Colonial American and Revolution1

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美国文学资料整理

一、Colonial period and Revolutionary period（1607-1783）1.American Puritanism影响：①Basis of American literature,All literature is based on a myth –garden of Eden ②Contributing to the development of Symbolism: a technique, widely used ③Influencing the style of literature: simple, fresh and direct (just as the style of the Authorized Version of Holy Bible2.时期特征：①Types of writing: diaries, histories, letters etc. ②Content: serving either God or colonial expansion or both ③Form: imitating English literary traditions3.Anne Bradstreet——Contemplations《沉思录》4. Jonathan Edwards①Works。

The Freedom of the Will、The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 、The Nature of True Virtue②Points of view。

Ideas---reveal the medieval mind of the man 。

(1)Passion for the religion(2)Regeneration of man: He urges his people to enjoy the sweetness of “conversion”(转变).(3) God’s presence: God is the source of all being, the substance of all life. God made the world by an extension of Himself, he manifests Himself in nature and man, and that man, being a part of God, is divine. (4) Puritan idealism：Everything is an image or shadow of the divine.5. Benjamin Franklin（the great man of letters）：Poor Richard’s Almanac、Autobiography 《自传》——It is regarded as one of the most important works of American literature produced during the 18th century. //It is a record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, an account of the colorful career of America's first self-made man. //It is a Puritan document --it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement ////The style: it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The narrative is lucid, the structure is simple, the imagery is homely.二、The Romantic Period (18th C—the Civil War) (1783—1861)1.解释：a movement of the 18th and 19th century that affected the whole of Europe and America. Romanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed in Europe. It emphasized individual values and aspirations above those of society as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution. It looked to the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature for inspiration. general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption. The main representatives are Irving, Cooper, Emerson, Hawthorne, Melville.1.特征：(1) It was the expression of “a real new experience”. Reason: “the spirit of the place”was radically new and alien. (2) American Puritanism was a cultural heritage. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.(3) American Romanticism is full of “newness”.(4) American romanticism was both imitative and independent.2. Washington Irving①Works。

