See priority_on variable.priority_on[57348][0xE003](%). Battery 1 Priority, DIP 3 ON.Defines the percentage of available charge current to battery 1 when both batteries are recharging. Itfollows that the percentage of charge to battery 2 is 100% - X. This custom priority will be used when DIP switch 3 is in the off position. A different custom priority setting can be defined when DIP switch 3 is in the ON position. See priority_on variable.tcompcoef[57349][0xE004](V/C). temperature compensation.Battery chemistry changes with temperature. Determines the amount that regulation voltage will beshifted with temperature. Typical value for a 12V battery is 0.030 V/degree C.v_absorption[57351][0xE006](V). Absorption voltage @ 25ºC.The battery will charge at 100% charge current until battery voltage reaches this setpoint. The controller will begin to taper input current so that this setpoint is maintained, but not exceeded.v_equalize[57352][0xE007](V). Equalize voltage @ 25ºCThe voltage setpoint to which the battery will be equalized. Periodic equalization equalizes cell voltages, bubbles the electrolyte, and helps prevent sulfation of the battery.Set to zero to disable equalizationv_float[57353][0xE008](V). Float voltage @ 25ºCAfter some period of time in regulation when the battery is fully charged, the battery will drop down to this lower setpoint to reduce gassing.v_reg_max[57354][0x0009] (V). Maximum regulation voltage .The max. regulation voltage limits regulation voltage (absorption, equalize) to a ceiling value, regardless of temperature compensation. Regulation voltage will not exceed v_reg_max under any conditions.t_float[57355][0xE00A] (min) Time before entering floatDefines the length of time in regulation before dropping down to the float stage. To disable float stage, set t_float to 1440 minutes.t_equalize[57356][0xE00B] Equalization duration.Equalization will stop after the specified number of minutes at the equalization setpoint voltage.CoilsReset amp-hours[10] [0x0017]Reset the solar, battery 1, and battery 2 amp-hour counters back to 0.(set only, will always read 0)Clear faults[21] [0x0014]Clears the faults bit field. Certain faults require 30sec before retry(e.g. over-current). Control will not allow reset of these faults until 30sec counter has expired. (set only, will always read 0)Force EEPROM update[23] [0x0016]Force the controller to update EEPROM with RAM values.(set only, will always read 0)Reset min/max volts and amps[24] [0x0017]Resets the solar max amps. Also resets battery 1 and battery 2 min/max voltages.(set only, will always read 0)Switch to Meterbus Protocol[242] [0x00F1]Manually switches the meter port protocol to Meterbus (for use with Morningstar Remote Meter). The SunSaver Duo also has protocol auto-detection for Meterbus/Modbus.Reset control[256] [0x00FF]Reset control will force a reboot of the processor software.ExamplesRead Holding Register, ScalingVariable (RAM):Battery Voltage 1, filtered (τ≈ 2.5s)Register Address: 0x0000Scaling for this variable: n / 18001. read Register value(hex): 0x5CD02. Convert to decimal: 237603. Scale decimal value: 23760 / 1800 = 13.20 VoltsRead Holding Register, 2 Word values(hourmeter)Variable (RAM): hoursLO Register Address: 0x0013HI Register Address: 0x0014Scaling for this variable: none1. read LO Register value(hex): 0x13D82. read HI Register value(hex): 0x00223. combine register values(hex): 0x002213D84. Convert to decimal: 2,233,304 hoursWrite Single Register, ScalingVariable (EEPROM):priority_offRegister Address: 0xE002Range for this variable: 0 – 417Desired Battery1 priority:60%1. scale desired priority: 60/100 = X/417X = (60*417)/100 = 250.22. Convert decimal to hex: 0x00FA3. write register with hex valueReferences•Modbus Protocol Reference Guide, Modicon, June 1996, PI-MODBUS-300 Rev.J •Modbus Application Protocol Specification, , 8May02,•Modbus_application_protocol_v1Document Revision History1.0.0 First Release。
