07年南农硕士入学考试-英语二外
2007年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案2
Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk elite soccer later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks， you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon？ Here are a few guesses： a） certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills. b） winter-born bathes tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina. c） soccer mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime at the annual peak of soccer mania. d） none of the above. Anders Ericsson， a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University， says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden， and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment nearly years ago， involved memory： training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject. after about 20 hours of training his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving， and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined， led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words， whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully， Ericsson determined， was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather， it involves setting specific goals， obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits， including soccer. They gather all the data they can， not just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion： the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or， put another way， expert performers whether in memory or surgery， ballet or computer programming are nearly always made， not born.[410 words]21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to [A] stress the importance of professional training. [B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup. [C] introduce the topic of what males expert performance. [D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” （Line 4， Paragraph 2） most probably means [A] fun. [B] craze. [C] hysteria. [D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson good memory [A] depends on meaningful processing of information. [B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises. [C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors. [D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that [A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success. [B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance. [C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked. [D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey？ [A] “Faith will move mountains.” [B] “One reaps what one sows.” [C] “Practice makes perfect.” [D] “Like father， like son”Text 2 For the past several years， the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant， who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old； that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut， and to deduce numerical sequences， among other similar tasks. So it isa bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe （whose IQ is 100） as， What's the difference between love and fondness？ Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence？ It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. Clearly， intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it means to be smart？ How much of intelligence can be specified， and how much can we learn about it from neurology， genetics， computer science and other fields？ The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score， even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms： the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales （both come in adult and children's version）。
2007年考研英语真题
2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830, the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 , there was less agreement 10the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.1.[A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals2.[A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefully3.[A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected4.[A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted5.[A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return6.[A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally7.[A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical8.[A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform9.[A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover10.[A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by11.[A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded12.[A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While13.[A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against14.[A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence15.[A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish16.[A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised17.[A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original18.[A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher19.[A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred20.[A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C]pessimistic about [D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increasessoccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccermania; d) none of the above. Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving,a nd after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228—the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper afterit has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So itis a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the diffe rence between love and fondness? Or what is thenature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: theStanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental ageby the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given underlow-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extr eme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional tests are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of theirs new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback—a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance—have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year—from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley—have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”. Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Gener ally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore—and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a dayearlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)They should know how to deal with setbacks, stress and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links theseconcepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongstmany journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.Thesecan only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51. DirectionsWrite a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
2007_在职联考_教育硕士_英语二_真题及参考答案
英语二试卷一[供报考学科教学（英语）专业考生使用]Section ⅠUse of English (20 minutes, 10%)Section ⅡReading Comprehension (70 minutes, 50%) 考生须知1. 本考试分试卷一和试卷二两部分。
试卷一满分60分，考试时间为90分钟，14:30开始，16:00结束；试卷二满分40分，考试时间为60分钟，16:00开始，17:00结束。
2. 请考生务必将本人考号最后两位数字填写在本页右上角方框内。
3. 本试卷一为A型试卷，其答案必须用2B铅笔填涂在A型答题卡上，做在其它类型答题卡或试卷上的无效。
答题前，请核对答题卡是否A型卡，若不是，请要求监考员予以更换。
4. 在答题卡上正确的填涂方法为在答案对应的字母上划线，如[A] [B] [C] [D]。
5. 监考员宣布试卷一考试结束时，请立即停止答试卷一，将试卷一及其答题卡反扣在自己的桌面上，继续做试卷二。
监考员将到座位上收取试卷一及其答题卡。
6. 监考员收卷过程中，考生须配合监考员验收，并请监考员在准考证上签字（作为考生交卷的凭据），否则，若发生答卷遗失，责任由考生自负。
英语二试卷二[供报考学科教学（英语）专业考生使用]Section ⅢTranslation (20 minutes, 20%)Section ⅣWriting (40 minutes, 20%)考生须知1. 试卷二满分40分，考试时间为60分钟，16:00开始，17:00结束。
2. 请考生务必将本人考号最后两位数字填写在本页右上角方框内。
3. 试卷二的答案必须用蓝色或黑色墨水笔写在试卷二答题卡指定区域内，未写在指定区域内的答案一律无效。
4. 监考员宣布考试结束时，请立即停止答题，将试卷二和答题卡反扣在自己的桌面上，坐在原位，等待监考员收试卷二和答题卡。
待监考员全部收齐点清无误，宣布可以离场后，方可离开考场。
5. 监考员收卷过程中，考生须配合监考员验收，并请监考员在准考证上签字（作为考生交卷的凭据），否则，若发生答卷遗失，责任由考生自负。
2007年硕士研究生入学考试英汉同声传译专业试卷
2007年硕士研究生入学考试英汉同声传译专业试卷I. 将下列短文译成汉语(25分)After 28 years of reform, China faces challenges of an unprecedented scale, complexity, and importance. China has already liberalized its markets, opened up to foreign trade and investment, and become a global economic powerhouse. Now its leaders and people must deal with popular dissatisfaction with local government, environmental degradation, scarce natural resources, an underdeveloped financial system, an inadequate health-care system, a restless rural population, urbanization on a massive scale, and increasing social inequality. Most of these problems, of course, have existed throughout the period of reform. What is different now is that the pace of change is accelerating while the ability of the state to manage that change is not keeping pace. Solving any one of these problems by itself would be a formidable task. And the Chinese government today finds it harder than ever to attract, develop, and retain talent. Graduates from the country's top universities, who once would have filled government posts, are instead choosing to take jobs in the private sector. Moreover, the structure of the country's bureaucracy stifles initiative and promotes mediocrity. Worse, many officials, from the village to the central government, are corrupt, eroding the government's effectiveness and feeding popular discontent. Of all of China's challenges, none is more critical -- or more daunting -- than that of nurturing a new generation of leaders who are skilled, honest, committed to public service, and accountable to the Chinese people as a whole.II. 将下列文章译成汉语(50分)The New Middle EastJust over two centuries since Napoleon's arrival in Egypt heralded the advent of the modern Middle East -- some 80 years after the demise of the Ottoman Empire, 50 years after the end of colonialism, and less than 20 years after the end of the Cold War -- the American era in the Middle East, the fourth in the region's modern history, has ended. Visions of a new, Europe-like region--peaceful, prosperous, democratic--will not be realized. Much more likely is the emergence of a new Middle East that will cause great harm to itself, the United States, and the world.The modern Middle East was born in the late eighteenth century. For some historians, the signal event was the 1774 signing of the treaty that ended the war between the Ottoman Empire and Russia; a stronger case can be made for the importance of Napoleon's relatively easy entry into Egypt in 1798, which showed Europeans that the region was ripe for conquest and prompted Arab and Muslim intellectuals to ask -- as many continue to do today -- why their civilization had fallen so far behind that of Christian Europe. Ottoman decline combined with European penetration into the region gave rise to the "Eastern Question," regarding how to deal with the effects of the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which various parties have tried to answer to their own advantage ever since.The first era ended with World War I, the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of the Turkish republic, and the division of the spoils of war among the European victors. What ensued was an age of colonial rule, dominated by France and the United Kingdom. This second era ended some four decades later, after another world war had drained the Europeans of much of their strength, Arab nationalism had risen, and the two superpowers had begun to lock horns. "He who rules theNear East rules the world; and he who has interests in the world is bound to concern himself with the Near East," wrote a historian, who correctly saw the 1956 Suez crisis as marking the end of the colonial era and the beginning of the Cold War era in the region.III. 将下列短文译成英语(25分)中国特色社会主义社会是一个变革的社会，是一个开放的社会，是一个不断发展和完善的社会。
2007年考研英语真题（含答案解析）
2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Section I Use of English Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 大1家 of these nations looked 大2家 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 大3家 the ideals of representative representative government, government, careers 大4家 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 大5家 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 大6家 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 大7家 set of laws.On the issue of 大8家 of religion and the position of the church, 大9家, there was less agreement 大1010家家 the leadership. Roman Catholicism Catholicism had had been the state religion religion and and the only one 大1111家家 by the Spanish crown. 大1212家家 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 大1313家家 the the official official official religion religion religion of of of the the new states, states, some some some sought sought sought to to to end end the 大1414家家 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 大1515家家 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 大1616家家 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain Spain’’s 大1717家家 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people people of mixed of mixed of mixed origin came origin came origin came much much 大1818家家 because the because the new nations still new nations still needed the revenue such policies 大1919家家. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 大2020家家 self-rule and democracy. 1. ［A ］ natives ［B ］ inhabitants ［C ］ peoples ［D ］ individuals 2. ［A ］ confusedly ［B ］ cheerfully ［C ］ worriedly ［D ］ hopefully 3. ［A ］ shared ［B ］ forgot ［C ］ attained ［D ］ rejected 4. ［A ］ related ［B ］ close ［C ］ open ［D ］ devoted 5. ［A ］ access ［B ］ succession ［C ］ right ［D ］ return 6. ［A ］ Presumable ［B ］ Incidentally ［C ］ Obviously ［D ］ Generally 7. ［A ］ unique ［B ］ common ［C ］ particular ［D ］ typical 8. ［A ］ freedom ［B ］ origin ［C ］ impact ［D ］ reform 9. ［A ］ therefore ［B ］ however ［C ］ indeed ［D ］ moreover 10. ［A ］ with ［B ］ about ［C ］ among ［D ］ by 11. ［A ］ allowed ［B ］ preached ［C ］ granted ［D ］ funded 12. ［A ］ Since ［B ］ If ［C ］ Unless ［D ］ While 13. ［A ］ as ［B ］ for ［C ］ under ［D ］ against 14. ［A ］ spread ［B ］ interference ［C ］ exclusion ［D ］ influence 15. ［A ］ support ［B ］ cry ［C ］ plea ［D ］ wish 16. ［A ］ urged ［B ］ intended ［C ］ expected ［D ］ promised 17. ［A ］ controlling ［B ］ former ［C ］ remaining ［D ］ original 18. ［A ］ slower ［B ］ faster ［C ］ easier ［D ］ tougher 19. ［A ］ created ［B ］ produced ［C ］ contributed ［D ］ preferred 20. ［A ］ puzzled by ［B ］ hostile to ［C ］ pessimistic about ［D ］ unprepared for Section II R eading ComprehensionReading Comprehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing choosing [A], [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your your answers answers answers on on ANSWERSHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer playerin 20062006’’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children conceive children in in in springtime, springtime, springtime, at at at the annual the annual the annual peak of soccer mania; peak of soccer mania; peak of soccer mania; d) d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in in ““none of the above.above.”” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, grew up in Sweden, and studied and studied and studied nuclear nuclear nuclear engineering until engineering until engineering until he realized he realized he realized he he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. Ericsson recalls. ““He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not is not genetically genetically genetically determined, determined, determined, led led led Ericsson to Ericsson to Ericsson to conclude that conclude that conclude that the act of the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes encodes””the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating repeating a a task. Rather, Rather, it it involves involves setting setting setting specific specific specific goals, goals, goals, obtaining obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data data they they they can, can, not not just just just performance performance performance statistics statistics statistics and and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming programming –– are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word 22. The word ““mania mania”” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires requires immediate immediate immediate feedback feedback feedback and and a high degree degree of of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the texttries to convey?[A] [A] ““Faith will move mountains.Faith will move mountains.””[B] [B] ““One reaps what one sows.One reaps what one sows.””[C] [C] ““Practice makes perfect.Practice makes perfect.””[D] [D] ““Like father, like son.Like father, like son.””Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called called ““Ask Marilyn.Marilyn.”” Peopleare invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about about 23 23 years years old; old; old; that that gave gave her her an IQ of 228 228 –– the the highest highest highest score score score ever ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What What’’s s the difference the difference the difference between love between love between love and fondness? Or what is the nature and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? coincidence? It It It’’s not obvious how the capacity to visualizeobjects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, Clearly, intelligence intelligence intelligence encompasses encompasses encompasses more more more than than than a a score score on on a test. test. Just Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children children’’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant Savant’’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution distribution among among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological chronological age age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed necessary to succeed in in in school school school and in and in and in life, argues life, argues life, argues Robert J. Robert J. Robert J. Sternberg. Sternberg. In his In his article article article ““How How Intelligent Is Intelligent Is Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?Intelligence Testing?Intelligence Testing?””, , Sternberg Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem critical to problem solving solving solving and and and life success. life success. life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it ’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People [A] People no longer no longer no longer use IQ scores use IQ scores use IQ scores as as as an indicator of intelligence. an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may bedifferent.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of humanintelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant Savant’’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computationalprocedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant [C] vos Savant’’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one ’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is the author 30. What is the author’’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, diagnosis, or or a disappearing disappearing spouse spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today as well. Today’’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck two-paycheck status. status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times times of of financial financial setback setback setback –– a back-up back-up earner earner earner (usually (usually (usually Mom) Mom) Mom) who who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This This ““added-worker effect effect”” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help familiesweather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining joining millions millions of families families who who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, younger families, the picture the picture the picture is is is not not not any any any better. Both better. Both better. Both the absolute the absolute the absolute cost cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much workers, with much workers, with much higher deductibles and higher deductibles and higher deductibles and a large new a large new dose of investment risk for families ’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent – and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today 31. Today’’sdouble-income families are at greater financial risk in that [A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush 32. As a result of President Bush’’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families [D] increase the families’’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted sorted out out their worst accounting accounting and and compliance compliance troubles, troubles, troubles, and and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America America –– the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss ’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several Several massive massive leakages leakages of of customer customer and and employee employee data data this year year –– from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data Data is is becoming becoming an an asset asset which which which needs needs needs to to be be guarded guarded guarded as as much much as as any other asset,other asset,”” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University ’s business school. school. ““The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible responsible for for on behalf behalf of of shareholders.shareholders.”” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York ’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore to restore –– and that and that few things are more few things are more few things are more likely to destroy trust than likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs affairs may may have been encouraged encouraged –– though though not not justified justified –– by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information aboutsome some 40 40 million million credit-card credit-card credit-card accounts accounts accounts in in in America, America, America, disclosed disclosed disclosed on on June June 1717th ,overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America ’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement 36. The statement ““It never rains but it pours ” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According 37. According to to Paragraph Paragraph 2, 2, some organizations organizations check check their systems systems to tofind out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the pointthat[A] shareholders [A] shareholders’’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bossesfail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC [B] FTC’’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A —G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids B. Build Your Kids’’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids G. Build Your Kids’’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job job’’sstarting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult ’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes , that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness.work-life unreadiness.””大4141家家 You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests interests they they keep coming back to, as theseoffer clues to the careers that will fit them best.大4242家家 Kids Kids need need need a a range range of of of authentic authentic authentic role role role models models models –– as opposed opposed to to to members members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table dinner-table discussions discussions discussions about about about people people people the the the family family family knows knows knows and and how how they they they got got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.idea.”” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.大4343家家 Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice practice delaying delaying delaying gratification gratification gratification and and deploying deploying effective effective effective organizational organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.大4444家家 Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.大4545家家 They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. of inadequacy. They They They should should should also also also learn how learn how learn how to solve to solve to solve problems and problems and problems and resolve resolve conflicts, conflicts, ways ways to brainstorm brainstorm and and think critically. critically. Discussions Discussions Discussions at at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major major role role role to to to play, play, play, but but but now now now it it it is is is more more more delicate. delicate. delicate. They They They have have have to to to be be be careful careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived conceived as as it may seem) while becominga partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and judgment by absorbing and reflecting reflecting reflecting on on on law is a law is a law is a desirable component of desirable component of a journalist a journalist’’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities responsibilities of of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The subject for journalists. The better better better informed they informed they informed they are about are about are about the way the way the way the the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many。
南农复试
一、面试问题由于各个院的面试自行决定，所以方式五花八门，现举几个常用方式：（须用英文）1、英文字自我介绍，不会太长2~3分钟足已。
2、英文对话，老师会用英文提你几个问题，具体问题见“提问的一般问题”。
3、读英文文章（相关专业）并翻译。
（无需英文）提问的一般问题：1、家乡何处。
2、毕业学校。
3、专业了解多少。
4、相关专业问题。
5、个人爱好。
二、英语考核方式1、听力不单独考试，有的话就是按照上述面试时的对话方式，这里不包括英语专业。
2、英文翻译笔试，有的专业需要考英汉汉英互译（大部分理工类农学类专业，文科极少）。
3、专业课考试中或多或少都有专业英文词汇，所以一定要熟悉基本的专业词汇。
三、专业课考试1、满分一般150，时间3小时。
2、复试试题获取方式：北苑食堂南侧，校打印室里，桌子上有历年初试试题。
注意：是初试试题，不是复试，你问打印室人员找复试试题他们一定说没有，因为他们不知道。
其中02年之前的初试试题中就含有复试试题，自己找，有的03、04年也会有。
有些科目名称有所改变，但内容是一样的，例如：现在的《环境学》，以前叫做《环境学导论》，实际上内容相同。
很多人想要近几年的，但是确实没有。
我可以告诉大家，考试的东西都是很经典的东西，几十年都不变的，毕竟形成了科学体系，所以题目新旧没关系，知识还是那些。
就算考前沿的内容，也是很少的一部分。