新编英美概况许鲁之(第四版)unit1-12课后习题选择填空

Chapter1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1.In area, the United States is the 4th largest country in the world.2.The Midwest in the US refers to the region around the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi Valley.3.The Backbone of North America refers to the Rocky Mountains4.Death Valley is on the western edge of the Great Basin.5.The Great Plains might have a dust storm in summer.6.The western part of Washington State has the highest rainfall in the US.7.The US primary suppliers of foreign oil are the following countries except Japan8.The US largest open-pit copper-mining center is in Utah.1. The United States is bordered on the north by Canada, on the south by Mexico and the Guff of Mexico, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.2. The large territory of the continental US is divided into three basic areas:A. the Atlantic seacoast west to the AppalachiansB. the Mississippi River BasinC. the Rockies west to the Pacific3. The Middle Atlantic States are the most densely populated region in the US, where the land is flat and fertile.4. The Central Valley of California is a highly productive area, which produced enormous amounts of fruits and vegetables.5. Most production of oil and natural gas in the US comes from offshore areas of Louisiana and Texas, and from onshore areas of Texas, Oklahoma and California. Her big consumption of energy now has made America insufficient in oil supply. The US reliance of foreign oil has reminded consistently in the 40% ranges.6. The United States has little trouble caused by the shortage of fresh water. Farmlands in the US making up about 12% of the arable lands in the world, and they are among the richest and most productive.Chapter 2 American Population1.The over 3 million of early Americans in 1790 were mostly of British ancestry.2.About 700,000 immigrants were legally received by the US each year during the 1980s.3.The official racial segregation continued to be the law of the US until 1954.4.American Indians now mainly live in the South.5.The majority of American Hispanics are from the following countries except Spain.6.The West now leads in percentage increase in population.7.According to the 1994 US census, the second most populous state in the US is Taxes.8.The trend in migration from cities to suburbs now prevailed in all regions except the South.1.The United States is the third most populous nation in the world.2.Prior to 1875 anyone from any country could enter the US freely and take up permanent residence there. Later the US Congress passed laws restricting immigration on the basis of morality, race, and national origin. The 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act reaffirmed national origin as the chief criterion for eligibility and established a preferential system for skilled workers and for relatives of the US citizens. For many years the US restricted to total number of immigrants to 270,000 each year, although the real immigrants numbered much greater than the limit. The 1990 Immigration Act limits the total number of immigrants to 700,000 from 1992 to 1995 and 675,000 thereafter.3.The first blacks arrived in Jamestown in 1619 as indentured servants, but soon[ after 1619 they were brought to colonies as slaves. The blacks were formally freed in1863, but continued to suffer the institutionalized segregation for about a century. Today many blacks still live in the South, some have entered the middle class, but one-third of all black families still live below the poverty line.4.The Chinese-Americans have proved to be industrious and intelligent. They are now viewed as a “model minority” in the US. According to the 2010 US census, there were about 3.8 million Chinese-Americans living in the US. The figure was more than twice what it was in 1990.Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World1. The ancestors of the present American Indians came from Asia.2.“The ambition for the vast lands”is not correct to explain the reasons for the sudden daring exploration of the unknown in the mid-15th century.3. On his voyage of 1492, Columbus expected to reach India.4. Vasco da Gama discovered the route to India.5. John Cabot was sent by the English King to explore the new way to the east.6. New York was not founded first by the English.7. The breadbasket colonies include the following ones except Virginia. (New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland)8. The last one of the 13 colonies was Georgia, which was established in 1733.1. In 1488 Bartholomew Diaz, sailing under the Portuguese flag, went to the Cape of Good Hope at the southern Africa. In 1492 Christopher Columbus, financed by rulers of Spain sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the islands of the Caribbean. He was convinced that he had found the continent of Asia.2. The South Africa was discovered by Amerigo Vespucci who showed the land he arrived in was a new continent. Before long the land was named America after his name.3. Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, was founded in 1607. In 1620, Pilgrims and others arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts. They drew up “Mayflower Compact”4. By 1775, the 13 colonies in North America could be classified as the following three kinds. Specify how the governors were chosen in each.a. Royal: appointed by the English Kingb. Proprietary: chosen by proprietorsc. Self-governing: elected by residents5. Because the New England colonies were difficult of farming, they become a center for fishing and shipbuilding. The middle colonies were known as the breadbasket, which produced wheat and potatoes as the major staple. The southern colonies developed a plantation system. The main crop in the South was tobacco. Much later, cotton became important crop.Chapter 4 American Revolution1. There was a great change in policy towards the 13 colonies after 1763.2. The Stamp Act of 1765 first set a large scale of opposition in the colonies.3. The Tea Act of 1773 was passed by the British Parliament in order to help the British East India Company.4. The First Continental Congress was attended by the representatives from all the colonies except Georgia.5. The first shot of the American War of Independence was fired in Lexington.6. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense urged the American colonists to declare their in dependence.7. The principal author of the Declaration of Independence was Thomas Jefferson.8. The victory at Saratoga was considered as the turning point of the War of Independence.1. During the colonial days the English ruling class did everything they could to control the development of the colonial economy. The colonies in North America were supposed to complement and not compete with English industry.2. Within the five years from 1763 to 1767 after the war with France, the British government adopted several measures to extract more money from colonies. The Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765, for example, laid taxes on certain imports and numerous articles in America to help pay for the costs of British government in the colonies.3. The Sons of Liberty was formed in 1765 to organize the opposition to the Stamp Act. They favored to take violent action to the stamp collectors.4. The first Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia in Sep.1774. The majority of the representatives still favor to take peaceful means to settle the quarrel with the British. They agreed to refuse to buy English goods, hoping in this way to force the British government to give in to their demands. This united action could be called boycott.5. The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776. Karl Marx once called it “the first declaration of the rights of the individual”.6. The American War of Independence lasted 7 years. The fighting was actually ended in 1781, but the final treaty between Britain and the United States was signed in Paris in 1783. The boundaries of the United States were fixed roughly from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River on the west and from the Great Lakes on the north to Spanish Florida on the south. The direct social change brought about by the American Revolution was the emancipation of slaves who fought against the British.Chapter 5 the Confederation and the Constitution1. The confederation created in 1781 was a very loose union of states.2. James Madison was called