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参考答案国际贸易最新版习题课后答案

《国际贸易》习题参考答案第一章导论参考答案一、单项选择题1、B2、C3、B4、A5、B6、C7、D8、D9、D 10、D二、多项选择题1、ABCD2、AB3、AD4、ABCD5、CDE三、名词解释1、国际分工：是国与国之间在可交易性货物与服务的生产与提供方面的劳动分工。

它是社会生产力发展到一定阶段的产物，是国民经济内部分工超越国家界限的产物。

2、贸易差额：指一定时期内一国出口（货物或服务）总额与进口（货物与服务）总额之间的差额。

3、贸易条件：是指一国的出口商品价格对其进口商品价格的比率。

4、国际贸易：是指世界各国和地区之间进行的商品、服务和技术的交换活动，是各国之间分工的表现形式，反映了世界各国在经济上的相互依靠。

对外贸易是指一国和地区同别的国家和地区进行的商品、服务和技术的交换活动。

5、总贸易体系亦称一般贸易体系，是以过境为标准划分进出口而统计的贸易。

专门贸易体系亦称特殊贸易体系，是以关境为标准划分进出口而统计的贸易。

6、国际贸易额是以货币表示的和用现行世界市场价格计算的世界各国与地区的进口总额或出口总额之和，又称国际贸易值。

国际贸易量是以一定时期的不变价格为标准计算的各个时期的国际贸易额，即用以固定年份为基期计算的进口或出口价格指数除以当时的进口额或出口额的方法，得出相当于按不变价格计算的进口额或出口额。

7、国际贸易商品结构是指一定时期内各大类货物在整个国际贸易中的构成，即各类货物贸易额与世界出口贸易总额之比，以比重表示。

对外贸易商品结构是指一定时期内各类商品或某种商品在一国对外贸易中所占的比重或地位，即各类货物进出口贸易额与该国进出口贸易总额之比，以份额表示。

8、国际贸易地理方向指一定时期内世界各国、各洲、各国家集团在国际贸易中所占的地位，通常用它们的出口额或进口额占世界出口总额或进口总额的比重来表示，也可以计算各国的进出口总额在国际贸易总额（世界进出口总额）中的比重。

对外贸易地理方向又称对外贸易地区分布或对外贸易国别结构，指一定时期内世界各国、各地区、各国家集团在一国对外贸易中所占的地位，通常以它们对该国的进出口额占该国进出口总额的比重来表示。

国贸课后习题答案

Chapter 03Why Everybody Trades: Comparative AdvantageOverviewThis chapter extends the analysis of international trade to consider trade in a multiple-product economy. An economy composed of two products is useful to bring out insights about international trade. This general equilibrium approach explicitly shows the effects of resource reallocations between industries. The chapter culminates in showing the importance of comparative advantage for understanding why countries trade.The story begins with Adam Smith and absolute advantage. (A box on mercantilism summarizes the view that Smith opposed and shows how mercantilist thinking continues today.) The analysis focuses on the productivity of labor (output per hour) in producing each of two products (wheat and cloth) in two countries (the United States and the rest of the world). Smith examined the case of absolute advantage, in which labor productivity in producing one product is higher in one country and labor productivity in producing the other product is higher in the other country. With no trade each country must produce both products to meet national demands. The discussion of the Smith case focuses on the increase in global production efficiency achieved by shifting production in each country toward the product in which it has the higher labor productivity. National demands can be met by international trade—apparently excess supplies can be exported and apparently excess demands can be met by imports. The increase in total world production is the evidence of gains from international trade.Smith's approach does not indicate what would happen if the same country has absolute advantage in both products. Ricardo took up this case and demonstrated the principle of comparative advantage—a country will export products that it can produce at low opportunity cost and import products that it would otherwise produce at high opportunity cost. The Ricardian example is developed in more detail. The ratio of resource costs (or labor hour input-output coefficients, the inverse of labor productivities) indicates the opportunity costs or relative prices of the products in each country with no trade. The difference in prices with no trade sets up the opportunity for arbitrage, with each good being exported from the initially low-price country and imported by the initially high-price country. The shift to a free trade equilibrium results in an equilibrium international price. Without information on demand, we cannot say exactly what this price will be, but we do know that it is in the range bordered by the two no-trade price ratios.The chapter uses the Ricardian example to introduce a key analytical device—the production possibility curve, which shows all combinations of outputs of different goods that an economy can produce with full employment of resources and maximum productivity. The resource costs of producing each product in the country and the total amount of labor hours available in the country are used to graph the country's production possibility curve, a straight line whose slope equals the (negative of the) extra (or marginal) cost of additional cloth. The straight line indicates that the marginal or opportunity cost of each good in each country is constant, following Ricardo's assumptions. The slope of this line also indicates the relative price of cloth (the good on the x-axis) with no trade.If free trade results in an equilibrium international price ratio that is strictly between the two no-trade price ratios (because both countries are "large countries"), then each country specializes completely in producing only the good in which it has the comparative advantage. Each trades at the equilibrium international price ratio (along a trade line or price line) to reach its consumption point. Both countries gain from trade. Each is able to consume more of both goods than it consumed with no trade.TipsThis chapter begins the full sweep of the development of thinking about comparative advantage as an explanation of the pattern of trade, starting with absolute advantage, and continuing with comparative advantage according to Ricardo. Most instructors will want to emphasize the continuity of thinking by tying this chapter closely to Chapter 4, which presents Heckscher and Ohlin's insight that comparative advantage can be based on differences in factor proportions and factor endowments. We have divided the discussion of comparative advantage into these two chapters (3 and 4), because students (especially students who find this conceptual material challenging to master) are likely to appreciate that the reading comes in more manageable sizes. This chapter has the first of a series of boxes that “Focus on Labor.” Issues of wages and work conditions are prominent in criticisms of globalization. These boxes should be of major interest to many students, as they take up these issues. The box in this chapter examines the link between (real) wages and productivity. It argues that wages in developing countries are low because labor productivity is low. This is not caused by international trade or foreign exploitation—wages will be low with or without trade. The key to raising wages and living standards is raising productivity, perhaps through education, better health, and better government policies toward labor markets. Problem 9 at the end of the chapter focuses on the calculation of real wages in a Ricardian example.Suggested answers to questions and problems(in the textbook)2. Agree. Imports permit the country to consume more (or do more capital investment usingimported capital goods). Anything that is exported is not available for domesticconsumption (or capital investment). Although this loss is bad, exports are like anecessary evil because exports are how the country pays for the imports that it wants.4. If the countries trade with each other at the relative price of 1 W/C, then shifting only halfway to complete specialization in production would be worse for each country thanshifting to complete specialization. If the United States shifted only half way, then itsnew “trade line” would be parallel to the trade l ine shown in Figure 3.1, and it would start from the point on the ppc that is half way between S0 and S1. While this new trade line would allow the United States to consume at a point that had more consumption than atthe initial S0, the United States could do even better by shifting production all the way to points S1 and consuming along the trade line shown in Figure 3.1. Consuming at a point like C would have even more consumption than consumin g at a point on the new “half-way” trade line. Essentially the same reasoning can be used for the rest of the world, fora new trade line that is parallel to the rest of the world’s trade line shown in Figure 3.1,but that begins at a point on the rest of the world’s ppc that is half way between S0 and S1.6. Using the information on the number of labor hours to make a unit of each product ineach country, you can determine the relative price of cloth in each country with no trade.With no trade, the relative price of cloth is 2 W/C (= 4/2) in the United States, and it is0.4 W/C (= 1/2.5) in the rest of the world. With free trade the equilibrium world priceof cloth must be in the range bounded by these two no-trade prices. So, yes, it ispossible that the free-trade equilibrium relative price of cloth is 1.5 W/C (1.5 is greaterthan 0.4, and less than 2).8. a. M oonited Republic has an absolute advantage in wine—it takes fewer labor hours toproduce a bottle (10<15). Moonited Republic also has an absolute advantage in producing cheese—it takes fewer labor hours to produce a kilo (4<10).b. Moonited Republic has a comparative advantage in cheese. The opportunity cost ofproducing a kilogram of cheese is 0.4 (= 4/10) bottles of wine in Moonited Republic,while the opportunity of a kilo of cheese in Vintland is 0.67 (= 10/15) bottles. Vintlandhas a comparative advantage in wine. The opportunity cost of a bottle of wine is 1.5 kilos of cheese in Vintland, while it is 2.5 kilos in Moonited Republic.c. 1.5312WineVintland N VCheese Wine 20.835N M Cheese Moonited Republicd. When trade is opened, Moonited Republic exports cheese and Vintland exports wine.If the equilibrium free trade price ratio is 1/2 bottle per kilo, Moonited Republic willspecialize completely in producing cheese, and Vintland will specialize completely inproducing wine.e. With free trade Moonited Republic produces 5 (=20/4) million kilos of cheese. If itexports 2 million kilos, then it consumes 3 million kilos. It consumes the 1 million bottles of wine that it imports. With free trade Vintland produces 2 (=30/15) million bottles of wine. If it exports 1 million bottles, then it consumes 1 million bottles. It consumes the 2 million kilos of cheese that it imports.2Wine Cheese Wine2Cheesef. Each country gains from trade. Each is able to consume combined quantities of wine andcheese that are beyond its ability to produce domestically. The free trade consumptionpoint is outside of the production possibility curve.10. If the number of labor hours to make a bushel of wheat is reduced by half to 1 hour, thisreinforces the U.S. comparative advantage in wheat. (In fact, the United States then hasan absolute advantage in wheat.) The United States is still predicted to export wheat and import cloth. If, instead, the number of hours to make a yard of cloth is reduced by half to2 hours, this reduces the U.S. absolute disadvantage in cloth, but it does not change thepattern of comparative advantage. The relative price of cloth is now 1 (=2/2) bushel peryard in the United States with no trade, but this is still higher than the price of 0.67 bushel per yard in the rest of the world. The United States still has a comparative advantage inwheat, so the United States is still predicted to export wheat and import cloth.。

