专八人文知识吐血整理版
英语专八人文知识
1 英语词汇分为两大类：开放类词和封闭类词前者包括名词，动词，形容词和副词。
后者包括介词，冠词和连词等。
2 伦敦学派是现代语言学重要学派之一，创始人John Firth3 The national flag of the United States is known as the Star-Spangled Banner.4黑人在美国的经济和社会地位都最为低下。
5首都命名为华盛顿是为了纪念美国的第一任总统乔治•华盛顿，而联邦直辖区命名为哥伦比亚特区是为了纪念第一位从欧洲横渡大西洋到达西半球的探险家克里斯多拂•哥伦布。
6 John Fitzgerald Kennedy is __35h ___ president.7 The Missouri River 密苏里河 is the dividing line between the South and North.8美国内战爆发于1861年，结束于1865年。
9 (Washington D.C)华盛顿特区位于波托马克河上。
华盛顿州（Washington）的最大城市是西雅图。
10 In 1837, the first college-level institution for women , Mount Holyoke Female Seminar y , opened in __ Massachusetts ___ to serve the “ Muslim sex”.,美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州。
11 the capital of U.S. is situated on the __ Potomac ___River banks.12 The Wars of Roses was ended by Henry VII13 All his novels reveal that, as time went on, Mark Twain became increasingly Pessimistic14 Edward I 在1301年征服了威尔士，收并为英国领土，为了稳定在那里的统治，他把儿子命名为威尔士王子。
专八人文知识讲义完整版
人文知识讲义2004年2月全国英语考试专业教学指导委员会修订专八考试大纲，2005年正式实施，开始新增人文知识的内容。
主要包括：英语国家概括、英语语言文学知识、和英语语言学知识。
测试要求：1 英语国家地理、历史、文化、教育等等。
4题。
主要考察英国、美国必有（地理、历史、文化和政治），加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰概括，爱尔兰没有出现，2 英语文学知识。
3题。
文学部分英美文学作家作品，流派、文学贡献也会出现，及格律3 英语语言学知识。
3题。
语言学基本概念，及其代表理论、代表著作注意：人文一般不会考很偏的知识第一章英语国家概况第一节美国地理：东南西北地理位置、人口3亿（人口最多的是加州、德州、纽约州、佛罗里达州等，主要为印第安人，首先移民到此是英国人和荷兰人）、星条旗为国旗（13和50）、国徽白头鹰、国歌《星条旗永不落》（1931年通过）、首都华盛顿哥伦比亚特区，属于中央政府管理。
50州，最大阿拉斯加，最小罗得岛州，美国本土最大德克萨斯州。
美国又称为Uncle Sam（1961年美国国会正式承认），国花为玫瑰Rose。
美国本土共分为6大地区：New England：6州，最重要为马萨诸塞州（波士顿）、罗德岛州（普罗维登斯）和新罕布什尔（康科德）。
总统大选初选开始于新罕布什尔。
1 美国诞生地和独立战争的主要战场。
2 波士顿美国最古老的城市，有麻省理工学院和哈佛。
波士顿的龙虾很有名3 新英格兰人又称为yankees.the Middle Atlantic States: 7州、最重要的为纽约州、宾州、新泽西州和马里兰州。
1 白宫和国会山在华盛顿特区。
2 纽约是美国最大的城市，联合国大厦等等著名建筑在此。
共有5个区：分别是曼哈顿、皇后、布鲁克林、布朗克斯和斯塔滕岛。
有帝国大厦和自由女神像。
哥伦比亚大学和康奈尔大学。
纽约称为big apple。
3 尼亚加拉大瀑布在纽约州的水牛城。
4 葛底斯堡位于宾州，林肯曾在此发表过演讲。
专八人文知识吐血整理版
Part 1 英语国家概况第一章英国第一节概述1 英国四部分首都英格兰(England)首都London，苏格兰（Scotland）首都爱丁堡（Edinburgh），威尔士（Wales）首都加的夫（Cardiff）北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）首都贝尔法斯特（Belfast）2 英格兰占地面积为整个岛屿的60%（13万平方公里）3 南面的（south）的英吉利海峡（English channel）与东面的（east）的北海（North sea）将英国与欧洲其他部分隔开。
4 爱尔兰的官方语言（official language）是Irish，第二语言是English5 Scotland 位于北部（northernmost part）6 主要作物是大麦（wheat）和小麦（barley）7 最佳农业区是英格兰的东南部（northeast）8 70%的劳动力集中在服务业（service）9 农民仅占人口2%，管理70%的土地。
10 运输业，家庭取暖系统（domestic heating system），食品供应（food supply）很大程度上依赖于石油（oil ）11 在19世纪造船业（shipbuilding）中世界领先12 England 的人口最多第二节地理1 本尼维斯山（Ben Nevis）是英国最高的山（highest mountain）2 斯克菲尔峰（Scafell）是英格兰最高峰（highest peak）3 塞文河（Severn River）是英国最长的河（longest river）4 泰晤士河（Thames River）是英国第二大河和最重要的河流（second and most important river）5 内伊湖（Lough Neagh）是英国最大的湖（largest lake），位于北爱尔兰6 英吉利海峡（The English Channel）是分隔England和France的狭窄海道，连接大西洋（Atlantic ocean）与北海（North Sea）7 英国是海洋性气候（the maritime type），由于受墨西哥湾流（the Gulf Stream）的影响，比同纬度其他地方温度高（warmer），温和适中，冬天温和，夏天凉爽，天气多变（changeable），有时会在一天经历四季变化。
专八人文知识总结(终)
11、E.M．Forster: 《通往印度之路》
12、George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳：Widowers' Houses《鳏夫的房产》，Heartbreak House《伤心之家》，Mrs. Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业》
4、Ballads 民谣：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》。
三、 The Renaissance文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）
1、 Thomas More托马斯·莫尔： Utopia《乌托邦》
2、 Thomas Wyatt 最先将sonnet引入英国文学。
2、 Coleridge柯勒律治：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》Christabel《克里斯特贝尔》, Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》
3、 Southey骚赛：桂冠诗人；
4、 George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦： Don Juan《唐璜》
悲观时期： David Copperfield《董贝父子》，David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》
后期：Bleak House《荒凉山庄》，Hard Times《艰难时世》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》，Great Expectations《远大前程》
14、Thackeray萨克雷：Vanity Fair《名利场》
2、Yeats叶芝：爱尔兰使人 《芦苇的风》《库尔的野天鹅》《驶向拜占庭》。
英语专业八级人文常识
1.密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线2.美国的联邦法院系统包括：the United States District Courts; the UnitedStates Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court3.Louisiana，路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束。
4.The New England Region, 美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响。
5.typical continental，美国东北部的新英格兰地区是典型的大陆性气候。
冬天寒冷，夏天炎热。
6.automobile industry，底特律是美国著名的汽车城7.John Fitzgerald Kennedy肯尼迪是美国的第35任总统8.美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州Massachusetts, 麻省的首府是波士顿9.美国南北的分界线是密苏里河The Missouri River10.华盛顿州的最大城市是西雅图 . 华盛顿特区位于波托马克河Potomac上11.美国内战爆发于1861年，结束于1865年12.美国起草独立宣言的是托马斯•杰弗逊13.华盛顿、杰弗逊和弗兰克林都是美国创建时的元老功勋、William Penn 是美国宾州的创始人。
14.New Deal新政是罗斯福为了应对美国经济大萧条而提出的15.The Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in1791人权法案是于1791年增补到宪法法案上来的前十条修正案16.soybeans and corn美国出产占世界一半的是大豆和玉米17.The Age of Visual Information开创人类视觉信息革命的重大发明是电视机18.美国的许多政治观念都是来源于英国著名哲学家约翰•洛克John Locke19.曼哈顿是纽约市的著名经济和商业区，也是纽约的中心地带20.好莱坞和迪士尼均位于洛杉矶Los Angles21.Newsweek《新闻周刊》是美国的报纸，而The International Herald Tribune《国际先驱论坛》是法国的，The Guardian《卫报》和The Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯》为英国的。
专八人文知识精讲1-5
专八人文知识精讲（1）英国国土概况一、Land and People一、英国的国土与人民Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛——大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
英语专业八级考试 人文知识复习
英语专业八级考试人文知识复习：美国地理概况本文针对英语专业八级考试的人文知识部分，总结了美国国家的主要地理概况，希望对同学们有所帮助。
The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。
The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。
The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。
The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。
The Great Plain大平原：The western part of the central plain.大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。
The Mississippi River密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. . It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。