the Father of the US Constitution.3. The Constitution was frames on the following ideals except that the new government should impose its authority on the people through states.4. Those who supported the Constitution and preferred a strong national government were called Federalists.5. Nine States were needed to ratify the Constitution.6. “They spell out the people’s right” is incorrect to comment on the Federalist Papers.7. The amendment of the Constitution requires the approval of at least three-fourths of the states.8. When the Second War of Independence broke out in 1812, the US president was James Madison.1. Under the Articles of Confederation the national government consisted of only a legislature; it had no separate executive and judicial divisions. The state government was left the exclusive powers to regulate commerce and to tax their citizens.2. The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787. Fifty-five delegates from all states except Rhode Island attended the opening session. The president of the convention was George Washington.3. The Antifederalists opposed the constitution and preferred a more decentralized federal system of government.4. George Washington was elected unanimously as the first US President in 1788. The first Vice-President was John Adams, and the first Secretary of Treasury was Alexander Hamilton, and the first Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson.5. the most glorious achievement of Jefferson as President was the Louisiana Purchase, which was about 828,000 square miles. This Purchase doubled the area of the then United States.6. The War of 1812 is also called the Second War of Independence. This war lasted three years and ended in another American victory. An important result of the war was the strengthening of national unity and patriotism. And it was after this war that the US was able to make the change of a semi-colonial economy into a really independent national economy.Chapter 6 American Expansion and the Civil War1. The Monroe Doctrine had the following features or ideas except Latin America for Europeans.2. The US continental expansion was almost complete by 1848.3. Cotton became the most profitable crop in the South mainly because of the Whitney’s cotton gin.4. In 1854, the Republican Party was founded by some abolitionists.5. In his inaugural address in 1861, Lincoln showed clearly that he would not abolish slavery immediately but to preserve the Union.6. “It immediately freed all slaves living in the United States” about the Emancipation Proclamation is not accurate.7. the most important advantage the North had over the South in the Civil War was its industrial superiority.8. An advantage the South had over the North was its superior military leadership.1. The essence of the Monroe Doctrine was “America for Americans” which later became the cornerstone of the US foreign policy.2. The US expansion to the west may be treated in three stages;A. the settlement of the region between seaboard states and the Mississippi RiverB. the settlement of the Louisiana Territoryc. the occupation of the far Southwest.3. The great majority of dwellers in Louisiana Territory were the descendants of the French pioneers. They settled mainly in two cities: St. Louis and New Orleans.4. Oregon Territory was settled between Britain and the United States in 1846. Its boundary on the north was fixed at the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude.5. Under Missouri Compromise, Missouri was admitted as a slave state, but the balance of political power maintained by admission of Maine as a free state. In addition, slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line36°30’ parallel.6. In 1862, the federal government took two revolutionary measures: (1) Homestead Act and (2) Emancipation proclamation.7. In July 1863 came the turning point of the war at Gettysburg. Here the Confederate army under the general Robert E. Lee was defeated. The battlefield was made a national cemetery, where Lincoln gave his famous speech, the Gettysburg Address, on November 19, 1863.8. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which abolished slavery throughout the United States.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of US Imperialism1. The first US president who faced impeachment proceedings was Andrew Johnson.2. The radical Reconstruction was ended under the President Rutherford B. Hays3. Gold was discovered in California in 1848.4. The first transcontinental railroad in the US was completed in 1869.5. Telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander D. Bell.6. The value of manufactured goods in the US was worth twice as that of her agricultural products by 1900.7. The first imperialist war, the US—Spanish War, broke out in 1898.8. After the US—Spanish War, the US acquired all the following areas except Cuba (Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines)1. The Reconstruction Acts divided all the former Confederate states, except Tennessee, into five military districts and each was put under the control of a Northern army officer. The officer had the power to keep order and to enforce martial law if necessary.2. During the Reconstruction period many Northerners moved to the south .Whatever their motives, these Northerners came to be called carpetbaggers because they were said to have brought all their belongings to the South in a small, cheap suitcase made out of a carpet like material.3. During the Reconstruction the Southern whites who supported the radical reconstruction and joined the Republican Party were called scalawags. They were considered as traitors by the Southern Democrats.4. The KKK, founded in Tennessee in 1866, was a secret society for restoring white supremacy and driving blacks out of politics.5. During Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency the US got control of Panama Canal.Chapter 8 World War I and the Depression1. By the beginning of the 20th century the country that took the first place in economy in Europe was Germany.2. When the First World War began, President Wilson immediately called upon the American people to observe strict neutrality.3. The US joined the First World War in 1917.4. Wilson’s Fourteen Points did not include the point of creation of an international peacekeeping force.5. “Only the rich could afford new consumer goods” about the US in 1920s is not true.6. In responding to the Depression, President Hoover thou ght that the basic role of the Government was to “create conditions favorable to the development of private enterprises”.7. The agricultural Adjustment Act was an attempt to deal with the farmers’ problem of overproduction.8. “It reduced the commodity prices by limiting production and devaluing the dollar” is not right to comment on the New Deal.1. The First World War was waged between two groups of imperialist powers: the Allies and the Central European Power.2. The direct cause that made the US declare war on Germany in 1917was the Germany’s unlimited campaign.3. The major triumph for Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference was the formation of the League of Nations.4. The United States didn’t join the League of Nations because the US Senate refused to approve the Treaty of Versailles.5. Three major treaties were concluded at the Washington Conference:(1) The Four-Power Treaty, respecting the status quo in the Pacific.(2) The Five-Power Treaty, on naval arms apportionment.(3) The Nine-Power Treaty, guaranteeing the independence and integrity of China in appearance, but actually a public international affirmation of the Open Door policy.6. The Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted in 1920, which granted women the right to vote.7. The Great Depression started with the sudden collapse of the Stock Market in New York in October, 1929. This economic distress extended to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.Chapter 9 American During and After World War II1. Between 1935 and 1939, American foreign policy included all of the following except active intervention to prevent aggression.2. The US formally entered the Second World War in 1941.3. Normandy Landing took place on June 6, 1944.4. At Yalta Conference, in Feb. 1945 did Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agree to call a conference of all the United Nations in San Francisco in April 1945.5. The post-World War II program of economic assistance to Western Europe was known as Marshall Plan.6. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., advocated the philosophy of nonviolence.7. Thousands of American soldiers were sent to Vietnam under the President Lyndon B. Johnson.8. The formal diplomatic relation at the ambassadorial rank between China and the US was established under the President Carter.1. The cash-and-carry policy allowed US citizens to sell certain no prohibited goods to belligerent nations as long as thosegoods were not transported on American ships.2. Lend-Lease Act enabled any country whose defense the President considered vital to that of the US to receive arms and other equipment and supplies by sale, transfer, exchange, or lease. F.D. Roosevelt explained the Act would make the US the arsenal of world democracy.3. Civil rights involve government protection of individuals against discrimination based on their race,religion nation origin, gender, age, and other factors. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was honored for his effort to fight discrimination. In 1964, he won the Nobel Prize for peace.4. Star Wars program was proposed by President Reagan in 1983. The program seeks to construct a defensive “shield” against incoming missiles. The shield would be made of laser and electronic devices that would destroy such missiles launched to attack the US.5. In 1990, President Bush ordered Operation Desert Storm to punish Iraq, more than 200000 US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia, and the US navy blocked all oil exports from Iraq and all imports except food.6. Under Clinton, the US enjoyed an economic growth for nine consecutive years. This phenomenon, hardly seen before, has been termed the “new economy” by some. The fundamental reason for it is that American economic structure went through essential changes because of the promotion of scientific and technological progress.Chapter 10 the Federal System and Congress1. The power of the state in the US is actually from both B and C. (the state constitution, the US Constitution)2. The supreme law of the United States includes all the above three.3. The terms of the senator and representative are six and two years respectively.4.”The 17th Amendment (1913)” provided for the direct election of senators.5. Certain presidential appointments must be approved by a majority vote in the Senate.6. All revenue or tax bills must be originated in the House.7. The Speaker of the House is second in line in presidential succession.8. In the House, the power to decide when the full House will hear the bill is vested in the Rules Committee.1. Federalism means the division of powers by a constitution between the central government and state government. It operates only on two levels, the national and the states. Units of government within a state enjoy no independent existence.2. Separation of powers in the United States means not only allocating legislative power to Congress, executive power to President and judicial power to the Supreme Court, but also giving each branch constitutional and political independence and checks and balances that ensure each of the three branches a sufficient role in the actions of the others.3. According to the Constitution, members of the House of Representatives must be25years old and must have been citizens for 7 years. Senators must be at least 30 and must have been citizens for 9 years.4. The Vice President is officially the presiding officer and is called the president of the Senate. In fact he seldom appears in the Senate chamber in this role unless it appears that there might be tie vote in the Senate. In such instances, he casts the tiebreaking vote. To deal with day-to-day business, the Senate chooses the president pro tempore.5. A senator who wants to delay action on a bill or kill it altogether may use a tactic called a filibuster. It can be cut off only through cloture.6. Lobbying is part of the citizen’s right to petition government in the US. Now there are thousands of lobbyists in Washington D.C. Their influence in making the US policy is so great that some people call them “the third house”.Chapter 11 The President and the Judiciary1. The 22nd Amendment in following limits the President to two successive terms only.2. The American President has all the following powers except declaring war on another country.3. The president’s major appointments should be approved by the Senate.4. “It requires the approval of Congress” is not correct to explain the executive agreement.5. The President’s veto can be overridden by two-third votes in both houses.6. The federal courts that regularly employ grand and petit juries are the district courts.7. The highest authority of the Supreme Court is to interpret the US constitution.8. The case involving copyright, trademark, counterfeiting, and bank robbery are usually first tried in the federal district courts.1. By law any natural-born American citizen of and over 35 years of age and of being a resident within the United States for 14years can run for the President. The duly elected and duly qualified president-elect takes office on the20th of January following his election.2. The war powers resolution (1973) requires the President to consult congress and withdraw troops after sixty days unless Congress specifically approves the continued deployment of troops.3. A federal law gave President an item veto in 1996, which is an authority to reject specific sections of a bill without having to veto the entire bill.4. The Supreme Court has the power to examine the bills passed by Congress and policies made by President, and declare them unconstitutional and thus abolish them. John Marshall, the most famous chief justice in American history called this power of interpretation judicial review5. There are three federal court levels: 1) the district courts 2) the courts of appeal 3) the Supreme Court. All the judges of federal courts are appointed by President with the consent of the Senate. The state court system also has a hierarchy of three levels: 1) superior courts, 2) appellate courts, 3) a state supreme court. The state court judges are usually elected. The term of the country court judges is usually four years. And the judges in higher state courts usually sever eight or twelve years for one termChapter 12 Political Parties and Elections1. The emblem of the Democratic Party is donkey.2. The first Democratic President was Thomas Jefferson.3. The first Republican President was Abraham Lincoln.4. The only Democratic President who served two separate terms between the end of Civil War and 1912 was Grover Cleveland.5. The presidential candidate of the major party is nominated at the national convention.6. In the presidential election year the American voters vote on the Tues, after the 1st Mon.7. The number of the presidential electors in each state is equal to the number of its senators and Representatives.8. The American President is actually elected by presidential electors.1. Two factions emerged during the ratification of the US Constitution. One group was called Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton. They favored business development, a strong national government, and a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Another group led by Thomas Jefferson was called Democratic-Republicans. They called for a society based on small farms, a relatively weak central government, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. The roots of today’s Republican Party lie in the Federalists, while the Democrats can trace their beginnings back to Antifederalists or Democratic-Republicans.2. In general, Democrats traditionally have supported workers and minorities, while the Republicans are known for known for their support of business and conservative positions on social issues.3. Before 1971 the only state that gave 18-year-old the right to vote was Georgia; all other states set the age at 21. In 1971 the 26th Amendment to the Constitution lowered the voting age to 18.4. The voting percentage now is very low in the United States. In general older people with more education and high income tend to vote, while the youth, especially aged 18 to 21, has the lowest voting percentage in the Unites States.5. The candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’s electoral votes. This is known as the “winner-take-all” principle. The candidate who wins the majority of the 538 Electoral College votes will be the US President in the next four years.。