3、实验操作，有些专业需要考实验操作，目前已知生科院、动科院需要考，大家不必太担心，考的话也是基本操作，不会很难。
四、导师联系其实整个复试这是最重要的一个环节，导师给你保证，基本就OK了，但是也有例外，这毕竟是少数，除非你特倒霉。
当然与导师联系越早越好，如果很早就能确定，那面试就是走形式了。
一般会采用邮件或电话方式联系，可以面谈最佳。
但多数导师给予的答复是不确定或让你复试后再说。
那你只好复试的时候再来，不过先给他个印象也好。
很多人不善于和外人交流，更不善于和老师交流，但这个时候一定要硬着头皮去找，去说，这关系你的命运。
2007 在职联考 教育硕士 英语二 真题及参考答案
在职攻读硕士学位全国联考教育硕士英语二试卷Contents2007 (2)Section I Use of English (20 minutes, 10%) (2)Section II Reading Comprehension (70 minutes, 50%) (3)Section III Translation (20 minutes, 20%) (11)Section IV Writing (40 minutes, 20%) (13)2007 答案 (13)英语二试卷一[供报考学科教学（英语）专业考生使用]Section ⅠUse of English (20 minutes, 10%)Section ⅡReading Comprehension (70 minutes, 50%) 考生须知1. 本考试分试卷一和试卷二两部分。
试卷一满分60分，考试时间为90分钟，14:30开始，16:00结束；试卷二满分40分，考试时间为60分钟，16:00开始，17:00结束。
2. 请考生务必将本人考号最后两位数字填写在本页右上角方框内。
3. 本试卷一为A型试卷，其答案必须用2B铅笔填涂在A型答题卡上，做在其它类型答题卡或试卷上的无效。
答题前，请核对答题卡是否A型卡，若不是，请要求监考员予以更换。
4. 在答题卡上正确的填涂方法为在答案对应的字母上划线，如[A] [B] [C] [D]。
5. 监考员宣布试卷一考试结束时，请立即停止答试卷一，将试卷一及其答题卡反扣在自己的桌面上，继续做试卷二。
监考员将到座位上收取试卷一及其答题卡。
6. 监考员收卷过程中，考生须配合监考员验收，并请监考员在准考证上签字（作为考生交卷的凭据），否则，若发生答卷遗失，责任由考生自负。
英语二试卷二[供报考学科教学（英语）专业考生使用]Section ⅢTranslation (20 minutes, 20%)Section ⅣWriting (40 minutes, 20%)考生须知1. 试卷二满分40分，考试时间为60分钟，16:00开始，17:00结束。
2007英语真题及答案
2007 年全国攻读工商管理硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Vocabulary ( 10 points )Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.1．His wife has been _______a lot of pressure on him to change his job．A．taking B．exerting C．giving D．pushing 2．It is estimated that，currently, about 50，000 species become _____every year．A．extinct B．instinct C．distinct D．intense 3．John says that his present job does not provide him with enough ______for his organizingability．scope B．space C．capacity D．range 4．Many _______will be opened up in the future for those with a university education．A.probabilitiesB.realities C．necessities D．opportunities5．After his uncle died，the young man _____the beautiful estate with which he changed froma poor man to a wealthy noble．A．inhabited B．inherited C．inhibited D．inhaled 6．The manager is calling on a______ customer trying to talk him into signing the contract．A.prosperousB.preliminary C．pessimistic D．prospective7．In 1991，while t11e economies of industrialized countries met an economic_____，the economies of developing countries were growing very fast．A．revival B．repression C．recession D．recovery 8．The destruction of the twin towers _________shock and anger throughout the world．A．summoned B．tempted C provoked D．stumbled9．About 20 of the passengers who were injured in a plane crash are said to be in_____condition．A．decisive B．urgent C．vital D．critical 10．The interactions between China and the US will surely have a significant _______on peace and stability in the Asia—Pacific region and the world as a whole．A．importance B．impression C．impact D．implication11．The poor countries are extremely _______to international economic fluctuations- A．inclined B．vulnerable C．attracted D．reduced 12．Applicants should note that all positions are——to Australian citizenship requirements．A．subject B．subjective C．objected D．objective13．We aim to ensure that all candidates are treated fairly and that they have equal______to employment opportunities．A．entrance B．entry C．access D．admission 14．Successful learning is not a(n)________activity but consists of four distinct stages ina specific orderA．only B．sole C．mere D．single15．The opportunity to explore and play and the encouragement to do so Can________the performance of many children．A．withhold B．prevent C．enhance D．justify 16．All her hard work __________in the end，and she finally passed the exam．A．showed off B．paid off C．1eft off D．kept off 17．In order to live the kind of life we want and to be the person we want to be，we have to domore than just ________with events．A．put sup B．set up C．turn up D．make up18．The team played hard because the championship of the state was______.A．at hand B．at stake C．at large D．at best 19．I don’t think you'll change his mind；once he’s decided on so something he tends to_____it.A．stick to B．abide by C．comply with D．keep on 20．Tom placed the bank notes，_________the change and receipts，back in the drawer．A. more thanB. but for C．thanks to D. along withSection II Cloze (10 points)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank andmark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Advancing age means losing your hair, your waistline and your memory，right ? Dana Denis is just 40 years old，but 21 she’s worried about what she calls’my rolling mental blackouts.””I try to remember something and I just blank out，”she saysYou may 22 about these lapses，calling them ”senior moments ”or blaming "early Alzheimer’s (老年痴呆症)．”Is it an inescapable fact that the older you get，the 23 you remember? Well, sort of．But as time goes by, we tend to blame age 24 problems that are notnecessarily age—related．“When a teenager can’t find her keys，she thinks it's because she’s distracted or disorganized，”says Paul Gold．“A 70-year-old blames her 25 ．”In fact，the 70-year-old mayhave been 26 things for decades．In healthy people，memory doesn’t worsen as 27 as many of us think．“As we 28 ，the memory mechanism isn’t 29 ，”says psychologist Fergus Craik．”It’s just inefficient．”The brain’s processing 30 slows down over the years，though no one knows exactly 31. Recent research suggests that nerve cells lose efficiency and 32 there’s less activity in the brain．But，cautions Barry Gordon，”It's not clear that less activity is 33 ．A beginning athlete is winded（气喘吁吁）more easily than a 34 athlete．In the same way, 35 the brain gets moreskilled at a task，it expends less energy on it.”There are 36 you can take to compensate for normal slippage in your memory gears，though it 3 7 effort．Margaret Sewell says：”We’re a quick-fix culture, but you have to 38 to keep your brain. 3 9 shape．It’s like having a good body．You Can’t go to the gym once ayear 40 expect to stay in top form.”21．A. almost B. seldom C. already D. never22．A. joke B. laugh C. blame D. criticize23．A. much B. little C. more D. less24．A. since B. for C. by D. because25．A. memory B. mind C. trouble D. health26．A. disorganizing B. misplacing C. putting D. finding27．A. swiftly B. frequently C. timely D. quickly28．A．mature B. advance C. age D. grow29．A. broken B. poor C. perfect D. working30．A. pattern B. time C. space D. information31．A . why B. how C. what D. when32．A. since B. hence C. that D. although33．A. irregular B. better C. normal D. worse34．A. famous B. senior C. popular D. trained35．A. as B. till C. though D. yet36．A. stages B. steps C. advantages D. purposes37．A. makes B. takes C. does D. spends38．A. rest B. come C. work D. study39．A. to B. for C. on D. in40．A. so B. or C. and D. ifSection III Reading comprehension (40 points)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Passage OnePrior to the 20th century, many languages with small numbers of speakers survived for centuries. The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation, a key factor in language maintenance andpreservation.It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in the centuries ahead. Many powerful forces appear to work against it :population growth, which pushes migrant populations into the world’s last isolated locations; mass tourism; global telecommunications and mass media; and the spread of gigantic global corporations. All of these forces appear to signify a future in which the language of advertising, popular culture, and consumer products become similar. Already English and a few other major tongues have emerged as global languages of commerce and communication. For many of the world’s peoples, learning one of these languages is viewed as the key to education, economic opportunity, and a better wayof life.Only about 3,000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century. Are mostof the rest doomed in the century after that?Whether most of these languages survive will probably depend on how strongly cultural groups wish to keep their identity alive through a native language. To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism（mastery of two languages）. Bilingual speakers could use their own language in smaller spheres---at home, among friends, in community settings---and a global language at work, in dealings with government, and in commercial spheres. In this way, many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages, rather than yield to the homogenizing（同化的）forces of globalization.Ironically, the trend of technological innovation that has threatened minority languages could also help save them. For example, some experts predict that computer software translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues.Linguists are currently using computer—aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatenedlanguages.For many endangered languages, the line between revival and death is extremely thin. Language is remarkably resilient（有活力的）,however. It is not just a tool for communicating, but also a powerful way of separating different groups, or of demonstrating group identity. Many indigenous（原生的，土著的）communities have shown that it is possible to live in the modern world while reclaiming their unique identities through language.41.Minority languages can be best preserved in __________.A．an increasingly interconnected worldB．maintaining small numbers of speakersC．relatively isolated language communitiesD．following the tradition of the 20th century42.According to Paragraph 2, that the world can maintain its linguistic diversity in the futureis _______.A．uncertain B．unrealistic C．foreseeable D．definite43.According to the author, bilingualism can help_________.A．small languages become acceptable in work placesB．homogenize the world’s languages and culturesC．global languages reach home and community settingsD．speakers maintain their linguistic and cultural identityputer technology is helpful for preserving minority languages in that it_________.A．makes learning a global language unnecessaryB．facilitates the learning and using of those languagesC．raises public awareness of saving those languagesD．makes it easier for linguists to study those languages45.In the author’s view, many endangered languages are________.A．remarkably well-kept in this modern worldB．exceptionally powerful tools of communicationC．quite possible to be revived instead of dying outD．a unique way of bringing different groups togetherPassage TwoEveryone，it seems，has a health problem。
2007年考研英语真题(英一二通用)-高清版含答案
2007年考研英语真题（英一二通用）-高清版含答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)By1830the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations.The roughly20million1of these nations looked2to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism,many of the leaders of independence3the ideals of representative government,careers4to talent,freedom of commerce and trade,the5to private property,and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.6there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states,large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a7set of laws.On the issue of8of religion and the position of the Church,9, there was less agreement10the leadership.Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one11by the Spanish crown.12most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism13the official religion of the new states,some sought to end the14of other faiths.The defense of the Church became a rallying15for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian,valuing equality of everything.Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had16in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated.By1854slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s17colonies.Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies19.Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was20self-rule and democracy.1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously[D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about[C]among[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20.[A]puzzled by[B]hostile to[C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in2006’s World Cup tournament,you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk:elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks,you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon?Here are a few guesses:a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity,which increases soccer stamina;c)soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime,at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.Anders Ericsson,a58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in“none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden,and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment,nearly 30years ago,involved memory:training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject,after about20hours of training,his digit span had risen from7to20,”Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving,and after about 200hours of training he had risen to over80numbers.”This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words,whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize,those differences are swamped by how well each person“encodes”the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully,Ericsson determined,was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.Rather,it involves setting specific goals,obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits,including soccer.They gather all the data they can,not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion:the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or,put another way, expert performers–whether in memory or surgery,ballet or computer programming –are nearly always made,not born.21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A]stress the importance of professional training.[B]spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C]introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D]explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22.The word“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)most probably means[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hysteria.[D]excitement.23.According to Ericsson,good memory[A]depends on meaningful processing of information.[B]results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C]is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D]requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A]talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B]biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C]the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D]high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A]“Faith will move mountains.”[B]“One reaps what one sows.”[C]“Practice makes perfect.”[D]“Like father,like son.”Text2For the past several years,the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant,who at age10had tested at a mental level of someone about23years old;that gave her an IQ of228–the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies,to envision paper after it has been folded and cut,and to deduce numerical sequences,among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is100)as,What’s the difference between love and fondness?Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly,intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test.Just what does it mean to be smart?How much of intelligence can be specified,and how much can we learn about it from neurology,genetics,computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms:the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists,although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web.Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible,because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers,rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by100.Other standardized tests,such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE),capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life,argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article“How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”,Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover,IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions,but under high-stress conditions,IQ was negatively correlated with leadership–that is,it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters,whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A]Answering philosophical questions.[B]Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C]Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D]Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?[A]People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B]More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C]The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D]Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A]the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B]creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C]vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D]the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A]test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B]IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C]testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D]traditional tests are out of date.30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A]Supportive.[B]Skeptical.[C]Impartial.[D]Biased.Text3During the past generation,the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip,a bad diagnosis,or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation,millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics.Scholars,policymakers,and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes,but few have looked at the side effect:family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.As a result,they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback–a back-up earner(usually Mom)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This“added-worker effect”could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.But today,a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period,families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.Steelworkers,airline employees,and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates,stock market fluctuation,and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year,President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model,with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.For younger families,the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen–and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers,with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’future healthcare.Even demographics are working against the middle class family,as the odds of having a weak elderly parent –and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance–have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective,much of this,understandably,looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility,and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun,and the political fallout may not be far behind.31.Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A]the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B]their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C]they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D]they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32.As a result of President Bush’s reform,retired people may have[A]a higher sense of security.[B]less secured payments.[C]less chance to invest.[D]a guaranteed future.33.According to the author,health-savings plans will[A]help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B]popularize among the middle class.[C]compensate for the reduced pensions.[D]increase the families’investment risk.34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B]the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C]financial problems may bring about political problems.[D]financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A]The Middle Class on the Alert[B]The Middle Class on the Cliff[C]The Middle Class in Conflict[D]The Middle Class in RuinsText4It never rains but it pours.Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles,and improved their feeble corporation governance,a new problem threatens to earn them–especially in America–the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite:data insecurity.Left,until now,to odd,low-level IT staff to put right,and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking,telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year–from organizations as diverse as Time Warner,the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California,Berkeley–have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,”says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school.“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value,which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”.Indeed,just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP),perhaps it is time for GASP,Generally Accepted Security Practices,suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“Setting the proper investment level for security,redundancy,and recovery is a management issue,not a technical one,”he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust,that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore–and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged–though not justified–by the lack of legal penalty(in America,but not Europe)for data leakage.Until California recently passed a law,American firms did not have to tell anyone,even the victim,when data went astray.That may change fast:lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington,D.C.Meanwhile,the theft of information about some40million credit-card accounts in America,disclosed on June17th,overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36.The statement“It never rains but it pours”is used to introduce[A]the fierce business competition.[B]the feeble boss-board relations.[C]the threat from news reports.[D]the severity of data leakage.37.According to Paragraph2,some organizations check their systems to find out[A]whether there is any weak point.[B]what sort of data has been stolen.[C]who is responsible for the leakage.[D]how the potential spies can be located.38.In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A]shareholders’interests should be properly attended to.[B]information protection should be given due attention.[C]businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D]the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39.According to Paragraph4,what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A]see the link between trust and data protection.[B]perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C]realize the high cost of data restoration.[D]appreciate the economic value of trust.40.It can be inferred from Paragraph5that[A]data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B]FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C]California takes the lead in security legislation.[D]legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.41You can start this process when they are 11or 12.Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings,like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating.Also,identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to,as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.42Kids need a range of authentic role models –as opposed to members of their clique,pop stars and vaunted athletes.Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are.Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future.When asked what they want to do,they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.”They can change their minds 200times,but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood.Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There are two extra headings that you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)A.Set a Good Example for Your KidsB.Build Your Kids’Work SkillsC.Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD.Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE.Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF.Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG.Build Your Kids’Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content,the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move.Here are a few measures,drawn from my book Ready or Not,Here Life Comes ,that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness”:43Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn;parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work.Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met.Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job.Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills,such as managing time and setting priorities.44Playing video games encourages immediate content.And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time,listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors.All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.45They should know how to deal with setbacks,stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts,ways to brainstorm and think critically.Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood?Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate.They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child.They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult(as naive or ill conceived as it may seem)while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future.Most of all,these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points) The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.However,only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46)Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily,the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education,its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism w is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.On the one hand,it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice,democracy and freedom.(47)On the other,it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example,notions of evidence and fact,of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component ofa journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or,more broadly,the functioning of the state,is a major subject for journalists.The better informed they are about the way the state works,the better their reporting will be.(49)In fact,it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly,there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to your university library,making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2007年全真试题答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1.B2.D3.A4.C5.C6.D7.B8.A9.B 10.C11.A 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.D Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21.C 22.B 23.A 24.D 25.CText 2 26.D 27.C 28.A 29.A 30.BText 3 31.C 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.BText 4 36.D 37.A 38.B 39.A 40.DPart B41.F 42.D 43.B 44.C 45.EPart C46.长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为律师们所专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。
