seminar report sample
英语作文职业规划研讨会报告的写作思路
英语作文职业规划研讨会报告的写作思路全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Writing My Career Planning Seminar ReportHi everyone! Today I want to share some tips on how to write a really awesome report about the Career Planning Seminar we just had at school. I had so much fun at the seminar learning about all the different jobs people can have when they grow up. Now I need to write a report about what I learned, and I want to make sure I do a good job!First things first, we need to start with an introduction paragraph. The introduction should grab the reader's attention right away with maybe a cool fact or rhetorical question about careers. Like did you know there are over 10,000 different types of jobs in the world? Wild! The intro should also give a sneak peek of what your report will cover. Basically tell the reader "Hey, get ready because I'm going to teach you all about the awesome Career Planning Seminar!"Next up, the body paragraphs. This is where you'll go into all the juicy details about what happened at the seminar. Maybeyou'll want to have one paragraph that describes the different career speakers who came and the jobs they talked about. Like we met a doctor, a chef, a police officer, and an engineer. Tell the reader what each career is and what duties they have. The engineer designs buildings and bridges. The chef creates yummy foods at a restaurant. Stuff like that.Another body paragraph could talk about the fun activities you did at the seminar to explore careers. We took a career interest survey and I found out I'd be a good teacher or writer when I grow up! We also did a craft where we made hats with our dream jobs written on them. I made a scientist hat because I want to discover new things.You could also have a paragraph sharing your favorite part of the seminar and why. Maybe it was the career speaker you found most interesting and exciting. Or perhaps it was the game you played during the seminar where you got to act out different jobs.One of your body paragraphs should connect back to your future career plans. What job do you want after attending this seminar? What did you learn that makes you interested in that career? Why does that career seem like a good fit for your skillsand interests? Discuss how the seminar helped guide your career dreams.Lastly, wrap it all up with a conclusion paragraph where you restate the main points and key takeaways. You could leave the reader with some fun trivia about careers or share your eagerness to keep exploring jobs in the future.Don't forget to give your paragraphs strong topic sentences and use lots of juicy adjectives to make your details nice and clear for the reader. Maybe sprinkle in some humor if you're feeling silly too! And most importantly, don't be afraid to let your voice and personality shine through. Make it obvious that this career report was written by a super cool elementary kid (like you!).Whew, writing a long report isn't easy, but I know you can do it! Just imagine you're telling your best friend all about the Career Planning Seminar. Explain what you saw, what you learned, what you liked best, and what job you want now. Add some creative flair, organize those paragraphs, and bam! You'll have an A+ report for sure.I can't wait to read your take on our Career Planning Seminar. Telling others about fun learning experiences like this is important for growing our writing skills. Plus, you never knowwho will read your report and get inspired to pursue their dream job too. Thanks for listening, and happy writing!篇2Writing a Report for the Career Planning SeminarWow, I'm so excited that we got to go to the career planning seminar at school last week! It was super cool to learn about all the different jobs people can have when they grow up. My favorite part was when the firefighter came and showed us all her cool gear and tools. I definitely want to be a firefighter when I'm older so I can ride in the fire truck and help save people. But I also liked hearing about being a doctor, a teacher, and an engineer too. There are just so many amazing choices!Since we went to the seminar, our teacher said we each have to write a report about what we learned. At first I wasn't too thrilled because writing reports can be kind of boring. But then I realized this is a chance to share what I'm dreaming about for my future career! I can use this report to explore the job I want and make a plan for how to get there. That's actually really important stuff.So here's what I think I'll do to make sure my report knocks it out of the park:First, I'll start with an introduction talking about why I went to the career seminar and what I was hoping to get out of it. I'll say that I wanted to learn about different jobs so I can start thinking about the career I'd like to have someday. Then I'll wrap up the intro by saying in this report I'll share my top career choice and my plan for achieving it.Next, I'll have a section called "My Dream Career" where I'll go into detail about the job I want - firefighter. I'll explain what firefighters do, like driving the truck, carrying hoses, operating equipment, going into burning buildings to rescue people, etc. I'll share what I find exciting about that career and why I'd be a good fit for it. Maybe I can throw in some personal stories about stoppping fires with my garden hose or rescuing stuffed animals from pretend emergencies. That will really allow my personality to shine through.After that, I'll have a section called "Skills Needed" where I'll list out the skills and qualities you need to be a firefighter. Things like being brave, staying calm in scary situations, being physically strong and having endurance, being a team player, and of course knowing fire safety and rescue procedures. For each skill, I'll give an example of how I already show that skill or a time when I had to use it. That will prove I have what it takes!Then the next section will be "My Career Plan." Here I'll map out the steps I need to take from now until I achieve my goal of becoming a firefighter. The first step will be working really hard in school, especially in subjects like math, science, physical education, and public speaking since those will help me a lot. Then after high school, I'll need to go to a special training academy and get certified as a firefighter. I'll describe what that training is like from the presentation. And maybe I can get some experience along the way by joining a youth program with the fire department or working as a lifeguard. Breaking it down into clear steps will make it feel really doable.For the closing, I'll re-emphasize why this career is my passion and how committed I am to making it happen through hard work and determination. I'll talk about how excited I am for the challenges of firefighting but also how rewarding it will be to make a difference by helping others. Writing this report has me even more fired up (get it, fired up? Like a firefighter? Haha) to pursue this dream!Lastly, I'll put in some graphics to make the report look great - maybe pictures of firefighters in action, the fire equipment, a checklist for my career plan steps. That way it's not just merambling on a bunch of pages but has visual aids to explain key points in an engaging way.Phew, I think that's a solid plan for covering all the important details in an informative and personal way. I hope my teacher is impressed with my extreme firefighting enthusiasm and ambition for achieving that career goal. Writing this report is making me feel more pumped up than ever to grow up and become a real-life firefighting hero! Watch out world, here I come to extinguish your emergencies with bravery and skill. Well, after I finish this paper first. Let me grab my super Writers Start pencils and get to work. This is going to be the best career report ever written!篇3Career Planning Seminar Report Writing PlanHi everyone! Today I want to share my thoughts on how to write a really great report about the career planning seminar we all attended last week. Writing reports can seem boring, but if we approach it the right way, it can actually be kind of fun!First off, let's talk about the basic structure we should follow. All good reports need an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction should grab the reader's attentionright away and give an overview of what the report will cover. Maybe we could start with an interesting question or fact about career planning to hook people in.The body is where we'll put all the juicy details about the seminar itself. We'll need paragraphs describing the presentations, the speakers, the activities we did, and anything else that happened during the day. The key here is to be really descriptive and paint a picture with our words so it feels like the reader was there with us. Using lots of specific details and examples will make it way more interesting than just giving a boring summary.For each presentation or activity, we could have a paragraph explaining:What it was aboutWho the speaker/instructor wasWhat we learnedAnything memorable, funny, or surprising that happenedHow it related to choosing a careerThe more senses we can engage with our writing, the better. If we can describe sights, sounds, even smells or tastes from the day, it'll really make our report jump off the page!Don't forget to include relevant facts, statistics, or quotes from the speakers too. Just be sure to organize all the information in a clear, logical way instead of just rambling. Maybe we could group paragraphs by the differentsessions/topics from the seminar schedule.Once we've thoroughly covered all the key parts of the seminar in the body, we'll need a stand-out conclusion to leave the reader with a lasting impression. We could summarize the main takeaways or lessons about career planning, share any lingering thoughts or questions we have, or even reflect on how the experience impacted our own goals for the future.If it feels right, maybe the conclusion could also have a creative or inspirational ending to motivate the reader. A thoughtful quote about following your dreams, a call to action to explore new possibilities, or a personal anecdote about feeling inspired could be a nice way to wrap things up on a high note.Besides all the structural concerns, we'll also want to watch our tone and writing style. Since this is quite a serious topic, we'll need to strike a relatively formal, academic tone. Avoid slang,contractions, and extremely casual language. At the same time, we don't want it to be too dry or boring either. Finding the right balance of being informative yet still engaging will be important.Finally, let's not forget some of the basics like proper grammar, spelling, varying our sentence structure, and using transition words between ideas. It's also smart to include section headings to organize our thoughts, and visuals like charts or photos if we have any good ones from the day.Whew, I know that was a lot to cover! Writing a strong report does take some effort, but I'm confident we can create something really compelling if we approach it step-by-step. Who's ready to get started? Let's make this the best career planning seminar report ever!。
Seminar 英语讨论 句式整理
Make a suggestion:Maybe we could…?How about if we…?Acknowledging an idea and making an alternative suggestion:I see what you mean, but what about….?That’s a possibility – or we could…Asking for suggestions:How do you feel about…?How are we going to do that?Asking for a volunteer to do sth:It would be good to start by reminding people of what the company produces.Maybe we could download one of their adverts from Youtube and show them that? Would you be able to do that, Carlos?So we need to end with a set of recommendations, don’t we?Yes, how do you feel about putting those as a series of bulllet points- just on one slide so they’re quite memorable. Who wants to do that?Asking a particular person to do sth:We need to give the audience some time at the end to ask questions. How are we going to do that? Well, I think it's best if just one person deals with the questions. Perhaps you could that, Kate, as you’re the speaker in the presentations.I think it’s best if just one person deals with the questions. Maybe Christian could do it?That’s a possibility. Or we could all sit at the front and take the questions that are to do with our part of the presentation.I’m not sure of the best way of presenting all these tables. They wouldn’t look good projected on screen.How about if we put them on a handout? We could give that out at the beginning. You’re good at that kind of thing Francoise. Can you sort that out?Offering to do sth:We’ve really got to grab their attention. I think we jump straight in and talk about the company’s problems.I see what you mean, but what about the history of the company? Wouldn’t it be more sensible to do that before talking about the problems it’s facing today? Shall I do that?Generating ideas and report:Expressions for reporting backRight, well, we thought that this picture was showing that people in different cultures greet each other differently. So in some cultures people shake hands, for example while others avoid contact and might just bow. There’s also the question of gender here which prompted us to talk about the different behaviour of men and women, er, your know, childcare, household tasks…One member of the group suggested that in some cultures men and women greet each other in different ways. So Zubadah, er, mentioned that for most groups in Indonesia it wouldn’t be appropriate for men and women to touch when they greet each other. Erm, turning now to the third question, we came up with a number of other aspects that could be investigated. One possibility would be to look at …Expressions for referring to what people in other groups have said….how young people treat their elders. Kerry said sth similar for group one. So, for example, do they show respect in particular ways? We also taked about attitudes to punctuality. This was sth that group two talked about as well. We thought it would be interesting to see whether people from different cultures thought it was OK to turn up late for lecture.Reaching a consensusGive reasons for a preferred orderIt’s sensible to put how antibiotics work first.Well, that’s possible, but it seems more logical to talk about their discovery before saying how they work. We can start with how….Well, we can’t really introduce side-effects before we’ve talked about how antibiotics work. So we need todo side-effects later.…I think the presentation would flow better if we had impacts….Reaching a consensusWe haven’t got much time left and we need to agree an order for presenting these.Ok, Most people are in agreement that we start with…Right, the consensus seems to be that we talk about how antibiotics work….Right, that’s it then. Our agreed order is…Joining in discussionIndicate that you want to make a pointIf I could add…Can I add sth here?Give your own viewCould I just say that…In my view…The way I see it is that…I think…Agree with the last speaker an add a further pointIris makes a good point, and another thing is ….I think that’s intersting, and sth else to consider is…That’s right, and also…Disagree politely with the last speaker and add a point That may be the case, but don’t you think…I see what you mean, but maybe…That’s partly true, but you’ve also got to think about…Asking for and giving more informationAsking for informationCould you give an example of that?Have you got any other examples of …What did you mean by…What did you mean when you said…You used the term/word …- What’s that?I didn’t quite understand (what you said about)..So are you saying that..What does that mean..You said that …., why is that?Introducing more informationWhat I meant was that…The main reason is..It’s to do with…What I’m saying is that…What it means is that….Saying that you don’t knowI’m sorry, I don’t knowI’ll have to find out and let you knowI need to go away and look at that a bit moreTo be honest, I don’t know。
Seminar12(3)