loadstar分质供水方案介绍及案例
前
言
本文件编制的目的是就将通用水处理方案做一个系统和详尽的说明。 作为借鉴， 我们将考虑各个 方面因素提供一个合理化建议，并按需要进行分章论述。 由于 Loadstar 技术方案和具体业务联系紧密，为了更好地理解和实现甲方的意图和要求，我们 对方案的各部分都作了充分的阐述，结合 Loadstar 核心思想，因水制宜、因地制宜、因时制宜 地为甲方提供经济合理的智能化、集成化的解决方案。本文对具体方案进行了描述，描述的内容 可以作为甲方选择的参考，但具体的细节还需根据实际情况作相应的调整。
第三章 技术支持.......................................................................................................................... 6
福海号介绍
福海
福海是针对海缆施工市场不断提高的定位和埋设要求而专门设计的一艘海缆船。 除其卓越的定位能力外，福海一次海缆装载量可达 5700 吨，最大系柱拖力达 110 吨， 并全面支持目前世界上最先进的埋设犁的操作。
福海系中英海底系统有限公司的船舶，于 2000 年 11 月建造完成，以上海为基地。
SBSS 电缆船 福海 详细规格
: 肋位从 -10 到 31= 10 吨/平方米 : 肋位从 31 到 92= 5 吨/平方米 : 12.6 吨/平方米 : 9.2 吨/平方米
: 1667.5 立方米 : 748.4 立方米
: 700 吨 : 25 吨/天
: 110 吨 : MAN B&W Alpha : 8L32/40 :2 : 3840 kW at 750 rpm
自投入使用以来，福海先后为亚太 2 号光缆、中美光缆路由改道、C2C 海底光缆 网络和泰国－印尼－新加坡光缆等多个光缆系统提供了铺设和埋设服务。
福海可进行电力电缆施工。同时还可以为海上油气田建设提供多项支持服务。
2009 年 5 月
第 1 页 共 10 页
船东及管理者 制造年月 制造商 船旗国 船籍港 官方编号 国际海事组织编号 MMSI 船级 挪威船级社编号 呼号
: 105.80 米 : 83.70 米 : 20.00 米 : 12.00 米 : 9.10 米 : 大约 4 米 : 44.50 米 : 14 节 : 12.5 节 : 31 吨/天 : 8 吨/天 : 轻油 3 吨/天 及 重油 1.5 吨/天 : 20 - 27 吨/天 : 45 天
: 6303 : 1891 : 7959 吨 : 4580 吨 : 5342 : 6997.76 / 5023.4
onstar安吉星系统简介
onstar安吉星系统简介什么是OnStar？On Star系统与丰田的G-book在功能上类似，运作原理也基本相同，都是为车主提供在线服务。
OnStar主要依赖于CDMA网络进行语音、数据通信以及GPS卫星进行定位和导航服务，其在北美主要与美国的Verizon Wireless和加拿大的Bell Mobility两家移动运营商合作，而在中国，OnStar已经与中国电信签订了相关的协议，未来中国消费者使用的OnStar系统将基于中国电信的CDMA网络运行。
OnStar的中文名称为“安吉星”，听起来颇有护身符的意味，对于信奉神明的国人来说显得更加亲近。
OnStar历史OnStar的计划始于1995年通用（GM）、EDS公司（Electronic Data Systems）休斯电气（Hughes Electronics Corporation ）应用各自专业领域内的技术和经验共同开发出了OnStar系统，当时的Onstar基于美国国内的模拟移动信号网络。
时任通用全球CEO的瓦格纳在1996年的芝加哥车展上展示了这套在当时互动信息系统，并与1996年11月推出了搭签署过相关的授权协议，推出过能够提供OnStar服务的车型，可以说通用开创了这种在线实时服务的先河。
之后，由于联邦通信委员会FCC于2008年起不再使用模拟移动技术而全面启用数字移动通信技术，通用公司于2007年底停用了基于模拟信号的OnStar网络，并早在2006年4月时就对其50多万用户发出了通知，对其原有的接收设备进行升级，之后，从第六代产品开始，OnStar全面进入了数字时代。
如今，OnStar已经发展到了第八代，用户超过500万，人群遍布北美及拉丁美洲，拥有三个24小时应答的救助中心，是一套在北美受到广泛好评的系统，有70%在免费期过后选择续费继续使用。
OnStar是如何工作的？OnStar的硬件系统在出厂时就已安装好，操作面板通常位于车内天花板或内后视镜上，使用起来非常简单，按下面板上的ON键，系统就会与OnStar应答中心连线，通过语音便能够获得所需的帮助。
uScada企业版用户手册(V8.1)
捷通模拟通讯实验室
2012-10-30
目
一、 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 二、 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 三、 3.1. 3.2. 四、 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 五、 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 六、 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. 七、 八、 8.1. 8.2. 8.3. 九、 9.1. 9.2. 9.3. 9.4. 9.5. 9.6. 9.7. 9.8. 十、
录
简介................................................................................................................................... 1 uScada 功能介绍 .......................................................................................................... 1 uScada 系统架构 .......................................................................................................... 1 uScada 典型使用流程 .................................................................................................. 3 工程管理..................................................
