The Definition of Foreignization
英语广告翻译中的归化与异化
Domestication versus Foreignizationin English Advertisement Translation英语广告翻译中的归化与异化The present paper focuses on the application of the two translating strategies--domestication and foreignization to English advertisement translation. Why does a translator choose this translation strategy instead of that one when he translates an advertisement? In the consumers’ eyes, what kind of advertisements do they expect and would get their attention?1. Definition of Domestication and ForeignizationIn translation, there are two basic translation strategies, which are termed “domesticating” and “foreignizing” by Lawrence Venuti (Venuti 2004).The roots of the terms can be traced back to the German Philosopher Schleiermacher’s argument in his famous lecture “On the Different Ways of Translating” given in 1813. In that lecture, he argued that there are only two different methods of translation, “either the translator leaves the author in peace as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him; or he leaves the reader in peace as much as possible, and moves the author towards him.” (Venuti 2004: 19-20) 2．Functions of Domestication and ForeignizationAs is mentioned, translation is a matter of choice. The strategies of domestication and foreignization have their respective advantages and limitations which decide their different functions in the translating work.Domesticating translation is easier for the readers to understand and accept, because expressions and styles familiar to the TL readers are adopted. However, the naturalness and smoothness of the TL are often achieved at the expense of the cultural and stylistic message of the SL; while the foreignizing strategy seeks to evoke a sense of the foreign freshness. The function of domestication is to shorten the distance of the author and the readers, while the function of foreignization is to bring the readers to the author’s world.3. Application of Domestication and Foreignization to English Advertisement TranslationAdvertisement is of a very practical type of writing with high commercial value. Its ultimate purpose is to promote sales. If the translator rigidly adheres to the original form and content in translation, it may lead to the failure of promoting sales in target markets.Translating advertisements is something like presenting one the tip of an iceberg. What one sees are the words, but there is a lot behind the words that must beunderstood to transfer advertising from one culture to another.The production of an advertising text involves considerable market research, so that the intended audience can be very carefully targeted, the right buttons pressed and the desired responses elicited.On the other hand, with the development of cultural communication in different countries, the situation has gradually changed in a subtle way. Nowadays, more and more people tend to accept the foreign culture and even eager to learn some necessary information globally through different ways. The discrepancy between SL and TL in the aspects of language and culture would attract them and arouse their interests.4. ConclusionIn the business flow between countries, the advertisement, as one of the important ways to spread information, carries messages from one country to another. The advertising messages may contain different cultural factors such as language, values, history, customs and the like which need to be dealt with in advertising translation. So the advertisement translation is a complex job, which not only requires transiting and passing on the foreign cultural elements, but also calls for considering whether the consumers would accept this kind of transition.References[1]Adab, Beverly, ed. 2004. The Translator—Key Debates in the Translation of Advertising Material[M]. Manchester, UK: St. Jerome Publishing.[2]Baker, Mona. 2000.In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.[3]Bassnett, Susan. 2004. Translation Studies[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.[4]Belch, George E. & Belch Michael A. 2001. Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communication Perspective[M]. New York: Irwin/ McGraw-Hill.[5]Lefevere, Andre, ed. 2004. Translation, History & Culture: A Sourcebook[M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.[6]Venuti, Lawerence. 2004. The Translator’s Invisibility—A History of Translation[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.[7]Jin Hanshen靳涵身. 《诗型广告翻译研究》[M]. 成都：四川大学出版社. 2004.[8]Sun Huijun 孙会军.《普遍与差异—后殖民批评视阈下的翻译研究》[M]. 上海：上海译文出版社. 2005.[9]Xie Tianzheng 谢天振. 《翻译研究新视野》[M]. 青岛：青岛出版社. 2003.[10]Zhou Xiao Zhou Yi 周晓，周怡. 《现代英语广告》[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 1998.。
ForeignizationandDomesticationIntheliterature。。。
Foreignization and Domestication In the literature translationOutline:1,The definition of foreignization and domestication1.1 What's foreignization1.2 What's domestication2,Contrast of foreignization and domestication2.1 Comparison of the titles of literature2.2 Comparison of the translation of kinship terms2.3 Comparison of the translation of cultural words3,Foreignization and domestication exist simultaneously3.1 The defect of overuse foreignization3.2 The merit of domestication3.3 Both foreignization and domestication make text perfect4,Conclusion【摘要】文学翻译涉及到许多复杂的文化因素,在文学翻译中,译者必须考虑原语与目的语之间的文化距离.归化和异化在这方面发挥了很重要的作用.但是与归化相比,读者更愿意接受异化. 异化不仅在文章形式上,而且在文化移植方面都有很多的优点.异化保留了原语语言的表达方式和文学寓意,异化倾向于原语文化,目的是为了保留原语文化.异化读者体会到不同国家之间的文化差异,并且使他们能够更好的理解原文及其文化.然而,在文学翻译中过度的使用异化也会有负面影响,它可能让读者对译文产生含糊感,觉得译文没有可读性.实际上,归化也有其自身的优点,它可使读者对译文产生熟悉感和认可性.所以在文学翻译中归化和异化不可以完全分开.首选是异化,然后归化可以作为补充,且两者同时并存.【关键词】翻译异化归化对比AbstractThe translation of literature involves many complicated cultural factors. And cultural distance between the source and target cultures requires some considerations in the translation of literature. The foreignization and domestication play important roles in it. But compared with domestication, foreignization is more acceptable by readers. Foreignization has lots of advantages not only in the text form but also in the function of culture transplant. Foreignization maintains the original linguistic expression or literary images in the source language. Foreignization is oriented towards the source-language culture and its aim is to preserve source culture. Foreignization makes readers know the cultural differences between different countries, and comprehend the original text and culture better. While overuse foreignization in the translation of literature has negative influence. It may bring readers the ambiguity or unreadability of the translation. In fact, domestication also has its own merits. It can make the text recognizable and familiar. So foreignization and domestication can't be separated completely in the translation of literature.The first choice is foreignization, the last resort is domestication. And both of them exist simultaneously【Key words】: translation foreignization domestication contrast1,The definition of foreignization and domesticationThe translation of literature involves many complicated cultural factors. In the translation of literature, cultural distance between the source and target cultures requires some considerations. The foreignization and domestication, these two translation strategies play