美国历史：殖民地(Colonial Period tothe Revolution)

The grave of Benjamin Franklin Philadelphia, Pennyslvania
Memorial marble statue In Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
A marble statue of Benjamin Franklin stands in Benjamin Franklin High School in New Orleans
清教徒puritan原本是指英国基督徒中那些要求清除英国国教会中天主教残余影响的改革派
Lecture 1 Colonial Period to
the Revolution (1607—1800)
Benjamin Franklin
Main contents
Historical background American Puritanism Benjamin Franklin
Success as a diplomat and statesman
Aid Jefferson in writing The Declaration of Independence;
Seeking help from France in American Independent War.
--- B. Franklin
America has never forgotten Benjamin Franklin because he did both.
Today, we honor Ben Franklin as one of the Founding Fathers and as one of America's greatest citizens.

美国作家作品

一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 美国第一位作家《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 普利茅斯第一任首长《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 波士顿第一任首长《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams –The Patriarch of New England《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。

美国文学 colonial america

Colonial America Chapter oneAmerican literature is the youngest literature, because America was not discovered until the end of 16th C, and it is believed that American literature didn’t begin until the 19th C.Our first lecture will be brief about American literature of the Colonial Period, which is from the early 17th C through the end of the 18th C, that is, from the settlement of America through American Revolution.The settlement of the North American Continent by the English began in the early part of the 17thC. In Nov, 1620, May Flower, with more than 100 immigrants from England arrived in America. They became the founding fathers of the American nation. The New England emerged, thus began the history of America. Many of these immigrants were puritans. The puritans were so suppressed in England that they sought escape. They carried Puritanism with them to America and hoped that they could build a kingdom of freedom here.Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influence in American thought and literature. The beliefs can be summarized as the following:1. Original sin(total depravity) God created the first man-Adam, but Adam sinned by eating forbidden fruit. In Adam’s fall, we sinned all. As a result, much emphasis was placed on “original sin”.2. Predestination. God has decided in advance that certain souls will be saved and others will not. When one is born, God has already determined whether he will be saved or not. He and no one else can decide who is to be saved and who is to go to hell.In this period, most of the American literature was personal literature, such as diaries, journals, letters, travel books, sermons. The most popular genre was poetry, most of which were religious. In form, English literature were imitated and transplanted.The first book published in North America wasThe Bay Psalm Book.Writers worth to be mentioned:Anne Bradstreet(1617-1672): a puritan poet.At 18, she came to America with her husband and settled in the Masachusetts Bay Colony. Both her husband and husband were once governor of it. She received better education than most women of her day. Her poem made such a stir in England that she became known as the “tenth Muse” who appeared in America.Her famous poems:1. “The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America”( Her first volume published in London)2. Contemplations (convey her personal feelings for New England and family life)3. Upon theBurning ofOour House.Besides, she wrote in support of women, defending women’s ability, and also conveyed her love for her husband.Edward Taylor (puritan poet, regarded as a major figure in Colonial America)He liked using metaphors and imagery, and was concerned about how his images speak for god.In Huswifery, he saw religious significance in a simply daily incident like a housewife spinning. p23. However, Colonial America did not always write the way Anne and Edward wrote. Some people wrote for civil and religious freedom, some called for independence from Britain.Roger Williams (1603-1683)Came to America in 1630 and began to preach for civil and religious liberty. He calls for democratic government opposes the eviction of the Indians.In 1644, he published “The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience”, upheld the spiritual freedom of the individual. He will go down in American history as a staunch fighter for freedom and democracy.John Woolman.(1720-1772 successor of democratic idea of Roger Williams)1. “Some considerations on the Keeping of Negroes”2. “A Plea for the Poor”He tried to plea for the rights of all men., for the abolition of the slavery system.Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)Born into a very religious New England family. His father was a powerful minister. He learned Latin at 6. Being bright and intelligent, he entered Yale University at 13. In 1723, he returned to Yale and took his M>A and became a tutor(assistant lecturer). Later, he became a minister. He was well-known as a powerful and strong preacher. His sermons taught the power of God and the depravity of man.He was one of the most influential writer of the Colonial America, the greatest theologist and the most profound philosopher in America.1. The Freedom of the Will2. The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended3. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (He spoke with great eagerness which humbled his people and made them trembled before an angry God. It was reported that his listeners screamed in pain as he spoke.。