英语专业八级人文知识
第一章美国概况1.概述American Anthem (国歌)：The star-spangled banner星光灿烂的旗帜American Flag（国旗）: 星条旗美国地理著名山脉河流The Appalachian Mountains (阿巴拉契亚山脉)The Great Centeral plain(中部大平原)：落基山和阿巴拉契亚山脉之间的平原。
The Rocky Mountains(洛基山脉)：“the backbone of the continent”, 6,187 meter high, in the middle of the Alaska.其被称为北美大陆的脊梁，大陆分水岭。
The Cordillera Range (西部科迪勒拉山区)：洛基山脉等。
The Mississippi River (密西西比河)：美国最长、最重要的河流。
世界上第三长的大陆河流（第一长：非洲尼罗河；第二长：南美洲的亚马逊河。
）Missouri river是其最长的分支。
其被称作：“Father of Waters”“Old Man River)五大湖：从西到东：都位于美国东北部。
其是世界上最大的淡水湖群，有“美洲大陆地中海”之称。
Lake Superior(苏必利尔湖，为世界最大淡水湖)，Lake Michigan(密执安胡，五大湖中唯一完全位于美国境内)，Lake Huron(休伦湖)，Lake Erie (伊利湖)，Lake Ontario（安大略湖）The Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)：在伊利湖和安大略湖之间。
Yellowstone National Park(黄石国家公园)Statue of Liberty (自由女神像)位于纽约湾美国主要行政区和它们的首府和主要城市：地区概述：“美国”的表达有五种：The United States of American/ American /The states/the U.S.A./Uncle Sam美国全国分为50个州和一个特区（哥伦比亚特区，即首都华盛顿所在地）本土有48个州，另外的两个海外州是：阿拉斯加（首府：Juneau朱诺）和夏威夷（Hawaii，主产：甘蔗和菠萝，最重要产业：旅游业，首府：Honolulu火奴鲁鲁。
专八人文知识总结
6、 威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌；
7、 罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人；
8、 Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》
9、 Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满；
《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱
4、斯宾塞 《仙后》 诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；
5、莎士比亚：
长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》
四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白
7、 本.琼森 风俗喜剧（comedy of manners） 《人性互异》
10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》；
11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵
8、 约翰.多恩 “玄学派”诗歌创始人
9、 George Herbert 玄学派诗圣
10、弗朗西斯.培根 现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一
《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑
《学术的推进》和《新工具》
四、 启蒙时期（18世纪）
1、 约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》
2、 约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory
3、 约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人；
《论戏剧诗》
4、 亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作
5、 托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物 《墓园挽歌》
专八人文知识
专八人文知识一、概况1. 英国：①国旗：Union Jack，国歌：Godsave the queen，首都：伦敦②爱丁堡：苏格兰首府，Cardiff：威尔士首府，Belfast：北爱尔兰首府，英联邦成立于1931年，共53个成员国。
③英格兰脊梁：the Pennine Chain，最高峰：Ben Nevis，最重要的河：Thames river，第一大河：Severn river④英国政治：议会君主制，君主仅是国家首脑，真正的权利在首相（Prime Minister）及其内阁（cabinet）手中。
议会(Parliament)是立法机构，包括女王、上院(house of lords)、下院(house of commons)（权利真正来源）。
司法(judiciary)⑤党派：保守党（来源托利党）和工党（来源辉格党）2. 美国：①国旗：stars and stripes，国歌：the star-spangled banner星条旗永不落，国庆：7月4日，首都：华盛顿②北美脊梁：Rocky Mountains，五大湖（在美国和加拿大中间）：Lake Michigan/Superior/Erie/Huron/Ontario, 其中Lake Michigan是唯一一个全在美国的湖，Lake Ontario 和Lake Erie 之间有Niagara Falls，father of waters: the Mississippi River③纽约被称为“the Big Apple”，洛杉矶：有好莱坞，芝加哥：又名“the windy city”，旧金山：UN诞生地（1945年），波士顿：很多著名大学所在地④著名总统：Thomas Jefferson：撰写独立宣言，Abraham Lincoln：内战时期任职，废除奴隶制，解放妇女等，Roosevelt在经济大萧条时新政，Nixon：冷战及越南战争（楚门条约）⑤1812年，美国彻底摆脱英国控制。
专八人文知识精华
英国社会与文化概况：I．Land and People1.国名：U.K（the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ）2.英联邦：the British Commonwealth /1931/533.位于North Atlantic Ocean/ the English Channel/ the North Seathe Straits of Dover/ 33km/ France4.最高峰：Ben Nevis/1343m/Scotland; 最长河：the Severn River/338km 最大湖：the LoughNeagh(Ireland)；Lough Ness(尼斯湖/ Scotland)5.the Lake District / England/ three famous poets: William Wordsworth, Taylor Coleridge andRobert Southey6.苏格兰(Edinburgh)地形：北部高地，中部低地，南部山地/ 威尔士(Cardiff)地形：mountainous ,12% arable.7.英国气候：maritime climate8.人种来源：Anglo-Saxons and CeltsII．History1.3000BC.:Iberians / 700BC:the Celts/ 55BC: Julius Caesar, the Romans/ mid 5th century:Anglo-Saxons and Jutes2.the first king of England: 829 Egbert3.the Witan(贤人会议)—the basis of Privy Council（枢密院）4.king Alfred：Father of the British Navy / defeated the Danes/ a legal system5.the Norman Conquer of 1066: William the Conqueror/ King Haroldresult: the feudal system in England was established.6.《大宪章》/ the Great Charter/ Magna/ King John 12157.百年战争：1337-1453/ between France and England/ Calais of France/ Joan of Arc of France8.黑死病: the Black Death/ the 14th century9.玫瑰战争: 1455-1485 ( Sir Walter Scott)10.Elizabeth I(1558-1603) / 1588 defeated Armada/ England became a naval power11.文艺复兴: Renaissance/ rebirth/ the 14th century in Europe/ Leonardo Da Vinci/ WilliamShakespeare12.火药阴谋案the Gunpowder Plot of 1605:最有名的天主教密谋13.英国内战the First Civil War （the Puritan Revolution）/ between Charles I and Parliament/Cavaliers and RoundheadsResult: overthrew the feudal system in England and started the modern world history.14.1649—1658 Commonwealth/ Oliver Cromwell15.1702 Anne’s reign/ the name of Great Britain came into being16.18th-19th century: the Whigs and the Tories(Conservative Party) controlled the parliament.17.The Industrial Revolution: the late 18th—early 19th century/ workshop of the world by 183018.Colonial expansion began from Newfoundland in 1583/ 1763 Canada by the Treaty of Paris19.Canada as a dominion / the British North America Act of 186720.1900 a big Empire that the sun never sets/ 25% of the world’s population and area21.1973: 欧共体成员22.1979/ the Conservative Party/ Thatcherism / self-reliance and privatisationIII．Economy1.1950s-1960s: John Keynes2.the Midlands : 钢铁中心；Silicon Valley: between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland3.3% 人口：70% land area 耕地：东部和东南部IV．Government and Administration1.法律：没有成文法：no written constitution, is made up of statute law, common law andconventions. 法律来源：statute law, common law, equity law and European law.2.议会包括：the Sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons. 五年一届3.两党制：the Conservative Party and the Labor Party 反对党：Opposition, shadow cabinet4.首相：由君主任命；首席财政和文职大臣；下议员议员；唐宁街10号，主持内阁事务。