2007年硕士生入学考试专业课试题下载英语
2007年硕士生入学考试专业课试题下载英语科目代码：211 请在答题纸（本）上做题，在此试卷可草稿纸上做题无效！山东科技大学2007年招收硕士学位研究生入学考试英语（单）试卷Part 1 Reading Comprehension (40%)Questions 1 to 5 are baded on the following passage.The common cold is the world?s most widespread illness, which probably why there are more myths a-bout it than any of the other plagues that flesh is heir to.The most widespread fallacy(谬误)of all is that colds are caused by cold. They are not. They are caused by viruses passage on from person to person. Y ou catch a cold by coming into contact, directly or indirectly, with someone who already has one. If cold causes colds, it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them permanently. But they do not. And in isolated arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes.During the First World War soldiers who spent long periods in the trenches(战壕),cold and wet, showed no increased tendency to catch colds.In the Second War prisoners at the notorious Auschwitxz concntration camp, naked and starving, were astonished to find that they seldom had colds.At the Common Cold Research Unit in England, volunteers took part in Experiments in which they submit-ted to the discomforts of being cold and wet for long stretches of time. After taking hot baths, they put on bath-ing suits, allowedthemselves to be wet with cold water, and then stood about dripping wet in drafty room. Some wore wet socks all day while others excised in the rain until close to exhaustion. Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose.If, then, cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds, why are they more prevalent in the winter? Despite the most pains-taking research, no one has yet found the answer. One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay togeher indoors more in cold weather than at other times, and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on.No one yet found a cure for the cold. There are drugs and pain suppressors(止痛片)such as aspirin, but all they do is relieve the symptoms.1. According to the passage, there are more myths about the common cold than any other human disease because .(A)it spreads very quickly(B)it is the most widespread illness(C)the climate of the world is getting colder and colder(D)few people can catch colds2. We learn from the passage that .(A) the Eskimos do not suffer from colds at all(B) colds are caused by cod(c) people suffer from colds just because they like to stay indoors(D) a person may catch a cold by touching someone who already has one3. Artic explorers may catch colds when .(A) they are working in he isolated arctic regions(B) they are writing reports in terribly cold weather(C) they are free from work in the isolated arctic regions(D) they are coming into contact with the outside world4. During the First World War, soldiers who spent long periods in cold and wet trenches .(A) often caught colds(B) never caught colds(C) did not show increased tendency to catch colds(D) seldom caught colds5. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The experiments on the common cold.(B) The myths about the common cold.(C) An explanation of the reason and the way people catch colds.(D) The continued spread of common colds.Questious 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Much attention is presently being given to what is termed “fouctional illteracy”, this should not be con-fused with the problem of illiteracy, that is, the inability to read and write. Current United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) figures indicate that 99 percent of all Americans are literate, the same figure asigned to nations such as Britain, Germany. Functional illiteeacy, by contrast, is concemed with how much difficulty people have in actually using and writing skills in everyday situations. This might be interpreted, for example, as the relative ablity to understand federal income tax forms, or printed instructions, or how well someone can write a letter of complaint, or apply for a joy in writing.There are no agreed-upon definitions of what functional illiteracy is and, in practice, definitions vary wide-ly. For manyyears, reading tests have been used throughout the country which define reading ability by grade level. “Tenth-grade reading level”, for instance, would be the average reading score of all pupils who have completed ten years of school. There are, of course, many different reading tests. One defini-tion of functional illitracy holds that anyone is “illitterate”who reads at less than an eighth-grade level. Another common definition uses a twelfth-grade level(the last year of high school in the U.S.).There seems to be general agreement that at least one-tenth of all Americans are fouctionally illiterate in English to some degiee. It is also hardly surprising that those nations which (like the U.S.).There seems to be general agreement that at least one-tenth of all Americans are fouctionlly illiterate in English to some degree. It is also hardly surprising that those nations which (like the U.S.) have paid mast at-tention to this concept, and which have nation wide tesing, have found the greatest problems. As one educator humorously put it, “Reading tests cause illiteracy”. Canada, for example, which also has a large non-English speaking immigrant popultion, has recently found that manyof her citiziens, too, are functionally illierate. The attention given to this problem, therefore, therefore, reflects the fact that in North America schools as well as pupil sare continually tested.6. According to the passage, “fouctional illiteracy” is .(A) the ability to read and write(B) the inability to read and write(C) the relative ability to read and write in everyday situations(D) the inability to read and write in everyday situations7. What is the definition of fouctional illiteracy?(A) It refers to anyone who reads at less than eighth-grade level(B) It refers to anyone who reads at less than twelfth-grade level(C) It refers to anyone who reads at less than tenth-grde level(D) There is no clear definition8. It can be learned from the passage that .(A) Canada and the U.S. have fouctionally illiterate population because they hardly paid any attention to the problem(B) fouctional illiteracy may have been caused at least in part by unsuccessful design of reading tests(C) non-Enish speaking immigrant population constitute the majority of all the fouctionally illiterate(D) it is impractical to determine what fouctional illiteracy really is as different situations set different re-quirements9. It can be inferred frem the passage that .(A) over one-tenth of Americans population have difficulty in using and writing skills in everyday situations(B) in North America nation-wide tests are given to test pupils? fouctional iteracy(C) Canadians are generally at a higher lever of fouctional literacy than Americans are(D) teaching of English reading and writing has turned out toe a failure in Canada and the U.S10. This passage was written mainly to .(A) analyze different definitions of fouctional illiteracy(B) discuss the reasons for fouctional illiteracy(C) compare different ways to get rid of illiteracy(D) introduce the problem of functional illiteracyQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Some people believe that international sport creates good will between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but I recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourages international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic (悲惨的) incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests.One country received its second medals with vilible indignation(愤怒) after the hockey (曲棍球) final. There had been noisy scenes t the end of the hockey match. The losers objecting to the final decisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that that their opponent?s victory was unfair. Their manager wa in a rage when he said, “This wasn?t hockey . Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished. ” The president of the Federtion said later that such behavior could result in the suspension(暂令停止参加) of the team for at least three years.The American basketball team announced that they would yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended I disorder. It was thought at first that the United States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. A Russian player thev thew the ball from one end of the court to the oth-er, and another player player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA had ener lost an Olympic basketball match. An appepl jurydebated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would atand. The American players then voted not to receive the sil-ver medals.Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes shoould compete as individuals, or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.11. According the author, reent Olympic Games have .[A] created goodwill between the nations[B] bted only false national pride[C] barely showed any international friendship[D] led to more and more misunderstanding and hatred12. What did the manager mean by saying, “Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished”?[A] His team would no loger take part in international games[B] Hockey and the Federation are both ruined by the unfair decisions[C] There should by no more hockey mtches organized by the Federation[D] The Federation should be dissolved13. The basketbal example implied that[A] too much patriotism was displayed in the incident[B] the announcment to prolong the match wa wrwng[C] the appeal jury wa too hesitant in makig the decision[D] the American team was right in rejecting the silver medals14. The author gves the two examples in paragraphs 2 and 3 to show .[A] how false national pride led to undesirable incidents ininternational games[B] that sportsmen have been more obedient than they used to be[C] that competitiveness in the games discourages international friendship[D] that unfair decisions are common in Olmpic Games15. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?[A] The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved[B] Athletes should compete as individuals in the Olympic Games[C] sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game[D] International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passageNow the Bush team is pushing hard an idea which is inherited from the Clinton asininistra-tion and which, in some way, build on the debt-relief initiative. For the very poorest coun-tries, America strongly favors maving from loans to grants, though other industrial-country do-nors are still doubtful of the wissom of this. Giving grants, they argue, will cut future aid flows beaause some of the funding for loans on generous terms comes from money which has been repaid(归还) to donors.America takes the view that, since many developing-country loans will never be repaid, mainly because the recipients (接受者) cannot affford to make large payments to their creditors, it makes more sense to treat them as grants in the first place. The Bush administration has threatened to hold up the fouds used for this sort of aid, International Develop-ment Assistance (IDA), if itcannot persuade everyone else to come on boaed. All members talded about having made progress in this area, but it remains a stumbling block.Work is also under way in the IMF and the G7 to reform the international system. This now has two objectives. One is to make it harder for terrorist organizations to obtain funding by cracking down on money-laundering and increasing financial transparency. The other is to reduce the occurrence and severity of financial crises in emerging-market countries. On this American views seem to have prevailed. The G7 meeting on April 19th and 20 ended with an unexpected decision 'to proceed with an American plan to include collective action clauses in fu-ture loans taken out by emerging-market governments. The idea is that in the event of a delay of payment-such as that by Argentina last December-a government could negotiate with a “super-majority” of its creditors to restructure its debts, rather than, as now, have a small mi-nority of creditors a ble to weaken such attempts.This market-based approach is still controversial, and implementing it could be difficult given the previous reluctance of governments to include such calauses in loan contracts (lest they appear to be signaling a readiness to default(拖欠) even as they borrow). Work on IMF paans for more far-reacjomg reforms of supreme debt, on which the Bush team recently appeared to pour cold water, is to proceed at the same time. The two approaches, said the G7, are “com-plementary”.16. According to the passage, America favors moving from loans to grants on the purpose of .[A] making more meoney for the donors[B] relieving debt of the poorest countries[C] solving the problem of poverty completely[D] collecting more money for future aid to other countries17. It can be seen that the undertaking of moving from loans to grants .[A] makes no progress at all [B] makes progress smoothly[C] still face some difficulties [D] achieve its success in near future18. The purpose of the reform of the international financlal systemincludes .[A] relieving the debt of poor countries[B] establishing a global financial market[C] distributing mony more fairly in the world[D] preventing the possible financial crisis and terrorists to raise money through the system19. It can be inferred from para. 3 that present .[A] a country can never expect to reconstruct its debts[B] a country can reconstreuct its debt with the permission of IMF[C] a country in default canot reconstuct its debts without the permission of all of its creditors[D] a country in defanlt can reconstruct its debts by acquiring the permssion of most of its creditors20. The implementing of the market-based approach may get to be smoother if .[A] American does more to help the poor[B] the Bush team doesn?t pour cold water[C] the emerging-market countries try harder[D] the governments of creditors are always ready to restructure the debts of its debtorsPart ⅡCloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C] and [D] on the right side of the paper. Y ou should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Small business owners must accept the bur-dens of entrepreneurship(企业家的职责). Being in business for yourself 21 your full atten-tion. Y ou seldom leave the office or shop at 5 PM.22 do you leave job problems there. They follow you home as business homework. This means less time for your 23 life.The 24 you sought can put you on the 25 . Y ou don?t report to a boss. But you do try as had as possible to serve your. customer. They are your “26 ”. Y ou also have to com-pete with creditors, employees, suppliers, and tax collectors. In other words, you are never really 27 .Samll firms can seldom 28 to hire e-nough employees so that each can specialize. Y ou may have to prepare ads, 29 records, make sales calls, and collect bad debts. Y ou must be able to “wear many hats”. 30 all these tasks takes up lots of time. But you cannot 31 long-range planning. Y ou have to 32 goals and develop plans to meet them. Give too 33 time to management and your business will fail.The major cause of business 34 is poor management. Of every three business that start, two fail . nearly half fail in the first five years. A person with limited talents may be a- ble to hold a job in a large firm because others will pick up the slack(松懈，懈怠). When you are in business 35 yourself, there is no one to “carry you”.Even if your firm 36 , you may still have little money to spend .you may work hard for months and not take a penny out, except for the salary you pay yourself. The reason is you may have to 37 your profits in the firm for long-eterm growth.38 you may need to meet short-term 39 for cash. Y ou may not even be able to draw a salary until the firm becomes a truly going 40 .21. [A] conside [B] acquires [C] requires [D] inquires22. [A] Nor [B] Also [C] So [D] Either23. [A] institutional [B] personal [C] intimate [D] secret24. [A] prosperity [B] property [C] fortne [D] independence25. [A] spot [B] button [C] horizon [D] period26. [A] superior [B] manager [C] boss [D] director27. [A] lucky [B] free [C] relaxed [D] happy28. [A] afford [B] resort [C] grant [D] entitle29. [A] mange [B] break [C] keep [D] establish30. [A] Assuming [B] Marnaging [C] Regulating [D] Performing31. [A] deny [B] discard [C] refuse [D] ncglect32. [A] set [B] construct [C] make [D] create33. [A] few [B] reductron [C] failure [D] slight34. [A] depression [B] reductron [C] failure [D] lack35. [A] by [B] for [C] upon [D] from36. [A] booms [B] succeeds [C] fails [D] enlarges37. [A] reinvest [B] resolve [C] reserve [D] reproduce38. [A] But [B] And [C] While [D] Or39. [A] obligations [B] demands [C] requirements [D] necessaries40. [A] accomplishment [B] charity [C] concern [D] estatePart ⅢV ocabulary and Structure (15%)41. my great surprise, Idiscovered that the watch was broken.(A)To (B)For (C)On (D)With42. As far as the structure is concerned, the house isn?t the price they are ask.(A)worthy (B)worthy of (C)worthwhile (D)worth of43. It?ll be sure beat carrying a lot of water of to boil it at the campsite.(A)to have (B)have (C)having (D)had44.We all know that Mr.Wang is training his son .(A)in real earnest (B)on purpose (C)in an easygoing way(D)out of mind45. They visited many places their stay in shanghai.(A)in (B)for (C)during (D)on46. Astronomers believe that here are small, very cold lumps that stay poised in spacethe furthest planet.(A)beyond (B)before (C)behind (D)below47. I have so much work to do that a holiday for me this year is .(A)in question (B)out of question (C)out of the question (D)at random48. Students generally look their teachers.(A)up (B)up to (C)into (D)until49. The teacher won?t dismiss the class it is time.(A)for (B)if (C)so (D)until50. We countless enemy encirclements and blockades until we finally arrived at our destination.(A) broke through (B)broke with (C)broke into (D)broke in51. Sales of home computer have in recent years.(A)taken in (B)taken off (C)taken for (D)taken from52. Y ou may not believe it, but Einstein is said to have noaptitude language learning when he was young.(A)towards (B)of (C)for (D)with53. During the flood of 1927, the Red Cross out of emergency headquarters in Mississippi, set up temporary shelters for the homeless.(A)operates (B)is operating (C)has operated (D)operating54．As a masterpiece, a work of art must transcend the ideals of the period in which it was created.(A)Ranks (B)The ranking (C)To be randed (D)For being randed55.Of all the factors affecting agricultural yields, weather is the one the most.(A)it influences farmers (B)that influences farme rs(C)farmers that it influenes (D)why farmers influence it56. He was left alone, with to take care of him.(A)someone (B)no one (C)not one (D)anyone57. Bruce and John have arrived, but students in the class aren?t here yet.(A)other (B)the other (C)the others (D)others58. As the chairman will be hospitalized for quite a long time, some one should be appointed chairman.(A)alternative (B)temporary (C)substitute (D)secondary59. If, despite all this, we walk with of realizing our long-cherished dream of rebirth and reconstruction, it is because the conditions for doing so now exist.(A)convince (B)conviction (C)conflict (D)confirmation60. Despite all his efforts and merits, Mr.Smith is not a good teacher.(A)much of (B)adequate to (C)qualified (D)somewhat for61. offering good job prospects and easy living, Atlanta is acity where African Americans have had a chance to express their culture and flourish.(A)Beside (B)Besides (C)Except (D)Except for62. Altough the students dislike the material they are studying right now, their instructor has no to change the syllabus.(A)purpose (B)motivation (C)ambition (D)authority63. His efforts to improve the company have been very .(A)effective (B)efficient (C)efficacious (D)effetively64. looked more affluent, the price could have gone up to 400 rupees.(A)If had I (B)Had I (C)I had (D)I had been65. The travels of Marco Polo in the 12th century would not have been so well knownFor the book he wrote while in jail.(A)it not have been (B)is not been (C)had it ont been (D)has not been66. On entering te office, the teacher canght sight of the gift by his students.(A)was sent (B)being sent (C)sent (D)sending67. Our school singing group is going to give performance next month; don?t moss it.(A)an alive (B)a living (C)a live (D)a life68. The television with my concentration when I was writing.(A)distured (B)interfered (C)troubled (D)bothered69. Children?s clothes have to be strong to hard wear.(A)stand in for (B)stand in to (C)stand up for (D)stand up to70. So that nobody wants to swim in it.(A)the river is dirty (B)dirty is the river(C)is the river dirty (D)dirty the river isPart ⅣTranslation (20%)Professor Arthur Shimamura, of the University of California at Berkeley, says there are three main ways in which mental fouction changes.The forst is mental speed, for example how quickly ypu can react to fast moving incidents on the road. Drivers in their late teens react quickly but tend to drive too fast, while the over sixties are more cautious but rect more sloely. The near-inevitable slowing with age also partly explains why soccer players are seen as old in their thirties, while golf professionals are still in their prime at that age. This type of mental slowing results from a reduction in the efficiency with which the brain?s neurons work.The fact that asults find it harder to learn musical instruments than children points to a second type of mental loss with age – a reduction in learning capacity. The parts of the brain known as the temporal lobes control new learning, and are particulrly vulnerable to the effets of aging. This means that, as we get older, we take longer to learn a new language, are slower to master new routines and technologics at work, and we have to rely more on diaries and other mental ads.‘Working memory’is the third brain system which which is vulnerable to the effect of aging. Working memory is the brain?s …blackboard?, where we juggle from moment to moment the things we have to deep in mind when solving problems, planning tasks an generally organizing our day-to-day life. Absent-mindedness occurs at all ages because of imperaections in the working memory system –so, for instance, you may continually lose your glasses, or find yourself walking into a room of ypur house only to find that you cannot remember what you came for.Such absent-mindedness tends to creep up on us as we ageand occurs because our plans ansd intentions, which are chalked up on the ental blackboard, are easily wiped out by stray thoughts and other distractions. Stress and preoccupation can also cause such absent-mindedness, in addition to age-related changes in the brain. The frontal lobes of the brain –located behind the forehead and above the eyes –ate where the working memory system is located . Like the temporal lobes, which handle new learning, the frontal lobes are more vulnerable to the aging process than other parts of the brain.PartⅤWriting (15%)Directions: For this part, you are required to write a short essay Going Out to See the World. Y ou should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 旅行的好处2. 旅行的弊端3. 你的观点Going Out to See the W orld。
南京大学在职硕士联考2007年10月真题