美国文学知识

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5. William Faulkner: Nobel Prize Winner in 1950; Yoknapatawpha saga约克纳帕塔法县家史; American South; The Sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》Light in August《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom《押沙龙, 押沙龙》Go Down, Moses《去吧,摩西》As I Lay Dying 在我弥留之际 6. Willa Cather: My Antonia; The Song of the Lark莺之歌; rejecting the modern and trying to escape into the refuge of the past 7. Sherwood Anderson: Midwestern America; the first American psychological writer; Winesburg, Ohio 《俄亥俄州的瓦恩斯堡镇》”The Triumph of the Egg”鸡蛋的胜利 Death in the Woods林中之死 8. Sinclaire Lewis: the first American author to win the Novel Prize Main Street《大街》Babbitt巴比特: vulgar and philistine businessman
(2) James Fenimore Cooper (novelist): Leather Stocking Tales 皮袜子故事集 The Last of the Mohicans 最后的莫西干人 (3) William Cullen Bryant (poet): To a “Waterfowl” 致水鸟; “The Yellow Violet”黄色的紫罗兰; poetic translation of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey

The literature of Colonial America

别之一，是16世纪宗教改革运动中脱离天主教而形成的各个新宗派，以及从这些宗派中不断分化出来的众多宗派的统称。 * 英国国教派－圣公宗 * 路德派－信义宗 * 加尔文派－归正宗
John
Calvin
“would-be purifier”
They wanted to purify the English Church and to restore church worship to the “pure and unspotted” condition of its earlier days. They opposed the elaborate rituals of the English Church. They believed that the Bible was the revealed word of God, therefore, people should guide their daily behavior with the Bible.
Religious revolution in 16th century Catholicism English church Protestantism/Protestants

Origin of Puritanism Martin Luther（16世纪初）
新教的产生：与天主教、东正教并列的基督教三大派
Writers in Early Settlements

John Smith (1580-1631) William Bradford (15901657) John Winthrop (15881649) Anne Bradstreet (1612?-1672) Roger Williams (16031683)

美国文学史资料

American Literature in the colonial（殖民） and Revolutionary （革命）:Benjamin Franklin （本杰明富兰克林）1) "Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人理查德的年鉴（以笔名Richard Sunders)2) "annual collection of proverbs " 流行谚语集 (It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd（精明） humor, and first spread his reputation)3) The Way to Wealth (Father Abraham's Sermon) 致富之道(as the preface（前言） to Poor Richard Improved)4) The Autobiography 自传 (18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传)5) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题。

6) Established America's first circulating library, founded the college-University ofPennsylvania 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆,还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学7) first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical （电气） charges.8) Writer, printer, publisher, scientist, philanthropist（慈善家）, and diplomat（外交官）. He was the most famous and respected private （私人的）figure（人物）of his time.Fhilip Freneau（菲利普费瑞诺）The Rising Glory of America 蒸蒸日上的美洲;The British Prison Ship 英国囚船;To the Memory of the Brave Americans 纪念美国勇士----同类诗中最佳;The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金银花The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地(1)poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者(2)perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period（后革命时期）.(3)has been called the "Father of American Poetry"(4)imaginative（富有想象力的） and melancholy（忧郁的）treatment of nature and human life, and sharp satire（讽刺）against the British tyranny（暴政）19 Century American LiteratureWashington Irving（华盛顿欧文）1. James Fenimore Cooper（詹姆斯芬尼莫库珀）2. Nathaniel Hawthorne（纳撒尼尔霍桑）3. Edgar Allan Poe （埃德加爱伦坡）4. Henry Daived Thoreau （亨利戴维梭罗）5. Herman Melville（赫尔曼麦尔维尔）6. Walt Whiteman（沃尔特惠特曼）The Rise of American Romanticism（浪漫主义）：One of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak（爆发） of the Civil War(1861 - 1865)（内战）It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The h Sketch Book（《见闻札记》）(1820) and ended with Whitman's Leaves f of Grass(1855)（《草叶集》）Romanticism 特点 : frequently shared certain general characteristics（特征）, moral（道德） enthusiasm（热情）, faith（信仰） in the value（价值） of individualism（个人主义） and intuitive（直觉的） perception（洞察力，）, and a presumption（假定） that he naturalworld was a source of corruption（腐败）.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。