FINM7407: Financial Institutions and MarketsSeminar 12Revision for the Final Exam Necmi K Avkiran, PhDAssociate Professor in Banking and FinanceUQ Business Schooln.avkiran@.au/~necmi/financesite/profile.htmfor your examinations?Do you:1.Have your current UQ student ID card?2.Know where your examination is being held?3.Know what materials you are permitted to bring tothe examination? (check with your coursecoordinator)4.Have an approved / labelled calculator (in examswhere calculators are permitted)for your examinations?For each examination, ensure you:1.Have rechecked your personalised examination timetable fordate, time and venue2.Have your current UQ student ID card on hand and be ready topresent on entry to the examination venue –should you forget it, you must report to the Student Centre before yourexamination3.Have spare pencils and pens, as well as any permittedmaterials4.Arrive at your examination venue 15 minutes before thescheduled start and 30 minutes if the examination is held atthe UQ CentreExamination TimetableStudents are provided with a personalised examination timetable to their UQ email account, detailing their;•Schedule of examinations•Date, start time and exam duration•Campus and specific venue to which they must attend for each examinationIt is important that students;•Attend to the venue listed on their examination timetable 15-30 minutes before the exam is due to commence •Are in possession of their UQ Student ID card•Have an approved calculator should it be permitted forthe examinationStudent ID Card –Essential! All Students MUSTpresent a currentUQ Student ID cardto gain entry to theexamination venueApproved Calculators in ExaminationsMobile Phones in ExaminationsA student who attends and attempts whole or part of the original examination will not be eligible for a deferred examination.So how could this ruling affect you if you are unwell?Either: Commence and finish your examination; orDo not attend your examination, obtain a medical certificate from your doctor and apply for a Deferred Examination.Check your eligibility criteria before you make a decision!Please see the myAdvisor website or ask the Student Centre for assistance.New for Semester 2 2015Students will be permitted to enter the examination venue until one hour into the examination (eg 08:00am exam start, entry until 09:00am).Students will not be permitted to leave an examination until one hour of the examination has elapsed (eg 08:00am exam start, leave at 09:00am).New for Semester 2 2015Students will not be permitted to wear watches in examinations.Watches may be placed under the student’s chair or on the corner of the student’s desk for the duration of the examination.Re-familiarise yourselves with the course Blackboard web site…Now, a few ‘pearls of wisdom’ fromyour course coordinator…“Nothing travels faster than the speed of light with the possible exception of bad news, which obeys its own special laws.” Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the GalaxyOn this note, I strongly recommend that you ignore all exam related rumours you might hear between now and the exam day. When in doubt, please refer to the various postings on Blackboard -includingthe course profile –and seminar slides.And there is more…1. Every topic in FINM7407 is examinable on your final exam because seminars are related to each other.Your exam will have 8 short-answer questions, sometimes with multiple parts(total of 100 marks).There will be a mixture of numerical and theory questions.The majority of the marks are from seminars 7 -11.End-of-seminar case studies are not on your finalexam. Title page including the exam outline is already onBlackboard.2. Use the 10 minutes of perusal time to identify the questions you can answer easily. Leave more difficult questions for later.3. Remember that this is a written exam. That is, you get only one shot at putting down your answer. Hence, it is VERY IMPORTANT that you write concisely, clearly and legibly using grammatically correct sentences. In theory questions, use short paragraphs, and whenever possible, sub-headings, as a roadmap for the examiner.And more…4. In calculations make sure you keep your rough work separate from your answer and clearly show your method as part of your answer.In most instances, correct method will attract partial marks even if the final answer may be incorrect.Pay attention to the number of decimal places required by the question. If not specified, four decimal places is a safeassumption in most cases; with final answers in dollars,two decimal places are expected.5. The instruction “In point form...” means presenting your answeras follows:●I know the answer!●I have no idea!●My friend knows the answer!Or, you may use numbers instead of bullet points.And…6. Once again, your seminars should form the backbone of your final revision. In order to better manage your revision time, pay close attention to what I have already revealed here. Make sure you are working from the most up-to-date seminar slides on Blackboard.7. After you have completed your personal revision, I recommend that you get together with a friend sitting the same exam and test each other. This approach would be particularly helpful with theory questions.And…8. Face-to-face exam consultation times are onThursday 5 November 1-3pmTuesday 10 November 1-3pmThursday 12 November 10am-12noonThere will be no consultation outside these hours.9. Please note individually emailed questions asking whether a particular topic or pages(s) of reading will be on the exam will remain unanswered.10. There are some postings under FAQ on Blackboard which will answer other questions that may pop into your heads before or after the exam.11. At the time of preparation of these slides, your exam is known to be on Friday 13th November. Please refer to your personalised examination timetable to double-check.The rest of this meeting will focus on the past final exam paper you were asked to bring with you, and any questions of clarification you may have.Reproduction of Instructions on Blackboard Please carefully note the following to get the most out of your last seminar:•Bring a hardcopy of 2014 2nd semester's final exam paper available on the library website. Make sure you go through it at home so that you can ask questions of clarification in class .•The main purpose of the last seminar is to discuss the STRUCTURE OF YOUR EXAM and answer any questions of clarification you may have.•Solutions to past exam papers are not posted on Blackboard or emailed.•Any remaining questions can be raised during consultation times.。
seminar_report
Seminar ReportDuring the 1970s and 1980s considerable effort was devoted to applying game-theoretic techniques to the analytic modeling of issues in industrial economics. The sophistication and breadth of the models described in The Habit book of Industrial Organization or in Jean Tirole's The Theory Industrial Organization bear testaiment to the extent of that effort. Many of the issues examined in that body of work are of direct relevance to competitive strategy, the branch of strategic management concerned with what one might call 'external' strategy issues, i.e. the firms strategy Wiisli-visits rivals. These include issues such as the importance of first-mover advantages and the role of commitment in staking out a market position, ' reputation formation and exploitation;signaling and the strategic control of information more generally (Fudeniberg and Tirole, 1986).While most of the models have focused on external strategy issues, recently these tools have been turned increasingly to other questions of direct variance to strategic management having to do with the internal organization of the firm and the appropriate scope of its activities. These include questions relating to the vertical scope of the firm's activities (Grossman and Hart, 1986); and the effect of incentives on the optimal horizontal scope of the firm (Jensen, 1986); and the appropriate breadth of the firm's business and corporate strategies (Rotemberg and Saloner,1990) .Finally, issues at the intersection of these ‘internal’ an1d ‘external’ orientation s constitute a growth area within economics. The issues here include the effect of incentive schemes within the firm on product market competition the ability to use vertical integration to achieve competitive advantage (Ordover, Saloner, and Salop, 1990) Hart and Tirole, forthcoming, and Bolton and Whinstoni, 1989); and the effect of distribution chalnniel design on competition (Coughlin and Wernierfelt, 1988); Moorthy, forthcomingi, and Bonanno and Vickers, 1988).Despite the relevance of these issues to strategic management, the impact on thatfield has mainly been through 'importing' relevant implications from economics. The question arises, however, as to whether there is a more direct role for game-theoretic modeling within strategic imnailageminenita, s a tool used by scholars who regard strategic imnala gemineanlt their priminary field.However, it is probably also due in part to the fact that some observers within strategic management are troubled by the complexity of the reasoning of which the agents whose behavior is being analyzed are assumed to be capable. For example, Rumelt, Schenidel and Teece (1990).Rational models of competitive interaction posit players who engage in very subtle and complex reasoning. Yet our common experience is that decision-makers are far less analytic and perform far less comprehensive analyses these models posit. If one is a player, is it really 'rational' to posit such complex behavior in others? The degree of rationality assumed in game theoretic models is often much greater than in other economic models. In game theoretic models each firm's optimal action depends on what it believes its rivals will do. In order to decide what to do itself, the firm must put itself in its rival's shoes and analyze the sit U from its rival's perspective. The analysis therefore requires assumptions about the rival's rationality, as well as the assessment of the rivals belief about one's own rationality, and so on. These assumptions are particularly striking in a field like strategic management which tolerates a wide variety of behavioral assumptions.。
职业研讨会报告英语作文模板
职业研讨会报告英语作文模板英文回答：Career Seminar Report。
Introduction。
The career seminar was held in order to help students prepare for their future careers. The seminar was attended by students from all disciplines, and the speakers were all experts in their respective fields.Overview of the Seminar。
The seminar was divided into four parts:1. Keynote Speech: The keynote speech was given by a successful entrepreneur who shared his insights on how to start and grow a business.2. Breakout Sessions: The breakout sessions were led by experts in different fields, such as finance, marketing, and human resources. The breakout sessions gave students the opportunity to learn about different career paths and to network with professionals in their field of interest.3. Career Fair: The career fair was an opportunity for students to meet with potential employers and learn about job openings.4. Resume and Interview Workshop: The resume and interview workshop was led by a career counselor who gave students tips on how to write a strong resume and how to prepare for an interview.Assessment of the Seminar。
seminar report 2
China Macroeconomic Policy from a Mercantilist PerspectiveSun ChaoranABSTRACTThis essay analyze China Macroeconomic Policy from Mercantilist Perspective by borrowing heavily from framework laid in pioneering work of Zou(1997)and Wang and Zou(2011).The first part demonstrates it's difficult,if not impossible to determining an optimal Macroeconomic Policy due to interpersonal comparison of ordinal utility issue.The second part gives a verbal description on what these models predict on mercantilist sentiment shock,monetary shock,foreign exchange rate shock,government purchase shock and foreign asset holding shock and point out potential limitations of these predictions.We conclude with a brief conclusion and a discussion of possible extension for future work.INTRODUCTIONIn the Lecture China Macroeconomic Policy Outlook:Implications on Exchange Rate And Interest Rates,Chris Leung showed what China Macroeconomic Policy should be like especially with respect to fine tuning of Exchange Rate And Interest Rates based on patterns manifest in historical time series eful as such methodology may be,it divorced from agents'rational choice behaviour,which implies that it is subject to the renowned"Lucas Critique".In spite of methodological concern,another problem emerges that it's one thing that it's desirable to implement the policy deduced in the lecture,it is quite another to see them to be implemented in real life,for the reason that policy makers are notorious for lapsing into pursuing their own objective which is probably significantly deviated from maximization of general welfare as implicitly assumed and desired in the lecture.As a complement to leung's analysis,we utilize Zou(1997),Wang and Zou(2011)which model mercantilism as a result of maximization of representative agents'utility to characterize the optimal China Macroeconomic Policy.At first sight,it,at least,doesn't make any sense to invoke any connection between mercantilism and normative analysis on China Macroeconomic Policy. After all,the term"mercantilism"which is often associated with confusion of means with ends, has been ridiculed since the time of Adam Smith.Even in the heyday of"mercantilism",the economic success is often attributed to failure of mercantilist policy which incur a prohibitively high monitoring cost(See Laura LaHaye(2008)).But such tide is reversed since Zou(1997).One major reason for mercantilism being discredited is that,as shown in Becker(2009),the benefit of mercantilism mainly goes to producers,while consumers are hurt by higher export prices in a static setting.Simple graph analysis shows that mercantilism imposes a cost that outweigh its benefit.Thus,at worst,in theory,everyone can be better off by abandoning mercantilism with the help of a well-functioning social wealth redistribution system.As indicated in Posner(2009),one possible reason for adhering mercantilist policy is the friction and malfunction in social wealth redistribution system,which is certainly the case of China.However,the side-effect of mercantilist policy based on such reasoning shouldn't be neglected,which is,as a healthy dynamic economy, market price of exchange rate may contain important signal on reallocation of jobs among different sectors.From Austrian School's view(See Mises(1931)),the prosperity brought bydistortion of price is doom to end up with a recession at some point in future.The following part of this essay is separated into three parts.The first part demonstrates the difficulty of normative analysis on optimal China optimal macroeconomic policy.The second part focused on different consequence incurred by different macroeconomic policy from a positive perspective.In the last section,we conclude with a discussion on interesting directions for future work.1.DIFFICULTY IN DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL MACROECOOMIC POLICYThe reason of choosing Zou's framework is not only its generality,reducibility and mathematical tractability but also its closeness to reality.To model the"Deep Parameters"as called upon in Lucas(1976),Zou(1997)characterized mercantilist social planner's objective function as the sum of discounted flow which is a function of instantaneous consumption and foreign asset holding. One critical assumption to simplify the matter is to focus on the special case that the function is separable with respect to consumption and foreign asset holding.In other words,cross derivative of the instantaneous utility function with respect to them is zero.A by-product of convenience in such simplification is that we could have a very simple representation to measure mercantilist sentiment as a coeffient of utility of wealth.As a result,countries without mercantilist sentiment is reduced to a special case that the coeffient is set to zero.Instead of accepting such setting blindly, we find that significance for discussion is two-folded.First,for positive analysis,we are entitled to ask that,in real life,do policy makers,see accumulating foreign asset as an end or as some means to achieve other end at more fundamental level?Second,for normative analysis,should policy makers accumulate foreign asset as a vehicle to increase general welfare,assuming we are fortunate enough to afford a benevolent one?As to the first question,there is no definite answer as far as the author knows.One popular yet tentative story is that if country A holds a considerate amount of paper asset issued by country B,then country B is put at the mercy of county A.The mechanism is that if country A wants country B to implement policies favored to her,she can threat to sell those paper asset in huge quantity which could impose enough pressure in county B's capital market.Becker(2009)pointed that such viewpoint may be wrong-headed because such threat is incredible in the sense that finding substitutes for those paper asset for the purpose of reaping attractive enough dividends relative to accustomed risk is itself costly.Moreover,the effect of such punishment