2007年在职英语试题及答案详解Paper OneDialogue Communication (15 minutes, 15 points}Part I Dialogue CommunicationSection A Dialogue Completion1. Speaker A: I'd like to arrange a meeting to discuss our new plan. Are you free tomorrow?Speaker B: __A. I couldn't agree more.B. I'm quite sure of it.C. If only I hadn't had a prior engagement.D. I'm afraid I'm not available until Friday.2. Speaker A: Professor Lee, can I come to see you about my presentation this evening?Speaker B: __A. Yes. Is 8 o'clock a convenient time?B. Fine. Please come by bus No. 2.C. No. Never mind.D. Oh, That's my pleasure.3. Speaker A: Thank you so much for the wonderful dinner. Tom and I really enjoyed it.Speaker B: __A.I'm glad you made it.B. You're quite welcomeB.I like share with others. D. You’re always best friends.4. Speaker A: Well, I have to get back to the office now. It’s been really nice talking to you.Speaker B: ____ See you.A. Glad to meet you.B. Nice talking to you.C. I'll be right back.D. You shouldn't leave.5. Speaker A: I'm afraid I failed the math exam.Speaker B: ,it's not really that had, is it?A. Oh, yeahB. No wonderC. There nowD. No goodSection B Dialogue Comprehension6. Man: David really has an eye for beauty.Woman: You can say that again.Question: What does the woman mean?A. David has good eyesight.B. She agrees with the man.C. The man should praise David moreD. The man has said too much about David.7. Man: Why do you want to move out? You really have a happy life. I do envy you.Woman: You don't know that I have been over-protected by my mother these years. I want to spread my own wings.Question: What does the woman mean?A. She doesn't love her mother.B. She wants to be independent.C. She actually envies the man.D. She doesn't like family life.8. Woman: Bill, I want to have a few words with you about your performance in class lately.Man: I know I've gone down. I just haven't been studying as much as I ought to.Question: What is Bill's problem?A. He doesn't like to perform in class.B. He doesn't work hard enough.C. He has gone away lately.D. He feels depressed.9. Woman: Are you prepared for the exam tomorrow？Man: Oh, yeah, the exam will be a piece of cake.Question: What does the man mean?A. The woman should take the exam.B. The woman shouldn't be concerned.C. He is not worried about the examD. He enjoys taking exams.10. Man: Are you sure Bob and Tim will come to help today?Woman: No problem. They're men of their words.Question: What does the woman want to tell the man?A: Bob and Tim will keep their promise. B. Bob and Tim are good speakers.C: Bob and Tim will be on the woman's side. D. Bob and Time are very helpful.Part ⅡVocabulary and Structure (20 minutes, 10 points)11. We debated the advantages and disadvantages of filming famous works _____ intended for the theater.A. absolutelyB. conventionallyC. regularlyD. originally12. He said that the medicine the doctor gave him brought to his headache.A. retreatB. recoveryC. reliefD. relaxation13. Sociologists have long recognized that social tensions are __ elements of group life.A. averageB. routineC. normalD. standard14. In the National Zoo we can find __ animals that range from large beasts to small birds.A. a species ofB. a group ofC. a variety ofD. an amount of15. Mary had taken pains to __ that her guests had everything they could possibly want.A. seeB. knowC. feelD. learn16. Most people in the business world were told when they began their careers, not to let theirresume ____ one page.A. expandB. exceedC. exposeD. extend17. A reply will be sent within the next few days along with ____ apology.A. an honestB. an innocentC. a generousD. a sincere18. The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money couldA. keep up withB. stand up forC. put up withD. make up for19. Long-term use of the drug can __ the patient's personality.A. alterB. switchC. exchangeD. substitute20. The volleyball team has had five __ victories in the last three years.A. successiveB. excessiveC. subsequentD. eventual21. A series of attempts __ made, he came to a successful solution of the problem.A. to beB. had beenC. wereD. having been22. Manufacturing is Canada's most important economic activity, 17 percent of the workforce.A. to engageB. being engagedC. engagingD. engaged23. Her remarks left me wondering __ she could have changed so suddenly.A. whenB. howC. whetherD. what24. Caroline could do __ but leave although she would have liked to stay and continue talking with him.A. somethingB. anythingC. everythingD. nothing25. The boy regretted having spent so much time playing when heA. should have studiedB. had studiedC. was to studyD. must study26. It was during the morning rush hour ____ the bomb exploded.A. thatB. whenC. whileD. before27. I've attached my contact information in the recommendation letter__ you have further questions.A. for goodB. in orderC. for fearD. in case28. The boss realized the importance of qualified staff, and urged all __ to participate in the training seminar.A. concerningB. the concerningC. concernedD. the concerned29. As computer systems become even more sophisticated, the methods of those who exploit the technology.A. so too doB. as well asC. likewiseD. therefore30. I was annoyed by my friend who came late for our appointment but did not bother to ask how long IA. waitedB. was waitingC. have waitedD. had been waitingPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40 points)Passage One"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often, it's accompanied by an appeal: “Just think about those starving orphans (孤儿) in Africa!"Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take a few too many bites. Instead of saying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies (肚子). A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story.Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They serve large portions to stand apart from competitors and to give the customers value. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s; the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently, some customers are calling for this too. A restaurant industry trade magazine reported lager month that 57 percent of more than 4 000 people surveyed believed restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion;20 percent disagreed.But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150 000 per year prefer smaller portions. But only 45 percent of those earning less than $ 25 000 want smaller.It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck, happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.31. By saying” Be a member of the clean-plate-club!"(Para. 1) a parent or grandparent is asking the children toA. wash dishes after mealsB. eat all the food on their plateC. save food for the starving AfricansD. reserve food for the future32. According to news reports, US restaurantsA. are partly responsible for the overweight problemB. ignore the government regulations on food amountC. serve two to four times the amount the customers wantD. are partly to blame for the waste of food in America33. US restaurants provide large portions of food becauseA. Almost customers are calling for thatB. they want to win in severe competitionC. the American waistline in expandingD. it is the regulation of the restaurant industry34. According to the passage, working class Americans dining in restaurantsA. eat less to save moneyB. get less on their plateC. want to get their money's value backD. do not care about their health35. A proper title of the passage is __A. Why Restaurants Serve Large PortionsB. Income and Food Portion SizesC. Clean Your PlateD. Less Food on the Plate Is Healthier Passage TwoIt's a typical Snoopy card: cheerful message, bright colors, though a little yellow and faded now. Though I've received fancier, more expensive card over the years, this is the only one I've saved. One summer, it spoke volumes to meI received it during the first June I faced as a widow to raise two teenage daughters alone. In all the emotional confusion of this sudden single parenthood, I was overwhelmed with, of all things,the simplest housework: leaky taps, oil changes, even barbeques(烧烤).Those had always been my husband's jobs. I was embarrassed every time I hit my thumb with a hammer or couldn't get the lawnmower(割草机) started.My uncertain attempts only fueled the fear inside me: How could I be both a father and mother to my girls? Clearly, I lacked the tools and skills.On this particular morning, my girls pushed me into the living room to see something. (I prayed it wasn't another repair job.) The "something" turned out to be an envelope and several wrapped bundles on the carpet. My puzzlement must have been plain as I gazed from the colorful packages to my daughters' bright faces."Go ahead! Open them！"They urged. As I unwrapped the packages, I discovered a small barbecue grill (烧烤架) and all the necessary objects including a green kitchen glove with a frog pattern on it."But why?" I asked."Happy Father's Day]" they shouted together."Moms don't get presents on Father's Day. ' I protested."You forgot to open the card. ' Jane reminded. I pulled it from the envelope. There sat Snoopy, on top of his dog house, merrily wishing me a Happy Father's Day. "Because," the girls said, "you've been a father and mother to us. Why shouldn't you be remembered on Father's Day?"As I fought back tears, I realized they were right, I wanted to be a "professional" dad, who had the latest tools and knew all the tricks of the trade. The girls only wanted a parent they could count on to be there, day after day, performing repeatedly the maintenance tasks of basic care and love.The girls are grown now, and they still send me Father's Day cards, but none of those cards means as much to me as that first one. Its simple message told me being a great parent didn't require any special tools at all--just a willing worker.36. By "it spoke volumes to me", (Par& 1) the mother in the story means the card __A. conveyed significant meanings to herB. aroused great sorrow in herC. brought her pleasant feelingsD. made her feel important37. After her husband's death, the mother found it was the hardest toA. handle the emotional shockB. face the terrible lonelinessC. keep harmony of the familyD. fulfill a male role in the house38. What puzzled the mother when her daughter asked her to see something one morning?A. It was not another repair job this time.B. Both of her daughters looked excited.C. She got gifts at that time of the year.D. The bundles on the floor were wrapped.39. The girls gave their mother a barbecue set probably becauseA. it was what their mother wantedB. it was a proper Father's Day giftC. barbecue was their favorite foodD. they wanted their mother to barbecue40. Which of the following statements is true about the first Father's Day card?A. It made the mother eager to get the latest tools.B. It praised the mother as a professional dad.C. Its fancy design impressed the mother most.D. It showed the girls' appreciation for their mother's love.Passage ThreeWhen foreigners are sometimes asked what seems most strange about American society, somewhere on the top of the list will be the fact the average citizen is allowed to possess guns.Although it is true that many people carry guns legally in the United States, it is also known that many who possess guns carry illegally. Others, who don't have guns, feel that guns can be acquired quite easily. A recent survey indicated that many high school students, especially in the inner cities, can acquire gun with little difficulty.Although most people would never want to own a gun, others have taken up hunting as a sport and enjoy hunting wild game in season Hunting for deer add duck in fall and winter is very much a part of the American cultureAlso, some farmers in rural areas who raise cattle and sheep feel they need to protect their animals against wolves that attack their herds and flocks at night. To defend and support their rights to possess firearms the National Rifle Association (NRA) was founded in 1871. The main importance of this organization has been its efforts to prevent strict gun control legislation. The NRA has great political support in small towns and rural areas, especially in the West and the South, where hunting is especially popular. Those who favor the right to possess guns insist that the Constitution provides the right of people "to keep and bear arms". They believe that gun control laws will not solve the problem of crime and violence in America.Recent events in America, however, have shown that the question of gun possession is now out of control and strong voices have called for immediate action to be taken. In seemingly peaceful schools students have gone into classrooms and opened fire upon their classmates. America has been shocked by such incidents which seem to occur with greater frequency. The periodic deaths of innocent citizens and even foreign visitors from guns have forced legislators to pass laws to stop these senseless killings.The day may not be far off when America will be transformed from a gun culture to one which controls their use and possession.41. What is most unusual about American society?A. Many Americans acquire guns illegally.B. Ordinary people can possess guns legally.C. The average citizen does not try to possess guns.D. Many school children carry guns legally.42. Some Americans defend their possession of guns by arguing that ____.A. deer and duck reproduce too quickly in the countryB. herds and flocks bother farmer at nightC. hunting is part of the American way of lifeD. wolves threaten people's lives in rural areas43. The National Rifle Association was established to ____.A. help strengthen gun control lawsB. unite people who possess gunsC. defend Americans' right to possess gunsD. solve the problem of crime and violence44. Gun possession has become a hot issue in the US because it is ____.A. gathering political supportB. becoming increasingly restrictedC. threatening endangered speciesD. causing serious problems45. The author's attitude towards the US gun culture is____.A. positiveB. negativeC. indifferentD. neutralPassage FourEmotion is a feeling about or reaction to certain important events or thoughts. People enjoy feeling such pleasant emotions as love, happiness, and contentment. They often try to avoid feeling unpleasant emotions, such as loneliness, worry, and grief.Individuals communicate most of their emotions by means of words, a variety of sounds, facial expressions, and gestures. For example, anger causes many people to frown, make a fist, and yell. People learn ways of showing some of their emotions from members of their society,though heredity (遗传) may determine some emotional behavior. Research has shown that different isolated peoples show emotions by means of similar facial expressions.Charles Darwin, famous for the theory of natural selection, also studied emotion. Darwin said in 1872 that emotional behavior originally served both as an aid to survival and as a method of communicating intentions. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions developed in the 1880s, people feel emotions only if aware of their own internal physical reactions to events, such as increased heart rate or blood pressure. But this theory was not upheld by research on cats that had their nervous systems damaged. The cats could not feel their body's internal changes, but they showed normal emotional behavior. John B. Watson, an American psychologist who helped found the school of psychology called behaviorism, observed that babies stimulated by certain events showed three basic emotions--fear, anger, and love. Watson's view has been challenged frequently since he proposed it in 1919.The most widely accepted view is that emotions occur as a complex sequence of events. The sequence begins when a person encounters an important event or thought. The person's interpretation of the encounter determines the feeling that is likely to follow. For example, someone who encounters a bear in the woods would probably interpret the event as dangerous. The sense of danger would cause the individual to feel fear. Each feeling is followed by physical changes and desires to take action, which are responses to the event that started the sequence. Thus, a person who met a bear would probably run away.Several American psychologists independently developed the theory that there are eight basic emotions. These emotions--which can exist at various levels of intensity--are anger, fear, joy, sadness, , acceptance, disgusts, surprise, and interest or curiosity. They combine to form all other emotions, just as certain basic colors produce all others.46. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that those who are born blind ____A. have emotions different from those of sighted personsB. have some facial expression like those of sighted personsC. depend only on words to express their feelingsD. seldom communicate with other people by means of gestures47. The James-Lange theory of emotions ____A. overlooked internal physical reactionsB. exaggerated the function of stimulating eventsC. faced a challenge from counter evidenceD. offered a narrow interpretation of emotions48. In the sequence of events for emotions to occur, which is next to the encounter of an important event?A. Interpretation made.B. Responses produced.C. Feeling stimulated.D. Action taken.49. Emotions are compared to colors because____.A. they are classified in a similar wayB. they have the same influence on people's lifeC. both of them may take on different formsD. both of them may have basic elements mixed in them50. The main purpose of this writing is to ____.A. arouse readers' interest in emotional behaviorsB. help readers enjoy pleasant emotionsC. outline the development of theories about emotionsD. analyze various emotions and physical changesPart Ⅳ Cloze Test (15 minutes,10 points)One of the most convenient and cheapest ways to see America is by riding a Greyhound bus. This interstate bus system connects all major cities in the United States, 51 people with frequent and convenient service. The bus system even has an international service 52 makes connection with cities in Canada and Mexico.Its network even extends to some of the smaller towns and out-of-the-way communities 53 the great interior of the country. Traveling by bus may 54 longer than flying by plane, but the terminals are located in the center of most cities and there is 55 to the downtown area.These buses are comfortable and air-conditioned, They are all equipped with toilets in the rear to 56 the convenience of the passengers, but there are some very severe 57of conduct which are strictly enforced. On all buses 58 is forbidden and the consumption of alcoholic drinks is not allowed.59 bus travel may not be suited to everyone's taste, it affords budget travelers the 60 to see America in comfort and safety and at a leisurely unhurried pace.5I. A. giving B. providing C. offering D. favoring52. A. what B. which C. who D. such53. A. for B. along C. in D. from54. A. spend B. use C. consume D. take55. A. easy access B. fast way C. short path D. direct approach56. A. keep up B. result in C. add to D. look after57. A. terms B. rules C. clauses D. points58. A. smoking B. to smoke C. smoke D. smoker59. A. As B. Whether C. However D. Although60. A. money B. chance C. time D. occasionPaper TwoPart V Translation (30 minutes,10 points)Getting a proper amount of rest is absolutely essential for building your energy resources. If you frequently work far into the night or have a poor sleep, it stands to reason that you may start to feel a little run down. Though everybody is different, most people need at least seven to eight hours of sleep per night in order to function at their best.If you have been lacking energy, try going to bed earlier at night. If you can wake up feeling well-rested, it will be an indication that you are starting to get an appropriate amount of sleep at night. If you sleep more than eight hours every night but still don't feel energetic, you may actually be getting too much sleep.Once in while, you are bound to have nights where you don't get an adequate amount of sleep. When your schedule permits you can also consider taking a short sleep during the day, for sometimes taking a nap is the perfect way to recharge your batteries.Part Ⅵ Writing (30 minutes,15 points)Directions: You are to write in no less than 120 words on the topic” Entering College: Help the Needy Youngsters to Achieve Their Dreams'. Your composition should be based on the Chinese clues given below.中央电视台“圆梦行动”的公益节目旨在动员社会力量捐助贫困学子圆大学之梦。
南京大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
南京大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目名称及代码：英语语言学463适用专业：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学注意：1、所有答案必须写在研究生入学考试答题纸上，写在试卷和其他纸上无效；2、本科目允许/不允许使用无字典存储和编程功能的计算器。
I. Write the international phonetic alphabet for the following words. (12/150)(1) advertisement (2) inventory(3) Indian (4) ignorant(5) demonstrate (6) employee(7) massage (8) mechanism(9) association (10) portray(11) mastery (12) photographerII. For each group of items in the following, point out which item does not fallunder the same category as the rest and explain the reason in ONE sentence.(Write your answers on the answer sheet.) (24/150)(1) A. resolution B. resident C. restartD. resignation[Focus on the pronunciation of "s"](2) A. conquer B. consonant C. winkleD. income[Focus on the pronunciation of "n"](3) A. reiterate B. considerate C. obstinate D. literate [Focus on the pronunciation of "a"](4) A. include B. convey C. attain D. prosper[Focus on the location of the stress](5) A. consist B. marry C. accompany D. contact[Focus on transitivity](6) A. domicile B. purchase C. chuck D. diminutive[Focus on formality)(7) A. lean B. rely C. persist D. hinge[Focus on collocation](8) A. corpulent B. statesman C. slim D. decease 创思英语：[Focus on connotation](9) A. school/college B. move/run C. furniture/table D. mature/ripe[Focus on the type of semantic relation](10) A. threaten B. advise C. beseech D. urge[Focus on the type of illocutionary act](11) A. cookie B. pavement C. gray D. movie[Focus on the geographical origin](12)A. burgle B. fridge C. auto D. math[Focus on the type of word formation]创思英语：III. Which of the following sentences are ambiguous? For those you find ambiguous, paraphrase them so as to illustrate why they are ambiguous. (16/150)(1) This is my colleague. Frank(2) Are you tired of cleaning yourself? Let us do it.(3) In the film. Pat was a witch.(4) He promised me to come next week.(5) Patent medicines are sold by frightening people.(6) Dog for sale: eats anything and is fond of children.(7) I found something interesting on the Internet.创思英语：(8) Killer Sentenced to Die for Second Time in 10 YearsIV. Discuss briefly how the following pairs of sentences are different from each other. (12/150)(1) a. The bees swarmed in the garden. b. The garden swarmed with bees.(2) a. The door does not shut easily. b. John cannot shut the door.(3) a. The stone broke the window. b. The window broke.(4) a. Jack lay on his bed. b. Jack lay in his bed.V. For each of the following sentences, discuss (1) the linguistic problem you find;and (2) a situation in which this sentence might be used. (18/150)(1) I'm the last office on the corridor.创思英语：(2) The cheeseburger didn't order onions.(3) Business is business.(4) Time is the best cure.(5) Maybe your car isn't your car.(6) Golf plays Jack.VI. In English, the suffix "-able" as in "X + able" means "able to be X-ed." (1) Use an example to illustrate this rule. (2) What kind of words can function as "X"? (3) In words like "unthinkable," the suffix -able means more than "able to be X-ed." Think of TWO more words of this type. (12/150)VII.A very large part of language is made up of prefabricated chunks, or, ready-made expressions which do not have to be constructed from individual words each time they are used. Examples of these chunks include "for example," "think of” and "on the whole." (1) Give TWO more examples that you consider to be chunks. (2) Why do you think they are chunks? (3) Why do Chinese students often use "in the campus" rather than the correct form "on campus"? (4) What help does it give you when you use these chunks in your communication? (5) What pedagogical implications can you draw from this mistake? (18/150)VIII. Use ONE sentence to give the reason why we would use "the" in each of the following sentences: (Hint: Where is the item following "the" identified?) (18/150)(1) I do not know the man you have mentioned.(2) Jack had a very good math teacher, but the boy failed the math exam.(3) We should not depend on the government for solving all the problems.(4) I would love this skin if the color is not so bright.创思英语：(5) He is very good at playing the flute.(6) It was pitch black and we couldn't even see the moon.IX. Researchers may ask language learners to "think aloud" when they are reading a passage, that is, to report what goes on in their mind moment by moment. The following is a transcript of such a report by a college student when reading an English passage. Read the transcript and the original reading passage and then fulfill the task that follows. (20/150)Transcript of the reading process创思英语：(1) 这个文章，我先看一下首句是什么，看它是不是符合那种总分结构的文章。
南京大学考研基础英语真题2007年_真题-无答案(349)