国贸经济课后习题答案

第二章世界贸易概览1、引力模型的作用：引力模型不仅能够解释两国间贸易量的大小，而且能够说明在当今经济全球化中仍然制约国际贸易发展的障碍因素。

2、国内生产总值（gross domestic product—GDP）——全部最终产品和服务的市场价值之和。

亦可等于对该国所生产产品和服务的购买支出之和。

3、引力模型产生的基础是：现实充分说明一国的经济规模与其进出口总额息息相关。

4、国际贸易的引力模型是指，在其他条件不变的情况下，两国间的贸易规模和两国的GDP 成正比，与两国间的距离成反比。

其方程式为：T ij=A*Y i*(Y j/D ij) 其中，A是常量，T ij是i国与j国间的贸易额，Y i是i国的国内生产总值，Y j是j国的国内生产总值，D ij是两国间的距离。

5、引力模型的内在逻辑，即其有效的原因：广义的讲，大的经济体由于收入高，因而大量进口产品。

同时，由于大的经济体可以生产更多品种的系列产品，因而更能满足其他国家的需求，进而大量出口产品。

（在两国贸易中，任一方的经济规模越大，则双方的贸易量就越大。

）6、引力模型的重要用途之一就是有助于明确国际贸易中的异常现象。

文化的亲和性、地理位置、运输成本等都会影响贸易规模。

7、所有估计出来的引力模型都表明两国距离对贸易有负的效应。

典型的估计是两国距离每增加1％，则两国的贸易量要降低0.7％～1％。

下降幅度部分地体现为产品和服务运输成本增加的幅度。

8、在各国GDP和距离给定的情况下，有效贸易协定（trade agreement）比无效的贸易协定更能显著增加成员国的贸易量。

贸易协定虽然可以消除成员方间的贸易壁垒，但是对各国国界几乎没有任何影响。

最近的经济学研究成果表明，即便产品和服务可以免关税和无限制地进入疆界，在一个国家内部各地区之间产生的贸易量也要比在同样条件下国家之间产生的贸易量大。

9、服务外包（service outsourcing），亦称为离岸服务，是指曾经必须在一国国内实现的服务现在可以在国外实现。

(完整版)国际贸易课后题参考答案

课后计算题参考答案第三章复习思考题4：表1 分工前两国劳动生产率（1）本国黄油的生产率较高，外国布的生产率较高，所以本国绝对优势产品是黄油，外国是布，本国应专门生产黄油，外国生产布。

表2 分工后两国的劳动投入和产出表3 贸易后两国的国内消费量（假设交换比例为1:1）（2）两国的贸易利益为本国多得0.67单位黄油；外国多得1.4单位布。

（3）本国国内布与黄油的交换比例为1/10:1/6，即：0.6；外国国内布与黄油的交换比例为1/5:1/12，即：2.4.因此，黄油与布的合理交换比例介于0.6-2.4之间。

（或者，黄油与布的合理交换比例介于0.42-1.67之间）注：两国商品的国际交换比例，应在双方国内商品交换比例的之间；两种商品的国内交换比例=两种商品的劳动生产率之比。

第三章复习思考题5：表1 分工前两国劳动生产率（1）生产可能性方程为：L=a Lx x+a LY Y，其中L代表总劳动力，a Lx代表X商品的生产成本，x代表X商品的产量，a LY代表Y商品的生产成本，Y代表Y商品的产量。

因此，把已知条件代入上述等式，得出本国的生产可能性方程为：2=10X+4Y，即：Y=0.5-2.5X；同理，得出外国的生产可能性方程为：1.2=3X+2Y，即：Y=0.6-1.5X。

（另一种简洁算法为：画出几何图形，生产可能性曲线与横轴的交点为投入所有劳动生产X的产量，与纵轴的交点为投入所有劳动生产Y的产量，则生产可能性方程为Y=纵轴Y的产量-斜率乘以X）（2）无贸易时的生产组合意味着求生产可能性曲线与社会无差异曲线的交点，即：生产可能性方程与效用函数的交点，在这一交点上，生产可能性方程与效用函数的斜率相等，由（1）可知本国生产可能性方程的斜率为2.5，外国生产可能性方程的斜率为1.5，而两国的效用函数均为U=XY2，效用函数的斜率为效用函数分别对X和Y求导后的比率，即：U X’/U Y’= Y2/2XY,则本国：Y2/2XY=2.5，即：Y=5X，外国：Y2/2XY=1.5,即：Y=3X，把Y=5X与本国的生产可能性方程Y=0.5-2.5X联立，解出X=1/15，Y=1/3，所以本国无贸易时的国内生产组合为（1/15，1/3）；把Y=3X与外国的生产可能性方程Y=0.6-1.5X联立，解出X=2/15，Y=2/5，所以外国无贸易时的国内生产组合为（2/15，2/5）。

国贸课后习题答案

国际贸易理论与实务教材习题答案第一章绪论【试一试】单项选择题（P2）1．通常所说的国际贸易货物额是指（）。

A．世界出口货物总额 B. 世界进口货物总额C．世界进出口货物总额 D. 世界贸易量2．一般情况下，随着一国参与国际分工的程度加深，其对外贸易依存度将会（）。

A．提高 B. 下降C．不变 D. 变化方向不确定3．一国的进出口贸易收支状况用（）来反映。

A．对外贸易额 B. 贸易差额C．对外贸易量 D. 国际贸易量4．转口贸易又称（）A．直接贸易 B. 间接贸易C．过境贸易 D. 中转贸易5．能指明一国出口货物和服务的去向与进口货物和服务的来源，并能反映出一国与其他国家或国家集团之间经济贸易联系程度的指标是（）。

A．对外贸易地理方向 B. 国际贸易地理方向C．对外贸易商品结构 D. 国际贸易商品结构参考答案：1. A、2. A、3. B、4. D、5. A课堂讨论1－1；1994-2002年我国贸易条件系数为何持续下降？（P5）参考答案：（1）国内市场对进口商品的需求增长；（2）外商投资企业的“转移价格”效应；（3）出口企业恶性价格竞争。

