动物福利与动物保护

哲学家Roger Scruton 反对动物权利，他认为 ‚权利意味着责任‛。
The sacred against today's fashionable forms of atheism. Evolution cannot explain our conception of the sacred; neuroscience is irrelevant to our interpersonal relationships and scientific understanding has nothing to say about the experience of beauty, which provides a God's-eye perspective on reality.
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/dialogues/features/2001/animal_rights/_9.html
牛津大学教授Colin Blakemore
科学家担心动物权利主义者从反对使用 大猩猩、黑猩猩作为实验动物开始，逐 步限制使用灵长类实验动物，一步步走 向极端，最终走向全面禁止实验动物研 究（Nature Medicine Editorial. 2008）。 反对赋予非人灵长类权利，他认为当出 现仅威胁人与猩猩的新型流行病时，必 须用猩猩作为实验动物。
类、国际航空公司停止运输灵长类、 动物实验开始转移到其他国家。
Gary Francione (1954 -) Professor of law and philosophy at Rutgers School of Law-Newark, is a leading abolitionist writer, arguing that animals need only one right, the right not to be owned.
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Drawing on Scrutyon’ss own experiences of hunting and offering a delightful portrait of the people and animals who take part in it. Scruton introduces the mysteries of country life. He pleas for tolerance toward a sport in which the love of animals prevails over the pursuit of them, and in which Nature herself is the center of the drama. Among the most dramatic and ironic discoveries that On Hunting tells us that hunting is about a love of and respect for animals, rather than a blood-thirsty hatred of them, and that the sport, far from being limited to an upper-class, oldmonied aristocracy (有钱的贵族), is really one promoting an egalitarian meritocracy （平等的精英）.
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Do animals have rights? If not, do we have duties towards them? If so, what duties? Why are animalrights groups so keen to protect the rights of badgers and foxes but not of rats, mice or even humans? How can we bridge the growing gap between rural producers and urban consumers? Why is raising animals for fur more heinous than raising them for their meat? Are we as human beings driving other species either to extinction or to a state of dependency?
The current environmental movement directs its energies at the bigger picture but fails to see that environmental problems are generated and resolved by ordinary people.
动物福利与动物保护
蒋志刚 中国科学院动物研究所
提 纲
(1) 动物福利
(2) 动物权利
(3) 动物意识 (4) 伦理的演化 (5) 动物的保护
问题的由来： 人与动物的关系及动物法律地位

如何对待动物是一个分歧很大、争论
不休的话题。目前的分歧来自生物伦
理与对动物的法律地位的分歧。
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Aristotle Altemps
is, "your right may be my duty." Scruton therefore regards the emergence of the animal rights movement as "the strangest cultural shift within the liberal worldview", because the idea of rights and responsibilities is, he argues, distinctive to the human condition, and it makes no sense to spread them beyond our own species
Peter Singer（1946-） The central argument of his idea is an expansion of the utilitarian idea （功利思想） that "the greatest good of the greatest number" is the only measure of good or ethical behaviour. Singer believes that there is no reason not to apply this principle to other animals, arguing that the boundary between human and "animal" is completely arbitrary.
Animals were not conscious and behaved as automatons.
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Jeremy Bentham 杰里米·边沁（1748 – 1832）British philosopher 杰里米·边沁哲学的基本公理‘对与错的测度是绝大多数获得了最大的 幸福’。"fundamental axiom" of his philosophy the principle that "it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong"
类人猿项目（The Great Ape Project (GAP)

1993年,在Paola Cavalieri和Peter Singer的倡导下，类人猿项目（The
Great Ape Project (GAP) 成立,要求
联合国宣告类人猿的基本法定权利。

伦理已经影响了现实，一个突出的例
子是欧盟和美国禁止使用实验用灵长
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Tom Regan （1938-） Animal welfare movement for not going far enough to protect animals' interests.
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法官 Richard Posner
Posner(2001)指出‚基于道德直觉，人类偏 爱他自己。如果一只狗威胁了一个婴儿，尽 管要制止这条狗伤害婴儿，狗将会受到比婴 儿可能遭受到的痛苦更多。我们将拯救婴儿， 因为狗将会受到比婴儿可能遭受到的痛苦更 多而放过那条狗将是荒谬的。‛
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来自百度文库
Beauty has an indispensable part to play in shaping the human world
A novel about the chaotic underworld of a Yorkshire city.
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任何法定的特权意味着没有这一特权的人的负担，他说’你的特权可能 是我负担’。Scruton因此将动物权利运动视为文明世界的最奇怪的文化 飘移。他认为权利与责任是人类的特征。将其扩展到我们人类以外毫无 意义。Every legal privilege, he writes, imposes a burden on the one who does not possess that privilege: that
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Animal Activism and Intimidation of Scientists
SCIENCE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF DONALD KENNEDY IS ON THE MARK WITH HIS
CALL FOR INSTITUtions to support their scientists and researchers under siege by animal rights terrorists (“Animal activism: out of control,” 15 Sept., p. 1541). As directors of Americans for Medical Progress, we feel that it is equally important to urge the entire scientific community and their supporters to rally publicly for those targeted by extremists. Our scientific brethren in the United Kingdom have been unified and proactive in their successful efforts to moderate the public debate over the humane use of animals in research. Initiatives expressing popular support for animal research, such as Pro-Test and The People’s Petition, have demonstrated that science will not be cowed and have helped scientists to speak out in public. The assault on University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) primate researcher Dario Ringach is an attack on responsible research being conducted everywhere. It is not enough for UCLA administrators, faculty members, and researchers to support him. All scientists and advocates of biomedical research should abandon their silence, speak out, and show public solidarity with our colleagues who are under threat. JOHN D. YOUNG,* RICHARD W. BIANCO, JOHN J. FUNG, ANDREW A. LACKNER Americans for Medical Progress, 908 King Street, Suite 301, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA.
Peter Singer
辛格1975年出版了Animal Liberation一书 ，提出了‘物种歧视 (speciesism)‛的概念。这本书1990年、2002年, 2009年多次再版，成 为动物解放运动的理论基础。辛格认为动物具有感受痛苦的经历，因此 必须考虑动物的利益。
意大利哲学家，因为主张将人类权利延伸到类人猿 而闻名。著作有《动物问题：为什么非人动物应有 人类权利》1988-1998年任Etica & Animali主编 How much do animals matter--morally? Can we keep considering them as second class beings, to be used merely for our benefit? Or, should we offer them some form of moral egalitarianism? Cavalieri discovers that its very logic extends to nonhuman animals as beings who are owed basic moral and legal rights and that, as a result, human 12 rights are not human after all.
Aristotle Altemps 亚里士多德.阿 尔腾普斯argued that animals lacked reason (logos), and placed humans at the top of the natural world.
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René Descartes 勒内·笛卡儿（1596-1650）