专八人文知识
1、英语国家地理概况4分2、英美文学部分3分3、词汇部分3分这十分分值虽然相对较小，但覆盖面挺大，比如地理概况就包括六个英语国家的基本知识，复习起来似乎有点力不从心，其实不然。
I、先拿第一个来说，地理概况无非是注重英美两国方面，在复习其他四个国家时不用那么深入，只要知其一二即可（首都/首府总得记吧？），而英美方面的知识对于我们英语专业的学生来说应该有所了解，只是没有系统地去整理，如果在整理一遍之后，我想会柳暗花明！当然如果你本身一直以来对各个国家都相当了解，那我说你已吃定这4分。
II、英美文学方面就有点头疼了，特别对于那些在平时对它忽略不计的朋友们此时根本不知道从何下手，不用慌，你慌也没用，只有拿起课本，将一个个作家对应他们最有名的著作（最简单的复习方式）列在一起，进行归类，即可。
如果想全部拿下这3分就要再关注一些他们的写作特点，作品中的主人公等。
III、这部分在我看来是最容易拿分的，复习的时候只要将sytax, semantics, pragmatics,等概念弄清楚，把Chomski和另外有名的语言学家对应的理论记一下就可。
当然这是对那些平时不鸟语言学的朋友说的。
对于平时认真听讲也想稳拿这3分的还要系统的总结一下，做到疏而不漏。
希望对赴考途中的朋友们有所帮助！人文知识总结,希望在临考前有最好的冲刺状态.加油!美国概况:1.The traditional dividing line in America between " east" and " west" is The Mississippi River.2.The traditional dividing line in America between "South " and "North" is The Missouri River.3.The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain.4.Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is Africa Americans .5.America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party.6.The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by The World War 2.7.In the United States, primary education requires6 years.8.Most college students in the United States are in public institutions.9.The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court.10.Louisana (which state ) is not governed by the common law.11.Of the fifty states of America, 38 states now have the death penalty as punishment.12.The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Mid-west, West.13.The New England (Northeast)region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit.14.California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.15.＂Hollywood＂is often used as a synonym for American film.16.The north-eastern part of the United States ――New England enjoys a Typical Continental climate.17.Detroit, a U.S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its Automobile industry.18.The natives of the continent of the America are the Indians.19.New York is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.20.Washington D.C. is named after both George Washington and Christopher Columbus.21.American and British English are two varieties of the English language.22.The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincon.23.Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is Rohode Island.24.The number of the Representatives (众议院)from each American state depends on the population.25.The statue of liberty was given to American people by French as a gift in 1884.26.John Fitzgerald Kennedy is 35th president.27.In 1837, the first college-level institution for women , Mount Holyoke Female Seminary ,opened in Massachusetts to serve the “ Muslim sex”.28.The capital of Massachusetts is Boston.29.Seattle is Washington’s largest city.30.Washington D.C., the capital of U.S. is situated on the Potomac River banks.31.When did the American Civil War break out? 1861.32.In which day is Halloween celebrated? 31 October.33.The founding fathers of the American Republic :George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin.34.The New Deal was started by Franklin Roosevelt.35.The United States was rated 4 in the world in terms of land areas.36.The expenditure in American public schools is guided or decided by boards of education.37.The Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791 .38.The United States produces as much as much as half of the world’s soybeans and corn.39.Televison invention marked the beginning of “The Age of Visual Information”.40.The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly from John Locke.41.The District of Manhattan is in the city of New York.42.The seats in the Senate(参议院) are allocated to different states equality (have two seats).43.The Rocky Mountains is located in the Northwest of America,44.Hollywood, the centre of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angles.45.Newsweek is American newspaper, The Guardian , The Daily Telegraph is England, The International Herald Tribune is French.46.The U.S. is called a “melting pot” because people from different races live there together .47.The first Puritans came to America on the ship May Flower.48.Americans celebrate Memorial Day on the last Monday in May to honor those who have given their life for country.(阵亡将士纪念日)49.“Trick or Treat” is a phrase that children often use when they celebrated Halloween.50.The Easter egg and the hare, two of the symbols most frequently associated with Easter,are considered to present fertility and new life.51.The world-famous Havard University is in Massachusetts (Cambridge).52.Broadway (百老汇) is a symbol of American theatre and world-class entertainment.53.Yellowstone National Park (黄石国家公园), Grand Canyon(大峡谷), St. Patrick’s Cathedral(圣派翠克大教堂) are the tourist attraction in the United States.54.Ronald Reagan was an actor before he became the President.55.New Englanders were originally known as Yankees, which come to stand for all Americans.56.On the 30th of April 1789, George Washington took the oath of office in New York, which housed the government then.57.Henry Fond was the first man to mass production.The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
专八人文知识总结
专八人文知识总结专八人文知识总结英国概况专八人文知识英格兰面积最大苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral 在这里。
威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。
The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。
议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。
玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革：Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。
亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。
宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Refor mation”。
伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。