could be quite limited especially in today's highly integrated global capital market.In fact,a likely outcome is that the action of one country punishes the country only creates an opportunity for speculators to buy low and sell high.In fact,Mankiw(2009)regards it nonsensical for United States to pressure China into appreciating RMB value,since it is equivalent to asking China to stopping from lending them money.The answer to second question is tantamount to comparative analysis of model in Zou(1997).As a benchmark model,it assumed that term of trade,taxation scheme,money supply and mercantilism sentiment coeffient as exogenous variables.The result is clear that a higher mercantilism sentiment coeffient leads to higher steady state consumption of both domestic and foreign goods. The transition dynamics can be described as follows:In response to a positive mercantilism sentiment shock hits the economy,the social planner reallocates the resource to facilitate more saving and less consumption which reflects a sudden jump of valuation of wealth compared to the past.As time goes,a trade surplus emerges and thecountry accumulates a higher amount of foreign asset gradually.Because more foreign asset bring about more dividend income,consumption per capita will converge to a level that surpass the past equilibrium level.However such conclusion doesn't imply that we should all advocate a mercantilism even in the world of the model.Noticeably,higher future consumption is at the expense of lower current consumption.If we want to find an optimal mercantilism sentiment coeffient,we have to confront with the comparison of interpersonal utility,which represents the current generation's welfare and future,unborn generation's welfare in our context.One pessimistic view is that it's impossible for us to find a method for interpersonal comparison of ordinal utility(see Hausman(1993)).Of course,we could derive some solution via lessons learned from bargaining problem literature,but it is still impossible,or inappropriate to pick one solution among various ones based on various"axioms"(See Thomson(1994),for a discussion).2.POSITIVE ANAYSIS OF MACROECOOMIC POLICYBuilding upon Zou(1997),Wang and Zou(2011)extend the baseline model to make policy analysis with respect to inflation,foreign exchange intervention and government expenditure possible.The implication on inflation with such framework is that higher inflation results in higher steady state consumption and foreign asset level,while the sign of effect on real money balance is not decidable in the absence of further assumption,which is quite counterfactual,in the face of fact that hyperinflation never goes with higher welfare hand in hand.This is due to the perfect foresight assumption which rules out the possibility that inflation reallocate the wealth after transaction which is normally occurred in real life.Thus the implication for real life policy making that policymaker face a trade-off between the benefit and cost from inflation.The transition dynamics can be depicted as follows:As government raise the monetary growth permanently,people find it less desirable to hold the same amount of money as it used to be,so they cut their real money balance and invest the extra money in foreign asset to finance future consumption which indicate a higher longrun consumption level.However,the ambiguous effect on real money balance is cause by two conflicting motives,which are higher future consumption motive that increase real money balance and avoidance motive of inflation tax which lower real money balance.As for the central banks'purchase of foreign claims,it bring forth more foreign asset accumulation, more consumption and more real money balances.The rationale is that purchase of foreign asset crowd out real money balances in the short run,but consumption smoothing restore equilibrium to the point that is characterized as more foreign asset accumulation,more consumption and more real money balances.As for government expenditure,it is assumed as"wasteful"in the sense that it has no effect on production and doesn't enter utility function.Unsurprisingly,permanent increase in government spending crowds out long-run consumption,real money balances and foreign asset holdings.The implication of such prediction is limited because assuming government expenditure"wasteful"is far from innocuous.Quite the opposite,government final consumption expenditure does increase a fraction of people's welfare and government gross capital formation is no doubt a driving force of economic growth.So the story told in Wang and Zou(2011)is far from the whole by any standard.3.CONCLUSSION AND DISCUSSIONIn conclusion,countries'mercantilist sentiment affects people's welfare across different generations,so it's impossible or inappropriate to decide how"mercantilist"one country should be. If we restrict ourselves to the long-run economic consequence of different policy,Zou(1997)and Wang and Zou(2011)framework implies the China Macroeconomic Policy fared well,for the reason that higher expected and non-accelerating inflation,higher mercantilist sentiment, alongside accumulating foreign asset holding which contribute to a higher long-run consumption characterize China Macroeconomic Policy for a long time except for one drawback that government expenditure is too high which could possibly become wasteful at such a high level.At the same time,we should be cautious on these implications because of limitations in such framework.One obstacle for Zou(1997)and Wang and Zou(2011)is that it doesn't explicitly model the link between power and foreign asset holding,which result in arbitrariness of the form of foreign asset holding to enter the instantaneous utility function.To make it concrete,among foreign asset holding per capita,absolute value of foreign asset holding,foreign asset holding in terms of opponent country,which is the winner of the horse race?Such question is vexingly tricky unless the link is explicit modeled as some result of strategic behavior.Another imperfection the framework is inherent in the representative agent and rational expectations methodology.Real life situation is far complex than the Neo-classical paradigm. Common sense told us that one country's unilateral action is never negligible,instead countries' policy making is alway made in an environment of anarchy in which conflict and threat constitute the part and parcel.An important case is the determination of exchange rate,which may not a good approximation to model them as exogenous given.To some extent it is close to style of determination of wage in literature of equilibrium unemployment.However,the situation is far more complicated since the nature of exchange rate determination is a multilateral bargaining which is fortunately solvable in Samet and Safra(2004)which reduce the problem to the estimation of all countries'parameters that measure their bargaining power.An inevitable drawback is it implicitly assumes every countries'bargaining power can be ranked in a complete order.However,it's obvious that bargaining power relies not only the quantity of foreign asset holding,but on its formation.To complicate the matter,coalition structure is likely to emerge in the process of bargaining.Another more radical challenge is that as argued in Samet(2011), bargaining process is a never-ending process in the manner of paradox that Achilles could never catch tortoise which is enhanced by Law of triviality.A critical difference is that bargaining as to term of trade is always on the pareto frontier,and it could demand a whole new set of Axioms.On the other hand,utility functions,in most case,is not common knowledge,as commonly assumed in literature.By contrast,parameters such as mercantilist sentiment and discount factor vary across from different countries,and are not revealed to one another,and some extreme situation, such as high-order uncertainty and ambiguity,could arise.ReferenceBecker,Gary,2009,"Should China Allow its Currency to Appreciate?"The Becker and Posner blogHausman,Daniel,"The Impossibility of Interpersonal Utility Comparisons"Mind,New Series, Vol.104,No.415(Jul.,1995),pp.473-490LaHaye,Laura."mercantilism."The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics.Second Edition.Eds.Steven N.Durlauf and Lawrence E.Blume.Palgrave Macmillan,2008.The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online.Palgrave Macmillan.Lucas,Robert(1976),"Econometric Policy Evaluation:A Critique",in Brunner,K.;Meltzer,A., The Phillips Curve and Labor Markets,Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy,1, New York:American Elsevier,pp.19–46Mankiw,Gregory(2009),"It’s No Time for Protectionism"The New York Times,Economic View Mises,Ludwig von,(1931)The Causes of Economic Crisis:And Other Essays Before And After The Great Depression.The Ludwig von Mises InstitutePosner,Richard(2009),"China's Currency and Reserves"The Becker and Posner blogSamet,Dov and Safra,Zvi(2004),"An ordinal solution to bargaining problems with many players"Games and Economic Behavior,Vol.46,2004Samet,Dov(2011),"What if Achilles and the tortoise were to bargain?An argument against interim agreements"Working PaperSmith,Adam.,1977(1776),An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Unversity of Chicago Press.Thomson,William,(1994)."Cooperative models of bargaining,"Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications,in:R.J.Aumann&S.Hart(ed.),Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications,edition1,volume2,chapter35,pages1237-1284Elsevier.Wang,Gaowang and Zou,Heng-fu,2011."Mercantilism,Foreign Asset Accumulation and Macroeconomic Policy,"MPRA Paper34519,University Library of Munich,Germany.Zou,Heng-Fu,1997."Dynamic analysis in the Viner model of mercantilism,"Journal of International Money and Finance,Elsevier,vol.16(4),pages637-651,August.。
公共英语三级词汇5 OK
rouse[rauz] v.惊起；唤起，唤醒route[ruːt] n.路线，路程The vessel encountered 遇到bad weather and had to change the route.这艘船遇到了坏天气，不得不改变航线。
routine [ru'tɪn] My daily routine starts with a cup of coffee. 我每天开始工作时都会喝杯咖啡。
n.例行公事，常规 a.常规的，例行的row [rəu] v.划船；荡桨n.一排，一列royal ['rɔɪəl] a.王室的；第一流的 n.(一)排Lady Diana is one of the most famous members of the royal family in England.戴安娜王妃是英国王室最有名的成员之一。
royalty['rɔɪəltɪ] n.皇家，皇族Although Xiao Zhang's family is poor, they are descended是……后裔from royalty.虽然张家家境贫寒，却是前朝皇室遗族。
rub They rub the sleep out of their eyes. 他们揉了揉惺忪的睡眼，强打起精神来。
v.& n.擦，摩擦rubber n.橡皮；橡胶制品 a.橡胶的rubbish n.废物，垃圾；废话ruby['rubɪ] n.红宝石，人名。
Ruby is an outgoing girl and she makes friends really quickly.露比性格外向，能很快地交到朋友。
rude a.粗鲁的；猛烈的rug [r^g] The rug is too dirty, you should beat all the dust out of it. 这块地毯太脏了，你应该把上面的灰拍掉。
商务英语词汇术语
最惠国待遇
most-favorednationtreatment-MFNT
-------------------价格条件----------------------
价格术语tradeterm(priceterm)运费freight
单价price码头费wharfage
分三个月，每月平均装运inthreeequalmonthlyshipments
立即装运immediateshipments
即期装运promptshipments
收到信用证后30天内装运shipmentswithin30daysafterreceiptofL/C
允许分批装船partialshipmentnotallowedpartialshipmentnotpermitted
IMF(InternationalMonetaryFund)国际货币基金组织
CTG(CouncilforTradeinGoods)货币贸易理事会
EFTA(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)欧洲自由贸易联盟
AFTA(ASEANFreeTradeArea)东盟自由贸易区
JCCT(China-USJointCommissiononCommerceandTrade)中美商贸联委会
发盘(发价)offer
发实盘offerfirm
询盘(询价)inquiry;enquiry
指示性价格priceindication
速复replyimmediately
参考价referenceprice
习惯做法
交易磋商
不受约束
业务洽谈
usualpractice
学术报告范例范文英文
学术报告范例范文英文Academic Report Sample: The Impact of Climate Change on BiodiversityClimate change is one of the most pressing issues of our time, with far-reaching consequences for the environment and human societies. One of the key areas affected by climate change is biodiversity, which refers to the variety of species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity on Earth. In this report, we will explore the various impacts of climate change on biodiversity from multiple perspectives, including the loss of habitats, species extinction, changes in ecosystem functioning, and the potential for adaptation.Firstly, climate change is causing the loss of habitats for many species. Rising global temperatures are altering temperature and precipitation patterns, leading to shiftsin the distribution of ecosystems. As a result, many species are losing their native habitats and are beingforced to migrate or adapt to new environments. For example, polar bears in the Arctic are facing a significant threatas their sea ice habitats melt due to warming temperatures. This loss of habitat not only affects individual speciesbut also disrupts entire ecosystems, as species rely oneach other for survival.Secondly, climate change is driving species extinctionat an alarming rate. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that up to one million species areat risk of extinction due to climate change. Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events are all contributing to this loss of biodiversity. Coral reefs, for instance, are highly vulnerable to rising sea temperatures, which can lead to coral bleaching and eventual death. The loss of these diverse and vibrant ecosystems not only impacts marine species but also affects coastal communities that depend on them for food and livelihoods.Furthermore, climate change is altering ecosystem functioning and disrupting ecological processes. Manyspecies have evolved to have specific relationships with their environment, such as pollinators and flowering plants. However, as temperatures rise, these relationships can become disrupted, leading to a decline in pollination and reduced reproduction for many plant species. This, in turn, affects the availability of food and resources for other species, causing a ripple effect throughout the entire ecosystem. Such disruptions can have cascading impacts onthe stability and resilience of ecosystems, ultimately affecting their ability to provide essential services such as clean water and air.Despite the negative impacts, there is also potentialfor adaptation in the face of climate change. Some species may be able to adapt to changing conditions by evolving new traits or behaviors. For example, certain bird species have been observed shifting their breeding and migrationpatterns in response to changing temperatures. Additionally, conservation efforts can help mitigate the impacts ofclimate change on biodiversity. Protecting and restoring habitats, implementing sustainable land-use practices, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are all essentialstrategies for preserving biodiversity in a changing climate.In conclusion, climate change poses significant threats to biodiversity from various angles. The loss of habitats, species extinction, changes in ecosystem functioning, and the potential for adaptation all highlight the urgent need for action. It is crucial that we recognize the interconnectedness of all species and ecosystems and work towards sustainable solutions to mitigate the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. By doing so, we can safeguard the incredible diversity of life on Earth and ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.。
Report
写作基本内容
• 问题分析：主要陈述引发可行性研究的原 因 • We need … calculators for the two reasons: currently, our eight calculators (purchased in 2002 for $ 80) break down once per week; the salesmen in the department increased…the increased use of calculators, requires working calculators.
Report题型分类
• • • • 信息型报告 Informational Report 如：日常事务报告 Routine Report 分析型报告 Analytical Report 如：调查报告 Investigation Report 可行性报告Feasibility Report 总结报告 Summarizing Report
写作常用句型
• 5. We decide to designate him as our manager because he has more advantages over others.
写作例题
Suitability of the Office Management Seminar
Sample Report I
• Report on the most effective advertisement • Introduction • This report aims to assess methods of advertising on how customers learnt about Norelco and find a most effective way for future promotion.
国际学术交流英语ppt课件
职务、学术成果、社会活动、其他个人信 息) • 3. 发言顺序 • 4. 邀请第一位演讲人
Task 1 介绍发言人
• Ⅰ Before listening, please read the useful patterns and expressions often used in introducing a a speaker in the data bank.
Unit Three 会议发言
• Ⅰ常用词汇：
• 1.回顾常用的会议用语
Unit Three 会议发言
• Ⅰ常用词汇：
• 1.会议用语
• Meeting
• 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于 各种场合。
• e.g. •
• 峰会 • a summit meeting • 参加会议 • attend a meeting
• a farewell meeting
• 联欢会
• a convivial meeting
• 筹备会议
• preparatory meeting
Unit Three 会议发言
• Ⅰ常用词汇：
• Conference
• （通常持续几天的大型正式）会议, 如政府工作会 议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈 等。
• 研讨会、专题报告 symposium (pl.
symposia/symposium)
• is a kind of meeting, but if refers exclusively to the meetings for specialized academic discussion.
• The symposium on AIDS research lasted two days.