课堂讨论1-2：结合以上表格数据，分析我国对外贸易发展存在的结构性问题是什么？（P6）参考答案：（1）从外贸依存度所反映的贸易规模来看，我国已经是贸易大国，但从商品结构看，尚属贸易弱国；（2）重要资源性商品、关键设备和零部件的外贸依存度过高，存在贸易安全隐患；（3）服装、纺织及家电等产业出口依存度过高；（4）对发达国家市场依赖性过高；（5）贸易条件恶化，我国对国外的供给依赖远远大于国外对我国产品的需求依赖，容易陷入比较优势陷阱；（6）外贸规模增大，但对国内经济的贡献在相对下降。

第二章国际贸易理论【试一试】单项选择题（P12）1．绝对成本理论的代表人物是（）。

A．亚当.斯密 B. 大卫.李嘉图C．赫克歇尔 D. 俄林2．在李嘉图的比较成本学说中，国际贸易产生的原因是由于两国的（）。

国际贸易课后答案版

国际贸易课后答案第三章1、答：a、1200＝3×Q a＋2×Q bb、用香蕉来表示苹果的机会成本是3/2，c、苹果对香蕉的相对价格是3/2Q a4002000 600 Q b2、a、800＝5×Q*a+Q*bQ*a1600 800 Q*bb、P a/P b51.50.5 (Q a+Q*b)/(Q b+Q*b)3、a、P a/P b5 RS1.50 (Q a+Q*a)/(Q b+Q*b)b、苹果的均衡相对价格是2c、本国专业化生产苹果，外国专业化生产香蕉，1单位苹果＝2单位香蕉进行交换d、贸易所得：本国：专业化生产苹果可得400单位，换成800单位香蕉；而自己生产香蕉只能得到600单位，贸易所得200单位香蕉。

（或者：封闭经济下，本国放弃2单位香蕉只能得到3单位香蕉，而通过贸易，2单位苹果可以换4单位香蕉）外国：专业化生产香蕉可得800单位，通过贸易换到400单位苹果；而自己生产只能得到160单位苹果，贸易所得240苹果。

（或者：封闭经济下，外国放弃5单位香蕉才能得到一个苹果，而通过贸易放弃2单位香蕉就可以得到一单位苹果）4.数量的增加了工人在家里变化相对供应表这样的角球点是在(1,3/2)和(1、5)代替(1 / 2,3/2)和(1 / 2,第5章)。

交叉的相对需求的供给曲线是现在相对较低的水平段,在点(2 / 3,3/2)。

在这种情况下,外国仍然从交易中获利,但的机会成本的苹果香蕉从家是相同的:这儿是否有贸易,那么国内从贸易既不快也不慢。

第四章2 a. 又因为L=LC+LF=600 且T=TC+TF=60.所以LC=400, TC=20, LF=200 and TF=40.b. 不会c.在生产要素价格不变的情况下，一些劳工将不会被使用，因此生产要素价格将会改变，或者会出现失业。

3.这个论点没有区分一国的绝对优势与相对优势。

根据要素禀赋理论，重点不是在于要素的绝对丰裕度而是其相对丰裕度。

国贸总结及课后题答案

第一章3.在只有两种商品的情况下，当一种商品达到均衡时，另一种商品是否也同时达到均衡。

试解释原因。

答：肯定均衡，只有两种商品的情况下，当一种商品达到均衡时，一种生产要素的分配固定，这种商品价格一定，供给一定，需求一定，由生产可能性均衡边界可得，另一种商品也同时达到均衡。

7.如果国防贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答：大国。

在两国贸易时，小国得到的福利比较明显，而进行贸易后，面对的价格水平不影响自身价格，所以，国际相对价格更接近于大国。

8.根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中的福利改善程度更为明显些？答：小国。

如图所示，国际贸易发生后，大国的相对价格更接近封闭状态下的均衡价格，而小国的相对价格与封闭条件下的均衡价格差距比大国要大，贸易后的无差异曲线的位置就越偏上，因此贸易利益也就越大。

第二章5.假设某一国家拥有20000单位的劳动，x,y的单位产出所要求的劳动投入分别为5个单位和4个单位，试确定生产可能性边界。

答：由题意可列出生产函数5x+4y=20000所以生产可能性边界为y=5000-5/4x 6.根据上一题的条件，再加上以下几个条件，试确定该图的出口量，并在图中画出贸易三角。

（1）X的图标相对价格为答：Pw=2，PA=Px/Py=5/4如图所示，△DA’CA贸易三角（2）进口为2000个单位，因为Pw=2，所以答：△Y=2000，出口：△X=10007.在图中，过剩供给曲线两端是否有界线？试解释原因。

答：有界限，因为一个国家的供给能力是有限的。

9.试对下列说法加以评价（1）由于发达国家工资水平高于发展中国家，所以发达国家与发展中国家进行贸易会无利可图。

答：错，参与双方都获利，发达国家劳动力贵，劳动成本高，在劳动密集型产品上无优势，其他产品上有优势，仍会获利，贸易是一个双赢的结构。

（2）因为美国的工资水平很高，所以美国产品在世界市场上缺乏竞争力。

国际贸易课后习题答案（可编辑）

国际贸易课后习题答案国际贸易理论与实务（教材）习题答案第一章第二章课堂讨论4-2：世界各国设立的自由港与自由贸易区，一般能提供哪些方便之处？（P62）参考答案：思路：自由贸易区货物进口、存放、加工、展销及再出口均不需缴纳关税，不受配额、外汇及消费者权益法的限制。

其地点一般都选择在便于外商转销出口的海港城市中的终点市场和加工基地，也可方便外商存储货物。

自由贸易区也是货物的展销窗口，厂商也可在全程的免税区内充分利用当地廉价的土地、劳力和厂房，从事加工装配工作，省去各种附加费用。

课堂讨论4-3：保税区和出口加工区共有的主要功能是：（P63）A．仓储运输 B．商品展示 C．加工贸易 D．转口贸易解析：根据国际对保税区和出口加工区的管理规定，出口加工区的功能主要是保税加工，没有转口和展示功能，不能经营单纯的仓储业务；而保税区具有保税加工、转口贸易、商品展示、仓储运输等多种功能，既有保税加工的功能，又有保税物流的功能，二者共同的功能就是保税加工，也就是加工贸易。

复习思考题（P64）一、简答题1．我国对有些进口商品实行严格的控制，有些不但要领取进口许可证，还要事先申请进口配额。

这些措施对限制进口有什么作用？2．为什么中国大部分进口商原来需要申领进口许可证，现在改为进口登记？3．中国逐步取消一般进口数量限制会不会造成国际收支严重失衡？4．实行进口配额与征收关税对限制进口有哪些不同？5．外汇管制如何起到限制进口的作用？6．技术壁垒如何起到限制进口的作用？7．发放配额的形式中，哪一种形式相对较好？8．为什么说实施配额对经济影响比征收关税更大？9．“自动”出口配额制与进口配额制有哪些异同点？10．分析日本汽车业加大在美国投资力度的原因？11．国家征收关税会起到什么作用？12．为什么要降低和取消关税？各国能取消关税吗？答案参考教材相关内容。

二、案例讨论题西班牙的埃尔切市被誉为“欧洲鞋都”，埃尔切市温州鞋城是当地非常著名的鞋类批发市场，是温州鞋走向欧洲市场的一个最重要集散地。

《国际贸易学》课后习题答案

第一章国际贸易学的研究一、名词解释1、国际贸易:指世界各国或地区之间在商品和服务方面的交换活动2、净进口：将某种商品的出口数量和进口数量相比较，出口量小于进口量净出口：出口量大于进口量3、出口部门：一国能够将产品销往国际市场的各类产业的总和进口竞争部门：一国与进口产品在本国市场上进行竞争的各类产业的总和4、总贸易：总进口加上总出口就是一国的总贸易额。