美国革命(American Revolution)

美国革命(American Revolution)The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on. America‘s War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, which received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles. Yet even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, notably Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing. British officials,everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.---来源网络整理，仅供参考。

The Literature of Colonial America

The
Irving:
inspire the American romantic imagination Cooper offers a fictional version of the American national experience of adventure into the wilderness of the west. the frontier and the wilderness in American literature was firstly illustrated in Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales.
preparation and participation: You should preview the related reading material in the textbook before each class meeting in order to follow and participate in class discussions.
The
English government originally treated the new continent as an ideal dumping ground for the undesirables. A large number of settlers left their home in England and arrived at the continent in early 17th century. They came here to escape from religious persecution and also to seek for an ideal place to worship their thought as true Christians. There were vast expanse of virgin forests, lands and wilderness. These puritans believed that they were chosen by God to establish a new commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, to restore the lost paradise and to rebuild the Garden of Eden.

美国独立战争(英文版ppt)最新PPT课件

? The First Continental Congress
The First Continental Congress
? Declaration of Rights ? Peace petition
Beginning
? Shot of Lexington ,1775.4.18 ? The Americans were told, “Do not fire unless
Forming of state
? May 1776, the third Continental Congress
? July 4, 1776 , The Declaration of Independence
? Announcing the birth of the United State
The Declaration of Independence
fighting ? International support from France,
Holland and other countries
The Significance
? Ended colonial domination of the UK, and achieved national independence
and the Latin America's independence movement
? Did not solve the land problem
? Did not solve thakes the economic development of north and south towards the two different ways that ultimately led to the outbreak of the American Civil War .

colonial America

Early New England Literature
Mainly poets in the 17th century Adapted the style and subject matter of established European poets: Wordsworth, Shelly, Keats. Representative poet: Anne Bradstreet.
Puritans
They regarded themselves as chosen people of God. They embraced hardships, industry and frugality(节俭). They favored a disciplined, hard, somber, ascetic and harsh life. They opposed arts and pleasure. They suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin.
Roger Williams(1603?-1683)
Purchased land from the Narragansett(纳拉纳拉干族(人北美印第安人的一支北美印第安人的一支) 干族人)(北美印第安人的一支 and founded Providence, Rhode Island A key into the language of American on the Narragansett language culture.
New Hampshire Rhode Island New York Pennsylvania Maryland North Carolina Georgia

美国文学-Colonial_America

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Bradstreet’s writing concern

The colonial experience, Appreciation of private life, Meditation over the puritan doctrines Four Elements (earth, air, fire and water) Four seasons
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（2）North, New England, Puritan Writers (p.16)

William Bradford: first governor of Plymouth, The History of Plymouth Plantation, simplicity, earnestness, direct reporting, readable, moving. John Winthrop: first governor of Boston, The History of New England, A Model of Christian Charity (speech) candid simplicity, honesty.
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Edward Taylor
A meditative pt to the English baroque poet.
For all his un-puritan imagery, however, he was, first and last, a puritan poet, concerned about how his images speak for God. What makes Edward Taylor's poetry and mediations unique is that his relationship with God is deeply rooted in the physical world. In incorporating God even into his own corporal body, Taylor marries together both the human and the divine, celebrating the best of both worlds .