文艺复兴运动 The English Renaissance文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。
在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。
英语专业八级人文知识（总结）
英语专业⼋级⼈⽂知识（总结）⼈⽂知识英语国家社会与⽂化考题回顾：1999 年:1. The Observer2. The geographical location of North America3. The old universities in U.K.4. Westminster Palace2000年:1.The titles of English nobility2.The features of Irish landscape3.The longest river in Britain4.The legislative branch in U.K.5.The Hundred Years’ War2001年:1.The founding of Harvard2.The settlement of Anglo-Saxons3.The official name of U.K.4.The economic activity of Canada2002年:1.Wall Street—the financial center2.Big Ben, Benjamin Hall3.The compulsory education in U.K.4.Three branches of U.S.A. government2003年:1.The location of California2.British news agency3.The founding fathers of U.S.A.4.The geography of Canada2004年:1.1920s in U.S.A.2.The largest river in U.S.A.3.The discovery of the New World4.The first settlement in America2005年:1.The capital city of Canada2.How long the U.S. President serves3.The important cities in U.S.A.4.The state church in England2006年:1.The President in the Civil War2. The capital city of New Zealand3. The natives of Australia4. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of the Cabinet2007年:1. The origin of the current British population2. The Head of State of Canada is represented by the Governor-general3. The author of the Declaration of Independence4. The original inhabitants of Australia2008年:1.The largest city in Canada.2.The legislative branch of the U.S. government3.The oldest sport in U.S.A.4.The head of the executive branch in New Zealand2009年:1.The Head of State of New Zealand2.The capital of Scotland3.The author of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. president4.The cities located on the eastern coast of Australia.2010年1. The British Constitution2. The first city in Canada3. The founding of Australian Federation4. The Emancipation ProclamationThe United Kingdom地理、⼈⼝及基本事实:1. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Geographical Names: British Isles, Great Britain and England2. Geographical position: the English Channel3. Four political divisions: England (London), Scotland (Edinburgh), Wales (Cardiff), Northern Ireland (Belfast)4. The Commonwealth: a free association of independent countries, from 1931 to 1991, 50 member nations4. Rivers and Lakes: the longest—the Severn; Thames—the second longest and the most important; River Clyde—the most important in Scotland; Lough Neagh—the largest lake5. Mountains: Ben Nevis (the highest); Scafell (the highest in England); Snowdonia (the highest in Wales)6. The People: English (Anglo-Saxons); (the Celts) Welsh; Scottish; Irish.7. Eisteddfodau—the annual festival for Welsh poetry, music, singing and art历史备考点:The Origins of a Nation1. The first known settlers—Iberians2. The Celts (700 B.C.): three waves—Gaels; Brythons; Belgae3. Romans:Julius Caesar; Claudius (43AD, successful invasion); Christianity4. The Anglo-Saxons: Three Germanic tribes (Jutes, Anglos, Saxons)The foundation of the English state—shires; narrow-strip, three-field farming system; the manorial system; the Witan (贤⼈会议)5. The Viking and Danes:Alfred the Great—“the father of the British navy”; translate into English Ecclesiastical History of the English People (英国⼈民教会史)；established schools; formulate a legal system6. The Norman Conquest: 1066, the best-known event in English history, William the Conqueror; the establishment of the feudal system; the introduction of Norman French culture, language, manners and architecture; closer connection with RomeThe Shaping of the Nation1. The Great Charter: 1215, King John, 63 clauses. The statement of the relationship between the Crown and the baron; a guarantee of the freedom of the Church; a limitation of the power of the king (the spirit of the Great Charter or Magna Carta)2. All Estates Parliament—Simon de Montfort, 1265, the Great Council, the House of Lords, the House of Commons, the beginning of Parliament3. Black Death: the deadly epidemic disease; the 14th century; reduced the population from 4 million to 2 million;4. The Hundred Years’ War (1337—1453): blessing for both countries,4. The Peasant Uprising: 1381, Wat Tyler (killed) and Jack Straw; a telling blow to villeinage.Transition to the Modern Age1. The Wars of Roses (1455-1485): the battles between Lancaster (red rose) and York (white rose); Henry Tudor (the descendant of Duke of Lancaster) won, thus the rule of Tudors; the death blow to feudalism.2. The English Reformation: (1529-1534) Henry VIII, began with a struggle for divorce (Catherine of Aragon) and ended in the freedom from the Papacy; an independent Church of England; the king—the Supreme Head of the Church of England.3. Bloody Mary: 300 Protestants; the French port of Calais4. Elizabeth I: the defeat of Armada (the Spanish fleet)5. The English Renaissance: (rebirth) largely artistic; Elizabethan Drama (Christopher Marlowe, Ben Johnson and William Shakespeare)6. The Divine Rights of Kings: Charles I7. The Civil Wars (1642-1651): between the Cavaliers (the king’s men) and Roundheads (the Parliamentary supporters); Oliver Cromwell (New Model Army) (Lord Protector); the Puritan Revolution; overthrew the feudal system; the beginning ofthe modern history8. The Restoration; the return of Charles II from his exile in France;9. The Glorious Revolution: 1688, the smooth takeover of English throne by William ofOrange, replacing James II (a Catholic king, the brother of Charles II), with no bloodshed, nor execution of the king.10. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605: Guy Fawkes (Catholic) planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellar of the Parliament; the execution of Fawkes; a national annual celebration (bonfire and firework display)The British Empire1. Whigs and Tories (the forerunner of the Conservative Party)2. The Enclosure Movement:3. The Industrial Revolution: the mechanization of industry; the late 18th and early 19th century; after the revolution, by 1830,“the workshop of the world”; the industrial working class—the proletariat4. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)—“the first broad, really mass, political formed, proletarian revolutionary movement”(Lenin)5. The Labor Party—the Independent Labor Party(the origin); then the Labor Representation Committee; the Labor Party (1906).6. The first colony—Newfoundland, 15837. The East Indian Company: 1600, the economic penetration; 1858, ruled by the British crown; 1877, Queen Victoria, Empress of India.8. The Opium War: 18409. WWI: the Central Power (Germany and Austria-Hungary); the “Allies”(Britain, France and Russia); The Treaty of Versailles (1919); the League of Nations10. The Roaring Twenties: women with cropped hair and short dresses; two imports from America: jazz, silent films11. The Swinging Sixties—the permissive age; pop music (the Beatles turned their hometown of Liverpool into a place of pilgrimage)12. 1973: a full member of the European Economic Committee13. Thatcherism: the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher (the iron lady), the return to private ownership of the state-owned industries, the strengthening of the role of market forces, and an emphasis on law and order.14. The Statute of Westminster (1931)政治1. The Constitutional Monarchy2. The monarch: the symbol of the whole nation, the head of the executive, head of judiciary, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of England.3. The components of the English Parliament: the Sovereign, the House of Lords (the oldest part of the Parliament) and the House of Commons (the real center of power in the Parliament) (651 members of Parliament); the maximum duration—five years4. The British Constitution: unwritten, including statute law, common law and conventions.5. Prime Minister—the leader of the majority party; the Cabinet—the core of leadership6. The Official Opposition—the party which wins the second largest number of seats, the“shadow cabinet”7. Downing Street No. 10—the official residence of the Prime Minister8. The Speaker—presiding over the House and enforcing the rules of order教育,社会,⽂化传统1. NHS—the National Health Service, a full range of medical services, the largest single employer of labor in U.K.2. Established religion: the Church of England (the Sovereign as the “Defender of Faith”) (changes only with the consent of the Parliament); the Presbyterian in Scotland3. Football: soccer, 19th century4. Rugby—invented at Rugby school in Warwich shire in the 19th century5. Cricket—the most typical English sport6. The home of golf is Scotland7. Magazines and newspapers: the Spectator; the Times; the Economist8. The most famous music and art festival in Britain9. Easter: the resurrection of Christ, the first Sunday after the first full moon after the spring equinox10. Hogmanay—Scottish New Year’s Eve11. Boxing Day: December 26th, the gift to give “Christmas boxes”, or gifts of money, to servants or tradesmanIreland1.The Emerald Isle: rich green countryside2.The largest river—the Shannon River3.Two official languages: Irish, English4.National Day: March 17th, St. Patrick’s Day (the arrival of St. Patrick—the mostimportant event in Irish history)5.Parliament: the House of Representatives (Dail Eireann); the Senate (Seanad)6.The two political parties: Fianna Fail; Fine Gael7.The oldest university in Ireland: the University of Dublin8.Roman Catholics: 93% of the Irish population9.Ulysses: James Joyce’s masterpieceThe United States of America:地理, ⼈⼝及基本事实1.The Rocky Mountains—the backbone the continent2.The Mississippi—the world’s third longest continental river, “Father of Waters”,“Old Man River”.3.The Five Great Lakes: Huron; Ontario; Michigan; Erie; Superior4.The Niagara Falls—between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie5.Yellowstone National Park—the oldest national park in the world and the largestwildlife preserve in the U.S.A.6.The Statute of Liberty—New York Harbor7.Grand Canyon—the state of Arizona8.Alaska and Hawaii—the two newest states in USA9.Alaska—the largest state in area; Rhode Island—the smallest; Texas—the largeststate on the mainland10.New England—the birthplace of America11.The nickname of the U.S.A.: Yankees1600—1900:1. The discoverer of America2. Magellan3. The 13 colonies4. May Flower5. Stamp Tax6. The Boston Tea Party7. The First Continental Congress8. The Second Continental Congress9. The beginning of the War of Independence10. The turning point of the War of Independence11. The Treaty of Paris12. The Constitutional Convention13. The Bill of Rights:14. The turning point of the Civil War15. Lincoln16. The Louisiana Territory17. The Westward Movement:18. KKK: Ku Klux Klan, terrorized and attacked the black, progressives, Communists and social party members. 