南京大学考研基础英语真题2007年(总分150,考试时间90分钟)Part One ComprehensionTask 1: ReadingRead the passage below and then do the exercises that follow.THE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE OF GESTURESOn his first trip to Naples, a well-meaning American tourist thanks his waiter for a good meal well-served by making the "A-Okay" gesture with his thumb and forefinger. The waiter pales and heads for the manager. They seriously discuss calling the police and having the hapless tourist arrested for obscene and offensive public behavior.What happened?Most travelers wouldn"t think of leaving home without a phrase book of some kind, enough of a guide to help them say and understand "là," "Nein," "Grazie" and "Où se trouvent les toilettes?" And yet, while most people are aware that gestures are the **mon form of cross-**munication, they don"t realize that the language of gestures can be just as different, just as regional and just as likely to cause misunderstanding as the spoken word.Consider our puzzled tourist. The thumb-and-forefinger-in-a-circle gesture, a friendly one in America, had an insulting meaning in France and Belgium: "You"re worth zero," while in Greece and Turkey it is an insulting or vulgar sexual invitation.There are, in fact, dozens of gestures that take on totally different meanings as you move from one country or region to another. Is "thumbs up" always a positive gesture? Absolutely not. Does nodding the head up and down always mean "Yes"? No!To make matters even more confusing, many hand movements have no meaning at all, in any country. If you watch television with the sound turned off, or observe a conversation at a distance, you become aware of almost constant motion, especially with the hands and arms. People wave their arms, they shrug, they waggle their fingers, they point, they scratch their chests, they pick their ROSES.These various activities can be divided into three major categories: manipulators, emblems, and illustrators.In a manipulator, one part of the body, usually the hands, rubs, picks, squeezes, cleans or otherwise grooms some other part. These movements have no specific meaning. Manipulators generally increase when people become uncomfortable or occasionally when they are totally relaxed.An emblem is a physical act that can fully take the place of words. Nodding the head up and down in many cultures.is a substitute for saying "Yes". Raising the shoulders and turning the palms upward clearly means "I don"t know", or "I"m not sure".Illustrators are physical acts that help explain what is being said but have no meaning on their own. Waving the arms, raising or lowering the eyebrows, snapping the fingers and pounding the table may enhance or explain the words that accompany them, but they cannot stand alone. People sometimes use illustrators as a pantomime or charade, especially when they can"t think of the right words, or when it"s simply easier to illustrate, as in defining "zigzag" or explaining how to tie a shoe.Thus the same illustrator might accompany a positive statement one moment and a negative one the next. This is not the case with emblems, which have the same precise meaning on all occasions for all members of a group, class, culture or subculture.Emblems are used consciously. The user knows what they mean, unless, of course, he uses them inadvertently. When Nelson Rockefeller raised his middle finger to a heckler, he knew exactly what the gesture meant, and he believed that the person he **municating with knew as well.The three of us are working on a dictionary, of emblems. ...In looking for emblems, we found that it isn"t productive simply to observe **municating with each other, because emblems are used only occasionally. And asking people to describe or identify emblems that are important in their culture is even less productive. Even when we explain the concept clearly, most people find it difficult to recognize and analyze their **munication behavior this way.Instead, we developed a research procedure that has enabled us to identify emblems in cultures as diverse as those of urban Japanese, white, middle-class Americans, the preliterate South Fore people of Papua, natives of New Guinea, Iranians, Israelis and the inhabitants of London, Madrid, Paris, Frankfurt and Rome. The procedure involves three steps.Give a group of people from the same cultural background a series of phrases and ask if they have a gesture or facial expression for each phrase: "What time is it?" "He"s a homosexual." "That"s good". "Yes". And so on. We find that normally, after 10 to 15 people have provided responses, we have catalogued the great majority of the emblems of their culture.Analyze the results. If most of the people cannot supply a "performance" for a verbal message, we discard it.Study the remaining performances further to eliminate inventions and illustrators. Many people are so eager to please that they will invent a gesture on the spot. Americans asked for a gesture for "sawing wood" could certainly oblige, even if they had never considered the request before, but the arm motion they would provide would not be an emblem.To weed out these false emblems, we show other people from the same culture videotapes of the performances by the first group. We ask which are inventions, which are pantomimes and which are symbolic gestures that they have seen before or used themselves. We also ask the people to give us their own meanings for each performanceThe gestures remaining after this second round of interpretations are likely to be the emblems of that particular culture. Using this procedure, we have found three types of emblems:First, popular emblems have the same or similar meanings in several cultures. The side-to-side head motion meaning "No" is a good example.Next, unique emblems have a specific meaning in one culture but none elsewhere. Surprisingly, there seem to be no uniquely American emblems, although other countries provide many examples.For instance, the French gesture of putting one"s fist around the tip of the nose and twisting it to signify, "He"s drunk." is not used elsewhere. The German "good luck" emblem, making two fists with the thumbs inside and pounding an imaginary, table, is unique to that culture.Finally, multi-meaning emblems have one meaning in one culture and a totally different meaning in another. The thumb inserted between the index and third fingers is an invitation to have sex in Germany, Holland and Denmark, but in Portugal and Brazil it is a wish for good luck or protection.The number of emblems in use varies considerably among cultures, from fewer than 60 in the United States to more than 250 in Israel. The difference is understandable, since Israel is composed of recent immigrants from many countries, most of which have their own large emblem vocabularies. In addition, since emblems are helpful in military operations where silence is essential, and all Israelis serve in the armed forces, military service provides both the opportunity and the need to learn new emblems.The kind of emblems used, as well as the number, varies considerably from culture to culture. Some are especially heavy on insults, for instance, while others have a large number of emblems for hunger or sex.Finally, as Desmond Morris documented in his book, Gestures, there are significant regional variations in modem cultures. The findings we describe in this article apply to people in the major urban areas of each country: London, not England as a whole; Paris, not France. Because of the pervasiveness of travel and television, however, an emblem is often known in the countryside even if it is not used there.Questions:1. True or false? Manipulators have meaning independent of the spoken word.A. 正确B. 错误2. True or false? In most cases, emblems are used consciously.A. 正确B. 错误3. True or false? The best way to gather research about gestures is to observe **municating with each other in natural settings.A. 正确B. 错误4. True or false? Emblems do not generally pantomime the action the3) represent.A. 正确B. 错误5. ______ are sometimes used when the speaker can"t think of the right words.6. Rockefeller"s gesture was an example of a (n) ______.7. The author"s "research shows that there are ______ types of emblems."8. When asked for a gesture that meant "sawing wood", Americans sometimes just invented one by making sawing motion with their arm. This is an example of a (n) ______.9. Why does Israel have so many emblems?Task 2: ClozeFill in the blanks with appropriate words where necessary.Scholarship is, 1 definition, a communal act. Disseminating or sharing knowledge makes the work of academic **plete. Consider 2 we always say "research and publication" suggestingthat scholarly investigation takes 3 meaning only when it is passed on to others, which might be considered an act of teaching. Surely, teaching undergraduates can be an authentic form of scholarly work.The simple truth is that almost all of us 4 where we are today because of the inspiration of an inspiring teacher. Yet, on far too many campuses, it is deemed better for a professor to 5 a paper at the Hyatt in Chicago 6 to teach undergraduates back home. And it"s really sad the way we speak 7 research "opportunities" and teaching "loads".Giving teaching such a low priority has a profoundly 8 influence on liberal learning. Young scholars often observe that, 9 of **mitment to general education, the reality is that too much time with students will, in 10 , jeopardize their careers.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.Part Two TranslationTask 1: Translate the underlined sentences into English.1 今年9月10日是中国的教师节，那天我专程到医院去看望了北京大学的老教授季羡林。
南京外国语学校2007年英语综合能力测试试卷
南京外国语学校2007年英语综合能力测试试卷1、本试卷满分150分，考试时间90分钟。
2、请考生用蓝黑色钢笔或圆珠笔答题。
3、请考试用英文或数字答题，将答案写在答题纸相应的位置上。
Part One英语小乐园一、趣味娱乐吧（18分）（一）清凉一“夏”,将小诗补充完整（3分）In autumn,when leaves start to fall,I like to run,jump and kick a b_____.In winter,when there’s lots of snow,The cold winds start to blow and blow.I stay at home and wait for s_____,And the fine weather it’s going to bring.I wait for summer when the sun is hot,Then I can play games and swim a l_____.（二）猜谜语（2分）Answer the following questions with proper words.They call me a man,but I’ll never have a wife.I was given a baby,but not given life.They made me a mouth,but didn’t give me breath(呼吸).Water gives me life and sun brings me death.What am I?__________（三）根据描述填上适当的单词（3分）Is________between the earth and cosmos(宇宙),what color is it?What is the green grass on the ground?(It has5letters)________（四）用所用动词的适当形式填空（5分）A farmer_____（be）tired.He_____（sit）near a tree.A rabbit is running fast.It doesn’t _____（see）the tree.The farmer_____（have）the rabbit.He_____（like not）_____（work）on the farm again.“Let me_____（wait）here.”“Oh,don’t_____（be）afraid of me,my dear rabbit._____（come）here to the tree!”But there_____（not be）rabbit coming.（五）名人档案从方框中所给的词或词组中选出最恰当的10个动词,并用其适当的形式完成下文.（每个词或者词组只可用一次）（5分）Hua Luogeng was born in a poor family in Jiangsu Province on November12th,1910.He did not____1____good marks in the primary school（小学）.While in the junior high school, he began to____2____his great interest in maths.His maths teacher____3____that he was a creative(有创造力的)thinker.In1925,he finished his junior high school,but he did not ____4____enough money to keep on studying in a senior high school（高级中学）.He had togo to a vocational school（职业学校）in Shanghai.In1927he went back to his hometown.He ____5____his father work in his grocery（食品杂货店）.At the same time,he____6____maths by himself.Sometimes when he was solving a maths problem,he forgot to____7____the customers（顾客）.They made fun of him and gave him a nickname（绰号）“blockhead(呆子).”When he was18years old,he decided to study maths for the rest of his life.With the help of a professor in Tsinghua University,Hua Luogeng____8____to work there. He studied and listened to classes while working.In1936he went to Cambridge University（剑桥大学）to study.He____9____with many world famous mathematicians（数学家）and published many articles.He____10____a founder in many areas（领域）of maths later on.二、智能英语（38分）（一）开动小脑筋,用一个英语单词或者数字回答以下问题.（10分）1.What is a lovable（可爱）animal living in Sichuan that eats bamboo（竹子）?________2.How many stars are there in the Chinese national flag?________3.What musical instrument（乐器）does Langlang perform（演奏）with112332165?________4.What does ninety-eight add eighteen minus eighty-five equal（等于）?________5.What does Zhuge Liang borrow the arrow（箭）with?________6.In the dynasty of the Three Kingdoms,there were about15950920persons,and China has1300000000persons now.How many times is the population between the two periods?________7.When I planed to get up in the morning to go to school,it’s already8o’clock.It usually takes me30minutes to get to school.When should I get to school?________8.How many skeletons（骨骼）do we have?________9.Who painted the Mona Lisa?________10.What animal does a sphinx（狮身人面像）have the body of?________（二）Choose the correct answer（18分）1.In winter,the day is________the night.A longer thanB shorter thanC as long as2.Who is the first person to invent light?A GalileoB NewtonC Edison3.Which of the following is a month with thirty days?A AugustB SeptemberC March4.How many people are there on a soccer team?A tenB elevenC twelve5.Which of the following is a primary color(三原色)?A yellowB greenC purple6.A boy kicks a ball on the road,what is prone to happen（发生）?A EarthquakeB ConflagrationC Traffic accident（车祸）7.In the poem（诗）of《Farewell Meng Haoran to Guangling in Huanghelou》,where does Meng Haoran come from and what is his destination?________A Wuhan-YangzhouB Yangzhou-The West LakeC Yangzhou-ChongqingD Yangzhou-Wuhan8.In《晓得净慈寺送林子方》,which plant is involved（涉及）?________A Lotus flowerB RoseC Sunflower9.Father’s day is________A third Sunday on MayB the third Sunday on MayC the second Sunday in AugustD the Sunday in June10.If you want to draw a straight line,you must use it.What is it?It is a________A pencilB penC rulerD knife11.At what temperature（温度）does water freeze（结冰）?A4°C B0°C以下C10°C12.John is twenty years old now.He may have about_________teeth in his mouth?A18-20B28-30C38-4013.The cloud is my mother.The wind is my father.My son is the cool stream（溪流）,and mydaughter is the fruit of the land,and I’m both good and bad for man.Who am I?A WeatherB WaterC RainD Ice14.Mickey mouse was born in________A ChinaB AmericanC Japan15.In the29th Olympic Games,China got________gold medals.A51B52C100D4816.This year is Macau’s return________anniversary（周年）A12th B10th C11th17.Which city is different from the others?A LondonB RomeC BeijingD TokyoE New YorkF Moscow18.Joan’s husband is the grandpa of my son,I am________.A Joan’s grandsonB Joan’s sonC Joan’s fatherD Joan’s grandpa（三）Mickey Mouse（10分）People usually don’t like mice.But one mouse has been one of the most famous film stars in the__1__.That is the well-known Mickey Mouse.One night a man called Walt Disney was drawing.Suddenly he heard a strange sound.The sound came__2__the water-basket.Walt went over and saw a__3__of mice eating pieces of bread in it.For many times,they played there.Walt began to__4__them.Walt liked one little mouse better than the others.This little__5__gave him some new__6__for his drawing.He started to__7__it.But in the picture,it looked__8__like a funny man__9__a mouse.Walt wanted to make the little mouse__9__in his pictures and soon it was able to ter he named it Mickey Mouse.And Mickey Mouse soon became very popular among old and__10__ people.（）1.A.world B.country C.city D.town（）2.A.at B.to C.into D.from（）3.A.line B.row C.family D.basket（）4.A.like B.hate C.kill D.catch（）5.A.animals B.cat C.dog D.chick（）6.A.pictures B.mice C.animals D.ideas（）7.A.Look at B.draw C.catch D.kill（）8.A.as B.to C.than D.then（）9.A.big B.small C.lovely D.had（）10.A.men B.children C.people D.youngPart Two 智力大冲浪（共计42分）一、观察想象（5分）1.按规律填空2.按规律填空3.按规律填空4.按规律填空4936423215.Find out the missing number:4325953111175（?）6.Can you find out which three numbers can make a sum of 105when added together?175331944629778______________二、研究选择（6分）1.A man is 40years old,and his son is 13.How long ago was his age four times （倍）than his son’s?A.3years agoB.4years agoC.5years agoD.6years ago2.There are eight hundred women in a village in Africa （非洲）.3%of them wear one ring on theirears.Half of the rest wear a pair of rings and the other half have no rings on at all.How many rings are there in all?A.97B.800C.100D.1603.Tom ran once around a ring track（环形跑道）,which is360meters.During the first half of the whole time,his speed was5meters every second.During the second half,his speed was4 meters every second.How many seconds did he spend on the second half of the whole way?A.90secondsB.44secondsC.42secondsD.36seconds三、探究思考.（27分）1.Mike has some apples and schoolbags,and puts an apple into a schoolbag,an apple left.If he puts three apples in every schoolbag,then five schoolbags are left over.How many schoolbags does Mike have?1.The dad has3daughters.Their ages’products are1680,and age sum is dad’s age.Dad’s ageis less than42and is a prime number（素数）.What is dad’s age?2.A man can walk75centimeters every step;every time he moves forward5steps and willmove backward a step.If walking24meters,how many steps dose he walk？4.My grandmother is60years old and is five times older than me.How old am I this year?5.Two trains with the equal（相等）length（长度）go in opposite（相对）direction,the sum of their speed is180km/h.They spend5seconds passing through each other.What is the length of a train?6.After the earthquake,the students of Class2Grade6in Bright Primary school in Nanjing donate（捐款）3001yuan for a primary school in the disaster area.The25boy students of Class2 Grade6donate50yuan averagely（平均）.Girl students are fewer than boy students.How much yuan does the girl student donate averagely？7.On a large piece of paper,Dana creates a“rectangular spiral”by drawing line segments of lengths,in cm,of1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,…as shown.Dana’s pen runs out of ink after he has drawn all the lengths.The total of which is3000cm.What is the length of the longest line segment that Dana draws？8.There are60birds in the trees,After a while,4birds fly to the second tree from the first tree and 7birds fly to the third tree from the second tree.Then there are20birds in every tree.Do you know how many birds are there in every tree at first?9.Tuesday’s high temperature was40C warmer than that of Monday’s.Wednesday’s high temperature was60C cooler than Monday’s.If Tuesday’s high temperature was220C,what was Wednesday’s high temperature?（四）分析推理（4分）1.Seven students are guessing what day it is today.The first student says it is Wednesday.The second student says it will be Wednesday the day after tomorrow.The third says it is Wednesday tomorrow.The fourth says it is not Monday today and it is not Tuesday or Wednesday,either.The fifth says it was Thursday yesterday.The sixth says it was not Saturday yesterday.The last one says it will be Thursday tomorrow.Only one of the students is right.What day is it？3.There are three people:A,B and C.One is a doctor;One is a nurse and the third is a patient;Cis older than the patient;A and the nurse are at the same age;the nurse is younger than B.________is the doctor;________is the nurse;________is the patient.Part Three科学我知道（共计10分）一、走进科学（5分）The solar system is made up of the sun,and the planets or other bodies that rotate（旋转）around it.The solar system we live in is made up of our sun.Nine planets and other orbiting bodies like moons,comets（彗星）,and asteroids（小行星）.Study this map of our solar system.Then answer the questions at the bottom of the page.1._______is the planet that is farthest away from the sun.2.________is the largest planet.3.________and________are larger than the Earth.4.________is the planet that is closest to the sun.5.________and________are earth’s nearest planetary（行星）neighbors.二、科普长廊（5分）Light travels very fast.It moves at a speed（速度）of300,000kilometers（千米）per second （秒）.Light reaches(=gets to)us from the moon in less than a second and a half.The moon is almost382,000kilometers away.The sun is about149,840,000kilometers away from the earth.The other stars are farther away than the sun.Light from the nearest star（恒星）reaches us in about4years.It takes hundreds of years for light from some other stars to reach us.Astronomers （天文学家）watch the stars through big telescopes.The world’s biggest telescope is in Russia. With these great telescopes astronomers can see stars and other planets（行星）very far away.1.The light of the sun reaches us in________.()A.8.5minutesB.a second and a halfC.hundreds of yearsD.4years2.Light from the nearest star reaches in about________.()A.an hourB.2yearsC.4daysD.4years3.The word“telescope”means________in Chinese.()A.太阳镜B.放大镜C.显微镜D.望远镜4.The light of the moon reaches us in________that of the sun.()A.the same time asB.less time thanC.more time thanD.equal(相等)time to5.With telescopes astronomers can________.()A.know the speed of the lightB.see farther away into the universeC.see the biggest star in RussiaD.find living things in the universe（宇宙）Part Four阅读与欣赏（共计42分）一、世界英语热Students in many countries are learning English.Some of these students are small children. Others are teenagers(少年).Many are adults(成年人).Some learn at school,others by themselves.A few learn English by hearing the language over the radio,on TV,or in films.One must work hard to learn another language.Why do all these people want to learn English?It is difficult to answer this question.Many boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their subjects required(要求)for study. They study their own language,maths and English.Some people learn it because it is useful for their work.Many people learn English for their higher studies,because in college or university （大学）some of their books are in English.Other people learn English because they want to read newspapers,magazines（杂志）in English.1.People learn English________.A.at schoolB.over the radioC.on TVD.not all in the same way2.It is________to answer why so many people want to learn English.A.hardB.easyC.pleasedD.angry3.Different kinds of people want to learn English________.A.together with other subjectsB.for different reasonsC.for their workD.for higher studies at colleges4.From this passage we know that________.A.we can learn English easilyB.English is very difficult to learnC.English is learned by most people in the worldD.English is a useful language but one must work hard to learn it5.Which of the following is RIGHT?A.We don't need to learn any foreign language.B.We can do well in all our work without English.C.English is the most important subject in schools.D.We should learn English because we need to face the world.二、了解美国American schools begin in September after a long summer holiday.There are two terms in a school year.The first term is from September to January,and the second term is from February to June.Most American children begin to go to school when they are five years old.Most students are seventeen or eighteen years old when they finish high school.High school students take only four or five subjects each term.After class they can do many interesting things.After high school,many students go to college.They can go to a small or a large one.They usually have to give a lot of money for their studies.So many college students work after class to make money for their studies.1.In America,summer holidays begin in________.A.SeptemberB.JulyC.MayD.February2.Most American children go to school at the age of________.A.fiveB.sevenC.seventeenD.eighteen3.________have to pay much money for their studies.A.High school studentsB.American childrenC.All the studentsD.College students4.Many students can go to a____college.A.small and largeB.small or largeC.near and farD.near or far5.Which is not true in the passage?A.The high school students have only4or5subjects each term.B.The students do many interesting things after class.C.The students can get money after school.D.There are three terms in a school year.三、图表信息Train No.From To Departure（离开）TimeArrival（到达）Time11Beijing Shenyang6:3517:50 186Chengdu Taiyuan22:505:05 185Taiyuan Chengdu13:0919:30 271Tianjin Beijing8:3510:211.The train from Beijing to Shenyang leaves at________.A.5:05B.6:35C.8:35D.17:502.We have to spend________on the train if we go to Shenyang from Beijing.A.17hours and50minutesB.24hours and25minutesC.6hours and35minutesD.11hours and15minutes3.If you want go to Chengdu from Taiyuan you can take the________train.A.No.11B.No.185C.No.186D.No.2714.The No.186train arrives in Taiyuan________.A.10:50amB.10:50pmC.5:05amD.5:05pm5.It takes________from Tianjin to Beijing by train.A.about two hoursB.half an hourC.about an hourD.more than two hours四、Mary’s plan for next weekMonday7:30go to the cinema with AliceTuesday11:00doctorWednesday9:00table tennis game;evening-study for examThursday8:30concertFriday Afternoon—help Uncle Sam in his restaurantSaturday9:00—10:30art class14:00visit grandmotherSunday20:00supper with Betty and AnnPeter’s plan for next weekMonday3:00p.m.study group meetingTuesday4:30p.m.basketball matchWednesday2:00p.m.go to see some friendsThursday noon,lunch with LarryFriday2:00—4:00p.m.volunteer(志愿者)work@Student Centre Saturday10:00a.m.ShoppingSunday9:00p.m.Basketball team party1.Peter’s study group meeting will be on______.A.Saturday morningB.Monday afternoonC.Saturday eveningD.Friday afternoon2.From Peter’s plan we learn that Peter likes______.A.table tennisB.musicC.artD.basketball3.On Sunday morning Mary will______.A.be freeB.be busyC.see the doctorD.go shopping4.What will Mary do on Wednesday evening?A.See her friendsB.Play basketballC.Go to her art classD.Prepare for an exam五、端午起源（抱歉！该题内容已丢失。
基础英语