美赛论文LaTeX模板
\documentclass{icmmcm}\usepackage{url} % For formatting URLs and other web or% file references.\usepackage{mflogo} % Provides the METAFONT logo; you% won't need it for your report.\usepackage{graphicx} % For importing graphics.\usepackage{natbib}%%% Sample ICM/MCM Contest Submission%%%%%% Based on sample senior thesis document%%% Last modified by Jeremy Rouse%%% Summer 2000%%%%%% and on the LaTeX Hints document%%% created by C.M. Connelly <cmc@>%%% Copyright 2002-2012%%% ---------------%%% Local Command and Environment Definitions%%% If you have any local command or environment definitions, put them %%% here or in a separate style file that you load with \usepackage.% \newtheorem declarations\newtheorem{Theo1}{Theorem}\newtheorem{Theo2}{Theorem}[section]\newtheorem{Lemma}[Theo2]{Lemma}% Each of the above defines a new theorem environment.% Multiple theorems can be done in the same environment.% Theo2's number is defined by the subsection it's in.% Theo3 uses the same numbering counter and numbering system as% Theo2 (that's the meaning of [Theo2]).%%% Y ou probably won't want any of the following commands, which are %%% here to allow various the names of commands, make examples typeset %%% properly, and so on. Y ou can, of course, use them as examples for %%% your own user-defined commands.\newcommand{\bslash}{\symbol{'134}}%backslash\newcommand{\bsl}{{\texttt{\bslash}}}\newcommand{\com}[1]{\bsl\texttt{#1}\xspace}\newcommand{\file}[1]{\texttt{#1}\xspace}\newcommand{\pdftex}{PDF\tex}\newcommand{\pdflatex}{PDF\latex}\newcommand{\acronym}[1]{\textsc{#1}\xspace}\newcommand{\key}[1]{\textsf{\emph{#1}}\xspace}\newcommand{\class}[1]{\textsf{#1}\xspace}\newcommand{\package}[1]{\textsf{#1}\xspace}\newcommand{\env}[1]{\texttt{#1}\xspace}\newcommand{\prog}[1]{\texttt{#1}\xspace}\newcommand{\command}[1]{\texttt{\bsl{}#1}\xspace}\newcommand{\ctt}{\texttt{comp.text.tex}\xspace}\newcommand{\tex}{\TeX\xspace}\newcommand{\latex}{\LaTeX\xspace}%%% Note that the \xspace command comes from the xspace package. It %%% allows you type a command that inserts text without having to %%% worry about how you ``end'' that command.%%%%%% Without \xspace, you would need to end a command with a backslash %%% followed by a space or with an empty set of braces if you followed %%% the command with a space. For example,%%%%%% \foo is a very important algorithm.%%%%%% might produce%%%%%% The foobarbaz algorithmis a very important algorithm.%%%%%% whereas with the \xspace command, the same code would produce %%%%%% The foobarbaz algorithm is a very important algorithm.%%%%%% If you need to butt a command that produces text against a letter %%% of some sort -- say, to pluralize it -- you need to tell TeX%%% where your command name ends so that it expands the correct %%% macro. So you might do%%%%%% \bar{}s are very busy creatures.%%% TeX has an amazingly good hyphenation algorithm, but sometimes it %%% gets confused and needs some help.%%%%%% For words that only occur once or twice, you can insert hints%%% directly into your text, as in%%%%%% our data\-base system is one of the most complex ever devised %%%%%% For words that you use a lot, and that seem to keep ending up at %%% the end of a line, however, inserting the hints each time gets to %%% be a drag. Y ou can use the \hyphenation command to globally tell %%% TeX where to hyphenate words it can't figure out on its own.\hyphenation{white-space}%%% End Local Command and Environment Definitions%%% ---------------%%% ---------------%%% Title Block\title{\latex Hints for ICM/MCM Contest Reports}%%% Which contest are you taking part in? (Just one!)\contest{ICM/MCM}%%% The question you answered. (Again, just the one.)\question{Report Sample}%%% Y our Contest Team Control Number\team{21247}%%% A normal document would specify the author's name (and possibly %%% their affiliation or other information) in an \author command. %%% Because the ICM/MCM Contest rules specify that the names of the %%% team members, their advisor, and their institution should not%%% appear anywhere in the report, do *not* define an \author command.%%% Defining the \date command is optional. If you leave it blank, %%% your document will include the date that the file is typeset, in %%% the form ``Month dd, yyyy''.% \date{}%%% End Title Block%%% ---------------\begin{document}%%% ---------------%%% Summary\begin{summary}This document is meant to give you a quick introduction to \TeX\ and \LaTeX. It covers a lot of material, but still barely manages to scratch the surface. It should provide you with some inspiration and, I hope, with some useful code you can copy, modify, and use in your report.Y ou should use the \file{blank-template.tex} file as a basis foryour report rather than this file. Be sure to change its name to something sensible (maybe your team control number), and to set the values of the \com{title}, \com{question}, and \com{team} commands to appropriate values.Good luck!\hfill{}-- Claire\end{summary}%%% End Summary%%% ---------------%%% ---------------%%% Print Title Block, Contents, et al.\maketitle\tableofcontents%%% Uncomment the following lines if you have figures or tables in %%% your report:\listoffigures\listoftables%%% End Print Title Block, Contents, et al.%%% ---------------\section{Introduction: What Is \latex?}%\label{sec:introduction}\latex is a tool that allows you to concentrate on your writing while taking advantage of the \tex typesetting system to producehigh-quality typeset documents.\latex's benefits include\begin{enumerate}\item Standardized document classes\item Structural frameworks for organizing documents\item Automatic numbering and cross-referencing of structural elements \item ``Floating'' figures and tables\item High-level programming interface for accessing \tex'stypesetting capabilities\item Access to \latex extensions through loading ``packages''\end{enumerate}\section{Structured Writing}%\label{sec:structured-writing}Like HTML,\footnote{HyperText Markup Language} \latex is a markup language rather than a \acronym{Wysiwyg}{}\footnote{What Y ou See Is What Y ou Get.} system. Y ou write plain text files that use special \key{commands} and \key{environments} that govern the appearance and function of parts of your text in your final typeset document.\subsection{Document Classes}%\label{sec:document-classes}The general appearance of your document is determined by your choice of \key{document class}. Document classes also load \latex packagesto provide additional functionality.\latex provides a number of basic classes, including \class{article},\class{letter}, \class{report}, and \class{book}. There are also alarge number of other document classes available, including\class{amsart} and \class{amsbook}, created by the American Mathematical Society and providing some additional mathematically useful structures and commands; \class{foils}, \class{prosper}, and\class{seminar}, which allow you to create ``slides'' for presentations; the math department's \class{thesis} class, forformatting senior theses; and many journal- or company-specific classes that format your document to match the ``house style'' of a particular periodical or publisher.\subsection{Packages}%\label{sec:packages}%\label{sec:ctan}\latex packages, or \key{style files}, define additional commands and environments, or change the way that previously defined commands and environments work. By loading packages, you can change the fonts used in your document, write your document in a non-English language with a non-\acronym{Ascii} font encoding, include graphics, format program listings, add custom headers and footers to your document, and much more.A typical \tex installation includes hundreds of style files, andhundreds more are available from the Comprehensive \tex Archive Network (CTAN), at \url{/}.\subsection{Structural Commands}%\label{sec:structural-commands}\begin{table}\centering\begin{tabular}{ll}\topruleCommand & Notes \\ \midrule\com{part} & \class{book} \& \class{report} only \\\com{chapter} &\class{book} \& \class{report} only \\\com{section} \\\com{subsection} \\\com{subsubsection} \\\com{paragraph} \\\com{subparagraph} \\\bottomrule\end{tabular}\caption[Structural commands in \latex]{Structural commands in \latex.}% \label{tab:structural-commands}\latex provides a set of structural commands for defining sections ofyour document, as shown in Table~\ref{tab:structural-commands}.Note that the argument to structural commands are moving arguments (see Section~\ref{sec:fragile-commands}) because they can be reused in the table of contents or in page headers or footers. Structural commands can take an optional argument in which you specify nonfragile commands or a shorter version of the actual section title that fits.Y ou'll generally know when you need to provide an optional argument by \TeX's behavior.\subsection{Labels and References}%\label{sec:labels-and-references}Sections are numbered automatically by \latex during typesetting. Ifyou change your mind and decide that a subsection should be promotedto a section, or moved to the end of your document, the sections willbe renumbered so that the numbers are consistent.Sections can also be \command{label}{}ed with a tag such as\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}\section{Our Complicated Equations}%\label{sec:complicated-eqs}\end{verbatim}\end{quote}and referred to with a \command{ref} or \command{pageref} command, as in\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}In Section~\ref{sec:complicated-eqs}, we pointed out...\end{verbatim}\end{quote}or\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}On page~\pageref{fig:gordian-knot}, we illustrated...\end{verbatim}\end{quote}\latex substitutes the correct section number when typesetting yourThe same commands can be used with numbered environments such as\env{equation}, \env{theorem}, and so forth.Use \emph{meaningful} labels---labeling a section as \texttt{sec12}may seem useful, but it will be confusing if you end up moving it to a different place in the document and its number changes to Section~34.It's also easier to remember what reference you want if you use a meaningful name.Y ou may also want to impose some additional organization through the use of \emph{namespaces}, as I've done in this document. Rather than give different types of objects undistinguished labels, I precedesection labels with \texttt{sec:}, equations with \texttt{eq:},figures with \texttt{fig:}, tables with \texttt{tab:}, and so on.Emacs with Aux\tex and Ref\tex gives you easy access to these labels,as do many other editors with \tex-specific features. It's mucheasier to find the particular label you're looking for if you havesome additional information to help you. Adding the prefixes also reminds you of what text should precede the \com{ref} command.\subsection{Commands}\latex uses commands for changes that are very limited in scope (a few words) or are unlimited in scope (the rest of a document). For example, the commands\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}\textbf{bold}\emph{italic (emphasized)}\textsf{sans serif}\end{verbatim}\end{quote}produce the following output in a typeset document:\begin{quote}\textbf{bold} \emph{italic (emphasized)} \textsf{sans serif}\end{quote}These are ``commands with arguments''---the command itself starts witha backslash (\bsl), and its \key{argument} appears inside braces{\verb+{ }+). Some commands may also have \key{optional arguments},which are typed inside brackets (\verb+[ ]+).There are also commands that take no arguments, such as\command{noindent}, \command{raggedright}, and \command{pagebreak}.Y ou can define your own commands, as discussed inSection~\ref{sec:customization}.\subsection{Environments}%\label{sec:environments}\latex provides a number of \key{environments} that affect the appearance of text, and are generally used for more structurally significant purposes. For example, the commands listed above are typeset inside a \env{verbatim} environment typed inside a \env{quote} environment. Their results were typeset inside a \env{quote} environment.Environments use special commands to start and close---\command{begin} and \command{end}, followed by the name of the environment in braces, as in\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}\begin{quote}``This is disgusting---I can't eat this. That arugala is sobitter\ldots{} It's like my algebra teacher on bread.''\flushright -- Julia Roberts in \emph{Full Frontal}\end{quote}\end{verbatim}\end{quote}producing\begin{quote}``This is disgusting---I can't eat this. That arugala is sobitter\ldots{} It's like my algebra teacher on bread.''\flushright -- Julia Roberts in \emph{Full Frontal}\end{quote}Some environments may take additional arguments in braces (required)or brackets (optional).Note that the order in which environments nest is extremely important.If you type an environment inside another environment, the inner environment must be \command{end}{}ed \emph{before} the secondenvironment is closed. It's also vitally important that you have an\command{end} line for each \command{begin} line, or \latex will complain.\subsubsection{The \env{document} Environment and the Preamble}%\label{sec:document-environment}The most important environment is the \env{document} environment, which encloses the \key{body} of your document. The code before the \command{begin}\verb+{document}+ line is called the \key{preamble}, and includes the all-powerful \command{documentclass} command, which loads a particular document class (seeSection~\ref{sec:document-classes}); optional \command{usepackage} commands, which load in additional \latex packages (seeSection~\ref{sec:packages}); and other setup commands, such asuser-defined commands and environments, counter settings, and so forth.I generally also include the commands defining the title, author, anddate in my preambles, but other people include them just after\command{begin}\verb+{document}+, before the \command{maketitle} command, which creates the title block of your document.