SUN公司产品介绍
中档存储设备 Sun StorEdge 6140 Sun StorEdge 6540 Sun StorEdge 6920
数据中心存储设备 Sun StorEdge 9970 Sun StorEdge 9980 Sun StorEdge 9985 Sun StorEdge 9990
SUN主机产品介绍
产品PN号
每种设备都支持很多的配件,如V890服务器， 扩充硬盘时可选择PN号为XRA-FC1CB146G10K的硬盘，安装网卡时可以选择产 品号(PN)为X4111A、X4112A、X4444A、 X4445A等的网卡，这些PN号代表了不同种 类的硬盘或网卡，订购时按需求选用。
产品SN号
每种设备或者配件都有着自己的产品号(PN)，代表 了是这种类型的产品，而一种类型的产品一定会 批量生产，所以在出厂时为了标识的方便，给批 量生产出来的每一件都进行了编号。如PN号为 SG-XLIBLTOS-C4的产品生产了10000件，给这 些产品按照出厂顺序编号0603X00140， 0603X00141，0603X00142，0603X00143， 0603X00144，0603X00145等等，这些号码就叫 做产品序列号，即SN号
服务器 入门级服务器 Sun Fire V210(N31) Sun Fire V215(215) Sun Fire V240(N32) Sun Fire V245(245) Sun Fire V440(A42) Sun Fire V445(445) Midrange服务器 Sun Fire V490(A52) Sun Fire V890(A53) Sun Fire V1280(A40) Sun Fire E2900 Sun Fire E4900 Sun Fire E6900 高端服务器 Sun Fire E20K Sun Fire E25K
A10产品应用简介
A10公司产品简介A10公司是成立于美国硅谷的一家技术领先的公司，目前公司有三个系列的产品，产品名分别是AX，IDSentrie和EX。
A X产品：用于服务器的负载均衡。
许多企业都有应用系统或者业务系统运行在服务器上，供公司内部或者外部的用户访问。
随着用户数的增多，或者应用系统软件对服务器资源占用的越来越大，服务器的性能就会成为瓶颈。
这个时候从用户角度感受到的就是访问变慢，或者干脆有页面打不开，断断续续。
这种情况下就需要对服务器做负载均衡。
通过放置一台AX设备在几台服务器前面，用户的访问由AX设备均衡发到后面的各台服务器上，这样原来有一台服务器处理的用户访问，就分担到了多台服务器上面，因此整个系统的处理能力就得到了提升，例如现在有N台服务器，那么处理能力就得到了N倍的提升。
而且随着以后系统的发展，如果需要继续增加性能，只需要简单地添加服务器即可。
放置AX设备后有如下优点：1．系统性能提升，处理能力增强，用户访问变快2．提高了服务器的安全性，AX设备具有抵抗网络攻击的能力，将服务器放在AX后面，可以保护服务器不受攻击。
3．易于扩展，假设以后需要继续提高性能，增加服务器即可。
4．节省投资，由于易于扩展，并且对服务器没有特殊要求，如果需要增加服务器，购买市面上普通的服务器即可，这样可以节省总体投资AX产品其他优势：5．性能业界最强，功能最多6．所有功能都包含在一个盒子内，用户不需要购买额外的license.7．多CPU超级计算架构，业界领先8．硬件冗余：冗余CPU，冗余硬盘，冗余电源，冗余风扇，将硬件故障可能降到最小。
9．高性价比（性能/功能/硬件配置价格比）。
IDSentrie产品：该产品的功能包含：接入认证，用户管理，日志分析以及IP-to-ID。
该产品可用于提高用户网络系统的安全性和可管理性。
假设一个企业有各种办公系统，从安全性的角度，希望用户接入网络前先要认证，才能分配IP地址或者才能允许访问某个系统，这个时候就可以用到IDSentire接入认证功能来提高整体的安全性。
星光xpress lodestar pro 光学导星系统用户手册说明书
Handbook for the SX ‘Lodestar PRO’ guideCameraThank you for purchasing a Starlight Xpress ‘Lodestar PRO’ guide camera. We hope that you will be very pleased with the performance of this product. Please register your product and warranty at https://forms.gle/tmsHEJfQG2bLJjr57 .The Lodestar PRO is an updated version of the very popular ‘Lodestar X2’. It is a very compact guider which is powered and operated via a single USB2.0 computer connection. It also provides an opto-isolated output connection for direct control of most mounts, via their ‘Autoguider’ sockets. This output is compatible with the ‘ST4’ style of RJ12 connection and supplies 4 ‘pull down’ direction lines and a common return. Alternatively, you may send the mount control signals via a serial connection from the guider control computer. The Lodestar PRO utilises a very sensitive Sony ‘ExView2’ CCD (the ICX829AL) with an array of 752 x 580 pixels in a ‘half-inch’ format sensor. Although the chip is not cooled, it has a very low dark signal and very little readout noise, so it can be used to guide on faint stars that are well beyond the reach of webcams and CMOS chip based guide cameras.The Lodestar PRO specification:CCD -Sony ICX829AL ExView2 monochrome CCDPixel count -752(H) x 580(V)Pixel size -8.6 x 8.3uMOptical size - 6.47 x 4.81 mmRead noise -Typically 5.5 electronsGain -0.75 e/ADUBarrel size -31.75mm dia. x 85mm long (1.25 inch eyepiece push fit size)Barrel thread -25.4mm x 0.75mm ‘CS’ mount lens threadInput connection - ‘Mini B’ USB socket for USB2.0Output connection - Standard RJ12 autoguider socketOutput type - Opto-isolated 4 lines (N,S,E & W) pull down with common return line Download rate -Approx. 10 frames per second in binned 2x2 mode (recommended)Installing the Lodestar PRO:Before connecting the Lodestar PRO to your computer, please install the appropriate drivers for your operating system from the USB drive supplied with your camera.The supplied USB stick contains all the drivers and software. To install the drivers:1.Select the folder for your operating system2.Double click on the “Install Drivers.exe”3.Follow the prompts in the installer and click ‘Finish’ at the end of the install.If you encounter any problems, read the README file on the USB drive or you can download the latest drivers from our web page at https:///drivers-downloads.The Lodestar PRO control software is Lodestar X2.exe. To install this:1.Double click on the Lodestar Software folder on the USB drive.2.Double click on the Setup.exe program3.Follow the prompts to fully install the software on to your computer.4.Plug in your Lodestar PRO camera – (Wait for the Install New Hardware Wizard to complete)5.Double click on the Lodestar X2.exe icon on your Desktop or from your START button on yourcomputer.6.The first time you use the software, click on “File” then “Set Program Defaults” You will get amessage, “Warning – No INI File found – Please set defaults”7.Click “OK” – The Set Program Defaults