1900—1945:1. The “Open Door Policy”—Theodore Roosevelt2. The 1920s—material success and spiritual frustration, confusion and purposelessness3. The Great Depression—1929-1933, the stock market crash, from prosperity to bleak despair,3. “N ew deal”—to save American democracy and capitalist system, social security systems,4. WWI—pro-Ally partiality5. Isolationism—1930s, to keep the U.S. out of the war in Europe and Asia6. WWII—(guiding principles) establish postwar political structure in accordance with American interests and; prevent Soviet Union from over-expansion1945—:1. The containment policy2. The Civil Rights Movement: Martin Luther King (non-violence) and Malcolm X(violence)3. The Sino-US relations: 1972, the Shanghai (Joint) Communique; 1979, the diplomatic relations was established4. The Vietnam War5. Baby-boomer: 1946-1961, helped to bring an end to the Vietnam War5. The Counterculture Movement6. The New Frontier.7. The Watergate Scandal—Nixon, the first to resign in American history8. New Right conservatism9. Desert Storm政治1. The American constitution; 1787, 1789; the oldest written constitution; principles—rule by law: popular sovereignty; separation of power; judicial review; civilian supremacy in military matters; protection of individual rights and federalism2. The Bill of Rights3. The Separation of three powers: Congress (the legislative branch); President (the executive branch); the judicial branch4. The Congress: the Senate (2 members from each state) (vice president as the president of the Senate 副总统为参议院议长); the House of Representatives (based on population) (the presiding officer—the Speaker of the House众议院主持官员)5. The President can appoint the federal court judges, preside over the government, sign and veto laws passed by the Congress;6. Impeachment7. The judicial branch: the Supreme Court; the circuit court of appeals (巡回上诉法院); district court8. The bipartisanship (the two party system)—the Republican; the Democratic The emblem of the two parties9. The Democratic: Anti-Federalists; Thomas Jefferson; greater federal involvement in economic issues and less state’s rights10. The Republican: a less powerful central government; more rights to the states11. “Winner-take-all” principle: applied in all states except Maine教育,社会,⽂化传统1. The higher education: two-year colleges, four-year colleges and universities.2. The best research universities: Harvard (1636), Yale, Princeton, Columbia, MIT (on the east); Stanford, Berkeley (on the west)—private.3. Three functions of the higher education: teaching, research and public service.4. The age of the students admitted by schools: 65. Graded schools: elementary schools (grades 1—8); high school (9—12).6. No national system of education, the state establishes policies for the education within its boundary7. Three main types of popular music: Jazz (U.S.’unique contribution to music);Rock-and-roll; the Western Country music.8. “The Lost Generation”9. Nationally observed holiday of America10. Important cities:Washington D.C.(1800, John Adams ordered the transfer of the capital from Philadelphia to Washington D.C.);New York City (city of the world; Times Square; the United Nations; Manhattan—the heart of the city; Wall Street; Broadway); Chicago—the second largest city; “Great Center Market of U.S.”San Francisco—the Golden Gate BridgeLos Angeles—Hollywood and DisneylandPhiladelphia—the city for two Continental Congress; the capital city from 1790 to 1800 Huston—“the Pearl in the Gulf”; “the Space City of the U.S.A.”Detroit—the motor city;11. Independence Day: July 4th, the birthday of the nation;12. Halloween: October 31st, “Trick or Treat”;13. Thanksgiving Day: a typical American holiday; (began with) the Pilgrims; the first celebrated on December 13th, 1621.14. Veterans’ Day: (or the Armistice Day); (celebrated) the signing of 1918 Armistice15. The plane—1903, the Wright brothers16. Newspaper and magazines: the New York Times; Washington Post; the Los Angeles Times; the Wall Street Journal; Time; Newsweek; Readers’ DigestCanada1.The National Day: July 1 (1867)2.The origin of the name “Canada”: “kanata”, a settlement, Indian3.The national flag: Maple Leaf Flag, white square in the centre, a red stylized11-pointed maple leaf4.Two discoverers of Canada: John Cabot (Newfoundland, east coast); JacquesCartier (the St. Lawrence river)5.Official languages: Bilingualism—English, French; the official Language Act (1969)6.Important cities: Ottawa (the capital, the 4th largest city); Vancouver (the thirdlargest city, ice-free harbor); Montreal (the second largest city); Toronto (the largest city, Toronto university—the largest university)7.Seven Years’ War: 1756-1763; between France (defeated) and England8.Quebec: the largest province; strong French culture9.The Constitutional Act of 1791: Upper Canada (English law and constitution);Lower Canada (French law and institutions)10.The British North America Acts in 1867: the dominion; the Statute of Westminster in1931: independence.11.The Parliament: the Crown, the Senate and the House of Commons12.Constitution: partly written, partly unwritten, including fundamental acts, customsand parliamentary traditions of British originAustralia1. “T he Land Down Under”.2. Australia’s National Day: January 26 (1788), the date of the first European settlement of the continent3. Great Barrier Reef: the longest coral reef in the world, from southern Queensland to the Gulf of Papua4. National flower: wattle; national bird: lyrebird5. Important cities: Canberra (the capital); Sydney (New South Wales); Melbourne (Victoria); Brisbane (Queensland); Adelaide (South Australia); Perth (West Australia); Hobart (Tasmania); Darwin (the Northern Territory);6. 