《美国文学史及作品选读》教学大纲

《美国文学史及作品选读》教学大纲一、课程说明1. 课程代码：1070138312. 课程中文名称：美国文学史及作品选读3. 课程英文名称：History and Selected Readings of American Literature4. 课程总学时数：265. 课程学分数： 1.56. 授课对象：英语专业（师范类）本科学生7. 本课程的性质、地位和作用本课程为面向英语专业高年级（三年级）学生开设的一门专业选修课，在学科体系中居重要地位。

要求学生以先修英语阅读、综合英语、英美文化和英美概况等课程为基础。

通过教学，使学生对美国文学有一个概观了解，同时初步培养学生对美国文学作品的鉴赏能力，增强学生对西方文学及文化的了解。

该课程有助于增强学生的语言基本功，丰富学生的人文知识、充实学生的文化修养，提高学生的精神素质。

二、教学基本要求1. 本课程的目的、任务美国文学史及文学作品包含着历史的记忆和哲学的睿智，是英语语言艺术的结晶。

本课程旨在介绍美国文学各个时期的主要文化思潮，文学流派，主要作家及其代表作，使学生对美国文学的发展脉络有一个大概的了解和认识，提高他们对文学作品的阅读鉴赏能力，并能掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。

要求学生在阅读和分析美国文学作品的基础上了解美国的历史、社会、政治等方面的情况及传统，促进学生对西方文学及文化的了解，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性，培养学生对作品的洞察批判能力，从而丰富提升学生人文素养。

2. 本课程的教学要求了解美国文学的发展概况，熟悉发展过程中出现的历史事件，文学思潮，文学流派；熟悉具体作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色和所属流派；能读懂代表作家的经典作品，并能分析评介作品的主题思想，人物形象，篇章结构、语言特点、修辞手法、文体风格；能掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法，对重要的文学术语有相当的了解并能在文学批评中加以运用。

重点放在代表作家的经典作品的主题思想、人物形象、文体风格、语言特点及其在文学史上的地位与影响，其中作品的主题思想、人物形象、文体风格及语言特点为难点。

美国独立战争英文介绍【精】

How are the people on the right reacting?

• About one fifth of the colonists were Loyalists who felt that British laws must be obeyed. • About two fifths of the colonists were Moderates who, in general, wanted Britain and the American colonies to resolve their differences peacefully. Moderates are not clearly depicted in the painting but could have been present at the scene.
1763
1764
1765
1767
1770
1773
1774
Colonial Responses
Colonists were angry
The Stamp Act Congress & Sons of Liberty
More boycotts & Daughters of Liberty
Smuggling
STUDENTS DO AN INVESTITAGTION
You will each need a •History Alive book and turn to pages 93-95 •The American Republic Book Pages 136-137 •Social Studies Book pgs 93-94
American Revolutionar y War

美国文学Chapter 1 概述

In New England, Harvard College was founded as early as 1636.
3.2. Religious writing
• Religious writing: heavily weighted, in subject and style,因为宗教因素主题风格沉重 by religious considerations.
“Here nature and liberty afford us that freely which in England we want, or it costs us dearly. What pleasure can be more than…to recreate themselves before their own doors, in their own boats upon the sea…(to) take divers sorts of excellent fish at their pleasures? …If a man work but three days in seven he may get more than he can spend…here by their labor [they] may live exceeding well…. The masters by this may quickly grow rich; these [apprentices] may learn [by] their trades themselves to do the like, to a general and an incredible benefit for king and country, master and servant.”

2.Colonial America(殖民时期的美国文学)

全堕落mited atonement (有限
救赎，只有被上帝选中的人才能得到上帝的拯救)
Puritans’ clothing
II. American Puritanism
Features of American Puritan
idealist dream
• The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of the settlement.
Colonial America
I. Historical Background II. American Puritanism III. General Features IV. Literature of
William Bradford
• Of Plymouth Plantation Records 《普利茅斯种植园史》
• A masterful account of the separatist colony, the second permanent English settlement in Plymouth.
Puritans
advocated religious & moral principles
a group of religious people
I. Historical Background
Calvinists
a code of values a philosophy of life a point of view
Jamestown Colony
John Smith
I. Historical Background
2. People: native inhabitants: Indians Immigrants mostly from Europe: Spanish; Dutch;

美国文学 Literature of colonial and revolutionar

--from William Bradford’s History of Plimmoth Plantation
II. Puritanism
1
美国文学湖北第二师范学院洪琪
1 Aims of Puritanism (Why did Puritans come to America?) : - to reform and purify the Church of England - to escape religious persecution - to build Theocracy 神治国 in the new world * God’s chosen people * To seek a new Garden of Eden * To build “City of God on earth”
spread their Puritan ideas, to prove they are the God select, haven’t let down the holy mission. 2) Humble in origins: personal writings like diaries, histories, journals, letters, biographies, travel books experience of Indians help etc. 3) Imitating in form:
selected reading: The first view of America
Being thus passed the vast ocean, and a sea of troubles…they had now no friends to welcome them nor inns to entertain or refresh their weatherbeaten bodies; no houses or much less towns to repair to, to seek for succour 援助者„savage barbarians were readier to fill their sides with arrows than otherwise. And for the reason it was winter, and they that know the winters of that country , know them to be sharp and violent, and subject to cruel and fierce storms „the whole country, full of woods and thickets, represented a wide and savage hue.