box will appear.8.If you are going to be using the RJ12 Autoguider Port on your Lodestar PRO, selectAutoguider Socket in the “Telescope Guiding Parameters” box at the top of this box.9.Click on “Save Changes” and you are all set to start using the camera. (The INI file that wasbeing asked for initially has now been created and you will no longer see the Warningmessage)PHD2 is also supplied on the USB stick. This is an excellent and very simple stand-alone Autoguiding Software. We would highly recommend trying this software as it is highly regarded in the Astro-Imaging community.Other 3rd party software packages such as AstroArt, MaximDL, SkyX and others, all support the Lodestar PRO either with native drivers or through ASCOM. Our latest driver can be found on our website: https:///support/resourcesUsing the Lodestar PRO:The Lodestar PRO is generally used with a separate guide telescope, or via an off-axis guider. It is designed to be inserted into a standard 1.25” focuser assembly, but also has a 25mm ‘C’ type camera lens thread in the front to allow standard CCTV lenses or adaptors to be attached. Please note that the chip to lens distance is only 12.5mm and so a ‘CS’ to ‘C’ extension will be needed to permit a standard C lens to reach focus. Lenses designed for ‘CS’ mount cameras will focus without an extension tube, but many of these lenses cannot fully illuminate a half-inch format CCD, so take care when selecting a lens for this purpose.A typical set up might consist of an inexpensive 80mm F5 refractor ‘piggybacked’ onto an SCT, with the Lodestar PRO fitted directly into its focus barrel. Many such telescopes are designed to be used with an inverting prism ahead of the eyepiece and so the focuser may be too short when the Lodestar PRO is inserted directly. In this case, an extension tube may often be made from a cheap Barlow lens assembly with the lens removed.The focal length of your guide telescope is not especially critical for good guiding, as the guiding software searches for the ‘centroid’ of the guide star image and can resolve shifts of far less than 1 pixel. Using a guide scope with a relatively short focal length (between 300 and 500mm) makes guide star finding very easy and this is a recommended setup for general purpose guiding.The control of your telescope mount will depend on what inputs are provided. The Lodestar PRO output connector supplies 4 pull-down lines and a common return line to simulate an ‘ST4’ style autoguider output. The lines are isolated from the Lodestar PRO electronics by opto-isolator chips and so there is no risk of damage when connecting the outputs to mounts with unprotected electronics. A standard ‘RJ12’ style output lead is supplied with the Lodestar PRO and this may be connected to any ST4 compatible autoguider input socket on the mount. It is also possible to guide by using serial data from the computer to an RS232 input on the mount, but this will be covered later and can be less effective than the direct hardware connection.The preferred guiding mode is 2x2 binned, as this gives both fast downloads and high sensitivity without any ‘interlacing’ issues. The ‘Fast’ 2x1 mode is also useful if you are working with a short focal length guide ‘scope, as it offers somewhat finer RA guiding resolution in the X axis if this is oriented East-West. If operating with a very short focus ‘scope, high resolution mode may be best.Guiding with the Starlight Xpress softwareWith the Lodestar PRO connected to the PC and mount, open ‘Lodestar X2.exe’ and find the ‘Set program defaults’ menu under the ‘File’ heading. If this is the first run of the software, you will get a warning about the ‘ini file not found’, but ignore this and click on OK. You should now see a screen similar to the one shown below:The settings shown above are generally satisfactory as a starting point, although some will probably need refinement for best results. In the example shown, the ‘autoguider socket’ on the Lodestar PRO is providing the control signals to the mount, but you might alternatively use the ‘LX200’ mode via the serial port of the computer, if this is preferred. The Guiding Parameters are set to 6 pixels per second, which corresponds to the typical drift rate of a 1000mm focal length guide telescope when the mount is guiding at 0.5x sidereal speed. Longer focal lengths and/or higher guiding rates will require a larger value to be set so as to avoid excessively fast corrections, which can cause erratic guiding or even oscillation of the guiding errors to either side of the guide star.Once the defaults have been set to values which you think will be approximately correct, save the settings and open the ‘View’ menu. In this you will see an option called ‘Max palette stretch’. Open this and check the ‘Activate stretch display’ check box. This will automatically boost the image brightness so that faint guide stars can be easily seen – if necessary, you can adjust the slider for the best results.Now click on the camera icon to open the Lodestar PRO control dialog, as below:The image box will be empty at this point, but we need a frame to select the guide star from, so use the guiding options to select a suitable exposure time (say 1 second) and press the ‘Start’ button below the image box. A sequence of images will be shown and you can refine the image focus and centring as required. Before attempting to guide, it is wise to check that you have control of the telescope drive via the Lodestar PRO software. This is easily done by pressing the ‘Move Telescope’ buttons at the lower left of the control box. Check that pressing the arrow buttons causes the star field to drift left, right, up and down, as appropriate. The LED at the back of the Lodestar PRO should change colour when the buttons are pressed. If all is well, move onto the next step below:Once a good guide star has been found, press the ‘Stop’ button and then the ‘Select guide star’ button. You can now click the mouse arrow on the guide star and a green cross will appear, centred on the star (see above). Don’t select a very bright guide star, as this will result in poor guiding due to saturation of the core pixels in the star image. The example above shows the region around Vega and it is clear that Vega itself would make a very poor guide star due to its large saturated core.Once the guide star is selected, a small box appears with the star coordinates. If they look good, just click on OK.Now click on ‘Start Guiding’:After a brief delay, the Guiding Info window will open, as above, and you will see the guide star, along with error values and a reticule showing the guide star location with respect to the reference position. If all is well, you should see the guide star location being forced towards the centre position with each successive guide image. However, it is quite likely that it will be pushed away from the correct position, due to an error in the guiding default settings. If this is the case, note the direction of travel, and then reverse the appropriate direction setting in the guiding defaults menu. For example, if the star moves away to the left or right, try reversing the ‘Swap e/w direction’ setting. If guiding works, but is sluggish, try reducing the ‘Rate’ setting in the guider settings, or increase it if the guiding oscillates from one side of the guide star to the other.Guiding with ‘PHD2’A very simple-to-use guiding program is Stark Labs ‘PHD2’ (/). I recommend this as a good and simple way to guide with the Lodestar PRO and I use it myself on most occasions.To guide with PHD2, first press the ‘camera’ icon and select the ‘Starlight SXV’ option for the camera.If you have more than one SX camera connected, then choose ‘Lodestar’ or ‘Lodestar X2’ from the list.Next, press the ‘Mount’ button and select ‘On camera’ (this uses the RJ12 cable to feed corrections to the mount). You can also set these as the default by using the ‘Manage Profiles’ selection at the top of the box. Close the settings window when finished.Now press the ‘Loop’ icon and you should see a continuously updating star field. Focus and select thebest exposure time, then press ‘Stop’.Click the mouse on a suitable guide star in your last image and then select the ‘Target’ icon. PHD2 will set up a cursor and box on the guide star and proceed to ‘calibrate’ the mount. After about 1 minute of calibration, it will start to guide on the star.Lodestar PRO maintenance:The Lodestar PRO head is designed for a long and reliable lifespan and needs very little maintenance to keep it in good working order. The only common issue is with dust particles which collect on the CCD window and can shade areas of the image field. These are best removed with a quick blast of compressed air from a ‘Dust off’ aerosol, or similar air blower. More permanent marks may be removed with a drop of alcohol on a ‘microfibre’ lens cloth.Dear User,Thank you for purchasing a Starlight Xpress CCD Imaging System. We are confident that you will gain much satisfaction from this equipment, but please read carefully the accompanying instruction manual to ensure that you achieve the best performance that is capable of providing.As with most sophisticated equipment a certain amount of routine maintenance is necessary to keep the equipment operating at its optimum performance. The maintenance has been kept to a minimum, and