\subsubsection{Math Environments}%\label{sec:math-environments}One of the major hallmarks of \tex is its ability to typesetmathematical equations.The two primary ways of doing so are with the use of \key{inline} and\key{display math environments}. These environments are used so often that there are shorthands provided for typing them. Inline math environments, such as $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$, can be typed as\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}\begin{math}a^{2} + b^{2} = c^{2}\end{math}\end{verbatim}\end{quote}or\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}$a^{2} + b^{2} = c^{2}$.\end{verbatim}\end{quote}Display math environments set your equation apart from your running text. They're generally used for more complicated expressions, such as\[f(x) = \int \left( \frac{x^2 + x^3}{1} \right)dx\]which can be typed as\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}\begin{displaymath}f(x) = \int \left( \frac{x^2 + x^3}{1} \right)dx\end{displaymath}\end{verbatim}\end{quote}or\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}\[f(x) = \int \left( \frac{x^2 + x^3}{1} \right)dx\]\end{verbatim}\end{quote}Generally, you'll want to use the \verb+$+ %$ <- fool font-lock-modedelimited form for inline math, and the \com{[} \com{]} form for display math environments. [Besides being easy to type, these forms are \key{robust}, which means that they can be used in \key{moving arguments}, elements that \tex may need to typeset in more than one place (such as a table of contents) or adjust (such as footnotes).]\paragraph{The \env{equation} Environment}%\label{sec:equation-environment}Y ou'll probably want to use the \env{equation} environment for any formula you plan to refer to. \latex not only typesets the contentsof an \env{equation} environment in display mode, it also numbers it, as in\begin{equation}\label{eq:myequation}f(x) = \int \left( \frac{x^2 + x^3}{1} \right)dx\end{equation}written as\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}\begin{equation}\label{eq:myequation}f(x) = \int \left( \frac{x^2 + x^3}{1} \right)dx\end{equation}\end{verbatim}\end{quote}Note that you can refer to this formula asEquation~\ref{eq:myequation} with\begin{verbatim}\ref{eq:myequation}.\end{verbatim}\subsection{Fonts}%\label{sec:fonts}Generally you'll want to let \latex handle the fonts for you---Knuth's Computer Modern fonts are used by default, and include a wide range of variations that can cover most any use you can think of.If you want to get fancy (and portable; seeSection~\ref{sec:fuzzy-fonts}), you can use Type~1 PostScript fonts, such as Times, Palatino, Utopia, and so forth. These font sets are accessible with packages with names like \package{times},\package{palatino}, and \package{utopia}. There are others, aswell---a command such as \com{locate psnfss | grep sty} will find mostof them.Y ou can also get fonts from CTAN (see Section~\ref{sec:ctan}), both bitmap and Type 1. There's even support for TrueType fonts in some\TeX\ systems.\subsubsection{Font Commands}%\label{sec:font-commands}Most of your concern about fonts is probably related to what you're writing. Y ou might want some \emph{emphasized} or \textbf{bold} textto stress a point or highlight a key term. Filenames might be set in\texttt{typewriter text} (although you should consider using the\package{url} package to help you out---by default, text set intypewriter text isn't hyphenated, which can lead to some unattractiveline breaks).Y ou can also set text in \textsf{sans serif} or \textsc{small caps}.Table~\ref{tab:font-commands} shows you some of the most commonly used font commands provided by \latex.\begin{table}[htbp]\centering\begin{tabular}{ll}\topruleCommand & Result\\\midrule\com{emph} & \emph{emphasized text}\\\com{textsf} & \textsf{sans-serif text}\\\com{texttt} & \texttt{typewriter text}\\\com{textbf} & \textbf{bold text}\\\com{textsc} & \textsc{small caps text}\\\com{textsl} & \textsl{slanted text}\\\com{textit} & \textit{italic text}\\\bottomrule\end{tabular}\caption[Commonly used font commands]{Commonly used font commands.} \label{tab:font-commands}\end{table}I recommend that you use \com{emph} in preference to \com{textit}, anduse \com{textbf} sparingly. \com{emph} is a smarter command than\com{textit}---it switches back to the roman font when necessary. For example, \emph{She loved \emph{Scooby Doo}.} versus \textit{He loved\textit{Titanic}.}For complicated font changes, or for special font usages that you'retyping a lot, creating a macro (Section~\ref{sec:customization}) isthe way to go. I often just write, tossing in custom commands as Igo, and waiting to define them until just before I compile thedocument.\subsection{Customization}%\label{sec:customization}The main advantage of using commands and environments is that they allow you to organize your writing. A useful side-effect is that youcan change your mind about the way an element is typeset, and change all the appearances of that element in document by editing one pieceof code. For example, in this document the names of environments have been set in ``typewriter text'', using a command I created called\command{env}, which is defined as\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}\newcommand{\env}[1]{\texttt{#1}\xspace}\end{verbatim}\end{quote}All I have to do to make the names of all the environments in the document appear in sans-serif type instead is to change that one lineto\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}\newcommand{\env}[1]{\textsf{#1}\xspace}\end{verbatim}\end{quote}Y ou can do the same with almost anything you can conceptualize---key terms, people's names (especially names of people fromnon-English-speaking countries), files, functions, and so on.\section{Mathematical Notation}%\label{sec:mathematical-notation}As we saw in Section~\ref{sec:math-environments}, math is typed into one of several kinds of math environments. Choose your environment based on the context and importance of the content. Any formula you plan to refer to should be typed in an \env{equation} environment (ora similar environment that supports labels).Y ou should punctuate your mathematics as if the formulae were normal parts of English sentences. Reading them aloud is often a useful method for ensuring that you have all the commas in the right places. Where appropriate, you should also follow a displayed formula at the end of a sentence with a period.\subsection{Sums and Products}%\label{sec:sums-n-products}It's easy to typeset sums and products. For example,\begin{equation}f(n) = \sqrt[n]{\sum_{k=1}^{n} {n \choose k} f \left( n - k \right)},~\prod_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{n^{3}-1}{n^{3}+1} = \frac{2}{3}.\end{equation}%%% The ~ in the equation puts a nonbreaking space (equivalent to an%%% interword space in text mode) between the two halves of the equation. %%%%%% Also, note that the use of the \choose command here causes the%%% amsmath package to issue the warning%%%%%% Package amsmath Warning: Foreign command \atopwithdelims; %%% (amsmath) \frac or \genfrac should be used instead %%% (amsmath) on input line 557.%%%%%% amsmath would prefer the use of the \binom command it supplies.\subsection{Matrices}%\label{sec:matrices}It's a little more difficult to create matrices, but not too bad:%%% In LaTeX, & is the alignment tab, and separates columns. \\ is the end of %%% line marker, and separates rows. The ccc denotes that there are three %%% columns. The array environment and the tabular environment are %%% more or less identical, so what goes here also applies to a table.%%%\begin{equation}\left[ \begin{array}{ccc}2 & 1 & 2\\1 & 0 & 2\\2 & 1 & 1\end{array} \right]\left[ \begin{array}{ccc}-2 & 1 & 2\\3 & -2 & -2\\1 & 0 & -1\end{array} \right] =\left[ \begin{array}{ccc}1 & 0 & 0\\0 & 1 & 0\\0 & 0 & 1\end{array} \right].\end{equation}\subsection{Symbols}%\label{sec:symbols}\LaTeX provides an enormous number of symbols. Additional packages (loaded with \com{usepackage}) may provide additional symbols and fonts.For example, $\mathbb{N}$, $\mathbb{Z}$, $\mathbb{Q}$, $\mathbb{R}$, and $\mathbb{C}$ require you to load the \package{amsfonts} package (which is automatically loaded by the \texttt{icmmcm} class). These symbols are generated by \com{mathbb}, which only works in math mode.Subscripts and superscripts are easy---\verb!$a_n$! produces $a_n$,and \verb!$x^2$! produces $x^2$. Ordinal numbers, such as$3^{\textrm{rd}}$, $n^{\textrm{th}}$, and so forth,\footnote{Somefonts may include their own ordinals that can be accessed withspecial commands.} can be produced with code like\verb!$3^{\textrm{rd}}$!, \verb!$n^{\textrm{th}}$!.Equation~\ref{eq:superscript} shows a formula with a superscript.\begin{equation}\label{eq:superscript}\int_{0}^{\pi} \, \cos^{2n+1} x \, {\rm d} x = 0 \qquad\forall \, n \in \mathbb{N}.\end{equation}Notice that \com{cos} produces a nice roman ``$\cos$'' within math mode. There are similar commands for common functions like \com{log}, \com{exp}, and so forth. More can be defined with the\com{DeclareMathOperator} command provided by the \package{amsmath} package.Y ou can stack symbols over other symbols. In math formulas,\begin{equation}m\ddot{x} + \gamma\dot{x} + kx = 0,\end{equation}or to produce diacritical accents, as in\begin{quote}Paul Erd\H{o}s s'est reveill\'{e} t\^{o}t pour enseigner lefran\c{c}ais \`{a} son fr\`{e}re et sa s\oe{}ur.\end{quote}\LaTeX{} has lots of Greek letters and ellipses too, some of which areshown in Figure~\ref{fig:greek-symbols}.\begin{figure}\begin{center}\begin{equation}\sqrt{\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}\alpha & \beta & \gamma & \delta & \epsilon & \zeta \\\eta & \theta & \iota & \kappa & \lambda & \mu \\\nu & \xi & o & \rho & \pi & \sigma \\\tau & \upsilon & \phi & \chi & \psi & \omega \\\Gamma & \Delta & \Theta & \Lambda & \Xi & \Pi \\\Sigma & \Upsilon & \Phi & \Psi & \Omega & \varphi\\\cdots & \ldots & \vdots & \ddots & : & \cdot\end{array}\right ] }.\end{equation}\end{center}\caption[Greek letters and some symbols]{Greek letters and some symbols.}% \label{fig:greek-symbols}\end{figure}See \cite{gratzer-mil}, pp.~455--474, or \cite{kopka-daly-guide},pp.~123--127, for lists of the symbols available. Intext, you mightsee some of these symbols used as\begin{quote}The Strong Induction Principle asserts that if a statement holds forthe integers $1$,~$2$,\dots,~$n$, and if whenever it holds for $n =1$, \dots,~$k$ then it also holds for $n = k+1$, then the statementholds for the integers $1$,~$2$,~$3$, $\ldots\,$ Using thisPrinciple, it can be shown that $1+2+\cdots+n = n(n+1)/2$ for allpositive integers~$n$.\end{quote}Notice that in the lists of integers, the ellipsis was made using the\com{ldots} command, and that the periods were nicely spaced betweenthe commas. In the sum, the dots were made with \com{cdots} and were centered on the line. The \package{amsmath} package provides a``smart'' \com{dots} command that can generally get things right basedon the context.So, with \com{dots} alone, the previous examples come out as\begin{quote}$1$,~$2$,~\dots,~$n$\\$n = 1$, \dots,~$k$\\$1$,~$2$,~$3$, $\dots\,$\\$1+2+\dots+n = n(n+1)/2$\end{quote}The general $n \times n$ matrix can be typeset as follows:\begin{equation}\left[\begin{array}{cccc}a_{11} & a_{12} & \ldots & a_{1n}\\a_{21} & a_{22} & \ldots & a_{2n}\\\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\a_{n1} & a_{n2} & \ldots & a_{nn}\\\end{array}\right].\end{equation}A fine point: lists of numbers that you're using in a mathematicalsense (as opposed to dates, numbers of objects, etc.) should be typedin math mode. For example, $341$, $541$, $561$, and $641$. The same numbers without math mode are 341, 541, 561, and 641. Depending on the fonts and packages that you're using, you may notice a little bitmore space around the first set than the second. With some packages, numbers intext may be set using old-style figures by default, as in\oldstylenums{341}, \oldstylenums{541}, \oldstylenums{561}, and\oldstylenums{641}. %%% But without the \oldstylenums commands!\subsection{More Math}In Fourier analysis, we talk about the $z$-domain.If $a$ is an even number, then\[ a + \phi(a) < \frac{3 a}{2}, \]and\[ \sigma(a) > \frac{2^{\alpha+1}-1}{2^{\alpha}} \, a \geq \frac{3a}{2}, \]where $\alpha$ is the greatest power of 2 that divides $a$, $\phi(a)$is the number of integers less than $a$ and relatively primeto $a$, and $\sigma(a)$ is the sum of the divisors of $a$ (including$1$ and $a$).。
seminar report 1