important roles in it. While, what are the foreignization and domesticationIn the west, the rudiment of domestication and foreignization can be traced far back to word-for-word translation and sense-for-sense translation put forward by Gcero, Horace and Jerome during the period of ancient Rome. Domestication and foreignizatin are extension of the two concepts of literal translation and free translation. Foreignization and domestication, as a pair of important binary theories, are paid more and more attention by translators.1.1 What's foreignizationDictionary of Translation studies gives the definition of foreignization , to a certain extent, maintaining the foreignness of the source text and break the linguistic nom of the target language. Such as "胆小如鼠"( as timid as a mouse ) "Win-win situation"(双赢局势)"crocodile tears"(鳄鱼的眼泪). All these examples are mostly translated by word-for-word .The structures are remained. Foreignization in the translation of literature is to maintain the particular linguistic expression in native language, which helps the target reader to know cultural differences between different counties. In fact, foreignization is the process of culture transplant, as the diagram shows:A LanguagetranslateB languageA CulturetransplantA CultureA language packed with A culture was translated toB language packed with A culture.A culture was just transplanted. It just moved its place. e.g.(1) 他总是事后诸葛亮.He is always Zhugeliang, the master after the event.(2) Nobody can predict whether another Pandora Box is opened when human can be cloned没有人可以预言对人的克隆是否意味着开了一个潘多拉的盒子会给人类带来各种各样的灾难.(3)"心较比干多一窍,病如西子胜三分""She looked more sensitive than Pikan, more delicate than His Shih"In these examples, we can see that both sentences remain the original culture and linguistic expression. Reader can learn the source cultures. A Dream of Red Mansions translated by Y angxianyi is the typical example of foreignization.e.g. 闲静时如娇花照水,行动处似弱柳扶风.In repose, she was like a lovely flower mirrored in the water.In motion, a pliant willow swaying in the wind.1.2 what's domesticationDomestication means the opposite of the foreignization. Domestication doesn't emphasis on syntactical and morphological traces of the original, and doesn't maintain the source culture. It close to the target language and let the translation reads like the native language. Domestication is concerned mainly with messages.e.g. 天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福The weather and human life are both unpredictableBirds of a feather flock together 物以类聚To kill two birds with one stone 一箭双雕All these examples are the sense-for sense translation. They didn't maintain the source culture. Domestication is the process of culture , The diagram is as followA LanguagetranslateB languageA CulturetransferB CultureA language packed with A culture was translated toB language packed with B culture, the culture was transferred from A culture to B culture. e.g.(1) 他跟老人招呼了一声"吃过了没有,老伯""Good morning, Grandpa " he greeted the old man.(2) 他总是事后诸葛亮He is always wise after event(3) "No, ye poor, lost soul, that ye mustn't do.""不,你这迷途的羔羊啊!千万不能这样做."The purpose of domestication is to make the text recognizatable and familiar and thus brings the foreign culture close to the reader in the target culture. So in the literature translation, translators often make some semantic extension and abridging lengthy writings,to satisfy the readers'demand. Ducis use domestication in the translation of Hamlet to fit the French taste. And another typical example of domestication is The Story of The Stone translated by David Hawkes.e.g. 闲静时如娇花照水,行动处似弱柳扶风.Their beauty were beyond description. (Hawkes)2,Contrast of foreignization and domesticationAlthough domestication and foreignization are good strategies in literature translation. With the rapid development of cultural communication, the readers' horizon is being greatly widened. Readers are more interested in the different elements of foreign cultures. Foreignization is faithful to the original text and the source cultural spirits. While domestication doesn't emphsis on the equlence with the original text. So foreignization is more acceptable than domestication. Luxun , a great writer ,was the advocator of foreignizing translation in China. He tried to maintain the foreigners of foreign works, in order to introduce news thoughts and ideas into china④(潘文国; P178 ). And in west, Venuti is the representative of foreignization. Foreignization do have more advantage. Here we make some comparisons between foreignization anddomestication.2.1 Comparison of the titles of literatureAs a mode of cultural transmission, the titles of literature also have abundant cultural connotations. Therefore, the translation of titles of literatures are not only a matter of word rendering, but also a matter of culture rendering . If the titles are with somewhat color of foreignal culture. It can attract more target readers. They are more curious about the foreign culture. All these can be reached only through foreignization.For the title of Hong Lou Meng, Hawkes translated it into The Story of The Stone. He just considerated the acceptability of ordinary European readers. He just tried to create an image that conforms to western cultural values. Because stone has deep metaphoric meaning in western literature. While MrY ang translated the title into A Dream of Red Mansions through foreignization. This title is faithful to the source text, and retains the foreignness of Chinese culture. And it will attract the readers who show a real interest in the oriental culture and who also want to keep in close contact with the real culture and the foreignness of that culture.Another example is the famous novel"水浒传". Pearl S.Buck translated it "All Men Are Brothers". Although it's very easy to understand, it's not proper. Because not all the people in Liangshan Marsh, considered others as brothers. It's far from the source text. Sidney Shapiro's Outlaws of The Marsh is better. And there are more good instances, which succeed in using the translation method of foreignization such as Herbert.A.Giles's. "Strange Tales from A Chinese Studio" is not better than Y angxianyi's Selected Tales from Liaozhai. Arthus Waley's Analects of Confucius is better than Thomas Cleary's Essential of Confucius.2.2 Comparison of the translation of kinship termsIn the translation of kinship terms, Y angxianyi mainly uses the method of foreignization, aiming to introduce Chinese culture to the western country, while David Hawkes mainly adopts the method of domestication with the focus on the target readers and omits the honorifics as many as possible. C hinese feudal society is a patriarchal society, which means the rule that center on kindred and gives a judgment about the near and distant relative by lineage. So they emphasized the honorifics. It's obvious that domestication can't show the source culture well.e.g. (1) 宝玉向林黛玉说道:"你听见了没有,难道二姐姐也跟我撒谎不成"……宝玉笑道:"太太不知道这缘故.宝姐姐先在家里住着,那薛大哥的事,他也不知道.……林妹妹在背后羞我,打谅我撒谎呢."(第二十八回)Y ang: Pao-yu appealed to Tai-yu."Y ou heard what's been said. Would my Cousin His-feng back me up if I were lying " "Y ou don't know the reason, madam." Pao-yu grinned. "Even when Cousin Pao-chai lived with her family she didn't know her brother's doingsBut just now Cousin Tai-yu, sitting at the back, drew a finger across her cheek to shame me because she thought I was fibbing."Hawkes: Bao-yu turned to Dai-yu.'Did you hear what Feng said ' he asked her. 