1901: the Commonwealth of Australia; 1931: independence, the Statute of Westminster 《威斯敏斯特法案》7. Elementary education: 5-11; secondary education: 11-188. Animals: koala; kangaroos9. William Dampier: the first Englishman to reach Australia, the author of the book A New V oyage Around the World; James Cook: the English put Australia on map, British colony;10. Convicts from Britain11. Multiculturalism: coined in Canada in 1960s, adopted by Australia in 1973, emphasizing the unique characteristics of different cultures in the world .12. Politics: a written Constitution; Legislature: the Queen, the House of Representatives, the Senate13. The gold rushes: 1850s, the discoveries of gold in New South Wales and Victoria New Zealand1.National Day: December 6th, 1840, the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty ofWaitangi, Waitangi Day2.The land of the long white cloud3.Cities: Auckland (the largest city, the North Island), Wellington (the capital, theNorth Island)4.Official languages: English, Maori5.Haka: a dance performed to daunt the enemy and to prepare warriors for the battle6.The International Date Line—just west of the line, the first country to get the newday7.fault line: the cause of the frequent earthquakes8.The Kiwis: the national symbol, the name the New Zealanders called themselves9.Abel Tasman: the first European to visitor, who named the area Statenland, laterNieuw Zeeland10.No single written constitution, including parliamentary statutes, judiciary rulings,administrative practices.11.Only one chamber: the House of Representatives12.the world’s biggest farm, the world’s largest exporter of lamb and mutton, diaryproducts。
英语专业八级人文知识
顺序是：Celts--Roman--Anglo Saxon
答案： BBBAD DACAC
Vowel Glide 又称元音过渡，指的是双元音组成的，前一个音为纯元音，后一个音为短促的滑音。 New York City
With a metropolitan population of around 16 million, New York, called the “Big Apple”, is the largest city in the United States, and the financial, manufacturing and transportation center.
7____is the first American professional writer and the first writer of detective story in the world.
A Ezra Pound B Washington Irving C Nathaniel Hawthorne D Edgar Ellen Poe
A novels B poems C short stories D dramas
6.The island of Lilliput can be found in ___
A Robinson Grusoe B Gulliver's Travels C Adventures of Tome Sawyer D Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
专八人文知识汇总-自我总结版
第一章英语国家概括第一节英国概括I地理有四个部分组成great Britain （England ，Wales，Scotland）and northern Irelandn地理特征最短的海峡strait of Dover多佛海峡1 England the pennies 英格兰最主要的山脉2 Scotland three natural zone ：the highlands central lowlands the southern uplands ，首都是Edinburgh ，river Clyde 克莱德河是最重要的河流，3 Wales Cardiff 最大的城市和首府4 northern Ireland Belfast 英国最大的湖是内伊湖（Lough Neagh）5 Rivers and lakes最长的是Severn river （赛文河），第二长和最重要的是泰晤士河，（Thames river）,典型的海洋性气候（maritime climate ）川人口60million ，英国人是Anglo-Saxons ,苏格兰人hospitable and generous, Wales are emotional and cheerful people，北爱尔兰的官方语言是爱尔兰语，其次才是英语ethic groups 伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区IV History :1 first settlers are Lberians （伊利比亚人）2 1066（Norman conquer）1215 （大宪章）1337—1453（英法百年战争）1381（农民起义）1458（玫瑰战争, 1350-1650（Renaissance）1642-1646 （first civil war ）, 1658（the restoration 王朝复辟）1688（the glorious revolution ）V教育实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习W Religio nEstablished churches 分为the Church of England （official church ,英国君主必须是这个教的成员主教和大主教由monarch 指定）and the Church of Scotland （Presbyterian , 长老教会）Unestablished churches: the Anglican churches 英国圣公会, the free churches 自由教, the roman catholic church 天主教vn 主要节日Christmas day December 25 th Easter 复活节（主要的天主教节日）whit Sun day （圣灵降临节,复活节后的第7个周日）Gay Fawkes day （盖伊福克斯之夜, 11月5日, 燃放烟火的节日）忸sports，足球是最受欢迎的（职业足球从August至U May）,最典型的英国运动是cricket ，板球）网球（annual Wimbledon fortnightIX Arts 博物馆（the British museum, the national history museum .the national army museum ,the national gallery ）Music （甲壳虫乐队，the Beatles ,first national music day was held in 1992,the most famous music festival is the Edinburgh international festival of music and dramaX media （BBC ,daily Express Daily mail daily mirror , daily star ,finan cial times ,the Guardia n, the times （泰晤士报）the observer （the first Sunday newspaper）幻Politicalconstitutional monarchy ，没有宪法，全靠惯例，parliament （the house of lord and the house of commons ，任期为五年）political party ：labor party(Whigs 辉格党) and conservative party ( Tories 托利党) 第二节美国概括I yellow National park (大平原地带),大峡谷 (the grand canvon ,in Arizona ,phoenix is thelargest city in the intermountain region ,the largest commercial city( san Francisco, also the second largest city in California )n Alaska and Hawaii (Alaska 居住着Inuits , also called Eskimos)Hawaii ( Mauna Loa，莫纳罗亚山，the world 'largest active volca no，盛产sugar cane and pin eapple，首府是Honolulu )川地理特征1 两大主要山脉是，Appalachian mountains and rocky mountains ，2 the Mississippi river ( greatest continental rivers ，American Ruhr )，Ohio river (俄亥俄河)3 the great lakes: lake Michigan (唯一一个在美国境内)，lake superior (世界上最大的淡水湖) ，the lake Huron (休伦湖) lake Erie (伊利湖) and lake Ontario (安大略湖)IV history1620，201 pilgrim ，mayflower,1774(September, first continental congress), on April 19 ,1775 (,the second continental congress),1776( declaration of independence) , in September 1783, (英国承认其独立，签署停火协议) ，1789( established federal government)，1812(和英国开战，认识到强大的联邦政府的重要) 1861-1865(civil war ) ,gilded age (镀金时代，国内战争到20 世纪初)，1949 (north Atlantic treaty)，1950s (civil rights movement) 1950-1975 (the Vietnam war)，1972(Watergate scandal) 1972 (访华)，1979(中美建交)V America n political美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法， (1789 讨论成立，国会两院，三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进行修改。
专八人文知识整理版
专八人文知识整理版一、概况1. 英国：①国旗：Union Jack，国歌：God save the queen，首都：伦敦②爱丁堡：苏格兰首府，Cardiff：威尔士首府，Belfast：北爱尔兰首府，英联邦成立于1931年，共53个成员国。
③英格兰脊梁：the Pennine Chain，最高峰：Ben Nevis，最重要的河：Thames river，第一大河：Severn river④英国政治：议会君主制，君主仅是国家首脑，真正的权利在首相（Prime Minister）及其内阁（cabinet）手中。
议会(Parliament)是立法机构，包括女王、上院(house of lords)、下院(house of commons)（权利真正来源）。
司法(judiciary)⑤党派：保守党（来源托利党）和工党（来源辉格党）2. 美国：①国旗：stars and stripes，国歌：the star-spangled banner 星条旗永不落，国庆：7月4日，首都：华盛顿②北美脊梁：Rocky Mountains，五大湖（在美国和加拿大中间）：lake michigan/superior/erie/huron/ontario, 其中lake Michigan是唯一一个全在美国的湖，lake Ontario 和Lake Erie之间有Niagara falls，father of waters: the Mississippi River③纽约被称为“the big apple”，洛杉矶：有好莱坞，芝加哥：又名“the windy city”，旧金山：UN诞生地（1945年），波士顿：很多著名大学所在地④著名总统：Thomas Jefferson：撰写独立宣言，Abraham Lincoln：内战时期任职，废除奴隶制，解放妇女等，Roosevelt在经济大萧条时新政，Nixon：冷战及越南战争（楚门条约）⑤1812年，美国彻底摆脱英国控制。