安徽大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学试题试题名称：基础英语试题代码：608（所有答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试卷或草稿纸上一律无效）plete each of the following sentences with the most likely answer(20points)：1.It is necessary that an efficient worker_________his work on time.A.accomplishesB.can accomplishC.accomplishD.will accomplish2.Wi1liam is very hardworking,but his pay is not__________for his work.A.enough goodB.good enoughC.as good enoughD.good as enough3.I didn't call the hotel to make a room reservation,but I___________.A.may haveB.must haveC.should haveD.shall havend belongs to the city；there is__________things as private ownership of1and.A.not such aB.not suchC.not such anyD.no such5.Since the family are moving to a new house,they have to buy new furniture.A.a lot ofB.manyC.a fewD.quite a few6.If talks for the new trade agreements take________,food industries in both countries will beseriously affected.A.much too longB.too much1ongerC.too much longD.much long7.We___________the visitor with an apartment,but he specifically asked for a single room.A.could provideB.could have providedC.couldn't provideD.couldn't have provided8._____________,he would not have recovered so quicklyA.Hadn't he been taken good care ofB.Had he not been taken good care ofC.Had not he been taken good care ofD.Had he been not taken good care of9.It was not until midnight_____________the camping site.A.that they reachedB.that they did not reachC.did they reachD.did they not reach10.Only by increasing its exports drastically__________from the present trade imbalanceA.the country can emergeB.the country can emergeC.can the country emergeD.the country has emerged11.If the temperature of the reactor___________500degrees higher,meltdown would have occurred.A.wasB.had beenC.was beingD.had12.The said"It's time you__________the literature review."A.beganB.should beginC.beginD.are beginning13.Y ou________the experiment twice,not once.A.haven't carried outB.shouldn't have carried outC.should have carried outD.might have carried out14.___________the right answer I would have got full marks in the exam.A.If I would have knownB.If I’1l knowC.Had I knownD.If I was knowing15.__________producing methane,the process also produces carboft monoxide.A.ApartB.As wellC.BesidesD.In addition 16．Einstein,____________challenged our ways of seeing the universe,did not learn to read untilhe was ten.A.which theoriesB.that his theoriesC.whose theoriesD.who theories17.The shop has sold many refrigerators of this kind and the rest____________on sale today.A.isB.hasC.haveD.are18.The petrol station lies within__________of victoria's farm.A.fifteen-minute-driveB.fiftteen minutes'driveC.fifteen minute's driveD.fifteen minutes drive19.This leather purse is too expensive；that one is too cheap,___________the leather purses issatisfactory.A.neither0fB.both ofC.either ofD.none of20.Bill____________as Mark.A.doesn't run so fastB.runs not so fastC.doesn't run fasterD.runs less fast21.Ian studies harder than___________in our class.A.allB.everyoneC.anyone elseD.any other22.Nobody saw the CEO at the conference；he__________at it.A.couldn't have spokenB.couldn't speakC.mustn't have spokenD.shouldn't have spoken23.The line is busy；someone_____________the telephone.A.must useB.must be usingC.must have been usingD.has been using24.___________for his timely help,I could not have completed my project in time.A.If it was notB.If it were notC.Had it not beenD.Were it not25.How about us__________a concert at the weekend?A.to go toB.going toC.go toD.to be going to26.__________,the glass would break into piecesA.If having handled carelesslyB.To handle carelesslyC.Handling carelesslyD.If handled carelessly27.Now Tim regrets___________hard enough while at university.A.not to workB.having not workedC.not having workedD.not have worked28.The bed sheets and pillows will want__________,I suppose.A.washingB.to washC.being washedD.to have washed29.A hundred dollars___________not buy as much as__________used to.A.do...theyB.does...itC.does...thatD.do...it30.__________goes to the seminar will find it really interesting and informative.A.No matter whoB.WhoeverC.WhomeverD.No matter which31.These photos wi1l show you___________.A.what does our university look1ikeB.what our university looks likeC.how does our university look1ikeD.how our university looks like32．__________John won the first prize at the speech contest made the who1e class very excited.A.HowB.WhatC.ThatD.Whether33.ML Johnson said that Beijing was the first city_______he had visited in China.A.whereB.whichC.thatD.what34.Neither Tim nor I had ever heard of,let alone such a fascinating book.A.seeB.to seeC.seeingD.seen35.You must have waited for me for a1ong time,________?A.mustn’t youB.needn’t youC.didn’t youD.haven't you36.Mr.Clark seldom spends the weekend with his family,___________?A.hasn’t heB.has heC.does heD.doesn't he37._________about the food in the restaurant,but it broke the window.A.She did not only complainB.Not only she complainC.Not only did she complainD.She not only did complain38.I hadn't expected George to apologize but I had hoped___________.A.him to phone meB.that he would phone meC.him phoning meD.him phone me39.—What does your new car1ook like?—It is similar in shape_________yours.A.withB.likeC.asD.to40.Not until late in the evening____________.A.did the campers put up their tentsB.the campers put up their tentsC.the campers did put up their tentsD.the campers had put up their tentsplete each sentence with the appropriate form of the word provided in the parelltheses(20points)：1.The local people admired the soldiers for their courage and_________.(endure)2.It began to rain,so he took out his umbrella and__________.(fold)3.The football player has been__________from me forthcoming match because of his badConduct in last week's match.(qualify)4.People now fear that the ozone layer may be_________damaged.(reverse)5.It is difficult to prove__________that such treatment is beneficial.(conclude)6._____________he fell ill last night,so he didn't go to the theater.(fonunate)7.At the school sports meet,the boys in Class one finished the race with________.(easy)8.His Chinese___________has enabled him to receive free school education.(citizen)9.No one cant think of a good________to the problem.(solve)10.Though certain accidents are__________,we call still try our best to prevent them fromhappening.(avoid)11．We all have social__________to take on.(oblige)12．__________,he was one of the best students in the class.(doubt)13.There was a pile of_________books in the corner.(assort)14.The man's_________is well known in the neighborhood.(eccentric)15.In the early1950's,computers were expensive and__________.(rely)16.Mary has been given no________as to what to write for the second assignment.(direct)17.Parents are complaining about the__________of education facilities in their community.(adequate)18.It is__________to plant trees too early.(advise)19.she ran up the stairs with her light_________step.(grace)20.People were surprised to find out that the newly-opened shop was devoted to such________as rubber fruits,explosive cigars,etc.(odd)III.Put in the missing words with initial letters given(15points)：As most schools are set up today,learning is compulsory.It is an ought,even worse,a[1]M_______enforced by regular hours and rigid discipline.And the young sneer at the[2]Q and resist the Musts with all their energy.The feeling often lasts[3]t a lifetime.For too many of us,1earnling appears to be a surrender of our[4]o will to externa1directions a sort of enslavement.This is a mistake learning is a[5]n pleasure,inborn and instinctive,one of the essential pleasures of the human race.[6]W a small child,at an age too young to have had any mental habits implanted[7]b training.some delightful films made by the late Dr.Arnold Gesell of Yale[8]u show little creatures who can barely talk investigating problems with all the zeal[9]a excitement of explorers,making discoveries with the passion and absorption[10]o__________ dedicated scientists.At the end of each successful investigation,[11]t comes over each tiny face an expression of pure heart-felt pleasure when Archimedes[12]d_the principle of specific gravity by observing his own displacement of[13]w in a bathtub,he leaped out with delight, shouting,"Eureka,Eureka!"(“I have fond it,I have found it!")the instinct[14]w prompted his outburst,and the joy of[15]i gratification,are possessed by all children.IV.Give synonyms and antonyms of the following(20points)：A.Give synonyms1.beget2.chide3.forgo4.gird5.wring6.impediment7.fo11y8.elusive9.belligerent l0.1estB.Give antonyms1.hideous2.pre-war3.ascend4.premise5.Edible6.pro-British7.fallible8.disperse9.clemency10.dwindleV.Fill in the blank with the word that you think is the most appropriate one from the four choices given below.(20points)：1．Underneath her__________of haughtiness,she is actually kindhearted and good-natured A．pretend B．wrapping C．veneer D．coverage2．Everyone was shocked by the__________remarks made by the young man while the will was being read．A．juicy B.flirtatious C．saucy D．irresponsible3．I don’t care for the_________shyness the mariposa lily has.A．uncanny B.intangible C．ambiguous D．ambivalent4．As it__________the effects of high temperatures，rhenium is a valuable ingredient in certain alloys.A．resists B．wifhho1ds C．reduces D．discharges5．Almost any so1id_______can be called dust if it is light enough to f1oat in the air．A．waste B．spot C．metal D．speck6．In ancient China，thunder was believed to be a manifestation of the________of the gods.A．spirit B．power C．wrath D．sorrow7．The boy became furious when he realized how he had been________out of his money．A．deceived B．deprived C．robbed D．tricked8．Proper exercises play an important role in the________of patients with various back ailments.A．rehabilitation B．operation C．relaxation D．habit9．The most___________of all O1ympic events is the decathlon．A．creative B．excited C．gruesome D．grueling10．We heard wolves__________mournfully somewhere nearby in the completely dark forest．A．barking B．roaring C．howling D．growling11．He blew out the candle and__________his way to the door.A．converged B．groped C．strove D．wrenched12．Astronauts are__________a11kinds of tests before they are actually sent up in a spacecraft．A．inclined to B．subjected to C．prone to D．bound to13．A11the ceremonies at the2000Olympic Games had a unique Australian flavor,_________ of their multicultural communities．A．noticeable B．indicative C．conspicuous D．implicit14．A1l the guests were invited to attend the wedding__________and had a very good time．A．feast B．festival C．congratulations D．recreation15．Although the model looks good on the surface,it will not bear close_______．A．temperament B．scrutiny C．comaminafion D．symmetry16．Once you get to know your mistakes，you should__________them as soon as possible.A．rectify B．refrain C.reclaim D．reckon17．The prison guards were armed and ready to shoot if______in anyway．A．intervened B．provoked C．incurred D．poked18.His use of color，light and form quickly departed from the conventional style of his________as he developed his own technique．A．descendents B．successors C．predecessors D．ancestors19．They were____________in their scientific research,not knowing what happened just outside their lab.A．submerged B．immersed C．drowned D．dipped20．He said that they had_________been obliged to give up the scheme for the1ack of support．A．gravely B．forcibly C．regrettably D．GraciouslyVI．Explain the meaning of the underlined word or phrase(20points)：1．When the secretary said that the report would be ready by Thursday,the boss told her to take her time．2．The outstanding records and achievements in human personality in letters，in science，in the fine arts,and in human institutions,are a11present．3.If Dorothy helped you，you'd finish the report in no time.4.It used also to be widely believed that effective rewards，at least in the early stages，hadto be directly related to such basic physiological drives as thirst and hunger．5.Unless checked insects can multiply very rapidly when conditions are in their favor.6.All the actors know the play backwards.7.In this novella,The old Man and the Sea，Eamest Hemingway celebrates the indomitable courage ofan elderly fisherman.8．I don't care much for horror movies as a rule.9．When the pianist had finished，the audience stood up and gave him a big hand10.In major operations，a patient can be under for a couple of hoursVII．Paraphrase the underlined sentences in the following passage.(20points)：The Selling of the PresidentBack in1960s,when the role of advertising and PR in po1itics first became apparent,Life magazine quoted one campaign strategist as saying,"I can elect any person to office if he has$60,000,an IQ of at least120,and can keep his mouth shut."Since the l896campaign,the election of a President has been determined1argely by the ability of information specialists to generate favorable publicity．In recent years,that publicity has been supplanted by heavy spot buying on electronic media．So many factors are involved in choosing a President that it is hard to say with any real empirical confidence how important any single medium is.The most talked-about medium in American politics is television．Highly publicized debates between candidates in1960,1976,and1980appear to have affected the outcomes.Richard Nixon the early favorite would probably not have lost to Kennedy were it not for his poor showing on TV similarly the1976debates probably clinched Jimmy Carter's narrow victory over Gerald Ford,and Ronald Reagan appeared to be the victor in the1980debates.Yet there were other elections where,according to political analyst Edward Chester,no amount of TV exposure could have changed the outcome:Goldwater versus Johnson in l964and Nixon vetsus McGovern in1972.[1]Television commercials seem to work best in close elections or in those where there is a large undecided vote.According to the Associated Press,Ford's TV spots during the1976 campaign probably swung over100,000undecided voters a day during the last few months of the campaign．What effect does television have on the candidates themselves?[2]It dictates priorities that are different from those of an earlier day.The physical appearance of the candidate is increasingly important. Does he or she look fit,well-rested,secure?Losing candidates like Adlai Stevenson,Hubert Humphrey, and Richard Nixon all seemed to look"bad"on TV.Nixon overcame this problem in l972with ads that featured longer shots of him being"presidential"-flying off to China.Close-ups were avoided．Both John F.Kennedy and Jimmy Carter seemed more at home will the medium,perhaps because both were youthful,informal,and physically active outdoor types.Dwight Eisenhower and Lyndon Johnson seemed to have a paternal,fatherly image on the small screen.[3]All of the recent Presidents have learned how to use the medium to their advantage to"stage"events so as to receive maximum favorable coverage.This has added to the already awesome power of the incurebericy.Television has changed the importance of issues.[4]It can be argued that since the1960presidential debates we have elected people,not platforms.This is a major departure from ear1ier years.Franklin Roosevelt's radio charisma cannot be denied,but he was swept to power by one issue---he Great Depression．All the print information we now receive is simpler and more condensed than ever before.Issues and print go together.Television is images，not issues．We develop a more personal，emotional feeling about the candidates.Jimmy Carter's spectacular rise to power was a testament to this new image orientation.No one really knew what he was going to do when he took office,since his entire campaign had been geared toward developing a relationship of trust with the electorate."Trust me,”he said."I'll never lie to you."A more recent example was the election of Reagan in1980.For some this represented the ultimate television victory.After all,what other country can claim that it has actually elected an Actor President?It can be argued that Americans were tired of Carter and that Reagan simply offered an alternative.Yet throughout the campaign he offered us a media vision of a"shining city on a hill."And what about his constant references to John Wayne,one of the"Last great Americans?"My father,a long-time politicianin Southern California,has a favorite saving——"The worst thing a candidate can do is get bogged down in the issues."This trend has alarmed countless media critics.Politicians,newscasters,and others have stood in line to denounce it.They assert that the important thing is what candidates stand for,not the candidates themselves,Almost everyone seems to agree that television has been detrimental to American politics:it has clouded the issues and confused the electorate.Media researchers Thomas E．Parterson and Robert D.McClure say the power of TV has been over rated and that(1)"Viewers of the nightly network newscasters learn almost nothing of importance about a presidential election,”and(2)"People are not taken in by advertising hyperbole and imagery,exposure to televised ads has no effect on voters'images of the Candidates.”I disagree on both accounts.If the Watergate mess proved anything，it was that we need a President we are conformable with,one we feel we know and can trust．Print afforded us no opportunity to get a"feel'"for the Person.We could study the issues，read the speeches，yes----but how would we"know",the candidates as we might a neighbor or casual acquaintance?Television(and television advertising)provides an audio visual record of the candidate under all sorts of circumstances．It is with that knowledge that we can choose someone of integrity,least someone with honorable intentions．Of course,TV cannot guarantee honest candidates，but we rejected Richard Nixon.In l960and we might have again had he not so successfully avoided any informal coverage.[5]once he was President,it was the intimate nature of the medium that helped bring him down.Even his well-rehearsed Watergate denials wouldn't work.He would sit there,surrounded by flags and piles of transcripts,and swear he was innocent.Yet the profuse swear he was sweat on his brow and the look in his eyes seemed to confirm his guilt.Issues come and go,but the people to the presidency.In this fast-moving information environment, today's burning issue is tomorrow's historical footnote.It's far more important to develop a sense of what kind of person we are electing to the nation's highest office.Television affords us that opportunity in a way no other medium can.VI．Proofread the following passage and correct the errors(15point.):Direction:For a wrong word，underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line；for a missing word，mark the position of the missing word with a"^"sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line；for an unnecessary word,cross the unnecessary word with a slash"／"and put the word in the blank.Lately,many computer suppliers are claiming that theirsystems are"Open"．But Open to what?Your computerenvironment，or theirs?This question is a valid one．Computers should workwith systems already in the place,your existing investment，[1]_________and with systems yet to come:your future investment．It's a big assignment-interoperability-enabling informationto move free across different computer environments．[2]_________ Unisys is a pioneer at delivering information solutionsOver open information networks and is the first to appreciate[3]_________that Open Systems are only one step on the road interoperability．[4]_________"No supplier is doing more to respond to its customers'requirements for interoperability across its entire product linethen Unisys,"report major computer industry analysts，Aberdeen[5]_________ Group．Let us suggest a simple test.Ask your computer providersif their commitment of interoperability appliers to a few of their[6]_________ offerings or to all of them．Ask if their commitment ends withUNIX and PC operating systems or are fundamental to their[7]_________ systems architecture and corporate strategy．Total commitmentto interoperability puts Unisys at the head of the industry,andour customers an edge over their competitors．[8]_________ 1t's all part of our focus on the customer.And it's aprime reason that60,000Unisys customers in more than[9]_________ 100countries rely on us for solutions to fit their individualneeds．Call your nearest Unisys office or Open Systems Center，otherwise let us open your eyes to open solutions to fit your needs．[10]_________。
2007年全国攻读工商管理硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
2007年全国攻读工商管理硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Section II Cloze (10 points)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Advancing age means losing your hair, your waistline and your memory, right ? Dana Denis is just 40 years old, but 21 she’s worried about what she calls’ my rolling mental blackouts.‖ ‖I try to remember something and I just blank out,‖ she saysY ou may 22 about these lapses, calling them ― senior moments ‖or blaming "early Alzheimer’s (老年痴呆症).‖Is it an inescapable fact that the older you get, the 23 you remember? Well, sort of. But as time goes by, we tend to blameage 24 problems that are not necessarily age—related.―When a teenager can’t find her keys, she thinks it's because she’s distracted or disorganized,‖ says Paul Gold. ―A 70-year-old blames her 25 .‖In fact, the 70-year-old may have been 26 things for decades.In healthy people, memory doesn’t worsen as27 as many of us think. ―As we28 ,the mem ory mechanism isn’t29 ,‖says psychologist Fergus Craik.‖It’s just inefficient.‖The brain’s processing30 slows down over the years, though no one knows exactly 31. Recent research suggests that nerve cells lose efficiency and 32 there’s less activity in the brain. But, cautions Barry Gordon,‖ It's not clear that less activity is33 .A beginning athlete is winded（气喘吁吁）more easily than a 34 athlete. In the same way, 35 the brain gets more skilled at a task, It expends less energy on it.‖There are 36 you can take to compensate for normal slippage in your memory gears, though it 3 7 effort. Margaret Sewell says: ‖We’re a quick-fix culture, but you have to 38 to keep your brain. 3 9 shape. It’s like having a good body. Y ou Can’t go to the gym once a year 40 e xpect to stay in top form.‖21.A. almost B. seldom C. already D. never22.A. joke B. laugh C. blame D. criticize23.A. much B. little C. more D. less24.A. since B. for C. by D. because25.A. memory B. mind C. trouble D. health26.A. disorganizing B. misplacing C. putting D. finding27.A. swiftly B. frequently C. timely D. quickly28.A.mature B. advance C. age D. grow29.A. broken B. poor C. perfect D. working30.A. pattern B. time C. space D. information31.A . why B. how C. what D. when32.A. since B. hence C. that D. although33.A. irregular B. better C. normal D. worse34.A. famous B. senior C. popular D. trained35.A. as B. till C. though D. yet36.A. stages B. steps C. advantages D. purposes37.A. makes B. takes C. does D. spends38.A. rest B. come C. work D. study39.A. to B. for C. on D. in40.A. so B. or C. and D. ifSection III Reading comprehension (40 points)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Passage OnePrior to the 20th century, many languages with small numbers of speakers survived for centuries. The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation, a key factor in language maintenance and preservation.It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in the centuries ahead. Many powerful forces appear to work against it :population growth, which pushes migrant populations into the world’s last isolated locations; mass tourism; global telecommunications and mass media; and the spread of gigantic global corporations. All of these forces appear to signify a future in which the language of advertising, popular culture, and consumer products become similar. Already English and a few other major tongues have emerged as global languages of commerce and communication. For many of the world’s peoples, learning one of these languag es is viewed as the key to education, economic opportunity, and a better way of life.Only about 3,000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century. Are most of the rest doomed in the century after that?Whether most of these languages survive will probably depend on how strongly cultural groups wish to keep their identity alive through a native language. To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism（mastery of two languages）. Bilingual speakers could use their own language in smaller spheres---at home, among friends, in communitysettings---and a global language at work, in dealings with government, and in commercial spheres. In this way, many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages, rather than yield to the homogenizing（同化的）forces of globalization.Ironically, the trend of technological innovation that has threatened minority languages could also help save them. For example, some experts predict that computer software translation tools will one day permit minority languagespeakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues. Linguists are currently using computer—aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened languages.For many endangered languages, the line between revival and death is extremely thin. Language is remarkably resilient（有活力的）,however. It is not just a tool for communicating, but also a powerful way of separating different groups, or of demonstrating group identity. Many indigenous（原生的,土著的）communities have shown that it is possible to live in the modern world while reclaiming their unique identities through language.41.Minority languages can be best preserved in __________.A.an increasingly interconnected worldB.maintaining small numbers of speakersC.relatively isolated language communitiesD.following the tradition of the 20th century42.According to Paragraph 2, that the world can maintain its linguistic diversity in the future is _______.A.uncertainB.unrealisticC.foreseeableD.definite43.According to the author, bilingualism can help_________.A.small languages become acceptable in work placesB.homogenize the world’s languages and culturesC.global languages reach home and community settingsD.speakers maintain their linguistic and cultural identityputer technology is helpful for preserving minority languages in that it_________.A.makes learning a global language unnecessaryB.facilitates the learning and using of those languagesC.raises public awareness of saving those languagesD.makes it easier for linguists to study those languages45.In the author’s view, many endangered languages are________.A.remarkably well-kept in this modern worldB.exceptionally powerful tools of communicationC.quite possible to be revived instead of dying outD.a unique way of bringing different groups together Passage TwoEveryone, it seems, has a health problem. After pouring billions into the National Health Service, British people moan about dirty hospitals, long waits and wasted money. In Germany the new chancellor, Angela Merkel, is under fire for suggesting changing the financing of its health system. Canada’s new Conservative Prime Minister, Stephen Harpe r, made a big fuss during the election about reducing the country’s lengthy medical queues. Across the rich world, affluence, ageing and advancing technology are driving up health spending faster than income.But nowhere has a bigger health problem than America. Soaring medical bills are squeezing wages, swelling the ranks of the uninsured and pushing huge firms and perhaps even the government towards bankruptcy. Ford’s announcement this week that it would cut up to 30.000 jobs by 2012 was as much a sign of it’s ―legacy ‖ health –care costs as of the ills of the car industry. Pushed by polls that show health care is one of his main domestic problems and by forecasts showing that the retiring baby-boomers (生育高峰期出生的人) will crush the government’s financ es, George Bush is to unveil a reform ;plan in next week’s state-of –the –union address.America’s health system is unlike any other. The Unite States spends 16% of its GDP on health, around twice the rich-country average, equivalent to $6,280 for every American each year. Yet it is the only rich country that does not guarantee universal health coverage. Thanks to an accident of history, most Americans receive health insurance through their employer, with the government picking up the bill for the poor and the elderly.This curious hybrid（混合物）certainly has its strengths. Americans have more choice than anybody else, and their health-care system is much more innovative. Europeans’ bills could be much higher if American medicine were not doing much of their Research and Development（R&D）for them. But there are also huge weaknesses. The one most often cited—especially by foreigners—is the army of uninsured. Some 46 million Americans do not have cover. In many cases that is out of choice and ,if they fall seriously ill, hospitals have to treat them. But it is still deeply unequal. And