'I hope you're not going to say that she was lying.' Bao-yu only laughed. "Y ou don't know the reason, Mother. Bao-chai didn't know a half of what Cousin Xue got up to, even when she was liv ing with her motheroutside; … what you don't realize is that Cousin Lin was all the time sitting behind her making signs to show that she didn't believe me."In this example, there are four appellations including"宝姐姐","薛大哥""二姐姐","林妹妹". "二姐姐"is Wang Hsi-feng who is Pao-yu's cousin and sister-in-law ."宝姐姐" whose mother is his mother's sister is also his girl cousin. "薛大哥"is "宝姐姐"'s brother, therefore, he is Pao-yu's boy cousin. As for "林妹妹", she is his aunt's daughter. All these addressing terms can be translated into "cousin" because the word cousin can designate the children of aunts and uncles with no distinction between male and female, old and young, near and distant. English native speakers usually use "cousin + first name" to call the sons or daughters of their uncles and their aunts. Contrarily, the word "cousin" can indicate all the children of maternal side and paternal side including "姑表哥,堂哥,舅表哥" and so on in Chinese. In Chinese patriarchal clan system, the complicated family tree in large extended family leads to the complex addressing terms. While not in western countries.So they're translated by Hawks respectively into "Bao-chai", "Cousin-Xue", "Cousin Lin", "Feng". However, in Y ang's translation, they are "Cousin Pao-chai", "her brother","Cousin Dai-yu", "my cousin Hsi-feng". Y ang's translation is better because he takes the habitual usage of the target language into consideration. The translation by Hawks may lead to the misunderstanding of the readers. They are likely to think that the first name of Pao-chai And Tai-yu is Xue and Lin respectively.(2) ----"况且这通身的气派,竟不像老祖宗的外孙女,竟是个嫡亲的孙女,怨不得老祖宗天天口头心头一时不忘"-----Y ang:Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesn't take after her father, son-in-law of our Old Ancestress, but looks more like a Chia. No wonder our Old Ancestress couldn't put you out of her mind and was for ever talking or thinking about you Hawkes:And everything about her is so distingue! She doesn't take after your side of the family, Grannie. She's more like Jia.Y angxianyi translated it to "Old Ancestress". It can not only express that WangXi-feng want to show her great respect to Grandmother Jia deliberately, but also emphasize the powerful prestige of Grandmother Jia in the family. While Hawks translated "老祖宗" into "Grannie". It can't let readers know the original meaning. Y angyixian's translation is more close to the original text.2.3 Comparison of the translation of cultural wordsThe cultural word that carries the meaning of a cultural trait particular to a certain socio-cultural community, that is, whose referent is a unique thing or conception, and therefore that has no corresponding equivalent in other communities, when it is used in cross-cultural communication, is called word of cultural unique or culture word⑤( 周志培; P491). In the translation of literature, only through foreignization can the target culture reader know the unique and can particular culture be embodied the cultural difference between original text and target. For instance,谋事在人,成事在天Man proposes, Heaven disposes (Y ang)Man proposes, God disposes ( Hawkes )巧媳妇做不出没米的粥Even the cleverest housewife can't cook a meal without rice (Y ang)Even the cleverest housewife can't make bread without flour (Hawkes )In the two examples, we can compared translation of "天"and"粥".In China people worship"天"(heaven).Because Buddhism has been deeply noted in chinese ideology and they have rice as the main cereal foods. While in the western countries most people are Christians and they believe in God, and because of the different geographical conditional, they have bread. Other examples, such as "sofa" translated "沙发", "coffee" translated "咖啡", New Zealand translated "新西兰", "mini-skirt" translated "迷你裙","饺子"translated "Jiaozi". All these used foreignization to show the unique and particular culture successfullyIn one word, to avoid the loss and distortion of cultural features and also to enrich our language, translators should use the foreignization in the translation of literature as possible as they can, and try their best to transplant foreign cultures into our language and at the same time to introduce our culture to outside world in an acceptable way. 3,Foreignization and domestication exist simultaneously3.1 The defect of overuse foreignizationForeignization has lots of advantages. It's an effective way for the enrichment of the target language and culture, but there is no such thing as absolute foreignization. There is no version, which is completely foreignization from the beginning to end of a text. Foreignization aims to close to the source language. It maintains the original language expression. But in this sense foreignization is limited. For instance, Chinese readers have accepted "上帝" or "黑色星期五", but they may not accept the expression"浑身起鹅皮疙瘩"which is "be gooseflesh all over" in English. And it's likely that Chinese people will never say "胃里有蝴蝶" (have butterflies in one's stomach),when they feel nervous. There is one piece of poetry Autumn Thoughts《天净沙.秋思》马致远枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马.夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯Tr.Schlepp's version ( foreignization)Dry vine, old tree, crows at dusk,Low bridge, stream running, cottages,Ancient road, west wind, lean nag,The sun westeringAnd one with breaking heart at the sky's edgeTr.Ding ZuXin&Burton Raffle's version ( domestication)Withered vines hanging on old branches,Returning crows croaking at dusk.A few houses hidden past a narrow bridge,And below the bridge quiet creek running.Down a worn path, in the west wind,A lean horse comes plodding.The sun dips down in the west,And the lovesick traveler is still at the end of the world.Compared with the domestication version, foreignization version is very close to the content and form of source text, but the space of images for readers is very small. And it let readers feel boring. Overuse foreignization will become imitate the linguistic structure of the original language so as to create a foreignized Chinese.Besides, foreignization is concerned with cultural connotation foreignization is also limited to the receptivity of the target readership which of course is restricted by the recipient environment. For example:我属鸡,我从来不吃鸡,鸡年是我的本命年.I was born in the year of the Rooster. I never eat chicken. The year of the Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luckAfter reading this translation, the target reader may be somewhat confused, because he doesn't understand what's "the year of the Rooster" and why it will bring good or bad luck to a person born in this year. Another example:"难道这是痴丫头,又像颦儿来葬不成"因又笑到:"若真也葬花,可谓东施效颦了,不但不为新奇,而是更可厌.""Can this be another absurd maid come to bury flower like Taiyu " he wondered in some amusement. "If so, she's Tung Shih imitating His Shih," which isn't original but rather tiresome."The target reader also can't understand well this translation. Because