总贸易包括所有进出入该国的商品，主要反映一国在国际商品流通中所处的地位。

专门贸易：专门进口额加上专门出口额就是一国的专门贸易额。

专门贸易额只包括那些进口是用于该国生产和消费的商品，出口是由该国生产和制造的商品，主要反应一国作为生产者和消费者在国际贸易中起的作用。

6、国际贸易商品结构：指各类商品在国际贸易中所处的地位，通常以它们在世界出口总额中的比重来表示。

7、国际贸易值：用货币来表示的一定时期内各国的对外贸易总值，它能反映出某一时期内的贸易总金额，也称国际贸易额。

8、国际贸易地理方向:也称国际贸易地区分布，用来表明世界各个地区或各个国家在国际贸易中所占的地位，通常是用它们的出口贸易额（进口贸易额）占世界出口贸易总额（进口贸易总额）的比重来表示二、思考题1、什么是国际贸易？它与国内贸易有什么区别？国际贸易量的计算1）国际贸易：指世界各国（或地区）之间在商品和服务方面的交换活动它是各个国家（或地区）在国际分工的基础上相互联系的主要形式。

2）3)2、什么是贸易差额？它与一国的经济发展有什么关系？1)在一定时期内（通常为一年）一个国家的出口总值与进口总值之间的差额，称为贸易差额2）贸易差额是衡量一国对外贸易状况的重要指标。

一般贸易顺差表明一国在对外贸易收支上处于有利地位，贸易逆差则表明一国在对外贸易收支上处于不利境地。

但是长期保持顺差也不一定是好事。

巨额顺差还会影响国内货币政策对一国经济的调控能力。

3、什么是国际贸易地理方向？如何正确看待国际贸易地理方向的集中与分散？1）国际贸易地理方向又称国际贸易地区分布，用来表明世界各个地区或各个国家在国际贸易中所占的地位，通常使用它们的出口贸易额（进口贸易额）占世界出口贸易额（进口贸易额）的比重来表示。

国际贸易课后答案

国际贸易课后答案一、选择题1. B2. A3. C4. D5. B6. A7. D8. C9. B10. D二、判断题1. 错误2. 正确3. 正确4. 错误5. 正确6. 错误三、填空题1. 贸易壁垒2. 进口3. 关税4. 出口5. 贸易逆差四、问答题1. 请简要解释自由贸易的概念。

自由贸易是指国家间在没有限制和干预的情况下进行的贸易活动。

在自由贸易下，国家之间可以自由地进出口商品和服务，没有关税和其他贸易壁垒的限制。

自由贸易旨在促进国际贸易的发展，增加各国之间的经济互利。

2. 请列举国际贸易中常见的贸易壁垒。

国际贸易中常见的贸易壁垒包括关税、非关税壁垒和贸易配额等。

关税是指对进口商品征收的税费，可以增加进口商品的价格，减少对外贸易。

非关税壁垒则包括进口配额、进口许可证、反倾销措施等，对进口商品进行限制和管理。

贸易配额是指对某种商品的进出口设定限额，超过限额的部分则不能进行进出口贸易。

3. 请说明贸易逆差的原因及其对经济的影响。

贸易逆差是指一个国家或地区的进口超过了出口，导致贸易收支上的赤字。

其原因可以是国内经济发展相对滞后，产业结构不合理，缺乏有竞争力的产品或服务等。

贸易逆差对经济会带来一定的负面影响，如导致外汇的流失，增加国家的债务压力，削弱国际竞争力等。

因此，应该采取措施促进出口，提高国际竞争力，以减少贸易逆差。

4. 请简述自由贸易区和关税同盟的区别。

自由贸易区是指一组国家之间达成的协议，允许成员国在贸易上消除关税和非关税壁垒，但成员国仍然保留对非成员国实施关税的权利。

自由贸易区内的国家可以自由进行贸易，但是对外贸易仍然受到限制。

关税同盟则是自由贸易区的进一步发展，成员国不仅消除了内部关税和非关税壁垒，还统一了对外国家的关税政策，形成了对外统一关税政策的市场。

关税同盟的成员国在对外贸易上享受更高的自由度和一致性。

《国际贸易》课后习题答案

第一章导论1.为什么说从地理大发现开始才形成了真正意义的“世界贸易”？思路：真正意义的“世界贸易“不仅发生在洲内，而且要求各州之间更加广泛的贸易往来。

在15世纪之前，由于技术和知识的局限，贸易主要局限于各州内以及亚欧间。

15世纪开始的地理大发现是欧洲人开辟的一系列新土地、新航道，它联系亚欧非大陆，为洲际贸易创造了便利的地理条件，从此引发了真正意义的“世界贸易”，出现了专门从事贸易的商业机构。

2.工业革命对世界贸易的主要影响是什么？工业革命后的世界贸易与以前有什么主要的区别？思路：工业革命对世界贸易的主要影响表现为（1）加大贸易需求。

工业革命提高生产率，促进生产，从而使贸易成为配置剩余产品的必要手段。

（2）为贸易提供物质便利。

工业革命促进交通和通讯的发展，加强了世界的联系。

（3）改变贸易模式。

世界从单一的农业社会转向以工业生产为主的现代经济，从而使贸易建立在各国分工的基础上。

工业革命后的世界贸易与以前有主要的区别表现为（1）贸易量迅猛增长。

（2）贸易依存度加大。

（3）改变贸易的产品结构。

3.第二次世界大战以来世界贸易迅速发展的主要原因有哪些？除了本章中列举的因素以外，你还有哪些补充？思路：二战后世界贸易迅速发展的主要原因有（1）战后和平稳定的政治环境是贸易发展的保障。

（2）第三次科技革命和信息产业革命促进生产和分工，使贸易成为必然。

（3）经济增长带来的收入增长促进了对贸易的需求。

（4）战后较为健全的国际经济秩序减少贸易摩擦，推动贸易发展。

补充：可能政府的出口鼓励、人口迅速发展、经济全球化趋势、全球投资自由化等因素大大推进世界贸易。

4.简述战后国际贸易发展的新趋势。

思路：新趋势包括（1）工业制成品的出口比重加大。

（2）服务贸易越来越普遍。

（3）发达国家间的贸易成为主流。

（4）行业内贸易发展迅速。

（5）区域性自由贸易得到加强。

5.中国的对外贸易早于西欧国家，但为什么中国对外贸易的发展速度和规模都不及西欧？思路：长期以来中国都是一个自给自足的农业经济，加上中国地大物博，资源丰富，对西方所求不多，贸易动机长期都是互通有无。

国际贸易课后习题参考答案

国际贸易课后习题参考答案以下是国际贸易课后习题的参考答案：第一章：概述1. 国际贸易的定义是什么？其目的有哪些？国际贸易是指不同国家之间进行的商品、服务和资本的跨境流动。

其目的包括更好地利用各国资源、增加经济效益、扩大市场份额、促进技术进步和实现国际间的和平与合作。

2. 国际贸易有哪些优势？国际贸易的优势包括：可以帮助各国充分利用自身优势，拓展市场空间，降低成本，提高效率，促进技术进步，增加就业机会等。

第二章：贸易政策3. 自由贸易与保护主义的区别是什么？自由贸易是指各国之间不设任何贸易壁垒的贸易形式，而保护主义则是采取各种手段限制进口，保护本国产业不受外国竞争的决策。