there are also shocking inefficiencies: by some measures,30% of American health spending is wasted.Then there is the question of state support. Many Americans disa pprove of the ―socialized medicine‖ of Canada and Europe. In fact, even if much of the administration is done privately, around 60% of America’s heath-care bill ends up being met by the government. Proportionately, the American state already spends as much on health as the OECD （Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development）average, and that share is set to grow as the baby-boomers run up their Medicare bills and ever more employers avoid providing health-care coverage. America is , in effect, heading towards a version of socialized medicine by default.46.Health problems mentioned in the passage include all the following EXCEPT_________.A. poor hospital conditions in U.K.B. Angela Merkel under attackC. health financing in GermanyD. long waiting lines in Canada47.Ford’s announcement of cutting up to 30,000 jobs by 2012 indicates that Ford_________.A. has the biggest health problem of the car industryB. has made profits from its health-care legacyC. has accumulated too heavy a health-care burdenD. owes a great deal of debt to its employees48.In the author’s opinion, America’s health system is _________.A. inefficientB. feasibleC. unpopularD. successful49.It is implied in the passage that_________.A. America’s health system has its strengths and weaknessesB. the US government pays medical bills for the poor and the elderlyC. some 46 million Americans do not have medical insuranceD. Europeans benefit a lot from America’s medical research50.from the last paragraph we may learn that the ―socialized medicine‖ is____________.A. a practice of Canada and EuropeB. a policy adopted by the US governmentC. intended for the retiring baby-boomersD. administered by private enterprisesPassage ThreeWhen Thomas Keller, one of America’s foremost chefs, announced that on Sept. I he would abolish the practice of tipping at Per Se. his luxury restaurant in New York City, and replace it with European-style service charge, I knew three groups would be opposed: customers, servers and restaurant owners. These three groups are all committed to tipping——as they quickly made clear on Web sites. To oppose tipping , it seems, is to be anticapitalist, and maybe even a little French..But Mr. Keller is right to move away from tipping—and it’s worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.Customers believe in tipping because they think it ma kes economic sense. ―Waiters know that they won’t get paid if they don’t do a good job‖ is how most advocates of the system would put it. To be sure, this is a tempting, apparently rational statement about economic theory, but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants.Michael Lynn, an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell’s School of Hotel Administration, has conducted dozens of students of tipping and has concluded that consumers assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.Rather, customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled——in other words, customers tip more when they like the server, not when the service is good. Mr. Lynn’s studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers,.What’s more,. consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases. Thus, the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call ―upwelling‖: every bottle of imported water, every espresso and every cocktail i s extra money in the server’s pocket. Aggressive upwelling for tips is often rewarded while low-key, quality service often goes unrecognized.In addition , the practice of tip pooling , which is the norm in fine-dining restaurants and is becoming more in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon , has ruined whatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter . In an unreasonable outcome , you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one . Indeed , there appear to be little connection between tipping and good service .51.It may be inferred that a European-style service______.A . is tipping-freeB .charges little tipC .is the author’s initiativeD .is offered at Per-se52.Which of the following is NOT true according to the author .A .Tipping is a common practice in the restaurant world.B .Waiters don’t care about tippingC .Customers generally believe in tipping.D .Tipping has little connection with the quality of service.53.According to Michael Lynn’s studies, waiters will likely get more tips if they______A. have performed good serviceB. frequently refill customers’ water glassC. win customers’ favorD. serve customers of the same sex54.We may infer from the context that ―upwelling‖(Line 2, Para 6) probably means ________A. selling something upB. selling something fancyC. selling something unnecessaryD. selling something more expensive55.This passage is mainly about __________A. reasons to abolish the practice of tippingB. economic sense of tippingC. consumers’ attitudes towards tippingD. tipping for good servicePassage Four―I promise.‖ ― I swear to you it’ll never happen again.‖ ―I give you my word.‖ ―Honestly. Believe me.‖ Sure, I trust. Why not? I teach English composition at a private college. With a certain excitement and intensity. I read my students’ essays, hoping to find the person behind the pen. As each semester progresses, plagiarism（剽窃）appears. Not only is my intelligence insulted as one assumes I won’t detect a polished piece of prose from an otherwise-average writer, but I feel a sadness that a student has resorted to buying a paper from a peer. Writers have styles like fingerprints and after several assignments, I can match a student’s work with his or her name even if it’s missing from the upper left-hand corner.Why is learning less important than a higher grade-point average（GPA）? When we’re threatened or sick, we make conditional promises. ―If you let me pass math I will ….‖ ―Lord, if you get me over this before the big homecoming game I’ll….‖ Once the situation is behind us, so are the promises. Hum an nature? Perhaps, but we do use that cliché（陈词滥调）to get us out of uncomfortable bargains. Divine interference during distress is asked; gratitude is unpaid. After all, few fulfill the contract, so why should anyone be the exception. Why not ?Six years ago, I took a student before the dean. He had turned in an essay with the vocabulary and sentence structure of PhD thesis. Up until that time, both his out-of-class and in-class work were borderline passing.I questioned the person regarding his essay and he swore it I’d understand this copy would not have the time and attention an out-of-class paper is given, but he had already a finished piece so he understood what was asked. He sat one hour, then turned in part of a page of unskilled writing and fau lty logic. I confronted him with both essays. ―I promise…., I’m not lying. I swear to you that I wrote the essay. I’m just nervous today.‖The head of the English department agreed with my finding, and the meeting with the dean had the boy’s parentspr esent. After an hour of discussion, touching on eight of the boy’s previous essays and his grade-point average, which indicated he was already on academic probation（留校察看）, the dean agreed that the student had plagiarized. His parents protested, ―He’s only a child‖ and we instructors are wiser and should be compassionate. College people are not really children and most times would resent being labeled as such…. Except in this uncomfortable circumstance.56.According to the author, students commit plagiarism mainly for_____.A.moneyB.degreeC.higher GPAD.reputation57.the sentence ― Once the situation is behind us , so are the promises’ implies that_________.A.students usually keep their promisesB.some students tend to break their promisesC.the promises are always behind the situationD.we cannot judge the situation in advance, as we do to the promises58.The ―borderline passing‖（Line 3,Para.3）probably means____________.A.fairly goodB.extremely poorC.above averageD.below average59.The boy’s parents thought their son should be excused mainly because_______________.A.teachers should be compassionateB.he was only a childC.instructors were wiserD.he was threatened60.Which of the following might serve as the title of this passage?A.Human NatureB.Conditional PromisesC.How to Detect CheatingD.The Sadness of Plagiarism Section IV Translation (20 points)Directions:In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.Powering the great ongoing changes of our time is the rise of human creativity as the defining feature of economic life. Creativity has come to be valued, because new technologies, new industries and new wealth flow from it. And as a result, our lives and society have begun to echo with creative ideas. It is our commitment to creativity in its varied dimensions that forms the underlying spirit of our age.Creativity is essential to the way we live and work today, and in many senses always has been. The big advances in standard of living –-not to mention the big competitive advantages in the marketplace--always have come from‖ better recipes, not just more cooking.‖ One might argue that’s not strictly true. One might point out, for instance, that during the long period from the early days on the Industrial Revolution to modern times, much of the growth in productivity and material wealth in the industrial nations came not just from creative inventions like the steam engine, but from the widespread application of ―cooking in quantity‖ business methods like massive division of labor ,concentration of assets, vertical integration and economies of scale. But those methods themselves were creative developments.2007年MBA英语联考真题参考答案1--5: BAADB 6--10: DCCDC11--15: BACCC 16--20: BABAD21--25 CADBA 26—30 BDCABB31--35 ABDBA 36—40 BBCDC41--45: CADBC 46--50: BCADA51--55: ABCCA 55--60: CBDBD翻译参考作为经济生活所表明的特征,人类社会创造力的提升为我们这个时代正在发生的巨大的变化提供了巨大的动力.由于许多新的技术,新兴的工业以及新的财富都源自于创造力,所以,它的价值业已凸现出来.因此,各种创新的观念开始在我们的生活和社会中传播开来.正是人们在各个领域对创造力的认同才形成了我们这个时代精神的基础.创造力对我们当今的生活和工作方式至关重要,而且在许多方面始终如此.生活水平的大幅度提高总是来源于更好的食谱,而不只是烹饪更多的食品,更不用说在市场条件下那些大的竞争优势了.然而,有人则会认这并不完全正确.比如说,有人也许会指出从早期的工业化时代到现代这么长的时期里,一些工业国家的生产力的大幅度提高和物资财富的大量增长并不仅仅是来自于象蒸气机这样的创造性的发明;而且还得益于―大量烹饪‖商业模式的广泛使用.如大规模的劳动力的分工,资产的集中,纵向联合以及规模经济等,但是所有这些模式本身就是创造性的发展.。
2007年研究生招生考试英语试题A 含答案
11. A) He'll have to take care of his wife.B) He is going to the party aloneC) His wife works in a hospitlD) His wife is invited to a party2) 听短文（3段）Directions: In this section you will hear some short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. After you hear a question you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).第一段.12. A) On the farm. B) On their campus.C) In modern buildings. D) In the workshop.13. A) Grow vegetables. B) Repair machines.C) Milk the goats. D) Do housework.14. A) They want to make money. B) They want to learn about ecology.C) They don’t like the classes. D) They don’t like their campus.第二段15. A) They had decided to visit their friends.B) They had decided to spend their holidays.C) They wanted to do business there.D) They had decided to work there.16. A) Hungry. B) Happy. C) Angry. D) Tired.17. A) Mrs. Smith hardly had any time to see the sights of London.B) Mrs. Smith should have time to see the sights in London.C) The times of meals arranged were unsuitable for tourists.D) Mrs. Smith misunderstood the man’s words.第三段18. A) He thinks they are too stressful.B) He thinks they are not stressful enough.C) He thinks they are useful exercises.D) They thinks they are pointless exercises.19. A) They leave reviewing until the day of the exam.B) They start reviewing too early.C) They only start reviewing a few days before the exam.D) They often do most reviewing the day after the exam.20. A) Because the other students don't seem calm.B) Because you have forgotten pens and pencils.C) Because everyone else seems confident.D) Because the paper seems too easy.Part Two: 阅读理解(20% )Directions: There are FOUR passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.第一段Under normal conditions the act of communication requires the presence of at least two persons: one who sends and one who receives the communication. In order to communicate thoughts and feelings, there must be a conventional system of signs or symbols which mean the same to the sender and receiver. The means of sending communication are too numerous and varied for systematic classification; therefore, the analysis must begin with the means of receiving communication. Reception of communication is achieved by our senses. Sight, hearing, and touch play the most important roles. Smell and taste play very limited roles, for they cannot receive intellectual expression from fully developed systems of signs and symbols. Examples of visual communication are gesture and mimicry. Although both frequently accompany speech, there are systems that rely solely on sight, such as those used by deaf and dumb persons. Another means of communicating visually is by signals of fire, smoke, flags, or flashing lights. Feelings may be simply communicated by touch, such as by hand-stroking or backslapping, although a highly developed system of hand-stroking has enabled blind, deaf, and dumb persons to communicate intelligently. Whistling to someone, applauding in a theater, and other forms of communication by sound rely upon the ear as a receiver. The most fully developed form of auditory communication is, of course, the spoken language. The means of communication mentioned so far have two features in common: they last only a short time, and the persons involved must be relatively close to each other. Therefore, all are restricted in time and space.21. The author explains that he will deal with reception of communication first because __________.A) communication actually takes place when the message is receivedB) there are more means of receiving than those of s. ending communicationsC) reception of communication involves the use of the sensesD) it is difficult to list all the possible means of sending communications22. Persons who cannot see, hear, or speak are able to communicate through a system of __________.A) Gesturing B) backslapping C) handshaking D) handstroking23. The author specifically mentions that speech is __________.A) less important than the written form of languageB) assisted by touch, gesture, etcC) the only highly developed system of communicationD) the most developed form of communication based on hearing24. Which of the following statements about communication by touch is TRUE?A) Touch is less important than taste as a means of communication.B) There is no well-developed system of communication based on touch.C) It is possible to communicate intelligently by touch alone.D) Touch must accompany visual communication.25. Which of the following statements about the ways of communicating ideas and feelings mentioned in the passage is NOT true?A) They can be used to communicate over long distances.B) They require both a sender and receiver.C) They involve the use of conventional signs and symbols.D) They utilize the senses for reception.第二段When Louis Braille was three years old, he became blind in both eyes as the result of an accident in his father's harness shop. His father, determined that Louis should not suffer the usual fate of blind persons at that time and become a beggar, kept him in the village school until he was ten and then entered him in the Institution des Jeunes Aveugles in Paris. Louis learned to read from the three books engraved in large raised letters in the Institution library, did exceptionally well both in academic work and at the piano and organ, and was soon helping to teach the younger children. In 1819, the same year that Louis entered the Institution, Charles Barbier, an army captain, reported to the Academy of Sciences on a system of raised dots and dashes which enabled soldiers to read messages in the dark. Later, Barbier brought his invention to the Institution. After experimenting with it, young Braille produced a writing system using only dots, from which he gradually devised 63 separate combinations representing the letters in the French alphabet (at the request of an Englishman, he later added W), accents, punctuation marks, and mathematical signs. Although government bureaucracy prevented immediate official adoption, his system was used at the Institution as long as the director, Dr. Pignier, was in office. Pignier's successor insisted on returning to the officially approved former system. But students continued to use Braille's method secretly. Eventually, its superiority was established and it was adopted throughout France.26. Louis Braille first learned to read with the aid of ____________.A) his father B) the village school teacherC) special books at the Institution D) Captain Braille's system of dots and dashes27. Louis Braille did all of the following things EXCEPT _______________.A) teaching young children at the InstitutionB) developing a reading system for the blindC) learning to play musical instruments wellD) encouraging students to use his method secretly28. Louis Braille devised his writing system __.A) from combinations of dotsB) at an Englishman's requestC) to help Charles Barbier in his workD) to enable soldiers to read in the dark29. Which of the following ideas does the writer want to convey?A) Louis was lucky to have a determined father.B) Teacher's guidance is necessary for one's success.C) Government bureaucracy often kills new inventions.D) Physical blindness doesn't necessarily mean mental blindness.30. The Institution was not able to adopt Braille's method officially for some time because ____A) the students preferred the former methodB) the government was slow to approve itC) Dr. Pignier's successor thought that the Braille method was not scientificD) the large library collection would then have been useless第三段Violin prodigies, I learned, have come in distinct waves from distinct regions. Most of the great performers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were born and brought up in Russia and Eastern Europe. I asked Isaac Stern, one of the world's greatest violinists, the reason for this phenomenon. "It is very clear," he told me. "They were all Jews and Jews at the time were severely oppressed and ill-treated in that part of the world. They were not allowed into the professional fields, but they were allowed to achieve excellence on a concert stage." As a result, every Jewish parent's dream was to have a child in the music school because it was a passport to the West. Another element in the emergence of prodigies, I found, is a society that values excellence in a certain field and is able to nurture talent. Nowadays, the most nurturing societies seem to be in the Far East. "In Japan, a most competitive society with stronger discipline than ours," says Isaac Stern, children are ready to test their limits every day in many fields, including music. When Western music came to Japan after World War I , music not only became part of their daily lives, but it became a discipline as well. The Koreans and Chinese, as we know, are just as highly motivated as the Japanese. That's a good thing, because even prodigies must work hard. Next to hard work, biological inheritance plays an important role in the making of a prodigy. J. S. Bach, for example, was the top ofseveral generations of musicians, and four of his sons had significant careers in music.31. Jewish parents in Eastern Europe longed for their children to attend music school because ________.A) it would allow them access to a better life in the WestB) Jewish children are born with excellent musical talentC) they wanted their children to enter into the professional fieldsD) it would enable the family to get better treatment in their own country32. Nurturing societies as mentioned in the passage refer to the societies thatA) enforce strong discipline on students who want to achieve excellenceB) treasure talent and provide opportunities for its full developmentC) encourage people to compete with each otherD) promise talented children high positions33. Japan is described in the passage as a country that attaches importance to ________.A) all-round developmentB) the learning of Western musicC) strict training of childrenD) variety in academic studies34. Which of the following contributes to the emergence of musical prodigies according to the passage?A) A natural gift.B) Extensive knowledge of musicC) Very early training.D) A prejudice-free society.35. Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A) Jewish Contribution to MusicB) Training of Musicians in the WorldC) Music and Society.D) The Making of Prodigies.第四段By the end of the first quarter of the nineteenth century a number of our Easten institutions -- Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Pennsylvania -- had some of the necessary ingredients of a university, but hardly yet the point of view. They were little clusters of schools and institutes. Indeed, just after the Revolution, the schools of Pennsylvania and Harvard had assumed the somewhat pretentious title of university, and, shortly after, the University of Virginia was founded under the guidance of Thomas Jefferson. In the South, Georgia and later North Carolina began to rise. The substance in all these wasmainly lacking, though the title was honored. There were rather feeble law, medical, and divinity schools, somewhat loosely attached to these colleges. It has been commonly recognized, however, that the first decade after the close of the Civil War, that is, from about 1866 to 1876, was the great early flowering of the university idea in America.36. In the opinion of the author of this passage, in 1825 ______________.A) only Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Pennsylvania could truly be called universitiesB) all American educational institutions could justifiably claim to be universitiesC) those institutions which called themselves universities were not justified in doing soD) no American institution of higher education had any of the necessary ingredients ofa university37. Thomas Jefferson founded _____________.A) the University of PennsylvaniaB) HarvardC) the University of VirginiaD) the university of Georgia38. The Civil War ended ______________.A) about 1866 B) about 1876C) about 1856 D) during the decade from 1866 to 187639. The words little clusters (line 4) most nearly means _____________.A) small groups B) small collegesC) small buildings D) small organizations40. The university idea really began to develop _____________.A) in the first quarter of the nineteenth centuryB) just after the RevolutionC) during the last quarter of the nineteenth centuryD) just after the Civil WarPart Three: 完型填空(10% )Directions: In this part, you will read a passage with some blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D). You should choose the ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.During the period of reconstruction __ 41__ the Civil War conditions in the __ 42 __ states were very unhappy, and soon the __ 43 __ of southern whites were strongly __ 44 __ that they did not want to __ 45__ real equality to the Negroes. Some __ 46__ even passed laws that no person __ 47 __ to be allowed to vote __ 48 __ his grandfather had been a slave, __ 49__ the Supreme Court ruled that these laws were against the fifteenth amendment, and __ 50__ unconstitutional. But there were other devices __ 51__ which Negroes could be __ 52__ from voting. Tests of literacy (I.e. the ability toread and write) were still __ 53 __. At first the great majority of the __ 54__ people really were illiterate, as __ 55__ of them had been educated __ 56__ the end of slavery. Later the local white __ 57__ administering the tests could use the test unfavorably against Negroes. It took some generations __ 58__ this device against them was given __ 59__. At last, this unjust device was __ 60__ by federal law in 1965.41 A) before B) after C) since D) from42 A) winning B) northern C) lost D) southern43 A) minorities B) majors C) majority D) chief44 A) divided B) united C) agreed D) disagreed45 A) allow B) contribute C) share D) own46 A) officials B) members C) judges D) states47 A) was B) used C) wanted D) permitted48 A) because B) if C) although D) whenever49 A) although B) therefore C) since D) so50 A) so B) yet C) really D) possibly51 A) for B) with C) on D) in52 A) distinguished B) controlled C) prevented D) released53 A) allowed B) prohibited C) enjoyed D) dislike54 A) American B) white C) black D) poor55 A) lots B) few C) none D) most56 A) since B) before C) after D) near57 A) lawyers B) judges C) officials D) managers58 A) until B) before C) after D) since59 A) in B) away C) up D) back60 A) forbidden B) permitted C) interrupted D) preventedPart Four: 词汇及语法结构(20% )（20小题）Directions: In this part，there are some incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.61. I don't often get sick, but _________ I do catch cold.A) now and then B) now thatC) from now on D) and then62. The sea is very beautiful and _____________.A) the mountains are so too B) the mountains are tooC) so are the mountains D) also are the mountains63. The concert will be broadcast ______ on Radio Three at 8 p.m. next Monday.A) alive B) living C) life D) live64. Very few people came to the meeting, ____________ they decided to postpone it.A) and therefore B) therefore C) and so D) thus65. Bob looks so young that I couldn't believe that he is my ________ by four years. I thought I was older.A) younger B) elder C) junior D) equal66. A ________ has been announced between Mr. White and Miss Brown and the wedding is to be held next Sunday.A) contract B) marriage C) engagement D) meeting67. The government wants to ______ farm prices at their present levels.A) keep up B) flare up C) bring up D) stay up68. Jerry had planned to explore the depth of the desert, but his food supplies ran ______ and he had to cancel the trip.A) away B) on C) out D) off69. There is no doubt ________ her intelligence, she's the smartest one in the class.A) as for B) as regards C) as to D) as follows70. To harness water power and convert it into electricity the necessary plant must be ________ .A) generated B) installed C) assembled D) fitted71. ______ breaks the law will be fined or put in jail.A) No matter who B) WhoeverC) Those who D) Whenever one72. I have the impression __________ all the pupils of this class are interested in English.A) which B) of which C) that D) of that73. Redouble your efforts, ______ you will never be able to accomplish what you have set out to do.A) lest B) for fear that C) in case D) or74. At first Jack did not want to write for the student paper, but I persuaded him ______.A) to do B) to C) do D) do it75. The driving instructor told me to pull ______ at the post office.A) up B) back C) round D) along76. So late did he arrive in the town ______ all the buses had stopped running.A) until B) when C) as D) that77. For my part, I have not the slightest doubt as to __________ his courage his honesty, or his patience of mind.A) all of B) none of C) either D) both78. I am not very keen ______ basketball.A) in B) about C) on D) to79. ______ the opportunity, he might well have become an outstanding cartoonist.A) Giving B) Give C) Given D) Gives80. The first one wasn't good and ______ was the second.A) neither B) either C) so D) such（以上80题答案请写在答题卡上，谢谢）2007年金陵协和神学院研究生入学考试答题卡准考证号_____________ 1．