the readers don't know His Shih is a famous beauty in the ancient kingdom of Yueh. Tung Shih was an ugly girl who tried to imitate her ways .Just only using foreignization, the target readers may be arise ambiguity or unreadability of the translation even caused by cultural default.3.2 The merit of domesticationWhen foreignization can't express the original text and original cultural connotation well. Domestication is a good choice. In fact, domestication also has its own merit. Domestication translation is concerned mainly with message. It's reader-based. It has a great communicative function of the translation. It's easy for the target reader to comprehend and accept the translated version.For example, the famous English works The Red Shoes describes the devious and touching experiment of a young ballet dancer during the time when she dedica tes herself to the ballet art. The writer of the original scenario uses the kill of metonymy, comparing "red shoes" to the heroin, showing her pursuit of art and her longing for love. The title of the works is concise and vivid. If it was translated into Chinese as "红鞋子",for Chinese readers, it must sound vulgar. The translator uses the Chinese word "红菱", whose color is bright and whose shape is elegant to translate "the red shoes". And the Chinese word "红菱" is also full of Chinese cultural connotation. Another Chinese word"菱" not only can modify "红菱", displaying its bright color, but also describes the beauty of the heroin's pursuit of art and love. The translated version is concise and dainty and abundant in artistic inspiration. It's a good example succeeding in using the method of domestication.In Chinese culture, the concept of "福" has wide range of associative meaning, suchas happiness, good fortune and so on, which is very specific to a native Chinese. There is a popular saying in china. That's "福无双至,祸不单行",which means "blessings never come in pairs; misfortunes never come singly". On the birthday of a senior Chinese ,people like "福如东海,寿比南山", which means "I wish you long life and happiness". And during the Spring Festival, the Chinese character "福" can be seen everywhere in china, as part of the Spring Festival couplets. So based on above analysis, when it necessary, domestication also can be used. And translator should know to what extent foreignization or domestication is allowed.3.3 Both foreignization and domestication make text perfectWith the rapid development of cultural globalization, nowadays the main target of translation is to unfold foreign cultures for the readers as much as possible. In this sense, a good translation of literature must be examined at least from those two aspects: one is preserve its exotic elements and the other is to be well understood and accepted by the target readers. Domestication strategy is employed on linguistic level, while foreignization on cultural level. So foreignization and domestication can't be separated completely. Only both of them exist simultaneously in the translation of literature, which make the text perfect. Take the《天净沙.秋思》(Autumn Thoughts) as an example again. The following is the Tr.Arthus Sze's version.Withered vine,old tree,crows.A small bridge,flowing water,houses.Ancient road,west wind,lean horse.Sun sinking,in the west—And a man,crushed,at the sky's edge.In this version, author used not only foreignization, such as "withered vine, old tree," but also domestication,like "a man crushed at the sky's edge". It brings readers a large sight and thus create literary images. It's like a vivid picture, which lead readers into a desolate, sorrowful atmosphere. There is another typical example of using both foreignization and domestication succeedlyPrologueTwo households, both alike in dignity,In fair V erona, where we lay our scence,From ancient grudge, break to new mutiny,Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.From forth the fatal loins of these two foesA pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life;Whose misadventur'd piteous overthrowsDo, with their death, bury their parents' strife.The fearful passage of their death-mark'd love,And the continuance of their parents' rage,Which, but their children's end, nought could remove,Is now the two hours' traffick of our stage;The which if you with patient ears attend,What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend.(Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet)故事发生在维洛那名城,有两家门户相当的巨族,累世的宿怨激起了新争,鲜血把市民的白手污渎.是命运注定这两家仇敌,生下了一双不幸的恋人,他们的悲惨凄凉的殒灭,和解了他们交恶的尊亲.这一段生生死死的恋爱,还有那两家父母的嫌隙,把一对多情的儿女杀害,演成了今天这一本戏剧.交代过这几句挈领提纲,请诸位耐着心细听端详.(朱生豪译)This is a famous poetry. There are 14 sentences. From the whole form, poet used foreignization. The rhyme method of the original poetry is "abab cdcd efefgg". While that of the translation version isn't so well-arranged, which considers the acceptiability of target readers. We can see it is domestication.From the analysis of those above examples, because of using both foreignization and domestication, the target readers can accept the translation version easily, and they can also learn some foreign culture.4,ConclusionIn short, foreignization and domestication are very important concepts in deciding a translator's approaches to the linguistic and cultural differences of the source text. But some scholars declared that domestication translation was the main trend in the last century, the 21st century would mostly embrace foreignizing translation③(孙萍; P172 )As the inter-communication between countries becomes more and more frequent. People emphases the inter-cultural communication stronger and stronger. And in the translation of literature, foreignization aims for cultural transfer. The tendency of literature translation strategies will be foreignization. However, there's no absolute foreignization. Translator shouldn't neglect domestication in the translation of literature. The first choice is foreignization, the last resort is domestication②. (赵明; P27) Both domestication and foreignization exist simultaneously. The two strategies can supplement each other and coexist forever in disseminating cultures andpromoting the development of different cultures. Bibliography……………………………………………………..①《英汉互译理论与实践》编著:陈秋劲Richard B.l dauf,Jr (澳)David Gordon Ether i dge (加) 武汉大学出版社2005②《语际翻译与文化交融》——汉英互译的理论与实践编著: 赵明中国矿业大学出版社2003③《英汉翻译导论》(英) 编著:孙萍吉林大学出版社2004④Translation and Contrastive Studies: Proceedings of 2002 International Symposium on Contrastive and Translation Studies Between Chinese and English主编: 潘文国上海外语教育出版社2005⑤《英汉对比与翻译中的转换》周志培著邵志洪审华东理工大学出版社2003⑥《文学翻译佳作对比赏析》主编:崔永禄南开大学出版社2001⑦《英汉语比较与翻译》主编: 杨自俭上海外语教育出版社2000。
第一讲 中西翻译理论史
译文： 因为距离远，交通工具缺乏，使农村社会与 外界隔绝。这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足， 而变得更加严重。
Definition: Foreignization: If the translator’s preference is placed on preserving the language and cultural difference of the source text, we call this kind of approach or its translation foreignizing or foreignization.
译文1：（董秋斯） 我 爱 我 的 爱 人 为 了 一 个 “ E”, 因 为 她 是 Enticing ( 迷 人 的 ) ； 我 恨 我 的 爱 人 为 了 一 个”E”, 因为她是Engaged (订了婚的)；我用 我的爱人象征Exquisite (美妙)，我劝我的爱 人从事Elopement (私奔)，她的名字是Emily (爱弥丽)，她的住处在East (东方)。
Domestication: Conversely, the method or practice of adapting the translation to the norms and values of the target language and culture is called domesticating or domestication.