is fully described in the manual.In the unfortunate instance when the equipment does not perform as expected, may we recommend that you first study the fault finding information supplied. If this does not remedy the problem, then contact Starlight Xpress for further advice. Our message board service on the Starlight Xpress web site will often provide solutions to any problems.The equipment is covered by a 12-month guarantee covering faulty design, material or workmanship in addition to any statutory Consumer Rights of Purchasers.CONDITIONS OF GUARANTEE1) The equipment shall only be used for normal purposes described in the standard operating instructions, and within the relevant safety standards of the country where the equipment is used. 2) Repairs under guarantee will be free of charge providing proof of purchase is produced, and that the equipment is returned to the Service Agent at the Purchaser’s expense and risk, and that the equipment proves to be defective.3) The guarantee shall not apply to equipment damaged by fire, accident, wear and tear, misuse, unauthorised repairs, or modified in any way whatsoever, or damage suffered in transit to or from the Purchaser.4) The Purchaser’s sole and exclusive rights under this guarantee is for repair, or at our discretion the replacement of the equipment or any part thereof, and no remedy to consequential loss or damage whatsoever.5) This guarantee shall not apply to components that have a naturally limited life.6) Starlight Xpress’s decision in all matters is final, and any faulty component which has been replaced will become the property of Starlight Xpress Ltd.For further info. or advice, please call:Mr Michael Hattey,Starlight Xpress Ltd.,Unit 3, Brooklands Business Park,Bottle Lane, Binfield,Berkshire,England. RG42 5QXTel: 01184026878e-mail:**********************************.ukWeb site: Please don’t forget to register your Lodestar PRO athttps://tforms.gle/tmsHEJfQG2bLJjr57 to initiate your warranty。
早晨星公司MeterHub通信中心说明书
Newtown, PA 18940 USA email:************************UB H ET M ERTM Model: HUB-1Dimensions in millimeters [inches]1.0 Getting Started1.1 What’s in the Box? 56 Features1.22.0 MountingTools7 Required2.1Mounting8 Wall2.2Mounting9 DIN2.3Rail3.0 Network Connections3.112RulesNetworking14 NetworksExample3.24.0 Operation17 LEDs4.1StatusMaintenance184.25.0 Troubleshooting6.0 Warranty7.0 Technical Specifi cationsSave These InstructionsThis manual contains important safety, installation and operating instructions for the Meter Hub.The following symbols are used throughout this manual to indicate potentially dangerous conditions or mark important safety instructions.WARNING: Indicates a potentiallydangerous condition. Use extremecaution when performing this task.CAUTION: Indicates a criticalprocedure for safe and properoperation.NOTE: Indicates a procedure orfunction that is important for safe andproper operation.General Safety InformationRead all of the instructions and cautions in the manual before •beginning installation.There are no user serviceable parts inside the Meter Hub. Do not •disassemble or attempt to repair the controller.There are no fuses or disconnects inside the Meter Hub.•Do not allow water to enter the product.•1.1 What’s in the Box?9Meter Hub9Operator’s Manual9TM RJ-11 Cables, 1 meter (3 ft) in length Five MeterBus9Four Mounting Screws1.2 FeaturesEMETERHUBMeterBus Communication Hub432165Figure 1. Features of the Meter Hub1- Port Status LEDsIndicates network connection status for each port2- Input Power Port B (Link In)Input power for the Meter Hub, provided by a device3- Output Power Port A (Link Out)Power output for meters or linking Meter Hubs4- Mounting FeetFor wall mounting the Meter Hub5 - Ports 1 - 4Isolated network ports6- DIN Rail Release TabSnap on / Release from DIN rail2.1 Required Tools9Philips screw driver9Wire strippers9Wire clippersIf wall mounting - Drill99If wall mounting - 3 mm (1/8”) drill bit2.2 Wall MountingStep 1Locate a suitable mounting surface that is protected from direct sun, high temperatures, corrosive fumes, and water. Do not install in a confi ned area where battery gasses can accumulate.Step 2Place the Meter Hub on the surface where it will be mounted and determine where the cables will enter/exit. Be sure there is suffi cient bending room for the communication cables. Verify that the mounting screws will not penetrate wires or other objects located on the opposite side of the surface.Step 3Hold the Meter Hub in place and use a pencil or pen to mark the surface at the location of each of the four mounting holes. Remove the Meter Hub and drill 3 mm (1/8”) pilot holes at each mark.Step 4Place the Meter Hub onto