41.2．42.3. 43.4．44.5．45.6．46.7．47.8．48.9．49.10．50.11．51.12．52.13．53.14．54.15．55.16．56.17．57.18．58.19．59.20．60.21．61.22．62.23．63.24．64.25．65.26．66.27．67.28．68.29．69.30．70.31．71.32．72.33．73.34．74.35．75.36．76.37．77.38．78.39．79.40．80.试卷B 写作及神学英语部分写作(10% 150字以上)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic "Pollution". The first sentence of each paragraph is given. Your part of writing should be no less than 150 words.1. With the development of modern industry, more and more waste is produced.________2. Another kind of pollution is noise.________3. Man if fighting a battle against pollution.________神学英语一、词汇（10%）要求给出简单的英文解释1．Humanism2．Heresy3．Animism4．Pentecostal Church5．Palm Sunday二、阅读理解（15%，可用中文回答）A．He does not claim to have a secret knowledge through which salvation may be achieved. According to him, his doctrine follows from a careful study of the Christian message as it was preached by Paul. This message is to be found in the Epistles of Paul and in the Gospel of Luke, although it is necessary to revise those writings in order to eliminate the many Judaizing interpolations that have been introduced in them. Paul was the herald of a radically new message, of the message of the revelation of a god theretofore unknown. The Old Testament cannot be taken as the world of the god who is revealed in Jesus Christ. In consequence, the reverences to the Old Testament to be found in the Pauline Epistles are later traditions. And the same may be said regarding the Gospel of Luke, Paul’scompanion. Thus, he formulated the first canon of the New Testament. His doctrine is then based on the study of these Scriptures, for he does not claim to be a prophet or to have any secret source of knowledge, but only to be a true exponent of Christian Scriptures.6. What does “salvation through secret source of knowledge” refer to?7. What books are probably included in the first canon according to the text?8. In your opinion, whose point of view is the text talking about?B.What is God’s purpose? It is to bring creation to the emergence of a partner. This partner whom God yearns to create would put off all baseness, and would be a person in the image of God. What then is the image of God? God is a community, a trinity. The concept of trinity tells us that God is a group, a collective. Thus, God’s creation must lead to a human community in the universe, or a communal people.God wants to enlarge his community. The community of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit is not enough. It must be enlarged, to enable all humanity to enter.9. What does the word “collective” mean in this text?10. What does God’s community include according to the text?三、翻译（15%）请将划线部分译成汉语。
07年研究生考试英语阅读真题分篇 text-2
2007全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out n umerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SA T) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SA T will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scor es may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SA T results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.。
2007年中国人民大学二外英语考研真题试卷_真题无答案
2007年中国人民大学二外英语考研真题试卷(总分196, 做题时间90分钟)1.1."Quite a number of students gave excellent answers to my last question," said the professor in his______on our performance in the exam.SSS_SINGLE_SELA mentionB statementC commentD reference2.Urban crowdedness would be greatly relieved if only the______charged on public transport were more reasonable.SSS_SINGLE_SELA feesB faresC paymentsD costs3.Sand had______at the mouth of the river and formed a bank which boats could not pass,SSS_SINGLE_SELA collectedB accumulatedC assembledD added4.In a time of social reform, people's state of mind tends tokeep______with the rapid changes of society.SSS_SINGLE_SELA stepB progressC paceD touch5.The movements of a clock are______and that is why we can use it to measure time.SSS_SINGLE_SELA regularB punctualC smoothD continuous6.The fire, which otherwise______more serious damage, was put out by the volunteer firemen.SSS_SINGLE_SELA would causeB would have causedC causedD had caused7.Frankly speaking, I'd rather you______anything about it for the time being.SSS_SINGLE_SELA didn't doB haven't doneC don't doD won't do8.______if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand?SSS_SINGLE_SELA Would you be surprisedB Were you surprisedC Had you been surprisedD Would you have been surprised9.If not______with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time.SSS_SINGLE_SELA being treatedB treatedC be treatedD having been treated10.I couldn't sleep last night because the tap in the bathroomwas______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA drainingB droppingC spillingD dripping11.All the rooms on the second floor have nicely______carpets, which are included in the price of the house.SSS_SINGLE_SELA adaptedB equippedC suitedD fitted12.The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of theSSS_SINGLE_SELA latterB latestC laterD last13."Drive straight ahead, and then you will see a ______ to the Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway. " he said.SSS_SINGLE_SELA signB markC signalD board14.The new colleague______to have worked in several big corporations before he joined **pany.SSS_SINGLE_SELA confessesB declaresC claimsD confirms15.During the reading lesson, the teacher asked students to read afew______from the novel.SSS_SINGLE_SELA piecesB essaysC fragmentsD extracts16.During the summer holiday season, it is difficult to finda(n)______room in the hotels here.SSS_SINGLE_SELA emptyB vacantC freeD deserted17.You must insist that students give a truthful answer______with the reality of their world.SSS_SINGLE_SELA relevantB simultaneousC consistentD practical18.In order to raise money, his mother had to______with some of her most treasured possessions.SSS_SINGLE_SELA divideB separateC partD abandon19.As the manager was away on a business trip, I was asked to______the weekly staff meeting.A presideB introduceC chairD dominate20.______at in this way, the present economic situation doesn't seem so gloomy.SSS_SINGLE_SELA LookingB LookedC Having lookedD To look21.We should make a clear______between ' competent' and ' proficient'for the purposes of our discussion.SSS_SINGLE_SELA separationB divisionC distinctionD difference22.Fat cannot change into muscle______muscle changes into fat.SSS_SINGLE_SELA any more thanB no more thanC no less thanD much more than23.Mike likes eating very much, but he isn't very______about the food he eats.SSS_SINGLE_SELA specialB peculiarC particularD specific24.The Olympic Games______in 776 B.C.in Olympia, a small town in Greece.A originatedB stemmedC derivedD descended25.As a scientist, Mr. Smith has absolute freedom as to what research he thinks is best toSSS_SINGLE_SELA engageB devoteC seekD pursue26.We should always bear in mind that______decisions often result in serious consequences.SSS_SINGLE_SELA urgentB instantC promptD hasty27.John is______hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam.SSS_SINGLE_SELA no lessB no moreC not lessD no so28.Of the thousands of known volcanoes in the world, the______majority are inactive.SSS_SINGLE_SELA tremendousB demandingC intensiveD overwhelming29.Harry Porter is said______into dozens of languages in the last few years.SSS_SINGLE_SELA to have been translatedB to translateC to be translatedD to have translated30.John felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave,______something occurred that attracted his attention.SSS_SINGLE_SELA unlessB untilC whenD while31.He didn't say anything like that at all. You are purposely______his idea to prove your point.SSS_SINGLE_SELA revisingB contradictingC distortingD distracting32.Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this ______produces artificial cold surrounding it.SSS_SINGLE_SELA absorptionB transitionC consumptionD interaction33.He was______admittance to the concert hall for not being properly dressed.SSS_SINGLE_SELA rejectedB deniedC withheldD deprived34.______is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals.SSS_SINGLE_SELA ThatB ItC ThisD As35.Half the excuses she gives are not true, but she always seemsto______them.SSS_SINGLE_SELA get on withB get away withC get up fromD get in on36.His address______more attention to the problem of peer influence among the young on their behaviors and outlooks.SSS_SINGLE_SELA cares forB looks forC calls forD applies for37.The highway was blocked for five hours yesterday after anaccident______a car and a lorry.SSS_SINGLE_SELA involvingB includingC combiningD containing38.The laws which will put into effect next month may preserve the wild animals from being wiped out as well as other animals______in Africa.SSS_SINGLE_SELA huntedB huntingC that huntedD are hunted39.The increase in student number______many problems for the universities.SSS_SINGLE_SELA forcesB pressesC providesD poses40.It was as a biologist that he represented himself, and______he was warmly received.SSS_SINGLE_SELA as suchB such asC as thatD so that2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.1.It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child.(Paragraph 1, Passage One)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI2.If they are not sincere and do not practice what they preach(说教), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.(Paragraph 3 , Passage One)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI3.Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast,man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power.(Paragraph 3, Passage Two)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI4.At an intergovernmental conference in Italy, the Kohl government gave up some demands for speedy political and diplomatic integration in the interest of pushing the EMU through.(Paragraph 2, Passage Three)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI5.Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore , upon the evidence from experience, and upon such factors as cost and availability.(Paragraph 3, Passage Four)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition(学会)of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Parents varygreatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are severe over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of **munity as much as the child's own happiness. As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality(道德). Also, parents should realize that "example is better than precept".If they are not sincere and do not practice what they preach(说教), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have beento some extent fooled. A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents' principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.Eagerly watching the child's acquisition of new skills______.A should be avoidedB is universal among parentsC sets up dangerous states of worry in the childD will make him lose interest in learning new thingsSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.In the process of children's learning new skills, parents______.A should encourage them to read before they know the meaning of the words they readB should not expect too much of themC should achieve a balance between pushing them too hard and leaving them on their ownD should create as many learning opportunities as possibleSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.The second paragraph mainly tells us that______.A parents should be strict with their childrenB parental controls reflect only the needs of the parents and the values of **munityC parental restrictions vary, and are not always enforced forthe benefit of the children aloneD parents vary in their strictness towards their children according to the situationSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.The word "precept"(Sentence 3, Paragraph 3)probably means "______".A ideaB punishmentC behaviourD instructionSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.In moral matters, parents should______.A observe the rules themselvesB be aware of the marked difference between adults and childrenC forbid things which have no foundation in moralityD consistently ensure the security of their childrenThe human brain contains 10 thousand million cells and each of these may have a thousand connections. Such enormous numbers used to discourage us and cause us to dismiss the possibility of making a machine with human-like ability, but now that we have grown used to moving forward at such a pace, we can be less sure. Quite soon, in only 10 or 20 years perhaps, we will be able to assemble a machine as complex as the human brain, and if we can we will. It may then take us a long time to render it intelligent by loading in the right software(软件)or by altering the architecture, but that, too, will happen. I think it certain that in decades, not centuries, machines of silicon(硅)will arise first to rival , and then exceed their human ancestors. Once they exceed us they will be capable of their own design. In a real sense they will be able to reproduce themselves. Silicon will have ended carbon's long control. And wewill no longer be able to claim ourselves to be the finest intelligence in the known universe. As the intelligence of robots increases to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers, first on earth through their ability to withstand environments. Thus, deserts may bloom and the ocean beds be mined. Further a-head, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power.SSS_SINGLE_SEL6.In what way can we make a machine intelligent?A By making it work in such environments as deserts, oceans or space.B By working hard for 10 or 20 years.C By either properly programming it or changing its structure.D By reproducing it.SSS_SINGLE_SEL7.What does the writer think about machines with human-like ability?A He believes they will be useful to human beings.B He believes that they will control us in the future.C He is not quite sure in what way they may influence us.D He doesn't consider the construction of such machinespossible.SSS_SINGLE_SEL8.The word "carbon"(Sentence 4, Paragraph 2)stands for______.A intelligent robotsB a chemical elementC an organic substanceD human beingsSSS_SINGLE_SEL9.A robot can be used to expand our frontiers when______.A its intelligence and cost are beyond questionB it is able to bear the rough environmentC it is made as complex as the human brainD its architecture is different from that of the present onesSSS_SINGLE_SEL10.It can be inferred from the passage that______.A after the installation of a great number of cells and connections, robots will be capable of self-productionB with the rapid development of technology, people **e to realizethe possibility of making a machine with human-like abilityC once we make a machine as complex as the human brain, it will possess intelligenceD robots will have control of the vast, man-made world in spaceIt started small. Just a political slogan, pasted onto a poster in a back office somewhere; NO EURO in 1999. Germany's main opposition party, the Social Democrats, planned to print the poster by the thousands for the state elections, and exposed the party'sjingoist(极端爱国主义的)tune. On March 24 the Social Democratsgathered just 25 percent of the vote, their lowest postwar result.The party did almost as poorly in the two other state elections the same day. The big winner; Helmut Kohl and his pet project, the European monetary union, the plan to give the continent a single currency by 1999 and further enclosed Germany into a greater Europe. Only a few months ago, many Europeans were attacking the EMU. But the day after the state e-lections, Holger Schmieding, senior strategistin Frankfurt, reverses his prognosis(预测)on the EMU's likelihoodfrom 40-60 against to 60-40 in favor. At an intergovernmental conference in Italy, the Kohl government gave up some demands for speedy political and diplomatic integration in the interest of pushing the EMU through. French President Jacques Chirac threw in his lot with the German chancellor. Other countries like Spain, Sweden and Italy have recently changed governments and showed a new willingness to introduce EMU-in-spired principles. The result; the markets have now lined up behind the EMU, driving Europe's long-term bond yields closer together and pushing other currencies higher against the German mark. All this has supplied a nice tail wind(顺风)for the prospective Euro, the new currency supposed to replace the cash of the first group of "core" countries. "You can trace the changed mood to one clear source— those state elections," says John Lipsky, chief economist in New York. " Before, the working assumption had been that the German public was distrustful of EMU. But this was viewed as the first time it was tested on the ground rather than in public opinion polls. " The EMU, clearly, won.SSS_SINGLE_SEL11.The German Social Democrats lost in the state elections mainly because______.A they were not in agreement with the public in their attitudes towards EuroB their dishonorable acts in World War II left a bad impression on the publicC they did not print enough posters before the electionsD their postwar policies were not widely accepted by the publicSSS_SINGLE_SEL12.What can be inferred from the prognosis of Holger Schmieding, the senior strategist?A The number of people who are in favor of Euro equals to that who are against.B The number of people who are in favor of Euro is larger than that who are against.C The number of people who are against Euro is larger than that who are in favor.D People become more and more willing to accept Euro as a single European currency.SSS_SINGLE_SEL13.Concerning the attitude of the governments of some European countries towards Euro, which of the following is true?A They have been in favor of it from the beginning.B They become reluctant to accept it.C They become more willing to go with it.D They have no choice but to accept it.SSS_SINGLE_SEL14.According to the passage, Euro will be used to replace the currencies of______.A all the European countriesB Germany, France, Spain and ItalyC several most important European countriesD some Middle European countriesSSS_SINGLE_SEL15.What is suggested about the reliability of estimates of public opinions in the last paragraph?A The results of elections are more reliable than public opinion polls.B Public opinion polls are more reliable than the results of elections.C Investigations are more reliable than public opinion polls.D Public opinion polls are the single accurate estimate ofpublic opinions.The standardized educational or psychological tests, that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics turn attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified condition. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless , or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user. All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be supported by later performance depends upon the a-mount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knowsthat the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and **ings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience, and upon such factors as cost and availability.SSS_SINGLE_SEL16.What is the author's attitude towards standardized tests?A Negative.B Positive.C Slightly critical.D Both A and BSSS_SINGLE_SEL17.Why is the target of attacks considered to be wrong?A Because the standardized tests are criticized by too many magazines.B Because the problems of the tests should not be referred to Congress.C Because one fails to notice test users' lack of knowledge.D Because attacks shouldn't be made by incompetent users.SSS_SINGLE_SEL18."All informed predictions" in Para. 2 means all predictionsthat______.A are based on sound knowledge of the testsB are based on information from the mass mediaC are made by government agenciesD are made by testeesSSS_SINGLE_SEL19.One's predictions are never 100% accurate because______.A the predictor may not be wise enoughB the predictor may not have sufficient experienceC the predictor never **plete informationD the information received is subject to errorsSSS_SINGLE_SEL20.According to the author, what is the context in which standardized tests should be considered?A They provide a quick objective method.B They get information about a particular person.C They provide good quality information.D They may be partly incorrect.Although credit cards are becoming a more acceptable part of the financial scene, they are still regarded with suspicion by many as being a major part of the "live now pay later" syndrome(综合症). Along with hire-purchase, rental and leasing schemes, they provide encouragement to spend more money. Of course, it is only the foolhardy who succumb(屈服)to the temptation to live, temporarily at least, beyond their means, and such people would no doubt manage to do so even without credit cards. Advertising campaigns have, however, promoted a growing realization of the advantages of these small pieces of plastic. They obviate the need to carry large amounts of cash and are always useful in emergencies. All the credit card organizations charge interest on a monthly basis which may work out as high as 25 percent a year, yet judicious purchasing using a card can mean that you obtain up to seven weeks interest-free credit. Using the card abroad, where items frequently take a long time to be included on your account, can extend this period even further. It is worthwhile shopping around before deciding on a particular credit card. It is necessary to consider the amount of credit granted; interest rates, which may vary slightly; the number and range of outlets, though most cards cover major garages, hotels, restaurants and department stores, and, of course, what happens if your card is lost or stolen. A credit card thief may be sitting on a potential goldmine particularly if there is a delay in reporting the loss of the card. However, if used wisely, a credit card can cost nothing, or at least help to tide you over a period of financial difficulty.4.The press in the United States is very important because, 【C1】______than in any other country, it is recognized as having a responsible role to【C2】______in relation to one aspect of the process of government. The press【C3】______is an American invention, and it began to be important【C4】______the form of a meeting between President and【C5】______in which the President【C6】______questions. Press conferences take place all【C7】______the world now, but the presidential press conference is an institution【C8】______gives us akey【C9】______the special role America【C10】______to the press and to the newspapermen. The British parliament has its question time【C11】______each day Members of Parliament【C12】______questions to ministers in charge of【C13】______departments, and some European parliaments have something of【C14】______kind. There is no possibility【C15】______such a device in the United States Congress because heads of executive departments are not members of【C16】______. Thus the executive has no political platform【C17】______which to explain its【C18】______and give information. President Franklin Roosevelt showed the advantages of u-sing the press for such【C19】______when he called regular meetings of newspapermen【C20】______which he invited questions.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.【C1】A lessB moreC ratherD greaterSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.【C2】A performB conductC doD makeSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.【C3】A sessionB meetC meetingD conferenceSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.【C4】A atB withC inD forSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.【C5】A ministersB officialsC opponentsD journalistsSSS_SINGLE_SEL6.【C6】A repliedB replied toC answered toD returnedSSS_SINGLE_SEL7.【C7】A overB roundC upD throughSSS_SINGLE_SEL8.【C8】A whereB whatC whichD itSSS_SINGLE_SEL9.【C9】A forB atC towardsD toSSS_SINGLE_SEL10.【C10】A resignsB assignsC designsD assistsSSS_SINGLE_SEL11.【C11】A whenB onC forD inSSS_SINGLE_SEL12.【C12】A answerB respondC addressD serveSSS_SINGLE_SEL13.【C13】A executiveB managementC executionD directionSSS_SINGLE_SEL14.【C14】A sameB a sameC the sameD the similarSSS_SINGLE_SEL15.【C15】A forC aboutD ofSSS_SINGLE_SEL16.【C16】A itB themC importanceD significanceSSS_SINGLE_SEL17.【C17】A withB throughC forD inSSS_SINGLE_SEL18.【C18】A viewsB pointsC standsD locationsSSS_SINGLE_SEL19.【C19】A sakeB saveC intentionsD purposesSSS_SINGLE_SEL20.【C20】A inB onC at5.Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information.1.For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic " Competition in Job Markets—Advantages and Disadvantages". You should write more than 150 words. You should write it on the ANSWER SHEET.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI1。