第六次翻译高潮表现在第二次世界大战 结束以来的翻译活动。主要特点：首先，翻 译范围的扩大，科技、商业领域也成为翻译 领域。其次，翻译规模扩大，出现经过专门 训练的专业队伍从事翻译。另外，翻译的作 用为以往所不可企及。最后，翻译事业发展 的形式有很大变化和进步。其中包括兴办高 等翻译教育，成立翻译组织，发展机器翻译。
翻译示例
the most general being "Even thieves have their principles."
Another interpretation is : "even the bad guys have a conscience". So, could this also mean "There is honour amongst thieve" ?. Well, a
for sure./ Pride goes before a fall.
25. 一箭雙雕 / Shoot two birds (geese , wild foul, whatever) with one
single arrow./ Kill two birds with one stone.
"crocodile tears"(鳄鱼的眼泪).本人以为一种文化本身没有的被另一种文化接受，跨文化教化作用
Birds of a feather flock together 物以类聚
To kill two birds with one stone 一箭双雕
我属鸡,我从来不吃鸡,鸡年是我的本命年.
9. 歲月不留人 / Age and time do not wait for people./ Time and tide waits
for no man.
10. 家家有一本難念的經/ Each family has its own difficult scripture (or
man must learn to sail in all winds.
翻译的归化和异化理论
Foreignization is a source-culture-oriented translation which strives to preserve the foreign flavor as much as possible in order to transfer the source language and culture into the target one.
定义Definition
归化（domestication）是指在翻译中采用透明、流畅的风格，最 大限度地淡化原文的陌生感的翻译策略。它应尽可能的使源语文本 所反映的世界接近目的语文化读者的世界，从而达到源语文化与目 的语文化之间的“文化对等”。
归化法是以目的语文化为归宿的翻译方法, 是基于人类文化和语言 的个性而发展。要求译者向译语读者靠拢，采取译语读者习惯的译 语表达方式，来传达原文的内容；
例子
① 异化可以在语音层上出现。例如： ballet译作“芭蕾舞” cigar译作“雪茄” laser过去译成“莱塞”，现译作“镭射”、“激光” 目前大街小巷都风行的“卡拉 OK”等。
② 异化可以在词语层出现。例如： “crocodile tears”译作“鳄鱼的眼泪” “an olive branch”译作“橄榄枝” “sour grapes”译作“酸葡萄” “the cold war”译作“冷战ove my dog. 爱屋及乌。 2.a lion in the way 拦路虎 3.lick one’s boots 拍马屁 4.Diamond cuts diamond 棋逢对手 5.A flash in a pan 昙花一现 6.Have one foot in the grave 风烛残年 7.To grow like mushrooms 雨后春笋 8.One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys nobody．一个和尚
新编跨文化交际英语教程 复习总结
Unit 11.The definition of INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION1.1“Inter-" comes from the Latin word for "between",and dictionaries define communication as exchanging information.Inter-"来自拉丁语，意思是"在之间"，字典把交流定义为交换信息。
Intercultural Communication refers to the exchange of information between people from different cultures.跨文化交际是指来自不同文化的人之间的信息交流。
As the very phrase suggests, Intercultural Communication emphasizes cross-cultural competence rather than language only.正如这句话所暗示的，跨文化交际强调的是跨文化能力，而不仅仅是语言。
1.2 what makes IC a common phenomenon: new technology, innovative communication system,globalization of the economy , changes in immigration patterns 新技术、创新的通讯系统、经济全球化、移民模式的变化2.The definition of globalizationGlobalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation,and trade between nations.全球化是区域经济、社会和文化通过国家之间的交流、运输和贸易而变得一体化的过程。
从韦努蒂归化与异化法看中英文习语翻译
从韦努蒂归化与异化法看中英文习语翻译【摘要】长期以来，中英文习语就被学者以及其他对其感兴趣或经常运用它们的人广泛研究。
而另一方面，在过去的几十年中，随着翻译事业的飞速发展，有诸多耳熟能详的翻译理论和方法建立起来并被投入使用。
现在越来越多的人已意识到，习语往往出自日常生活及经历，它们形式灵活、通俗易懂。
可是也有很大一部分人认为，翻译理论在某种程度上可以说是固定而老套的，因此它们很难同实际翻译操作，尤其是同中外习语翻译结合起来。
基于此，本文以韦努蒂的归化及异化理论为中心，力图针对该理论展开对各类习语以及它们实际运用的分析和分类，继而归总了归化及异化理论何时、如何被应用于习语翻译，而这一部分也构成了本文的主旨所在。
总言之，该论文目的在于运用结合实例和理论指导的观点看习语翻译，以表明两者间和谐一致之关系。
【关键词】习语翻译；韦努蒂；归化；异化an analysis of idiom translation based on venuti’s domestication and foreignization strategy【abstract】english and chinese idioms have long been extensively studied by scholars as well as other people who are interested in or actively make use of them. on the other hand, during the past decades, along with the prosperous development of translation, various translation theories and methods have been formed and put into use. more and more peopleare now keenly aware that idioms, most of which are derived from our daily lives and actual experiences, are quite flexible and demotic, at the same time carrying abundant cultural specifics. but a large number of people hold such a point of view that formed theories are to some extent so theoretic and stereotyped that they cannot be connected to practical translations, especially that of english and chinese idioms. with this understanding, the paper centers upon lawrence venuti’s domestication and foreignization theories and attempts to provide an analysis and classifications of different idioms and their concrete applications according to the theories. furthermore, a sum-up of the actual cases when and how domestication and foreignization are preferred in idiom translation is carried out and constitute the pivot of the whole theme. in all, the paper aims to study and analyze idioms from a relatively combinative perspective, joint together their actual usages and theory guidance, in order to indicate the compatible role they play to each other.【key words】 idiom translation; venuti; domestication; foreignization【中图分类号】g623.31【文献标识码】b【文章编号】1001-4128（2011）07-0175-06contentsabstract in chineseabstract in englishintroduction1. background1.1 definition of idioms1.2 idiom translation and cultural specifics2. related strategies in idiom translation2.1 a brief review of some translation strategies2.2 venuti’s domestication and foreignization strategy 2.2.1 reason why venuti’s strategy is of special significance2.2.2 introduction to domestication and examples2.2.3 introduction to foreignization and examples2.2.4 summary of venuti’s translation strategy3. further study of venuti’s strategies in idiom translation3.1 classifications of methods used in idiom translation 3.1.1 foreignization and its concrete applications3.1.2 domestication and its concrete applications3.1.3 combination of the two and its concrete applications3.2 summary of the applications3.2.1 cases when domestication is preferred3.2.2 cases when foreignization is preferred3.2.3 cases when the combination of the two is preferred conclusionreferencesintroductionin recent years, the words “culture” and “translation”have been increasingly connected to each other. no great translation work can be done if the cultural background has not been taken into consideration or even if there remains a slight degree of misunderstanding in the cultural contexts. idiom, a special linguistic phenomenon and a succession of words, whose meaning is not obvious through knowledge of the individual meanings of the constituent words but must be learnt as a whole, conveys plenteous cultural messages. a failure to translate the cultural information shall no doubt result in the formation of non-idiomatic expressions. in short, idiomatization is a process, during which many factors interact. a good translation work will fully bring thesefactors into play and to a large extent, retain their cultural values.this paper intends to explore ways of treating cultural specifics in idiom translation by means of studying the practical translation methods according to different situations, since there is no “one-size-fits-all”translation methods used in idiom translation. therefore, here the arguments shall be based on the previously-raised strategies with its focus on venuti’s strategies and then go deeper to apply them to the actual usages of idiom translation, with the hope to avoid the non-idiomatic expressions in english and chinese.1. background1.1 definition of idioms。
英语翻译的 直译和意译
• 每课一句： • You must not lose faith in humanity. Humanity is
an ocean, if a few drops of the ocean are dirty, the ocean does not become dirty. (Mahatma. Gandhi)
• • The spirit of the Thanksgiving holiday
promotes life, friendship, closeness and family unity.