4. 贸易壁垒有哪些种类？贸易壁垒的种类包括关税、配额、非关税壁垒（如技术壁垒、安全壁垒、健康壁垒等）。

第三章：国际交易支付5. 请简要介绍国际清算和支付的方式。

国际清算和支付的方式包括现金交易、信用证、汇票、托收、电汇、即期汇率、远期汇率、期权、互换和结算。

6. 请说明银行承兑汇票的原理和流程。

银行承兑汇票是指银行向承兑人支付货款并将其押销，并在到期日或以前的某个日期向银行兑现的汇票。

其流程包括：发票人向购买方出具汇票，购买方将汇票出售给银行，并在到期日付款给银行或向银行申请承兑。

第四章：全球货币体系7. 全球货币体系的发展历程是怎样的？全球货币体系的发展历程主要经历了黄金标准、布雷顿森林体系和自由浮动汇率三个阶段。

8. 国际货币基金组织的主要职责是什么？国际货币基金组织的主要职责包括：促进国际货币制度的稳定；促进国际贸易和投资；促进经济增长和就业；提供援助和金融支持等。

第五章：外汇市场9. 请简要介绍外汇市场的基本特点。

外汇市场的基本特点包括：全球化的市场、24小时交易、高度流动性、强大的交易量、市场规模庞大、影响因素多样化。

10. 外汇交易有哪些交易类型？外汇交易的交易类型包括即期交易、远期交易、期权交易和货币互换交易等。

结语：国际贸易是全球经济的重要组成部分，其繁荣和发展对于促进各国经济的发展至关重要。

国际贸易概论课后习题答案

国际贸易概论课后习题答案1.什么是国际贸易？国际贸易是指不同国家或地区之间的商品和服务的交换活动。

这些活动涉及到货物的出口和进口，以及相应的支付和结算过程。

国际贸易是现代全球经济中不可或缺的组成部分。

2.国际贸易的目的是什么？国际贸易的目的是实现资源优化配置和互利共赢。

通过国际贸易，各国能够利用自身的资源和优势生产出最高效的产品，从而提高整体经济效益。

同时，国际贸易还能够促进各国之间的经济合作与交流，提升各国的经济繁荣。

3.国际贸易的主要形式有哪些？国际贸易的主要形式包括货物贸易和服务贸易。

货物贸易是指不同国家之间的商品交流，包括出口和进口。

服务贸易是指各国之间的服务交换，如金融、旅游和咨询等。

4.国际贸易的主要参与者有哪些？国际贸易的主要参与者包括国家政府、企业和个人。

国家政府在国际贸易中发挥着重要的引导和管理作用，制定相应的法规和政策来促进贸易。

企业是实施国际贸易的主体，通过生产和销售商品和服务来参与贸易。

个人则是贸易活动的最终消费者和参与者。

5.国际贸易的优势有哪些？国际贸易的优势主要包括比较优势和竞争优势。

比较优势是指在一种资源有限的情况下，某国能够以更低的成本生产某种商品，从而在贸易中占有优势。

竞争优势则是指某国在某种商品生产中具有技术、品质或品牌方面的优势，从而能够在竞争中获得更好的地位。

6.国际贸易的限制有哪些？国际贸易的限制主要包括贸易壁垒和保护主义政策。

贸易壁垒包括关税、配额、非关税壁垒等措施，限制了商品的自由流通。

保护主义政策则是指国家采取各种手段来保护本国产业，如补贴、反倾销和贸易限制等。

7.自由贸易和保护主义的区别是什么？自由贸易是指国际贸易活动在没有任何限制的情况下进行，各国按照市场规则进行自由交换。

保护主义则是指国家采取各种手段保护本国产业免受外国竞争的影响。

自由贸易鼓励国际合作与竞争，有利于全球资源优化配置；而保护主义则容易引发贸易战和经济衰退。

8.国际贸易对经济发展的影响是什么？国际贸易对经济发展有积极的影响。

国际贸易课后答案

P2061.试述幼稚工业保护论的要旨。

保护的目的是为了促进生产力的发展。

受到保护的应当是国内幼稚的但有发展希望的工业，受保护对象通过一段时期之后能够成长起来。

保护期应当以30年为最高界限，在这个期限内仍然不能成长起来的产业，政府就不应当继续保护下去。

6.既然自由贸易主义具有增加世界福利及各个国家福利的效果，为什么到目前为止没有一个国家实现完全的自由贸易？发达国家利用在全球经济和贸易领域的垄断地位，主导和控制了当前全球贸易体系的游戏规则。

它们在要求发展中国家开放市场时，经常会把颇有诱惑力的“公平贸易”与“对等原则”挂在嘴边。

但是，“不公平贸易”与“不对等原则”才是发展中国家遭遇的残酷现实，农业领域尤其如此。

为了使“不公平贸易”与“不对等原则”能够长久维持下去，欧美等发达国家与发展中国家签订了许多贸易协定。

这些名义上的“自由贸易协定”，实际上大多数都是“被操纵的贸易协定”,发达国家会把扩大投资领域、开放服务业、知识产权保护等塞进这些协定当中，它们只关心如何增加投资的优惠条件和金融自由化。

发达国家的跨国公司利用这些协定，控制了许多发展中国家的石油业、商品零售业和汽车工业等，赚取巨额利润。

与此同时，它们把许多高污染、高能耗的产业从本国迁移到发展中国家，它们分给发展中国家的利润少得不能再少，而后者却要承担环境严重污染和温室气体剧增的恶果。

P3007.假定一国某种商品的需求曲线为D=40-2P，供给曲线为S=10+3P，自由贸易时的市场价格为2，请用数字和图形回答以下问题：自由贸易下该国的进口量是多少？当该国对该种商品征收50%的从价税时，试问该国的进口量是多少？关税的保护成本或净损失的价值是多少？自由贸易时：S=10+3P=10+3×2=16 D=40-2P=20-2×2=36进口量=D-S=36-16=20征收关税后：P=2×(1+50%)=3 S=10+3P=10+3×3=19 D=40-2P=40-2×3=34进口量=D-S=34-19=15A国生产衣服所用的布料为进口品，在自由贸易下做一件衣服的布料成本为50美元，成衣的价格为80美元。