the surface and align the mounting feetholes with the four pilot holes. Use #10 screws (included) to secure the Meter Hub to the surface.2.3 DIN Rail MountingThe Meter Hub mounts to standard 35 mm (1-3/8”) DIN rail.123E M T E R H U B EM ETER H UB Figure 2. Mounting the Meter Hub on DIN rail.Step 1The DIN rail location should be protected from direct sun, hightemperatures, corrosive fumes, and water. Do not install in a con fi ned area where battery gasses can accumulate.Step 2Place the Meter Hub over the DIN rail in the location where it is to be mounted. Make sure there is suf fi cient room above and below the Meter Hub for wire connections.Step 3The Meter Hub was designed for installation onto a DIN rail without theneed for tools. On the bottom of the Meter Hub, there are three hooks that catch the upper lip of the DIN rail and one wide tab that snaps over the bottom lip of the DIN rail. Hold the Meter Hub at an angle and gently slide the three upper hooks on the back of the Meter Hub over the upper lip of the DIN rail as shown in fi gure 2 (action #1).Step 4Once the hooks have engaged the upper lip of the DIN rail, rotate the Meter Hub so that it is fl ush and parallel to the DIN rail as shown in fi gure 2 (action #2).Step 5Hold the Meter Hub fi rmly in position while pushing the DIN rail tab upwards as shown in fi gure 2 (action #3). The tab will fi rmly snap when properly engaged with the DIN rail.CAUTION: Equipment DamageNever attempt to remove the Meter Hub from the DIN-rail without fi rst releasing the DIN rail tab. Damage to the Meter Hub will result!The Meter Hub allows multiple Morningstar devices to communi-cate on a MeterBus network. Networked controllers can share data and display net system information on a TriStar Meter 2. Table 1 below lists all Morningstar Devices that can be networked using the Meter Hub. Table 1 is divided into two columns. The fi rst col-umn lists devices that supply power to the MeterBus Network. All devices listed in the second column require power from the Meter-Bus Network to operate. It is important to understand the power requirements of each device connected to a MeterBus network. The Meter Hub electrically isolates devices that supply power to the MeterBus, preventing grounding problems. Devices that re-quire power from the network must be connected to devices that supply power.(X) Supplies Power(Y) Requires PowerSunSaver-MPPT-15L TriStar Digital Meter 2 TriStar-45TriStar Remote Digital Meter 2 TriStar-60Relay DriverTriStar-MPPT-45TriStar-MPPT-60Table 1. Morningstar Device MeterBus Power Specifi cations3.1 Networking RulesHardware9A maximum of 15 devices are allowed on a single MeterBus net-work.9A TriStar meter is required for MeterBus network information dis-play. A maximum of two meters are allowed on a MeterBus network.Use one of the following models:Meter ModelTriStar Digital Meter 2TS-M-2TriStar Remote Meter 2TS-RM-2Table 2. TriStar meters compatible with MeterBus networks9Ports 1 - 4 on the Meter Hub are each isolated from all other ports.There is no power output on these ports.9Ports A & B are not isolated from each other.9In-One device from column X of table 1 must be connected toput Power Port B to power the Meter Hub. When linking multipleMeter Hubs, Power Out Port A is connected to Input Power Port B of the following hub. (see Example Network # 3, pg. 15) 9Only one device from column X of table 1 can be connected to each port on the Meter Hub.Devices listed in column Y of table 1 require MeterBus power. For 9this reason, devices in this column cannot be the only device con-nected to ports 1-4.9Link Out/Link In Multiple Meter Hubs can be connected using theports A&B.Software and Firmware9All devices on a MeterBus network must be programmed with aunique MeterBus address. The MeterBus address of each device can be modifi ed using a TriStar Meter 2 or MSView PC software.9See individual product documentation for details about networking.9Firmware updates for all products are available on our website:3.2 Example NetworksExample Network #1: Typical Small NetworkE M ETERH UB MeterTriStarFigure 3. Small Network DiagramA simple two TriStar system with meter is shown in fi gure 3 above. The TriStar on Port 1 is electrically isolated from the TriStar on PortB and meter on Port A. Differences in ground potential, disconnected grounds, and differing system voltage will not damage the network equipment or controllers.Example Network #2: Typical Medium-sized NetworkEM ETER H UB WithMeterTriStar Figure 4. Medium-sized NetworkThe Medium-sized network shown in fi gure 4 includes three TriStars, one Relay Driver, and two meters. There can be a maximum of twometers on the MeterBus