• 例证分析 • First of all, Christmas takes you out of the ordinary
和差异，翻译时有时用直译，有时用意译。 • 直译(Literal translation)指不仅忠实于原文内容,而且 忠实于原文形式的翻译方法. • 直译把忠于原文内容放在第一位，把忠于原文形式 放在第二位，要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求 使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及 风格特征等方面尽可能趋同(无限接近)。 • 直译把通顺的译文形式放在第三位。
• 我宁愿在有朝一日会成功的事业中失败，
也不愿在有朝一日会失败的事业中成功。
一）Literal translation, free translation
• 1） Literal translation直译,异化法, foreignization • Free translation 意译, 归化法, domestication • 英、汉两种语言在结构和语义表达方面存在着雷同
• 2）The definition of literal translation
foreignization
foreignization篇一：The Definition of ForeignizationThe Definition of ForeignizationLawrence Venuti,a famous American translator,he was the first persom to introduced domestication and foreignization in his book The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. He said “foreignization is an approach that the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him” while domestication is one that the translator “leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him”(Venuti,2004:19-20)By developing these two terms Venuti meant to argue against the tendency of the transparent translation and invisibility of the translator. In his opinion, domestication is a derogative term. On the basis of Venuti’s theory, Schuttleworth and Cowie in their book” Dictionary of Translation Studies” define the term of domestication in this way: “A term used by Venuti(1995) to describe the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for TL readers...it is identified with a policy common in dominant cultures which are ‘aggressivelymonolingual, ueceptive to the foreign’, and which he describes as being’ accustomed to fluent translations that invisibly inscribe foreign text with[target language] values and provide readers with narcissistic experience of recognizing their own culture in a cultural other’.(Schuttleworth&Cowie,2004:43-44) Foreignizing translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.”(Schuttleworth&Cowie,2004:59) Venuti regarded foreignizing translation as a challenge towards domestication and the function is to “register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad.”(Venuti,2004:20) In translation, domestication means removing all strangeness and foreignness of the source text and making the translation read like the original. Domestication is oriented towards the target language. Foreignization is the opposite approach and by applying this method the foreignness of the source language will be kept to the greatest possible extent篇二：劳伦斯·韦努蒂一．劳伦斯·韦努蒂的基本信息及其主张：劳伦斯·韦努蒂 Lawrence Venuti（1953年—）学者，大学英语教授，专职翻译家，美籍意大利人，生于费城南部（此区域居住者多为意大利裔），七十年代早期在天普大学攻读英语文学，1980年获哥伦比亚大学博士学位。
德国留学APS审核英语专业复习资料语言类中英文对照版本
语言类：英语笔译，英语口译，英语写作，高级英语，综合英语，英语视听说，基础英语，英语听力，英语口语，商务英语，商务英语阅读、商务沟通、商务英语写作，专业英语，英语国家概况英语笔译：Introduction to TranslationIn this unit, students are expected to learn the definition of translation; the scope of translation; translation criteria; literal translation and free translation.Ⅰ. What Is Translation?Linguistic view on translation:Translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language). ”(Catford, 1965:20)Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber 1969:12)所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最贴切而又自然的对等语再现原文的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。
(E. A 奈达, 1969)Communicative views on translation:This approach views translation as a communicative process which takes place within a social context. The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the target language readers as was produced by the original on the source language readers. (Newmark, 1982:22) 翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换的活动，其本质是传播。
大学英语翻译概论
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 奈达Nida: 所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又 自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其 次是文体上。
忠实+通顺： 忠实 通顺：抓住原文的真正含义，但不要受原文 通顺 结构形式的束缚，而是按照汉语习惯用法来安排译 文 共核标准： 共核标准：信息传真、风格再现、可读性好 具体操作时： 具体操作时：谁不瞄准目标以远的地方射击，谁就 不会击中目标 （ Cowley 考利 ）
The commuter dies with tremendous mileage to his credit…(E. B. White: The Three New Yorks) 原译：上班族的人死去时有跨越千山万水的辉煌记 录。 改译：上班族一生中有着惊人的行程。
3. The meaning of translation
尤金·奈达Eugene Nida：翻译是“人们所能从事的 最复杂的脑力劳动”。
西欧之所以有今天的文明，要“归功于翻译者”。 Kelly，1979 季羡林：中华文化之所以能常葆青春，万灵之药就 是翻译。翻译之为用大矣哉！（林煌天，1997序）
Edward Ferras was not recommended to their good opinion by any peculiar graces of person or address. He was not handsome, and his manners required intimacy to make them pleasing. He was too diffident to do justice to himself…(J. Austin: Sense and Sensibility,Ch.3,V.I) 原译：爱德华弗纳斯在外表或言谈方面，都没有什么特殊 的风度足以博得她们的良好印象。他相貌平平，礼貌要求 他亲切表现，以使她们愉快。他过于羞怯，不能适当地处 理自己。 改译：爱德华费拉斯之所以能博得她们的好感，倒不是因 为他人品出众，风度翩翩。他并不漂亮，那副仪态嘛，只 有和他熟悉了才觉得逗人喜爱。他过于腼腆，这就使他越 发不能显现本色了。
翻译跨文化基础知识总结
翻译基础知识总结1.异化(foreignization) 和归化(domestication)保留原语所包含的文化、形象色彩，叫异化，读者通过这样的译文可以感受到异域文化的东西。
例如，把crocodile tears 译为鳄鱼泪，就是异化的翻译方法；舍弃原语所包含的文化、形象色彩，取而代之用译文的文化色彩，或者牺牲这种文化色彩而只翻译出其意义就是归化，就是让原文“归顺”于译文。
例如把crocodile tears 译为假惺惺的眼泪，就是归化的翻译方法。
2.直译(literal translation) 和意译(free translation) 直译即照着原文直接翻译，例如藏龙卧虎– Hidden dragons and hidden tigers. 意译就是抛弃原文形式而只传达其意义，例如Dutch courage –酒后之勇3.音译(transliteration) 比如：store –士多cheese –汁斯风水–fungshui4.翻译的标准：信达雅faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance “信”指的是忠实于原文的内容和风格（faithful to the content and style of the source text；“达”指的是译文语言流畅自然而不生硬阻滞（the translation or target text should be natural and expressive）；“雅”指的是译文译文语言风格尽可能贴近原文风格。
5.词类的转化conversion ：名词动词形容词副词根据表达需要，在翻译中，往往需要进行词类的转化，此外，还包括抽象与具体的转化。
6.增添法amplification 比如：增添连接词、范畴词、冠词、介词等等7.省略法omission比如：省略连接词、范畴词、冠词、介词等等8.汉语是意合（parataxis）语言，分句之间的关系是隐性的（covert），英语是形合(hypotaxis) 语言，分句之间关系还是显性的（overt）9.英语的54种基本句型：SV / SVC / SVO / SVOO / SVOC (参考教材15面)10.比较来说，汉语是动态(dynamic) 语言英语是静态( static) 语言；汉语更喜欢使用有灵主语（及人或其他有生命的词作主语animate subject），英语更喜欢无灵主语（inaminate subject），例如：The sight of the photo reminded me of ...（参考教材31面）11.句子层次来说，英译汉常要分division, 汉译英常要合combination.翻译部分题型：一、篇章汉译英（15分）：请注意词的处理技巧的恰当运用，以及句子的组合。