专八必备英语国家地理人文知识
1 河流湖泊山脉英国最长的河：Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km). 塞文河是英国最长的河流。
全长338公里。
泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。
全长336公里。
Thames RiverRiver Clyde克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。
River Mersey 是苏格兰流程最长的河，源自格兰扁山脉。
River Tay 是苏格兰流程最长的河。
英国最大的湖：Lough Neagh讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。
面积为396平方公里。
本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。
Ben Nevis斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，海拔1,085米。
Snowdonia英国第一大城市：伦敦英国第二大城市：伯明翰Birmingham英国第三大城市：曼彻斯特ManchesterGlasgow格拉斯哥是苏格兰第一大城市和重要港口美国最长的河：密西西比河Mississippi美国五大湖：在加拿大和美国交界处，有五个大湖，这就是闻名世界的五大淡水湖。
它们按大小分别为苏必利尔湖、休伦湖、密歇根湖、伊利湖和安大略湖。
1 苏必利尔湖Superior,lake北美洲五大湖最西北和最大的一个，也是世界最大的淡水湖之一，是世界仅次于里海的第二大湖。
2 休伦湖Huron,lake为北美五大湖中第二大湖。
3 密歇根湖Michigan,lake也叫密执安湖，是北美五大湖中面积居第三位，唯一全部属于美国的湖泊。
其余的湖均与加拿大共有。
4 伊利湖Erie,lake是北美五大湖的第四大湖5 安大略湖Ontario,lake是北美洲五大湖最东和最小的一个美国最高的山：惠特尼峰,4417米美国最大的州：阿拉斯加州Alaska美国最小的州：罗得岛州是美国最小的一个州,(Rhodia)美国最大的城市：纽约美国第二大城市：洛杉矶美国西部最大的工业中心，制造业产值约占加利福尼亚州的1/2，居全国第三位。
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Part 1 英语国家概况第一章英国第一节概述1 英国四部分首都英格兰(England)首都London，苏格兰（Scotland）首都爱丁堡（Edinburgh），威尔士（Wales）首都加的夫（Cardiff）北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）首都贝尔法斯特（Belfast）2 英格兰占地面积为整个岛屿的60%（13万平方公里）3 南面的（south）的英吉利海峡（English channel）与东面的（east）的北海（North sea）将英国与欧洲其他部分隔开。
4 爱尔兰的官方语言（official language）是Irish，第二语言是English5 Scotland 位于北部（northernmost part）6 主要作物是大麦（wheat）和小麦（barley）7 最佳农业区是英格兰的东南部（northeast）8 70%的劳动力集中在服务业（service）9 农民仅占人口2%，管理70%的土地。
10 运输业，家庭取暖系统（domestic heating system），食品供应（food supply）很大程度上依赖于石油（oil ）11 在19世纪造船业（shipbuilding）中世界领先12 England 的人口最多第二节地理1 本尼维斯山（Ben Nevis）是英国最高的山（highest mountain）2 斯克菲尔峰（Scafell）是英格兰最高峰（highest peak）3 塞文河（Severn River）是英国最长的河（longest river）4 泰晤士河（Thames River）是英国第二大河和最重要的河流（second and most important river）5 内伊湖（Lough Neagh）是英国最大的湖（largest lake），位于北爱尔兰6 英吉利海峡（The English Channel）是分隔England和France的狭窄海道，连接大西洋（Atlantic ocean）与北海（North Sea）7 英国是海洋性气候（the maritime type），由于受墨西哥湾流（the Gulf Stream）的影响，比同纬度其他地方温度高（warmer），温和适中，冬天温和，夏天凉爽，天气多变（changeable），有时会在一天经历四季变化。
第三节历史1 伊比利亚人（Iberian）是英国最早的居民2 罗马两次入侵英国，第一次由朱利尤斯·凯撒(Julius Caesar)领导，第二次由克劳迪斯大帝（the Roman Emperor Claudius）领导。
3 5th century，日尔曼部落（Germanic tribes），盎格鲁人（the Angles），撒克逊人（Saxons）,朱特人（Jutes）入侵英格兰，他们发明了庄园制（manorial system），罗马帝国陷落。
（罗马帝国统治了4个世纪1th-5th）4 1066，诺曼底公爵威廉（William the Conqueror）渡海征服英格兰。
建立封建制度，并在英国建立一个强大的君主政体。
5 《大宪章》（The Great charter)于1215年订立，用来限制英国国王的绝对权力（当时英王King John).6 1265 西蒙·德·蒙特福特（Simon de Montford）召集了大议会（the great council），后来发展成为上议院（the House of Lords）和下议院（the House of Commons）7 1337-1453 英法百年战争（The Hundred Year War with France），英国战败，大大减少了英国人口。
8 1455-1485 玫瑰战争（The War of Roses），以红玫瑰为象征的的兰开斯特大家族（Lancaster）和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族（York），战争本质是王权争夺（English Throne）玫瑰战争最后一场战役中，亨利·都铎（Henry Tudor VII )获胜，建立了都铎王朝（the Tudors）9 1642-1651 英国内战（The Civil War）是英王查尔斯（King Charles）与议会（Parliament）之间的战争，最终以查尔斯失败告终。
1948年第二次内战，查尔斯于1649年被处死，克伦威尔（Oliver Cromwell）建立英伦三岛共和国，成为英格兰共和国护公（Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England）10 克伦威尔儿子理查德（Richards）继位，1660年，国会让King Charles II继位，被称为王朝复辟（The Restoration)11 1688,奥兰治亲王威廉（William of Orange）夺取王位，被称为光荣革命（The Glorious Revolution）,威廉和玛丽登上王位，签署了《权利法案》（Bill of Rights），君主立宪制（Constitutional monarchy ）开始了。
安娜于1707年签署《联合法》（the Act of Union），将英格兰和苏格兰统一。
12 1780-1830 工业革命（The Industrial Revolution），1830，英国成为世界工厂（workshop of the world）13 1836-1848 宪章运动（The Chartist Movement），目的是给议会施压以接受《人民宪章》（The People's Charter），是第一次全国范围的工人阶级运动（the first nationwideworking class movement)14 1900 英国已建立了“日不落”的大英帝国（On which the sun never set），占世界人口和面积的25%。
15 一战期间（World War I），英国损失100万人口，经济社会均受影响。
16 二战期间（Word War II）损失1/4财富，遭受前所未有的经济危机，加速了大英帝国瓦解（hastened the end of British empire）17 英国文艺复习始于1485年18 18世纪晚期，英国占领了加拿大，澳大利亚和新西兰的大部分人烟稀少的地区。
第四节政治1 英国政体是君主立宪政体（a constitutional monarchy），现任英国女王是伊丽莎白二世（Queen Elizabeth II）2 行政权（Executive Power）归政府（UK government），立法权（Legislative Power）归政府和国会，伦敦警察署（London’s Metropolitan）直接接受内政大臣管辖（HomeSecretary）3 是世界上仅有的两个没有成文宪法（without Written Constitution）的国家之一4 英国议会（parliament）由女王（sovereign），上议院（the House of Lords），下议院（the House of Commons）组成5 上议院成员是世俗议员（Lords Temporal）和神职议员（Lords Spiritual）6 下议院651名成员由选举产生，选举至少五年一次，拥有最终立法权（Ultimate authorityfor law-making resides）7 首相（Prime Minister）由君主（Monarch)任命，首相挑选部长(ministers)来管理各部门8 约20名成员组成内阁（Cabinet），内阁成员要么是国会成员，要么是上议院的贵族（peersin the Hose of Lords）9 自1920s，英国是多党制（multi-party system），最大的两党是保守党（conservative Party）---现领袖是David Cameron 和工党（labour Party）。
10 英国第三大党是自由民主党（Liberal Democrats）。
11 英联邦（The Commonwealth）建于1931年，取代了大英帝国（The British Empire），由53个独立国家组成，大多数是大英帝国前殖民地.12 英国是君主立宪制国家（constitutional Monarchy），国家首领是king or queen。
13 英国地方政府的消费（English Local government expenditure)占公共开支的（PublicSpending）的25%。
第五节教育1 政府对教育付主要责任，地方教育局（Local Educational Authorities）为公立学校（state school）提供资金，实行5-16岁的义务教育制度（compulsory Education）2 学校分为两类，公立学校（State School）和私立学校（Private School）3 England 和Wales，基础教育从5岁开始，Northern Ireland，从4岁开始。
4 学生在11岁时接受中学教育（secondary school),可选择综合中学（Comprehensive School）或文法中学（Grammar School）--由11岁优选制（the 11-plus）选拔学生5 准备上大学的学生在中学之后继续接受两年教育，然后参加A-level考试，大学招生很大程度上取决于A-Level考试的成绩6 不准备上大学的学生可接受职业培训（vocational training),获得国家专业资格证书（GNVQ）7 大学教育主要资金来源于政府（central government），学生通常三年之后（a three-year course）可拿到学士学位（bachelor's degree）8 英国著名大学包括，牛津（The University of Oxford),剑桥（The University of Cambridge),白金汉大学（The University of Buckingham)--唯一一所资金由私人提供的大学圣安德鲁斯大学（The University of St Andrews）格拉斯哥大学（The University of Glasgow）爱丁堡大学（The University of Edinburgh）阿伯丁大学（The University of Aberdeen）第六节社会1 NHS（The National Health Service英国国民健康保险制度）为每一个公民提供全面的医疗保险服务。