国贸课后练习答案全周瑞琪

acceptance 承兑actual total loss 实际全损ad valorem 从价运费additional 附属费advanced B/L 预签提单air transportation 空运air waybill 空运单ante-dated B/L 倒签提单anticipatory credit 预支信用证back-to-back credit 背对背信用证basic freight 基本运费beneficiary 受益人bill of exchange 汇票charter party 租船契约charter transportation 租船运输charter(tramp) 不定期货船check 支票claimant 索赔人clean B/L 清洁提单clean bill 光票clean collection 光票托收clean credit 光票信用证combined certificate 联合凭证confirmed L/C 保兑信用证constructive total loss 推定全损containerization 集装箱运输contribution 分摊deferred payment 延期付款demurrage 滞期费discount 折扣，贴现documentary bill 跟单汇票documentary letter of credit 跟单信用证endorsement 背书exclusions 除外责任external risks 外来风险extraneous risks 外来风险factoring 保理业务forfeiting 包买票据fortuitous accidents 意外事故franchise 免赔率freight rates 运费率freight ton 运费吨general average 共同海损general risks 一般外来风险indemnity 赔偿insurable interest 可保利益insurance certificate 保险凭证insurance claim 保险索赔insurance cover(age) 保险险别insurance policy 保险单insurance premium 保险费insurance rate 保险费率irrevocable L/C 不可撤销信用证lay day 装卸天数liner/gross terms 班轮条件liners transportation 班轮运输measurement ton 尺码吨natural calamity 自然灾害open policy 预约保单optional port 选择港order B/L 指示提单partial loss 部分损失partial shipments 分批装运particular average 单独海损paying instrument 支付工具payment by installments 分期付款payment in advance 预付payment term 支付方式perils of the sea 海上风险port of destination 目的港port of shipment 装运港presentation 提示presenting bank 代收行promissory note 本票proximate cause 近因原则rail(way) transportation 铁路运输reciprocal credit 对开信用证red clause credit 红条款信用证remittance 汇付revocable L/C 可撤销信用证revolving credit 循环信用证road transportation 公路运输sea transportation 海运sea waybill 海运单sight draft 即期汇票sight L/C即期信用证special risks 特殊外来风险stale B/L 过期提单standby L/C 备用信用证straight B/L 记名提单subject matter 保险标的subrogation 代位求偿权sum insured 保险金额surcharge 附加费tenor 汇票期限the insured/insurant 被保险人the insurer 承保人，保险公司time charter 期租船time of delivery 交货期time/usance draft 远期汇票total loss 全部损失transferable L/C 可转让信用证transshipment 转船underwriter 承保人unexpected accidents 意外事故utmost good faith 最大诚信原则voyage charter 程租船weight ton 重量吨CFS (Container Freight Station) 集装箱货运站CIC (China Insurance Clauses) 中国保险条例CP (Charter Party) 租船契约CY (Container Yard) 集装箱堆场D/A (documents against acceptance) 承兑交单D/D (demand draft) 即期汇票D/P (documents against payment) 付款交单DR to DR (Door to Door) 门到门运输F. I. (Free In) 船方管卸不管装F. I. O. (Free In and Out) 船方不管装卸F. I. O. S. T. (Free In and Out, Stowed ＆ Trimmed) 船方不管装卸，理舱和平舱F. O. (Free Out) 船方管装不管卸FCI (Factors Chain International) 国际保理联合会FCL (Full Container Load) 整装箱FPA (Free from Particular Average) 平安险GA (General Contribution) 共同分摊ICC (Institute Cargo Clause) 协会货物运输保险条款IMT (International Multimodal Transportation) 国际多式联运L/C (letter of credit) 信用证L/G (letter of guarantee) 保函LCL (Less than Container Load) 拼装箱M (Measurement) 尺码M/T (mail transfer) 信汇MTO (Multimodal Transportation Operator) 多式联运经营人PICC (the People’s Insurance Company of China) 中国人民保险公司SRCC (strikes, riots and civil commotions) 罢工，暴动，民变脸T/T (telegraphic transfer) 电汇TPND (theft, pilferage and non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险UCP 600 (Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit 600) 跟单信用证统一惯例 600URC 522 (Uniform Rules for Collection 522) 托收统一规则W (Weight) 重量W/W Clause (Warehouse to Warehouse Clause) 仓至仓条款WPA (With Particular Average) 水渍险Chapter 51. In international cargo transportation, the most widely adopted bill of lading is D. order bill oflading.2. In DES contracts, a reasonable order for time of shipment and time of delivery is B. June 1 andJuly 1.3. A bill of lading is C. ante-dated B/L when its date of shipment is indicated earlier than the actualtime of shipment.4. A (An) D. bill of lading represents title to the cargo.5. In the import and export business, B. an ocean B/L can be made out to negotiable document.6. The bill of lading presented to the consignee or buyer or his bank after the stipulated expiry dateof presentation or after the goods are due at the port of destination is a A. stale B/L.7. A “freight to be collected” B/L is acceptable to the buyer when the contract is based on A. FOB.8. A C. conference liner normally has regular scheduled departures, specified routes andcomparatively fixed freight rates.9. An order B/L with blank endorsement is a B/L showing B. neither the name of consignee northe name of transferee.10. A(n) A. straight B/L refers to one that is made out to a designated consignee.Chapter 61. The main document adopted by the insured to make claims against the insurer is D. insurancedocument.2. Perils of the sea, such as vessel being stranded or grounded covered in an insurance policy areone kind of B. fortuitous accidents.3. According to “Ocean Marine Cargo Clause of the People’s Insurance Company of China”, thecoverage which cannot be effected independently is C. War Risk.4. Company A exported 5 metric tons of tea. The tea suffered heavy storm in transit. The sea waterin the ship’s hold led to the deterioration in the quality of part of the tea exported. This kind of loss is D. particular average.5. The insurance document that is acceptable mostly in Hong Kong of China, Singapore andMalaysia is C. combined certificate.6.7. Risks such as “failure to delivery risk” or “rejection risk” fall within the category of B. specialextraneous risks.8. According to “Ocean Marine Cargo Clause of the People’s Insurance Company of China”, thebasic coverage that is the least extensive is A. FPA.9. In the case of air freight, if the subject matter insured failed to reach the warehouse at destinationstipulated in the insurance policy, the expiration of the insurance is B. 30 days after completion of discharge overside from the overseas vessel at the final port of discharge.10. Under C. ICC(C) coverage of London Institute Cargo Clause, only major casualties are covered,but not natural calamities.1. If there is no specific provision, the draft under a letter of credit should draw on the B. issuingbank.2. The draft used in collection is D. a commercial draft, based on commercial credit.3. A standby credit B. is a special clean credit.4. Under collection once the importer refuses to pay, the C. principal will be responsible for thecargo release, customs clearance, warehousing, and reselling in the importing country.5. The bill of exchange used in D/A must be a D. usance bill.6. If a bank other than the issuing bank guarantees the payment under an L/C, this L/C is A. aconfirmed credit.7. A C. reciprocal credit is normally used in processing trade.8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about remittance? A. It provides highest securityto the buyer but not the seller.9. B. packing loan is a L/C based financing which will provide the exporter funds before the goodsare produced.10. If the exporter finds out mistakes on a received L/C, he should contact the B. importer at the firstplace.Chapter 5T 1 .Liner freight has covered the loading and unloading fee.F 2. When the ship-owner speeds up his ship and arrives at the destination at an earlier date than stipulated, he can obtain dispatch money from the charterer.T 3. When the charterer fails to load or unload the goods within the stipulated period of time, he has to pay demurrage to the ship owner.F 4. Ocean bills of lading, air waybills and rail waybills are property documents presenting title to cargoes, so they are all negotiable.T 5. Bills of lading are usually made out in a full set including several originals and copies.F 6. Since straight B/L bears higher risk than the open B/L , it is rarely used in international transportation.F 7. A clean B/L is issued by the seller to the buyer to certify that the goods delivered are in apparent goods condition.F 8. In international trade practice, the time of shipment is actually the time of delivery.T 9. Sometimes when the buyer cannot determine a specific port of discharge during negotiation, he may require two or three ports to be written on the contract as optional ports.T 10. UCP 600 stipulates that partial shipment and transshipment are allowed unless it is stipulated otherwise.Chapter 6F 1. In marine cargo insurance, general average is to be borne by the carrier, who may, upon presentation of evidence of the loss, recover the loss from the insurance underwriter.F 2. In Chinese insurance practice, open policy is the same as the insurance certificate.T 3. Special additional coverages such as war risks, strikes and so on must be taken out together with FPA, WPA or ALL Risks.F 4. In ocean marine insurance, natural calamities include heavy weather, earthquake, tsunami, flood, collision, etc.T 5. The coverage of Land Transportation Risk and Air Transportation Risk are almost equivalent to WPA in marine cargo insurance.F 6. Subrogation Principle states that in the event of loss of or damage to the subject matter insured resulting from an insured peril, the insured is placed in the same position that he enjoyed immediately before the loss occurred.T 7. The 10% markup rate of the commercial invoice value in an insurance policy is to cover an anticipated profit as well as other additional costs involved.T 8. Under a deductible franchise, where the loss or damage exceeds the percentage allowed, the insurance company needs merely indemnify the exceeding part to the insured.F 9. Ocean marine insurance covers ships and their cargo only on the high seas and not on inland waterways.F 10. The claimant is the party who suffers loss of or damage to the subject matter insured byChapter 7F 1. If the remittance is m ade by a banker’s demand draft, this payment is based on bank credit.T 2. For a confirmed credit, the confirming bank holds the same liability as the issuing bank.T 3. A letter of credit which does not indicate whether it is revocable or not is regarded as irrevocable.F 4. A letter of credit not mentioning ti is non-transferable will be seen as transferable.F 5. Using a third currency in collecting payment is the best protection against currency risk for the seller.T 6. Since under L/C the seller gets payment from a party independent of the buyer, it is the safest mode for him.T 7. Open account and payment in advance indicate the minimum and maximum risk for the importer.F 8. Dishonor only refers to the rejection to the presentation for payment, but not rejection to the presentation for acceptance.T 9. Under collection though the seller collects payment through banks, it is not guaranteed that he will receive the money as collection is still based on commercial credit.F 10. In international trade clean collection is more frequently used than documentary collection. Chapter 51. Under what circumstances does the time of shipment equal to the time of delivery?Time of shipment refers to the time limit for loading the goods on board the vessel at the port of shipment while time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place.For all shipment contracts, time of shipment equals to time of delivery, and according to Incoterms 2010, contracts concluded on the basis terms like FOB, CFR, CIF, FCA, CPT, CIP are shipment contracts. Under the shipment contract, the seller fulfills his obligation of delivery when the goods are shipped on board the vessel or delivered to the carrier and the seller only bears all risks prior to shipment.2. What are the functions of a bill of a lading?A cargo receipt, evidence of a contract of carriage, a document of title to the goods.3. What are the main types of bills of lading?·According to whether the goods have been loaded on board the carrying vessel: Shipped B/L and received for shipment B/L·According to the apparent condition of the received cargo: Clean B/L and Unclean B/L,·According to the address of the consignee: Straight B/L, Order B/L and Bear B/L,·According to whether transshipment is involved in transit: Direct B/L and Transshipment B/L, ·According to the perplexity or simplicity of the bill content: Long term B/L and Short term B/L, ·According to the payment condition of freight: Freight prepaid B/L and Freight to be Collected B/L ·According to the validity: Original B/L and Copy B/L·Other forms of bill of lading also exist according to different circumstances: Stale B/L, Ante-dated B/L, Advanced B/L, On-deck B/L.4. What are the ways of dividing charges of loading and unloading in a charter party?·Liner Terms/ Gross Terms or In and out: The ship-owner bears loading and unloading cost.·Free in: The ship-owner is only responsible for unloading cost.·Free out: The ship-owner is only responsible for loading cost.