On Oil Global Supply and Demand:Noise Trader ApproachSun ChaoranAbstractIn existing literature,some authors suggest that the price of oil market reflect all available information from empirical and theoretical point of view,while other authors indicate the existence of systemic errors from behavioral point of view.We point out that following Milgrom and Stokey(1982),even though the former argument is correct,the reason why large volume of trade occurs is still vague under above analysis.This paper suggests noise trader approach to bridge this gap.Moreover,we find some case in global oil market to support such approach and point of merit from employing such approach..In the lecture Oil Global Supply and Demand,Albert Kwong presented a dismal view on the prospect of global oil market.With the inevitable incoming exhaustion of oil in this century, people are forced to find a substitute for oil which has been omnipresent in our everyday life for several decades,although,only surprisingly a small fraction of people know how important oil means to us.The motive behind his lecture is that the status quo of oil industry is only well understood by a small fraction of'insiders’,while most people are blissfully ignorant about the rate of diminishing marginal return in oil industry,which is difficult to exaggerate its importance in global economy.In other words,the diffusion of information on the supply side of oil is not efficient.People tend to be overoptimistic towards the oil supply and systematically underestimate its effect to world economy.A natural implication of this line of reasoning is that people, especially those who live in the areas populated with huge amount of people and endowed with relatively scarce resources,are doomed to experience undesirable and avoidable"shocks",because we form false expectations currently.Such analysis is not compatible with the orthodox economic theory,because,on one hand,in essence,it doesn’t treat the status quo as an equilibrium,which is too arbitrary to characterize,on the other hand,it doesn't explain why speculators fail to play the stabilizing role by exploiting those with false expectations and why those who are overoptimistic are not driven out of market by rational speculator.This report attempts to suggest that the noise trader approach is a possible way to bridge this gap.The first part of this report is intended to highlight this gap.The second part shows that why we need to add noise traders in this big picture. If the view presented by Albert Kwong represents the true state of affairs in global oil market,we are entitled to ask why all information is not fully absorbed in the oil price.Is there some economic rationale behind it?It's true that most people’s expectations are subject to systematic errors,at the bottom line,even the most acute man would not deny the fact that they could be absent-minded from time to time,and we may feel cognitively overloaded when we tried to avoid the former case.However,the determination of oil price is not like ton Friedman suggested that market price can still get right,even when most people are wrong-headed with respect to the future income stream of the asset.Speculators can earn a profit by buying low now and selling high in the future,if he is certain that the general public holds an overoptimistic view towards oil supply.In other words,it’s always advantageous for speculators to push the market price back to its fundamental value.In fact,Milton Friedman jumped to the conclusion that sayingspeculators destabilizing markets is equivalent to saying speculators always losing money,which is not sustainable in any competitive markets.One problem of such reasoning is that no people has the crystal ball to foresee the future.The essence of market competition is in its discovery procedure,as Frederic Hayek indicated(See Hayek(1978)).No people can be one hundred percent sure that he is always right ex ante,until the day that winner is rewarded,and the loser is punished. Another problem of this reasoning is that it implicitly employ a model with infinitely lived agents, which is an over simplification of the real world.What if the principals want to withdraw their money when they see the price is declining,which is deviating from the fundamental at the same time.The principals may only concern about the market,while totally ignorant about the fundamentals.If not,they have no incentive to hire an agent to invest on their interest.An opposing view is that some agents have informational advantage,so that they can always outguess the market and transform this advantage into profit.But such mechanism is far from clear. The reason is that when people know that some agents and institutions have such advantage, people can no longer to'agree to disagree’.In a simple two-agent two-period bargaining example, one agent holds one unit amount of oil,but she is totally ignorant of its future price,while the other agent with zero amount of oil perfectly knows its future price.Can the second agent exploit the first one with the help his informational advantage?The answer is no,because the optimal strategy for the first agent is to turn down any price that the second one is willing to offer,because the second agent's gain is always at the expense of the first agent,and the second agent will never offer a price that is making himself worse off as the assumption of common knowledge of rationality suggested.Thus there is no reason for the first agent to accept any transaction that make him worse off,just as Groucho Marx refused to join any club that would have him as a member. Of course the real situation is a lot more complicated.The market consists of more than two agents,and two periods.The extreme assumption of total ignorance and perfect information is over simplification for illustrative purpose in this context.But the general case has been proved by Paul Milgrom and Nancy Stokey.Because any allocation is pareto-optimal for speculative purpose, in the equilibrium,surprisingly,agents will always choose not to trade.In other word,we can only observe the change in market price in the absence of any real transactions,as long as the assumptions above hold.Thus,it's hard to find a convincing argument of optimism and pessimism from a theoretical standpoint,or put it another way,it's difficult to blame the market for over optimism.A natural question is that why people knows what others knows,or technically speaking,why we assume that agents'partitions of states of world are common knowledge.As Robert Aumann commented,such specification is not an assumption,it's implicitly specified by interpreting a certain state of world as a full specification about all the aspects about the states of affairs.Or we can see it as confusion about the coherence theory of reality and correspondence theory of reality. Such critique is tantamount to criticizing orange for not being apple.But there's still another serious problem as to what invalidate the No-Trade Theorem in reality.After all,there's huge amount of transaction going on in oil market every day,which no one can overlook.Some empirical paper suggest that the oil market is not inefficient in the sense that it responds to new information,but huge volume of transaction is not a precondition for the change in price.A natural candidate to compensate this theory is the theory of Noise Trader which shifts the attention from the doctrine of expected profit maximization to survival of market participants. Although the noise traders are not fully utilize information,which renders them a disadvantageousposition in fierce market competition,their existence,in turn,make the rational agents exposed to the so-called noise trader risk.As the result it's quite ambiguous to say which kind of traders are under higher risk,which,itself,provides a potential explanation of the coexistence of rational speculators and noise traders.On the other hand,we find the assumptions match the reality of oil market very well.In fact,a large fraction of participants in the oil market are sovereign nation wealth funds,whose actions deviates from the ideal profit maximizers significantly in many ways ranging from notoriously rent-seeking behavior and their self-claimed national safety and strategy concerns.One well-known buy high and sell low example is that in2008,China’s import of oil peaks when the price of oil in global market is over one hundred dollars per barrel,but then drops to the lowest point when the price is declining to about forty dollars per barrels.In fact,China has develop a reputation of buying high and selling low in global oil market,but it is not possible to driven out of market,as predicted in classical economic analysis.Another similarity is that nations'trade on oil is highly correlated,which,is to some degree,resembles military race.For example,one important reason for a lot of nations to increase their oil reserve is that they see their neighbor nations doing so.What if we run out of oil,but other nations refuse to sell us?They're afraid they would be blackmailed in the rainy days,which is,in many agents’minds,in the corner.A common fallacy is that people analyze the global oil market exclusively in economic terms. Obsessed by Coase theorem,people may easily jump to conclusion that the change in oil market is alway a optimal response to various shock.But,voluntary mutual beneficial transaction is far from the whole in global oil market,coercion and force is a fact of life in real situation.So it's understandable to see that they're afraid they would be blackmailed in the rainy days.A highly profiled case in1990was Iraq’s attempt to grab the control the oil resources of Kuwait,which lead to the Persian Gulf War directly.Although,for Iraq,it's a highly risky gamble,the potential reward is roughly eighty hundred US dollars in1990price.When it comes to war,it is easy to see the underlying assumption of Coase theorem which are voluntary transaction and defined property rightly is seriously violated.In fact,securing trade routes or declaring war over oil costs nations a huge amount of money,especially in modern times.The total cost of the1990-1991Persian Gulf war and the Iraq War was around$100billion and between$1trillion to$3trillion in today’s prices,even though such estimation still focus on economic terms exclusively.In other words,it doesn't attach a price on death and maim caused by war.Contrary to the mutual beneficial transaction,sometimes,nations launch embargo or sanction as a effective way to coerce.In essence,there is little difference between sanction and war,although the former exert a less drastic effect.Another cause is that some speculators may have incentive to amplify the effect of noise trader,although profit maximization always ranks the top in their multiple objectives.One reason for them to lower the emphasis of fundamental value of oil can be summarized in John Maynard Keynes'dictum"In the long run,we are all dead".Institution can't hold the asset that keep on plummeting too long,because the share holders wouldn’t allow them to do so.Thus,pushing the oil price back to its fundamental value,or stabilizing the oil market may not be the best policy.On the contrary,it would be much more profitable to follow noise traders'path in early stage and abandon them later.In fact,this line of reasoning not only explain why people trade with each other,but also explain why excess volatility exists in such markets.Another theoretical reason why there are a lot of participants are noise traders lies in the popularity of econometric regime-shift models.Contrary to random walk implied by efficient market hypothesis,a lot of participants see the market price fluctuates around a trend or a constant fundamental value.Ifthere’s sufficient amount of agents seeing the oil market this way,a self-fulfilling prophecy emerges.As has mentioned before,this effect can be amplified by some fund managers who want to make a profit before the burst of bubble.In sum,although some authors suggests that the price of oil market reflect all available information from empirical and theoretical point of view.However,the reason why large volume of trade occurs is still vague under above analysis.This paper suggest noise trader approach to answer this conundrum.Moreover,we find some case to support such approach,although further through investigation is still in need.We expect noise trader approach appears more frequently in future analysis in global oil demand and supply.ReferenceR.J.Aumann“Agreeing to Disagree”,Annals of Statistics(1976),1236-1239J.Geanakoplos“Common Knowledge”Handbook of Game Theory,Volume2,1438-1496J.Geanakoplos“we can't agree to disagree forever”Journal of Economic Theory(1982)24(1): 56-79F.A.Hayek(1978)"Competition as a Discovery Procedure"New Studies in Philosophy,Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas University of Chicago Pressgrom and N.Stokey"Information,trade and common knowledge".Journal of Economic Theory(1982)26(1):17–27W.Naudhaus“The Economics of an Integrated World Oil Market”,International Energy Workshop(2009)A.Kwong,“Oil Global Supply and Demand”lecture(2011)M.D.Plante and M.K.Yücel“Did Speculation Drive Oil Prices?Market Fundamentals Suggest Otherwise”Eonomic letter(2011),Volume6No.11。
seminar-paper-writing
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Hogan, R. (1987). Personality psychology: Back to basics. In J. Aronoff, A. I. Rabin & R. A. Zucker (Eds.), The emergence of personality. (pp. 79-104). New York: Springer. Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Sometimes, e.g. no number, just [Trimpop1994]
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Name and year
Levitt, M. L., Selman, R. L., & Richmond, J. B. (1991). The psychosocial foundations of early adolescents’ high-risk behavior: Implications for research and practice. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1, 349-378.
Example paper structure - system development related research
Title author(s) with affiliations Abstract & (keywords) Introduction Related work (including comparison) Requirements analysis (why and what) Framework/mechanisms – design (how) Prototyping & discussion – implementation/proof-of-concept - sometime, case studies for evaluation Conclusions and future work Acknowledgement References
托福听力词汇完整版