network. The Relay Driver requires power from the MeterBus. Since ports 1 through 4 on the Meter Hub do not provide output power, a TriStar powers the Relay Driver before connection to Port 1.Example Network #3: Large MeterBus Network E M ETER H UB TriStar1345678910Figure 5. Multiple Meter Hub NetworkFor large systems, multiple Meter Hubs can be connected via the Link In / Link Out ports A & B to expand the number of available ports. Figure 5 above shows network connections for a system with nineTriStars and two meters. Up to four Meter Hubs can be linked together, accommodating up to 15 MeterBus devices. Each device in the network must be programmed with a unique MeterBus ID.After the Meter Hub has been mounted and wired into the network, there are few operator tasks to perform. This section provides information pertaining to the normal operation and maintenance of the Meter Hub. 4.1 Status LEDsFive Status LEDs indicate proper network connection to each port. The Status LED on Port B indicates power status for the Meter Hub. The Meter Hub must be powered through Port B for correct operation. Status LED ON (Green)•The port is powered with a correct network connection. Status LED OFFNo devices are connected to the port••A device that supplies power is not connected to the port (seetable 1 on page 11)•There is a wiring error or broken network cableNOTE:Devices listed in column Y of table 1 cannot be the only devices connected to ports 1-4,or port B.4.2 MaintenanceThe Meter Hub is designed to run automatically without the need for user intervention. However, the operator should perform the following tasks annually to ensure continued operation:9Verify that the Status LEDs indicate normal operation.Check all network connections for corrosion or loose connections.99Inspect the case for nesting insectsProblem:A device is connected to a Meter Hub port, but the Status LED for the port is not ON.9Verify that the connected device is listed in column X of table 1 on page 11. A device from column X is required to power the port.Try a different network cable.99Make sure the device itself has power.9Connect the device to a different Meter Hub port.Problem:The Status LED is ON for each connected port but there is no communication.9Check Port B power. A device must be connected to Port B topower the Meter Hub circuits.9Verify that each device has been programmed with a unique ID.9Try different network cable(s).The Meter Hub is warranted to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of FIVE (5) years from the date of shipment to the original end user. Morningstar will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective products.CLAIM PROCEDUREBefore requesting warranty service, check the Operator’s Manual to be certain that thereis a fault with the Meter Hub. Return the defective product to your authorized Morningstar distributor with shipping charges prepaid. Provide proof of date and place of purchase. To obtain service under this warranty, the returned products must include the model, serial number and detailed reason for the failure. This information is critical to a rapid disposition of your warranty claim. Morningstar will pay the return shipping charges if the repairs are covered by the warranty.WARRANTY EXCLUSIONS AND LIMITATIONSThis warranty does not apply under the following conditions:• Damage by accident, negligence, abuse or improper use.• Unauthorized product modifi cation or attempted repair• Damage occurring during shipmentTHE WARRANTY AND REMEDIES SET FORTH ABOVE AREEXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHERS, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. MORNINGSTAR SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. No Morningstar distributor, agent or employee is authorized to make any modifi cation or extension to this warranty.MORNINGSTAR IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR INCIDENTAL ORCONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING BUTNOT LIMITED TO LOST PROFITS, DOWNTIME, GOODWILL ORDAMAGE TO EQUIPMENT OR PROPERTY.8 Pheasant Run, Newtown PA 18940Email:************************ElectricalMinimum Isolation (Ports 1-4) 500 V oltsSelf-consumption (per port) 8 mAMechanicalmm135x108x37 Dimensionsin5.3x4.3x1.50.41lbs/0.19WeightkgPort Connections RJ-11, gold platedindoorrated1,Enclosure TypeCompatible DIN rail 35 mm standard EnvironmentalOperating Temperature -40C to +60C+85CStorageto-55CTemperature(NC)Humidity 100% Tropicalization conformal coating on bothcircuitboardofprintedsidesCertifi cationsCERoHSSpecifi cations subject to change without notice.Designed in the U.S.A.Assembled in China.MS-ZMAN-HUB-01-B 07/09Meter Hub Operator’s Manual21。