·Free in and out: The ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost. OR F. I. O. S. T.: The ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost, not even bear the expenses of stowing and trimming.Time of delivery(time of shipment), port (place) of shipment and port (place) of destination, partial shipment, transshipment, or lay days, demurrage and dispatch money.Chapter 61. What are the differences between general average and particular average?Although both general average and particular average belong to the category of partial loss, there is still some differences between them:·Causes: Particular average is a kind of cargo loss usually caused directly by sea perils, while general average is caused by intentional measures taken to save the common interest. ·Indemnification: Particular average is often borne by the party whose cargo is damaged, while general average should be proportionally contributed among all parties benefited from the intentional measures.2. What are the conditions for general average?·The danger that threatens the common safety of cargo and/or vessel shall be materially existent and is not foreseen.·The measures taken by the master shall be aimed to remove the common danger of both vessel and cargo and shall be undertaken deliberately and reasonably for common safety.·The sacrifice shall be specialized and not caused by perils directly and the expense incurred shall be additional expense which is not within the operation budget.·The actions of the ship’s master shall be successful in saving the voyage3. What are the differences between the scope of ICC(B) and ICC(C)?The scope of ICC(C) covers loss of damage to the cargo attributable to fire or explosion, vessel of craft being stranded, grounded, sunk or capsized, overturning or derailment of land conveyance, collision or contract of vessel, craft or conveyance with any external object other than water, or discharge of cargo at a port of distress, general average sacrifice, or jettison.Apart from those covered under ICC(C), the scope of ICC(B) also covers loss of or damage to the subject matter insured attributable to earthquake, volcanic eruption or conveyance, container, liftvan or place of storage, or total loss of any package lost overboard or dropped whilst loading onto or unloading form, vessel or craft.4. What are the risks that are known as general additional coverage1)T.P.N.D(Theft, Pilferage and Non-delivery), 2)Fresh Water Rain Damage, 3)Risk of Shortage,4)Risk of Inter Mixture and Contamination, 5)Risk of Leakage, 6)Risk of Clash and Breakage,7)Risk of Odor, 8)Heating and Sweating Risk, 9)Hook Damage, 10)Risk of Rust, 11)Breakage ofPacking Damage5. What are the main expenses involved in ocean marine insurance? How to define them?Marine cargo insurance also covers the expenses incurred to avoid or reduce the damage to or loss of the subject matter insured. There are mainly two types of expenses. One is Sue and labor expense, the other is salvage charges.Sue and labor expense are extraordinary expenses made in a time of peril by the insured to act to avert, or minimize any loss of or damage to the subject matter insured. Salvage charges are expenses resulting from measures properly taken by a third party other than the insured, his agent, or any person employed by them to preserve maritime property from peril at sea.6. What documents are needed when an insurance claim is made?·Original bill of lading or other transport document·Commercial invoice·Packing list·Certificate of Loss(Survey)·The landing account or weight notes(notes on weight) at destination·Any correspondence with the carrier or any other party who could be responsible for the loss or damage·Master’s protest.Chapter 71. After Bank X advised exporter Y of the L/C, the shipment was made. When the cargo was onthe way, the importer filed for bankruptcy. Is Y out luck of collecting the payment? Can the opening bank refuse to make reimbursement to the negotiating bank? Why or why not?No, exporter Y does not need to worry about the payment. Because the payment is by L/C, the issuing bank is responsible for making payment regardless of the importer’s situation. But the condition is that exporter Y can fulfill all the requirements listed on the L/C. According to UCP600,a credit constitutes a definite undertaking of the opening bank to pay or to pay at maturity in caseof acceptance. Therefore once the stipulated documents are presented to the opening bank and the terms and conditions of the credit are complied with, the opening bank cannot refuse to make reimbursement to the negotiating bank.2. An L/C does not indicate whether it is revocable or not. Is it revocable? Can a revocablecredit be transferable?According to UCP600, if an L/C does not indicate whether it is irrevocable or not, it will beconsidered as irrevocable. And a transferable L/C must be irrevocable.3. After a gullible importer paid Bank C against the seemingly correct shipping documents, hewent to take the delivery, but found out that the goods were inferior counterfeits. Is Bank C liable under UCP600? Can the importer do anything in order to recover the loss?Bank C is not liable in this case because UCP600 stipulates that in credit operations all parties concerned deal with documents, and not with goods, services and/or other performances to which the documents may relate. In order to recover the loss, the importer should rely on the sales contract and seek for solution.4. An exporter, Wu Co., received an L/C issued by Bank B and confirmed by Bank K. After Wushipped the goods, Bank B declared bankruptcy. Will Wu have sleepless nights?No, Wu Co. Does not need to worry about the payment. When the L/C is confirmed, the confirming bank holds the same definite undertaking as the issuing bank to pay or to pay at maturity in case of acceptance.5. Does a payment credit differ from a sight credit?A payment credit could be settled by sight payment or deferred payment. In both cases, a draftdrawn on the issuing bank may not be necessary. While when a sight credit is used, payment would be made immediately against a sight draft and required commercial documents.6. Are the following credits transferable? (A)This L/C assignable; (B)This L/C is transmissible;(C)This L/C is fractionable; (D)This L/C is divisible.According to UCP600, a credit can be transferred only if it is expressly designated as“transferable” by the issuing bank. Terms such as “divisible”, “fractionable”, “assignable”, and “transmissible” do not render the Credit transferable.7. Under an anticipatory credit, the exporter made an advance, but disappeared withoutpresenting the documents as required. Who is liable for repayment of the advance?The special clause is required by the applicant, as a result he has to make repayment of the advances if the beneficiary fails to present documents for settlement.8. Why a back-to-back credit is needed? Give an example.A back-to-back credit is normally used by middleperson for the protection of his interest. Forexample, agent A received a documentary credit from the end buyer B, A can use this credit as a backup to apply for the opening of a new credit in favor of the end supplier C. By doing so A can be sure that neither B nor C would know each other, therefore well protecting A’s businessconfidentiality.9. What is the difference between a back-to-back credit and a transferable credit?When a back-to-back credit is used, there actually involve two credits. When a transferable credit is used, operation is based on only one credit.Chapter 51. The price quoted by an exporter was “USD38 per case FOB Liverpool”. The importerrequested a revised CFR Liverpool price. If the size of each case was 50cm*40cm*30cm, gross weight per case was 40kg, freight basis was W/M and the quotation for London is USD100 per ton of carriage, plus 20% bunker adjustment factor (BAF) and 10% currency adjustment factor (CAF), what would be the CFR price?W=40kg=0.04M/T M=50cm*40cm*30cm=0.5*0.4*0.3=0.06cm3 M>WM will be used as freight basis for freight calculation.Freight per case=M*basic freight*(1+BAF rate)=0.06*100*(1+20%)=USD 7.2Total freight per case=7.2*(1+10%)=USD 7.92CFR=FOB+Freight=38+7.92=USD 45.92The CFR price would be USD 45.92 per case CFR Liverpool2. There is one consignment of 10 cartons of leather shoes, measurement of each carton is50*50*50cm, gross weight of each is 15KG. The air freight are quoted for the flight required is USD1.3KG. How much air freight should be paid to the carrier?W=15kg M= (50*50*50)/6000=20.83kg M>WFreight=USD 1.3/kg*20.83*10 cartons=USD 270.79The air freight is USD 270.793. Suppose: Company A exports 1000 cases of Commodity Y to London. The volume per caseis 40cm x 30cm x 20cm, and the gross weight is 30kg per case. For Commodity Y, the freight rate basis is W/M, and the Freight Tariff (China —London) is USD230, with a 10% port surcharge. How much is the total freight?Total weight: 0.03 M/T*1000 cases=30M/T Total measurement: 0.4x0.3x0.2*1000cases=24M3W > M, “W” is the freight basisTotal Freight=Total weight× Basic Freight Rate×(1+ Surcharge)=30×230×(1+10%)= USD 7590 The total freight cost is USD7590.4. Company A wants to send one consignment to Sydney, Australia. The goods are packed in50 cartons, each weighing 15kgs, with measurement as 50 x 40 x 30cm. The air freight rateis quoted at USD2.00/KG (W/M). How much would the total air freight cost?W: 15 kg M: (50x40x30)/6000=10kg W> M, so W will be adopted for the calculation of air freightAir freight=Total Quantity× Basic Freight Rate=50 cartons×15kg×USD2.00/kg =USD 15005. Suppose the working period at Port X is 8 hours a day and 7 days in a week. If there are four rainy hours unable for loading and unloading in a week, how many standard days are there under the above three methods of stipulation for lay time respectively?Days or Running Days or Consecutive Days=7 days Weather Working Days of 24 Hours=8*7- 4(rainy hours)=52 hours=2 61 days Weather Working Days of 24 Consecutive Hours=7*24-4=164 hours=6 65 days Chapter 611. A Chinese company offered to a British counterpart at USD500 per case FOB Shanghai. The British importer asked the exporter to offer a CIF price. Suppose the freight is USD 50 per case and premium rate is 0.6%, what would the new offer be?CIF=(FOB+F)/(1-110%*R)=(500+50)/(1-110%*0.5%)=USD 533The new offer is USD 533 per case CIF Shanghai.12. Company A transacted with Company B, exporting frozen food under CIF. The total amount of the invoice value was USD 10 000. The premium rate was 0.4% and the goods were insured for FPA with a markup of 10%. Please calculate the insurance amount and insurance premium respectively?Insurance amount=CIF*(1+markup rate)=10 000*110%=USD 1100Insurance premium=CIF insurance amount*insurance rate=1100*0.4%=USD 44The insurance amount and insurance premium are USD 1100 and USD 44 respectively.13. Our exporting company offered light industrial products to a British importer at GBP10 000 per metric ton CIF London (insurance for All Risks with 10% markup and 1% premium rate). However, the importer intended to effect insurance by himself, as a result, he count-offered CFR price. What is the CFR price? How much premium should the exporter need to deduct from the CIF price?CFR=CIF*(1-110%*R)=10 000*(1-110%*1%)=GBP 9890Insurance premium=CIF-CFR=10 000-9890=GBP 110The CFR price is GBP 9890 per metric ton CFR London and the exporter need to deduct GBP 110 from the CIF price as the premium.14. Suppose a cargo vessel loaded with cargo of Party A and Party B stranded in transit. To save the vessel as well as the goods on it, the master ordered to throw 1000 cases of goods to the sea. The value of the goods thrown overboard for Party A is 20% of his goods (the total value of his goods is CNY20000) and that for Party B is 10% of his goods (the total value of his goods is CNY60000). Extra wages for the seamen to perform the act amounted to CNY5000. The value of the vessel is about CNY5000000. Based on the information above what is the G.A. contribution for each party involved?Total GA loss=20000x20%+60000x10%+5000=CNY 15000Total GA contributory value=20 000x 80%+ 60 000x90%+5 000 000+15 000= CNY 5 080 000 GA percentage = (Total GA loss / GA Total Benefit) x 100%=(15 000/5 080 000)x100%=0.295% GA Contribution by Party A=20 000 x 0.295% = CNY 59GA Contribution by Party B=60 000 x 0.295% = CNY 177GA Contribution by the Carrier=5 000 000x0.295% =CNY 1475015. Suppose the CIF invoice value is USD50 000 and goods are insured against All Risks and War Risks with premium rate to be 0.5% and 0.05% respectively. If markup rate is 10%, the insurance premium will be:Insurance Premium (I)=50 000*(1+10%)*(0.5%+0.05%)=55 000*0.0055=USD 302.5Chapter 51. ABC Co. signed a contract to export 200 M/T of beans. The letter of credit stipulated, “Partial shipment not allowed”. When the shipment was being made, the exporter loaded 100 M/T each on board the same vessel for the same voyage at the port of Shanghai and the port of Dalian. The shipment document was clearly marked with the ports of shipment and the dates of shipment. Did the exporter violate the terms of the L/C?析:No, 卖方没有违反信用证“不允许装船” 的规定。