托福听力词汇完整版文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-新托福IBT听力场景入学：enrollment/register 登记, 注册opening ceremony n.开业典礼, 仪式commencement ceremony 毕业典礼convocation n.正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orientation meeting开学说明会staff n.全体职员freshman （大学）一年级学生sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生tuition fee 费用placement test 开学测试excellent 出色的average 平均的，一般的below average 低于平均水平的，差的结构及称谓: university- president 大学，校长chancellor 名誉校长college 学院science/ arts school 理科/文科学院undergraduate 本科postgraduate /graduate 研究生建筑物buildings:canteen.餐厅/cafeteria.自助餐厅dining hall 食堂administration building 行政大楼wing/annex 配楼teaching building教学楼dormitory n.宿舍auditorium n.会堂, 礼堂=lecture hallassembly n.集合,集会computer lab 计算实验室，机房选课学科major 主修 minor 副修science理科, arts文科, engineering 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学（micro-微marin-海洋）geography 地理学electronics 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistic 语言学pedagogy 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学economics 经济学statistics 统计学accounting 会计学philosophy 哲学课程类型required、 compulsory course 必修课selective/optional course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座seminar 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial 个人辅导课程workshop 专题课程级别Introductory 入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级Prerequisite 先修课程上课：Syllabus 教学大纲Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤Grading system 打分体系Class participation 课堂参与Otherssemester/term 学期 quarter小学期course guideline 课程纲要exemption 免修Professor’s signature 教授的签字（用于注册课程）Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）openings （可供注册的名额）Take选（课）, drop 退（课）Late registration晚注册Deregistration 注销教师称号professor 教授lecturer = instructor 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长faculty 全体教职员dean 院长coordinator 班主任，协调人tutor 个人辅导supervisor 管理人作业：assignment 作业（lab/book/oral/mix media）report 实验报告project 项目survey 调查presentation 发言term paper 学期论文（research paper）thesis/essay/dissertation 论文journal 学术期刊social investigation 社会调查questionnaire n.调查表, 问卷observation n.观察interview vt.n.采访collect data 收集数据broad (论文等)内容宽泛narrow down (论文等)缩小范围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadline n.最终期限extension 延期due date/time期限outline n.大纲, 提纲 (roadmap) bibliography n书目, 参考书目reference 参考plagiarism n. 抄袭revise v. 修改rewrite v. 重写final draft 完成稿speech n.演讲presentation 演讲，陈述eye contact 目光接触intonation 音调考试：mid-term exam 期中考final exams = finals 期末考cumulative final 总结性考试take-home exam（拿回家的开卷考试，一般有限定的时间）open-book exam 开卷考试subjective test 主观性测试objective test 客观性测试pop quiz 抽查式测验blue book 答题本assessment n估价appraisal n.评价, 估价make up for补考,resit, retake重考grade （mark 、score）分数成绩：perfect grade 优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分passing grade 及格分failing grade 不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全Abe all A's and B's 全是A和B B plus B加A minus A减pass the exam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma, degree, certificate 文凭，学位，证书考试问题：分析成绩低的原因，给出解决办法图书馆：library图书馆librarian图书管理员publication 出版物periodical 期刊magazine 杂志book catalog 图书目录classified catalog 分类目录title index 书目索引alphabetic index 按字母顺序排列的索引circulation desk借书处reserved books 馆藏书（只能在图书馆内借阅）library card 借书证overdue fine 过期罚金periodical reading room 期刊阅览室online journal 在线期刊video tape 录像带back issue 过期杂志current issue 近期杂志archive 档案non-fiction 非小说类文学作品science-fiction 科幻小说copier 复印机check out 办理（借、还）手续renew 续借overdue过期interlibrary service 馆际服务部分名称information desk n.服务台delivery/circulation desk借书台shelf n.书架（vt.）stacks 书架photocopy room复印室return area 还书处students locker 学生存储间reference section 参考书部科研过程Hypothesis 假说Alternative hypothesis择一假说Null hypothesis无效假说, 零假说Collect dataSurvey 调查Questionnaire 调查问卷Experiment 实验Interfere, influence 打扰Observation 观察Analyze data 分析数据Interpret data 翻译数据Analysis 分析Analytical 分析的Subject 主题,科目,受制于…的SampleTreatment group 实验组Control group 实验对照组校内工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助：Letter ofreference/recommendation 推荐信Competitive 竞争的Benefit future careerField research 实地调查研究Collect data for papers Waiter, waitress，Babysitter 临时保姆Work at the library Qualification资格, qualified 合格的Resume, CV 简历financial aid经济援助Scholarship/Fellowship 奖学金Teaching assistantship 助教奖学金Research assistantship 研究奖学金Grant 助学金Loan 贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based 以优秀为基础Student union 学生会Clubs 俱乐部Career service住宿：宿舍：accommodation n.住处, 膳宿residence hall宿舍suite 套间studio 工作室，独立套间village 村落（校内一栋一栋的房子，可以用做宿舍）lounge n.公共大厅（可以用做娱乐）home-stay 在国外住在房东家里的那种roommate同屋者,室友corridor n. 走廊,过道，租房lease n.租借, 租约landlord 房东landlady女房东rent租金tenant 房客patio n.阳台， sliding door n.推拉门single room 单人房twin room 双人房two-bedroom apartmenthouse key 房锁匙床上用品:pillow n.枕头bed linen n. 床上用品sheet n. 被单mattress n.床垫blanket n.毯子towel n.手巾, 毛巾quilt n.棉被电器类electricappliance(instrument;equipment) 电器heater, furnace 加热器，炉子heating unit 暖气片air conditioner 空调设备stove 炉子microwave oven 微波炉washer / dryer 洗衣机/烘干机（laundry 洗衣店）utensil 器皿；用具kitchen utensil 炊具oven 烤箱；烤炉dishwasher 洗碟机washing machine 洗衣机(hot-water) heater 热水器coffeepot 咖啡壶fridge(refrigerator/freezer)冰箱vacuum cleaner 吸尘器tape player 录音机CD player CD机Laundromat 自动洗衣店maintenance 维修，保养家具类furniture 家具bookshelf 书架bookcase 书柜couch 沙发chest 柜子；橱；箱子dresser (bureau) 梳妆台cabinet (电视机等)机箱；储藏柜；陈列柜cupboard (closet) 碗橱storage wall 壁橱rug 小地毯carpet 地毯curtain 窗帘bathtub 浴缸fixture （房屋）固定装置furnishings 室内陈设日常生活/问题:personalpossessions/property/belonging s个人财产get insurance for personal possessions/property/belongs garbage/rubbish/waste n.垃圾dispose v. 处理gas meter煤气表insect n.昆虫burglar n.夜贼leaking/leakage n. 泄漏lost key丢钥匙break in 闯入讲座场景词汇Geology地质学Slide n. 滑坡Landslide n.山体滑坡Mud泥土, soil土壤Earth n. 土Sink v.下沉Ground water 地下水Irrigation n. 灌溉Freeze, froze, frozen v.冷冻Melt v.融化 moltenGravity n.重心Aggravate v.加重Lean v.倾斜Slope n.斜坡Steep adj.陡峭Erode v., erosion n.腐蚀Fossil n.化石Dinosaur n.恐龙Sediment, deposit 沉淀物Marble 大理石granite 花岗岩Ore 矿石Stalactite 钟乳石Refine v. 提炼Platinum v. 铂金Seismology 地震学Vibration, tremor, 震动Wave 波动Volcano, volcanic 火山，火山的Volcanic eruption 火山喷发Magnitude 级数Collision n.碰撞Active adj.积极的Dormant adj.休眠的Extinct adj. 熄灭的Magma n.岩浆Lava n.岩浆Erupt v.喷发explode v.爆炸 (explosion) boom n.爆炸Blast n.爆炸Avalanche n.雪崩地球科学Earth’s interior 地球的内部Seismic waves地震波Compression 压缩Shear （a deformation of an object in which parallel planes remain parallel but are shifted in a directionparallel to themselves）Slow down减慢速度Reflect 反射Depth深度Density 密度Boundary边界Mantle地幔Crust地壳Core地心Continental plate 大陆板块Tectonic plate (地球表面的)构造板块Continental drift 大陆漂移Layer, strata 层Stratify 分层Crack 裂缝Molten lava 融化的岩浆Climatic shift=Climatic changes气候变化Consistent pattern 统一的，始终一致的Solar energy太阳能Radiate 发射，放射Crude approximation 大概的猜测Speculation猜测Cooling down冷却Mechanism 机制Length of the dayPhysical force 体力Imaginary line虚拟线Artificial reservoir 人工水库LatitudeRedistribute再分配，再分布Spin 快速旋转Minerals 矿物质Diverse 多样的Specimen，Sample样品Abundant 丰富的Glassy像玻璃的Amazon stones天河石Firing vapor 炙热的水蒸汽Wipe out 根除，彻底消灭Mt Everest 珠穆朗玛峰Elevation 海拔，海拔增高Precise measurement精确的测量Global Positioning System全球定位系统Longitude 经度Latitude 维度Alternative sources of energy 可替代资源Gas hydrate气体水合物Trap 困住Flame 火焰Potential 潜在的Model 模式Geological fault地质断层Crack 裂缝seismic gap地震活动空白地带postulate 假设chunk 大块cylinder 圆柱cylindrical 圆柱形的ground tilt measurement地倾斜观测evacuate 撤出sedimentary adj. 沉淀性的accumulate 积累商业Insurance 保险Note 注意Contract合约Verbal agreement口头协议Repay 偿还Interest 利息Merchant 商人Cautious 谨慎的Paramount 极为重要的Manufacture 制造Label 标签Contention 所持观点Inform 告知Cost成本Profit利润loss损失Net净的，gross粗略的Supply and demand供求Supply chain供应链Fluctuation 浮动Recession 衰退Depression 萧条Marketing strategies市场营销策略Survey 调查Surplus 剩余Shipment 运输Distribution 分布Retail 零售Whole sale 批发Franchise特许经营Budget预算哲学Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Theme 主题Logic 逻辑Rhetoric 修辞Fundamental causes 基本原因Principles of the universe 宇宙的原则Perceive 看待，观察Perception 观点Sense 感觉Soul 灵魂spiritElement 组成成分Reasoning 推理Ration理性, rational有理性的Contemplation 沉思，思考Judgment判断Just公正的，justice公正Justify证明, justification 合理的理由Explicit 明确的Ethics道德规范Ethical theory 伦理理论Moral 有道德的Ultimate truth终极真理Universal 普遍的Search for truth 追求真理Vary v.不相同Intrinsic 内部的Extrinsic 外部的Critic 评论家Old-fashioned 过时的Valuable 有价值的Survive 生存，存活Conservative 保守的Liberal 开放的Impractical不实际的Empirical经验主义的Cognitive 认知的Weaken 削弱Diminish （影响力）减小Medieval 中世纪Renaissance 文艺复兴Doctrine教义,主义,学说Idealism 唯心论，理想主义Epistemology n. 认识论Metaphysics形而上学,玄学Reconcile和解,调停天文学astronomy constellation 星座zodiac （星象学的星座）planet 行星sun 恒星Jupiter 木星Pluto 冥王星Saturn 土星Mercury 水星Mars 火星Venus金星Neptune海王星Uranus天王星Ceres 谷物星（the largest asteroid and the first discovered）White dwarf 白矮星Big Dipper 北斗七星Asteroid belt 小行星带Milky Way 银河系Galaxy n.星系orbit v.运行n.轨道rotate v. 转Axis n.轴track n. 轨道outer space外太空gravity n.重力equator n.赤道tropical 热带的brightness n.亮度dimension n.维度distance n. 距离Eclipse (日月食)Wane, diminish v. 逐渐变小Centripetal 向心Centrifugal 离心Nebula 星云(an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space）Nebulous adj. 星云的Gas 气体 (rock, ice, hydrogen, oxygen)Particle 微粒Polar light 极光Astronomical 天文的Astrophysics 天文物理学Big Dipper 北斗七星Black hole 黑洞Celestial天体的Celestial map 天体图Centrifugal force 离心力Chondrite 球粒状陨石Chromosphere太阳的色球层Clockwise 顺时针Cluster 星团，一群星星Comet 彗星Cosmos宇宙,cosmetic宇宙的Cosmology宇宙学Emission 排放物，发射Faint 微弱的Feeble 微弱的Gaseous bodies 气态包Gravitational force 吸引力Greenwich mean time 格林尼治时间High resolution 高清晰度Ignite 引燃Illusive object 幻影物体Image 影响，形象Infinite 无限的Infrared ray 红外射线Interferometer 干扰仪Intergalactic 星系间的International date line 国际日期变更线Interplanetary 星球间的Interstellar星际的Leap year 闰年Light year光年Luminosity光亮度Lunar阴历的，月亮的Massive 巨大的Meteor流星Meteor shower 流星雨Meteorite陨石Meteoroid流星体Molten 融化的Naked eye 裸眼Observatory 天文台Photosphere 光球层Planetarium 天文馆Planetoid 小行星Polestar 北极星Pseudoscience 伪科学Quasar类星体Radiation 辐射Revolution 旋转Rotation 旋转Satellite 卫星Sky atlas天体图Solar corona日冕Space debris 太空垃圾Space shuttle 太空飞船Space suit 太空服Spin 快速旋转Star cluster 星群，星团Stellar 星星的Sunspot 太阳黑子Time difference 时差Time zone 时区表演艺术（舞蹈，电影，音乐etc.）Genre 艺术分类Performing art 表演艺术modern dance piece现代舞concert 音乐会play剧opera歌剧film 电影camera 摄影camera shotanalytical 分析的parallel 平行的ballet芭蕾舞choreographer 舞蹈指导Fine/visual arts 视觉艺术Abstract art抽象艺术landscape风景photography摄影exposure 曝光develop film 冲洗胶卷negative n. 底片portrait(portray v. )肖像, 人像、still life静物sculpture雕塑statue 人物雕像lifelike 逼真的vivid anthem 国歌Critic 评论家Criticism 批评，评论Review n.评论Masterpiece 杰作Have aesthetic value 有美学价值Aesthetic appeal 美学吸引力Feature 特点Characteristics 特点Distinct adj.与众不同的Unique 独一无二的Style 风格Technique 技巧Gallery n.画馆Edition n.专辑Release v. 发行Debut n.首映Impressionist 印象主义者Impressionism 印象派Perspective 透视法Angle 角度Press/Publishing house出版社Acclaim v. 盛赞mirage 海市蜃楼prolific 多产Preserve v. 保存Extinct adj.灭绝的，消失的文学Literature 文学Poetry诗歌biography传记autobiography 自传detective stories 侦探小说drama戏剧novel小说Novelist 小说家collection of short stories短篇小说集Allegory寓言Comparative literature比较文学Diary 日记Editorial 社论，重要评论Fiction 小说Aestheticism 唯美Autobiography 自传Descriptive prose 描述散文Fairy tale 童话Futurism 未来派Legend 传说Literary studies 文学研究Narrative prose 叙述性散文Podium 讲台Prose 散文Realism 现实主义School of literature 文学派别Leading character 主要角色Literary criticism 文学评论Literary studies 文学学习Modernism 现代主义Plot 情节Poetry 诗歌Prologue前言Proverb谚语Surrealism 超现实主义美术Art gallery艺廊Calligraphy书法Imitating模仿Landscape painting风景画Oil painting油画Paste粘贴Crayon 蜡笔，粉笔，颜料Pigmentation 颜料Canvas 帆布Wax 蜡Spectrum 光谱Perspective透视画法Poster海报Portrait肖像Model模式，模特mural 壁画Panorama全景Pastel drawing蜡笔画Sketch草图Autograph手稿建筑Architecture建筑学Architect建筑师Architectural style建筑风格Art deco 装饰艺术Art moderneGeometric patterns 几何图形Arch 拱门Castle 城堡Cathedral大教堂Framing结构Lobby n. 大厅(entrance hall) Elevator n. 电梯Fa?ade n. 正面Stairs 楼梯Interior 内部的Exterior 外部的Impressionistic style印象派风格Mosque清真寺Pyramid金字塔Revival 复活Renaissance 文艺复兴Medieval中世纪527 (Sofia)-1520音乐Accompaniment 伴奏Audition 试听，试表演Band music 乐队音乐Chord弦乐，弦Classical music古典音乐Concerto 协奏曲Lullaby 催眠曲Duet 二重奏Harmony 和弦，和谐Rock and roll 摇滚Serenade 小夜曲Solo 独奏Sonata 奏鸣曲Symphony 交响乐Ballad歌谣Folk music 民间音乐Prelude 前奏Epilogue 尾声Score 乐谱Note 音符Notation 乐谱，记号法Chord symbol和弦符号Lyrics 歌词Tempo 节奏Melody 主旋律Rhythm节奏Tune 旋律Conduct 指挥Violin 小提琴Viola 中提琴Cello大提琴Oboe双簧管Clarinet单簧管krummhorn['kr?mh?:n]n. 变号(一种古双簧乐器)Harp 竖琴考古anthropologist 人类学家ecological 生态的anthropologist 生态人类学家archaeology 考古学anthropology 人类学morphology 形态学Ancient civilization 古代文明origin 起源originate 起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous 同一种族（种类）的tribe 部落clan 氏族archeologist 考古学家excavation 挖掘excavate (unearth) 挖掘Scoop铲子ruins 遗迹，废墟remains 遗迹，遗骸artifact 手工艺品pottery 陶器 (potter) Porcelain瓷器fossil 化石relic 遗物，文物Rock painting 岩石画antique 古物，古董antiquity 古代，古老skull 颅骨Cranial颅骨的Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age （青）铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的Exhume 挖掘Paleoanthropology Prehistoric史前的Primitive原始的动物微生物Amino acid 氨基酸Antibody 抗体Bacterium 细菌Biological agency Calcium钙Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Cell细胞Chromosome 染色体Disinfection 消毒Enzymes 酶Fatigue 疲惫Fermentation 发酵Fungus 菌类Gene基因Genetic engineering 基因工程学Glucose 葡萄糖Immunology免疫学Incubation 孵蛋Inflection传染Malaria 疟疾Microbe 微生物Nucleus 细胞核One-celled单细胞的Oxidation氧化Parasitic animal 寄生动物Parasite disease 寄生虫病Parasitology 寄生虫学Pathogen 病菌，病原体Protozoa 原生动物Sanitation 卫生Schistosomiaisis 血吸虫病Starch 淀粉Sterilization 消毒Toxin 毒素Vaccine 疫苗Virus 病毒Yeast 酵母动物living organism 生物bacterium(pl.bacteria) 细菌algae海藻coral珊瑚rodent 啮齿类动物primate 灵长类动物ape 猿chimpanzee n. 黑猩猩gorilla 大猩猩monkey n. 猴子mammal 哺乳类动物dinosaur n.恐龙bat (ecolotion) 蝙蝠（声波定位）snowshoe hare 雪兔子raccoon 浣熊polar bear 北极熊snout (动物的)口鼻部;reptile 爬行类动物snake, cobra眼镜蛇, rattle snake 响尾蛇lizard蜥蜴,snail 蜗牛amphibian adj. 两栖动物crocodile 鳄鱼frog n. 青蛙tadpole 蝌蚪toad 蟾蜍pond 池塘puddle 水坑insect n.昆虫mosquito 蚊子fly 苍蝇cricket 蟋蟀grasshopper 蚱蜢honey beemonarch butterfly 大花蝶large migratory American butterfly having deep orange wings with black and white markings; the larvae feed on milkweedegg 卵larvae 幼虫caterpillar 毛虫pupa/ chrysalis 茧termite n. 白蚁marine adj. 海洋的beaver 狸whale 鲸shark 鲨鱼dolphin 海豚penguin 企鹅predator n. 捕食者prey n. 被捕食者aquatic adj.水生的shrimp 虾lobster 龙虾clam 蚌crab 螃蟹bird, humming birdartery 动脉scale 鳞片claw爪 , paw爪子horn 角hormone 荷尔蒙intestine 肠hive 蜂巢pollen n. 花粉pollinate v.授粉hibernate 冬眠migrate v. 迁徙communicate v. 交流保护色evolve 进化evolution n. 进化endotherm n.温血动物,恒温动物poikilotherm n. 冷血动物beak 鸟嘴enzymes 酵母secretion(n.) secrete(v.) 分泌pancreas 胰腺odor 气味(还有aroma fragrance scent smell)gland 腺体chromosome 染色体植物botany植物学botanist 植物学家tundra苔原;冻土地带,冻原fungus(pl. fungi ) 菌类laurel 月桂chestnut tree 栗子树root 根branch 枝stem 茎algae(pl. alga) 海藻organism 有机物birch tree (bark) 桦树crops 谷物corn 玉米maize 玉米chlorophyll 叶绿素amino acids 氨基酸protein 蛋白质nitrogen 氮photosynthetic(adj.) photosynthesis(n.) 光合作用lichen 地衣,苔藓squash 南瓜one of a group of large vegetables with solid flesh and hard skins, such as PUMPKIN sbean 豆类植物nectar花蜜flower花floral 花的petal 花瓣bloom 开花blossom 花pollen花粉moss 苔藓herbicide 除草剂herb 草本植物herbivorous 食草的classification 分类hierarchy 级别hazardous 有毒害的Meteorology 气象meteorology 气象meteorologist 气象学家forecast (predict) 预报climate 气候atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层Convection 对流Stratosphere 同温层Barometer 气压计current （气）流vapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp (wet; moist; humid) 潮湿的humidity 湿度moisture 潮湿；水分saturate 饱和absorb 吸收dew 露frost 霜fog (mist) 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水珠condense 浓缩crystal 水晶体downpour (torrential rain) 大雨tempest (storm) 暴风雨drizzle 细雨shower 阵雨hail 冰雹blizzard (snowstorm) 暴风雪avalanche (snowslide) 雪崩precipitation （雨、露、雪等）降水Thunder 雷Lightening 闪电breeze 微风Blast 大风gale 大风whirlwind 旋风Cyclone 旋风，飓风typhoon 台风hurricane 飓风Monsoon 季风Sandstorm沙尘暴Dust storm沙尘暴tornado (twister, cyclone) 龙卷风Tropical depression热带低气压Wind direction 风向Wind velocity 风速Wind scale 风力funnel 漏斗，漏斗云cumulonimbus 积雨云disaster (calamity, catastrophe) 灾难devastation 破坏submerge 淹没overwhelm v. 淹没drought 干旱Avalanche雪崩Balmy 温和的Chilly寒冷的Frigid僵硬的，严格的Heat-wave热浪Tepid adj.微温的环保environmental protection 环境保护environmentally-friendly 环保的preserve v.保护，保存污染：pollute, pollution, pollutant contaminant n.污染物contaminate v.污染ecosystem生态系统ecology n.生态学antiseptic adj.防腐的atmospheric pollution大气污染垃圾: rubbish, garbage, trash, waste, litter处理: dispose of, burn, bury (landfill),recycle, reduce, reuse,dump 回收:glass, paper, water, milk carton牛奶盒, tyre, aluminium cans铝罐,plastic bags, rubbish bags biodegradable packaging可降解包装,throwaway 可丢弃的disposable 可丢弃的discourage v. 不鼓励燃料none-renewable 不可再生的fossil fuels矿石燃料:natural gas, coal, petroleum limited/finite natural resources 有限的自然资源alternative energy替代能源, replace=substitute v.取代wind power, hydropower水电, solar (lunar) power太阳能, nuclear power核能radioactivity n. 辐射性use up, deplete, exhaust v. 用光，耗尽conserve v. 节省，节约,污染: water pollution, air pollution,soil pollution土壤污染,noise pollutionsoil erosion 土壤侵蚀soil pollution土壤污染stain n.污染，污点，玷污stink v.发出臭味tar n.焦油toxic chemical 有毒的化学物品fume n.烟，气味light pollution日光污染refuse废物sewage污水pesticide n.杀虫剂chemical waste化学废料congest v.使充满危害动物:poaching非法打猎，盗猎, damage natural habitat破坏自然栖息地,rare breed稀有物种, endangered species濒危物种, extinct adj.灭绝 (die out, disappear),animal rights activist动物权益保护者 ,natural reserve(giant panda大熊猫)自然保护区,protect wild life保护野生动物, preserve v.保护disastrous灾难性的,devastation破坏,have disastrous effect on…对。