DomesticationForeignization
DomesticationForeignizationTranslation Methods (Continue)Domesticating Translation and Foreignizing Translation Warming-up Exercises1. All roads lead to Rome.条条⼤路通罗马foreignization殊途同归domestication2. To kill two birds with one stone.⼀⽯⼆鸟⼀箭双雕3. 《梁⼭伯与祝英台》The Story of Liang Shanbo and Zhu YingtaiThe Story of Chinese Romeo and JulietDiscussionWhat’s your understanding of domesticating translation and foreignizing translation?Domesticating Translation & Foreignizing Translation1. The Origin①Dictionary of Translation Studies(翻译研究词典) Published in UK in 1997 regards that the idea of foreignizing and domesticating translation comes from Schleiermacher(斯莱尔马赫).②In June, 24th of 1813, Schleiermacher gave a speech in Berlin Royal Academy （柏林皇家科学院）, in his speech, he said there were only two methods for translation, “the translator can either leave the writer in peace as much as possible and bring the reader to him, or he can leave the reader in peace as much as possible and bring th e writer to him.”(翻译只有两种⽅法，不是译者不打扰读者，尽可能让读者靠拢作者，就是译者尽量不打扰作者，让作者靠拢读者。
归化与异化
“归化”与“异化”是翻译中常面临的两种选择。
所谓“归化”，是指在翻译过程中尽可能用本民族的方式去表现外来的作品；“异化”则相反，认为既然是翻译，就得译出外国的味儿。
钱锺书相应地称这两种情形叫“汉化”与“欧化”。
归化和异化，一个要求“接近读者”，一个要求“接近作者”，具有较强的界定性；相比之下，直译和意译则比较偏重“形式”上的自由与不自由。
有的文中把归化等同于意译，异化等同于直译，这样做其实不够科学。
归化和异化其实是在忠实地传达原作“说了什么”的基础之上，对是否尽可能展示原作是“怎么说”，是否最大限度地再现原作在语言文化上的特有风味上采取的不同态度。
两对术语相比，归化和异化更多地是有关文化的问题，即是否要保持原作洋味的问题。
The Definition of Domestication and ForeignizationLawrence Venuti,a famous American translator,he was the first persom to introduced domestication and foreignization in his book The Translator's Invisibility:A History of Translation.He said“foreignization is an approach that the translator leaves t he author in peace,as much as possible,and moves the reader towards him”while domestication is one that the translator "leaves the reader in peace,as much as possible,and moves the author towards him"(Venuti,2004:19-20)By developing these two terms Venuti meant to argue against the tendency of the transparent translation and invisibility of the translator.In his opinion,domestication is a derogative term.On the basis of Venuti's theory,Schuttleworth and Cowie in their book" Dictionary of Translation Studies"define the term of domestication in this way:“A term used by Venuti(1995)to describe the translation strategy in which a transparent,fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for TL readers...it is identified with a policy common in dominant cultures which are 'aggressively monolingual,unreceptive to the foreign',and which he describes as being ' accustomed to fluent translations that invisibly inscribe foreign text with[target language] values and provide readers with narcissistic experience of recognizing their own culture in a cultural other'.(Schuttleworth& Cowie,2004:43-44) Foreignizing translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original."(Schuttleworth&Cowie,2004:59) Venuti regarded foreignizing translation as a challenge towards domestication and the function is to "register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text,sending the reader abroad."(Venuti,2004:20) In translation, domestication means removing all strangeness and foreignness of the source text and making the translation read like the original. Domestication is oriented towards the target language. Foreignization is the opposite approach and by applying this method the foreignness of the source language will be kept to the greatest possible extent and the translation will certainly read like a translation.例子（1）As I remained in the Third Fourth three times as long as anyone else，I had three times as much of it. I learned it thoroughly. Thus I got into my bones the essential structure of the ordinary English sentence——which is a noble thing. （W. Churchill：“Harrow”）译文：因为我在四年级三班待得时间是别人的三倍，所以我所受的这种训练也是别人的三倍。
foreignization
foreignization篇一：The Definition of ForeignizationThe Definition of ForeignizationLawrence Venuti,a famous American translator,he was the first persom to introduced domestication and foreignization in his book The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. He said “foreignization is an approach that the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him” while domestication is one that the translator “leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him”(Venuti,2004:19-20)By developing these two terms Venuti meant to argue against the tendency of the transparent translation and invisibility of the translator. In his opinion, domestication is a derogative term. On the basis of Venuti’s theory, Schuttleworth and Cowie in their book” Dictionary of Translation Studies” define the term of domestication in this way: “A term used by Venuti(1995) to describe the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for TL readers...it is identified with a policy common in dominant cultures which are ‘aggressivelymonolingual, ueceptive to the foreign’, and which he describes as being’ accustomed to fluent translations that invisibly inscribe foreign text with[target language] values and provide readers with narcissistic experience of recognizing their own culture in a cultural other’.(Schuttleworth&Cowie,2004:43-44) Foreignizing translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.”(Schuttleworth&Cowie,2004:59) Venuti regarded foreignizing translation as a challenge towards domestication and the function is to “register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad.”(Venuti,2004:20) In translation, domestication means removing all strangeness and foreignness of the source text and making the translation read like the original. Domestication is oriented towards the target language. Foreignization is the opposite approach and by applying this method the foreignness of the source language will be kept to the greatest possible extent篇二：劳伦斯·韦努蒂一．劳伦斯·韦努蒂的基本信息及其主张：劳伦斯·韦努蒂 Lawrence Venuti（1953年—）学者，大学英语教授，专职翻译家，美籍意大利人，生于费城南部（此区域居住者多为意大利裔），七十年代早期在天普大学攻读英语文学，1980年获哥伦比亚大学博士学位。