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国际贸易实务导论1、国际贸易业务有哪些特点？了解这些特点对我国企业从事国际商务活动有何实际意义？国际贸易的主要特点：1、国际贸易属于跨国交易，情况错综复杂；2、国际贸易线长面广，中间环节多；3、国际贸易风险大，不稳定性高；4、国际市场商战不断，竞争激烈。

2、进出口贸易业务的基本流程包括哪些环节？在各环节应注意哪些事项？出口贸易的基本流程：（1）出口交易前的准备工作阶段（2）交易磋商和签订合同阶段（3）出口合同履行阶段进口贸易的基本流程：（1）进口交易前的准备工作阶段（2）交易磋商和签订进口合同阶段（3）进口合同的履行阶段3、了解国际贸易交易过程中所适用的法律和国际贸易惯例对从事国际贸易有何作用？了解所适用的法律可以保证国际贸易的顺利进行，使国际贸易顺利进行，使国际贸易得到法律的承认和保护；而国际惯例的运用，有利于国际贸易中的各个环节相互衔接，从而促进国际贸易正常有序的进行和确保其可持续发展。

4、在我国现行的法律中所涉及的有关国际贸易的国内法较多，请简要作一介绍。

目前我国的国内法所涉及的有关国际贸易的主要法律有：（1）关于使用国际货物买卖的国内立法：《中华人民共和国合同法》（2）关于适用于国际货物运输与保险的国内立法：《中华人民共和国海商法》（3）关于适用于国际货款收付的国内立法：《中华人民共和国票据法》（4）关于适用于对外贸易管理的国内立法：《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》、《中华人民共和国海关法》、《中华人民共和国进出口商品检验检疫法》（5）关于适用于国际商事仲裁的国内立法：《中华人民共和国仲裁法》5、如何正确理解国际贸易惯例？它与国际贸易条约有何异同点？国际贸易惯例一般是指国际贸易业务中，经过反复实践形成的，并经过国际组织加以解释和编撰的一些行为规范和习惯做法。

国际贸易惯例和国际贸易条约是两个不同的概论，其不同点主要的有以下几条：一、前者属各国在国际贸易中普遍采取的做法，且这种做法具有时间上的连续性和次数上的反复性，已被各国接受和承认。

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国贸课后习题答案d oc国际贸易理论与实务（教材）习题答案第一章绪论【试一试】单项选择题（P2）1．通常所说的国际贸易货物额是指（）。

A．世界出口货物总额 B. 世界进口货物总额 C．世界进出口货物总额 D. 世界贸易量2．一般情况下，随着一国参与国际分工的程度加深，其对外贸易依存度将会（）。

A．提高 B. 下降C．不变 D. 变化方向不确定 3．一国的进出口贸易收支状况用（）来反映。

A．对外贸易额 B. 贸易差额 C．对外贸易量 D. 国际贸易量 4．转口贸易又称（）A．直接贸易 B. 间接贸易 C．过境贸易 D. 中转贸易5．能指明一国出口货物和服务的去向与进口货物和服务的来源，并能反映出一国与其他国家或国家集团之间经济贸易联系程度的指标是（）。

A．对外贸易地理方向 B. 国际贸易地理方向 C．对外贸易商品结构D. 国际贸易商品结构参考答案：1. A、2. A、3. B、4. D、5. A课堂讨论1－1；1994-2002年我国贸易条件系数为何持续下降？（P5）参考答案：（1）国内市场对进口商品的需求增长；（2）外商投资企业的“转移价格”效应；（3）出口企业恶性价格竞争。

1第二章国际贸易理论【试一试】单项选择题（P12）1．绝对成本理论的代表人物是（）。

A．亚当.斯密 B. 大卫.李嘉图 C．赫克歇尔 D. 俄林2．在李嘉图的比较成本学说中，国际贸易产生的原因是由于两国的（）。

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