写一篇研讨会报告英语作文
写一篇研讨会报告英语作文Here's a sample of a seminar report written in English, following the given guidelines:Alright, everyone! The seminar was just amazing. We had some really insightful discussions today.Let's start with the keynote speaker. They had so much energy! They talked about the latest advancements in our field and how we can apply them in our daily work. It was really inspiring to hear their thoughts and vision for the future.Then, there was this interesting group discussion on the challenges we face. You know, sometimes we get so caught up in the day-to-day stuff that we forget to step back and look at the bigger picture. But this discussion really helped us put things into perspective.And oh, don't forget the networking session! I met somany interesting people from different backgrounds. We shared ideas, talked about projects, and even brainstormed a few collaborations. It was a great opportunity to expand my network.One thing that stood out for me was the hands-on workshop. We got to apply what we learned in a practical setting. It was challenging but rewarding. I feel like I've gained a lot of valuable skills from that session.Overall, the seminar was a blast! There was so much to take in and so much to learn. I'm already looking forward to the next one. I hope we can all continue this momentum and make our field even better.Hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions.。
雅思807听力词汇
manager 经理
full-time 全日制
expensive 昂贵的
fish 鱼
Tuesday 周二
环球雅思王陆制作
activities 活动
swimming pool 游泳池
list 单子，列表
light 灯
approach 方法，接近
weekend 周末
traveling 旅游
Cambridge 剑桥
media 媒体
station 车站
desk 书桌
buildings 建筑物
contact 接触
dinner 晚餐
park 公园
team 队伍
club 俱乐部
Sunday 周日
2
dark 黑暗的
regular 规律的
drinks 饮料
Union 学生会
offer 提供
return 往返
quality 质量
German 德国人
language 语言
garden 花园
system 系统，体系
country 国家
meeting 会议
bus 公共汽车
lack 缺乏
interview 面试
topic 话题
teacher 教师
working 工作
advanced 先进的，高级的
in advance 预先
bathroom 卫生间
video 录像
plus 加
management 管理
order 命令
kitchen 厨房
雅思听力高频替换词总结
雅思听力高频替换词汇总数字类：two: double = couple of = twice = two timesthree = triple2 weeks = a fortnight = 14 days1 months = 4 weeks = 30 days3 months = a season25% = a quarter15 minutes = a quarter少于40%的比例= a small proportion多于60%的比例= a large proportion50% = halfthe second = the next = the coming表述数量（繁多）的短语替换a wide/ large/ great/ massive range of = a variety of = various = large quantities of = a large/great number of = a large amount of = lots of = all sorts of = all kinds of = massiveall over = throughout遍布part = area = portion = component = proportion部分some = a part of = certain = a few = several一些range = distance = radius = part = area范围时间：现在now = at present (time)= currently = at this moment(= this year/ month/ week)(=existing)过去i n the past = once = … ago = before(= last year/ month/ week)(= the old …)(=used to …)未来in the future = will = be going to = in the coming (year/month/week)(= the next year/month/week)(=haven’t done yet, but …)校园内：student = pupil小学生；= undergraduate本科生；= postgraduate研究生teacher = tutor = lecturer = professor = director = conductor = guider = coach 老师，指导者school = faculty院系course = major学习专业subject = module学习科目class = lecture = tutorial = workshop = session = seminar课程aid = help = conduct = guide = offer hand (= give/ provide advice and guidance = suggest)帮助；指导assignment = paper; = essay; = coursework; = homework; = report; = project; = proposal; = dissertation作业类deadline = due date截止日期references = bibliography = reading list参考材料research = exploration = survey = study = investigation = observation = discovery = experiment研究，实验data = figure = information = statistical evidence数据internet = online = website = web网络evaluate = assess = test = estimate评估test = quiz = exercise = examination = exam测验商业、公司中：plan = strategy策略= schedule = arrangement = project = programme = blueprint计划employee = worker = staff雇员coworker = workmate = colleague = people in the same department = people who work with you同事employer = boss = management = manager = director = interviewer雇主，管理者weekday = week工作日company = firm = cooperate = organisation = business = group = institute公司，企业，机构sales = retail销售（retailing零售业）shop = store = department store商店money = finance = fund = grant = capital = asset钱，资金cost = fee = overheads = expense = spending = expenditure费用，成本revenue收入profit利润其他相关词汇：charge收费/ investment投资/ tax税收/ income收入/budget预算advertisement = commercial广告creativity = innovation = inspiration = brainstorm创造力，灵感consumer = customer = buyer = client顾客risk = danger = adventure = threat风险，冒险旅游、动植物photo = photograph = photography = picture = image = camera照相，相片place = area = region = spot = site = location = land = field = position地点，位置tourist site = attraction = interest = scenery = resort风景，景点village = countryside = suburb = rural area/ setting乡下town = city = urban area城市ocean = sea = the water = undersea world = marine海洋beach = coast = coastline = shore海岸，海滩animal = creature = species = wildlife = living things动物(= marine animal海洋动物; = mammal哺乳动物; = reptile爬行动物) livestock = sheep = cow = cattle家畜marine animal = sea creature = fish & shell = seafood海洋动物bones = skeleton骨骼look = appearance外貌characteristics = feature = what’s special about …特征plant = trees = vegetation = vegetable植物film = movie = documentary电影computer = laptop电脑family = with children家庭parent / son / daughter / sister & brother = sibling / cousinsavings = deposit储蓄the masses = ordinary people = general public = public sphere大众speech = lecture = talk = address讲座,演讲goal = target = aim = orientation目标choice = option = selection = alternative选择优点advantage = benefit = positive side = good point = strength缺点disadvantage = drawback = negative side = problem = weakness = barrier障碍= obstacle阻碍limit = restriction = boundary = bottom line限制environment = surrounding = atmosphere环境entertainment = recreation = leisure娱乐fitness club = fitness centre = gym = keep-fit studio健身房disease = illness = health issues = health problems = medicalsituations疾病medication = medicine = pills = tablets = capsules = drug药物toxin = poison毒素bike = bicycle自行车= cycling骑行media = press = print = newspaper媒体magazine = journal = periodical = article = newspaper报刊杂志gift = present礼物agriculture = crops农作物= grain粮食，谷物= corn = wheat小麦= barley 大麦= cereal谷类fuel = gas燃气；= coal煤；= energy能量，能源way = method = approach = technique方法= skill = strategy = tactic技巧example = representative = sample = case例子动词替换：ask = request = require = demand要求a sk … to do = invite … to do邀请employ = hire = pay … = recruit招聘，雇佣use = take advantage of = utilise = employ = apply使用book = reserve预订buy = purchase = consumer = invest in购买change = alter = adjust = shift改变disturb = interrupt干扰，打断damage = ruin = destroy = undermine = break = vandalise破坏attack = offend攻击classify = categorise (classification = category)分类make = produce = generate = create产生，创造= build = construct建立copy = duplicate = replicate = double复制run = operate = handle = organise = take charge of = take control of = manage 经营，管理provide = offer = give = contribute to提供= allocate = distribute分配，分发divide … into = break (down) … into把…分成increase = rise up = grow = go up = strengthen上升，增多decrease = decline = go down = drop = fall = weaken减少look = investigate = observe = explore = check = find out = discover = examine 发现，探索be seen = be sighted = be observed被观察到focus on = emphasise on = pay attention to = notice关注register = sign up = enroll注册，登记deal with = handle = cope with处理prevent … from = protect … from = preserve … from = stop … from = avoid避免，保护come from = originated from来自，源自get in touch = contact = catch = call = phone联系connect with = link with = relate to = refer to和…相连called = named = titled名为visualise = imagine想象adapt … to = adjust … = fit … in适应…bury = move … underground埋renew = replace替换renew = update更新形容词、副词替换：typical = representative典型的= traditional传统的related = associated = relevant = connected = linked相关的basic = elementary = primary = essential = necessary基础的easy = not difficult = simple简单的available = usable = valid有效的，可用的latest = newest最新的final = last = very late最后的personal = private = individual私人的original = old = ancient古老的old fashioned = outdated = out of date过时的economical = cost-efficient经济的fixed = stable = standard = unchanged固定的few = not enough = lack of缺乏extraordinary = unusual = not common = quite different = rare不寻常的，罕见的often = usually = frequently经常rarely = barely几乎不only = just = merely仅仅，只是。
Seminar
Seminar Project AssignmentDescription: Lead a seminar discussion in small groupsTime: Approx. 10 minutesMaterial: Prepared handout for your group (around 6 copies)Topic: Related to the topic in the video you’ve chosenSteps:(before class)Choose a video that you would like to share and discuss;Prepare a class handout with the title/topic, key vocabulary words/expressions, and 3 discussion questions (see sample below);(In class)Briefly introduce your video to your group members (approx 1 min);Share your video with a group of about 12 students (approx 3 min);Lead a discussion on your topic by posing your prepared questions to the class (approx 6 min)Planning Points to Consider:As a leader in this seminar, you will: As a participant in this seminar, you will:*Present information in an engaging way*Encourage others to participate*Manage a discussion *Listen carefully*Think critically*Articulate your thoughtsThink about and discuss your TOPICWhat questions might your seminar group ask you?What is the most interesting thing about your topic? How will you address this in your introduction and discussion?Think about and discuss the SEMINARAs the leader of your topic...What will you say to introduce your topic?How much information, and which information, will you give, before you begin to ask the discussionquestions?How will you make sure that everyone has a chance to talk?Make your seminar PLANYou will have exactly 10 minutes to lead your part of the seminar. It will be up to you to make sure you move along on time, saying what you plan to say and giving everyone a chance to response.Make a time grid including:What you’ll say in the introductionA list of questions or statements that you’ll use to start a discussionWhat you’ll say in your conclusionConsider LEADERSHIP skillsHow will you get people to talk without making them uncomfortable?How will you gently encourage them to talk more if they say very little?How will you ask them to finish talking when their time runs out?In general, how will you monitor the timing and manage the discussion, start to finish?Handout OutlineTopic:Key words/expressions:1.2.3.4.5....Questions for Discussion1.2.3.SampleNAME: _____________________Title/topic:Friends, Season 2, Episode 2 (checking out of a hotel, marriage gifts) Key words/expressions:1. Disposable camera: also called singer-use camera (一次性相机)2. Yugoslavian: 南斯拉夫的，南斯拉夫人3. Check: 支票（与Czech 捷克发音相同)4. Freak: 对某事物有极端强烈的反应5. Crawl: 爬...Questions for discussion:1.When you check out of a hotel, will you take all the stuff, such as shampoos and soaps because they are built into the price of the room? Why?2.From the video we can see people in the US send gifts to celebrate new marriage. What do Chinese people do to express their good wishes when their friends or relatives get married?3. In China, it’s getting more and more expensive to get married. Why?。
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Distinguished Lecture Series
Synthesis of CdSe-based Quantum Dots and
Their Characteristics
Professor XXX
Name:XXX Student No:XXX
The main theme of the seminar:
The theme of this seminar is to introduce some new synthetic methods about CdSe-based quantum dots, also to introduce their properties.
The issues discussed are as follows:
⏹Basic description about semiconductor, including synthetic methods,
properties and applications.
⏹The reactions about Cd chalcogenide nanoparticles. They can react
react with TAA in homogeneous system, however the rate is different in different PH.
⏹The research about the synthesis of high quality CdSe quantum dots.
Many scholars devoted theirselves to this subject,and many good conclusions are drawn.
⏹Applications about CdSe-based quantum dots in biological
labeling,display and photovoltaic device. It is so fantastic to change the color of LEDs when using quantum dots.
⏹Quantity production of water-dispersible QDs. SiPoP process has
many advantages. It can be carried out in room temperature, and it can carry on large scale synthesis.
The future for this topic:
CsDe-based quantum dots have many unique optical properties which makes them good competitor in the area of LEDs. I think, in the future, different kinds of LEDs will be invented.The compute will become more
intelligentized.
My concerns to my major:
During the seminar,The changed color when using quantum dots attracted me deeply. I got two conclusions about my major from this:
1.Many chemicals will appear different color in different conditions. We
can use the change in color to estimate the reaction.
2.“Chem is try”. About the chemistry, if we dare to try, we may find
amazing results.。