从译者注释看《英译中国现代散文选》中文化负载词的翻译
I. TitleOn the Translation of Culturally-Loaded Words by Analyzing the Translator’s Notes in Selected Modern Chinese Essays 从译者注释看《英译中国现代散文选》中文化负载词的翻译II. Aim, significance and current researchesSelected Modern Chinese Essays translated in English by Professor Zhang Peiji is a high qualified translation textbook on how to translate from Chinese into English. The second edition of Selected Modern Chinese Essays in three volumes, which almost includes all the famous writers’essays since May Fourth Movement, are the carrier of Chinese culture, and provide abundant culturally-loaded words. In the books, Prof. Zhang gives a lot of notes in detail on linguistic difficulties, translation skills and cultural background followed by every English versions. In the notes, he explains most of the culturally-loaded words. Zhang Peiji, as one of the excellent translators of our time, enjoys a high reputation in literary translation. To study his translation ideas and techniques is of great significance to translation learners.On the other hand, with the development of cross-cultural communication and globalization, it is increasingly important to introduce traditional Chinese culture through translation into other countries. Culturally-loaded words are loaded with specific national culture, reflecting peculiar cultural information directly or indirectly in the structure of words and expressions. Therefore, to study how to deal with culturally-loaded words in Chinese-English translation is an effective way to help foreigners learn Chinese culture. As a result, lots of people do deep researches into the approaches to the translation of culturally-loaded words, and have proposed different translation methods, such as literal translation, transliteration, literal translation (transliteration) plus annotation, liberal translation, borrowing, paraphrasing, substitution, addition, omission, etc.This thesis will study the translation of culturally-loaded words in Selected Modern Chinese Essays on the basis of analyzing the translator’s notes. When discussing the approaches to the translation of culturally-loaded words, the author of this thesis centers on two methods: foreignization and domestication. The study aims at finding out which strategy is principally adopted to deal with culturally-loaded words in Professor Zhang Peiji’s translation and the factors affecting his choice.III. Main IdeasThis thesis studies the culturally-loaded words and the techniques in translating these words in Selected Modern Chinese Essays on the basis of analyzing Zhang Peiji’s notes. And contrastive analysis is employed to study the Chinese version and Zhang Peiji’s English translated version. The author attempts to make a research from the following aspects:The first part is an introduction. It introduces some information about Selected Modern Chinese Essays, the purpose and significance of the study, the methodology used, a review of the relevant researches on the translation of culturally- loaded words and the framework of this paper. The second part gives the definition of culturally-loaded words. The third part classifies the culturally-loaded words in Selected Modern Chinese Essays into five groups based on Nida’s classification of cultural factors, namely, the ecological, material, social, religious, and linguistic culturally-loaded words. The forth part is about the two approaches——domestication (including liberal translation, substitution and omission) and foreignization (including transliteration, literal translation, transliteration and literal translation plus explanation) with many examples. The last part draws a natural conclusion.IV. Outline1. Introduction2. The definition of culturally-loaded words3. The classification of culturally-loaded words in Selected Modern ChineseEssays3.1 Ecological culturally-loaded words3.2 Material culturally-loaded words3.3 Social culturally-loaded words3.4 Religious culturally-loaded words3.5 Linguistic culturally-loaded words4. Approaches to the translation of culturally-loaded words by analyzing thenotes4.1 The application of domestication4.1.1 Liberal translation4.1.2 Substitution4.1.3 Omission4.2 The application of foreignization4.2.1 Transliteration4.2.2 Transliteration plus explanation∕annotation4.2.3 Literal translation4.2.4 Literal translation plus explanation5. ConclusionV. Research MethodsBefore writing this paper, I have made much preparation. I have read the original book of Selected Modern Chinese Essays.By analyzing others’opinions about the translation of culturally-loaded words and the notes I have taken when I read the book, I determined the direction of thesis writing. With comprehensive collection of relevant resources, I search for materials and resources, such as books and journals, by taking advantage of Internet and the resources from library. Recently I step in the procedure of studying, summing and making conclusion all these materials which contributes to my thesis.VI. Bibliography[1] Lian Shuneng. A Coursebook on Enlish-Chinese Translation[M]. Beijing: Higher EducationPress, 2006.[2] Liu Runqing, Wen Xu. Linguistics: A New Coursebook[M]. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching And Research Press, 2006.[3] Nida, E.A. Language and Culture-Contexts in Translating[M]. Shanghai: ForeignLanguage Education Press, 2001.[4] Shuttleworth, M. ＆M. Cowie. Dictionary of Translation Studies[M]. Shanghai: ForeignLanguage Education Press, 2004.[5] Tang Xiuqiong. Culturally-loaded Words：On Their Translation From English Into Chinese[J].Journal of Southwest Agricultural University. 2006, (1): 126-130.[6] Zhang Baoran. Translation Strategies of Chinese Culture-loaded Words[D]. Xi’an: XidianUniversity, 2009.[7] 唐述宗, 刘少仙. 文化负载词在《阿Q正传》中的处理[J]. 山东外语教学. 2007, (1):96-99.[8] 王秉钦, 王颉. 20世纪中国翻译思想史[M]. 天津：南开大学出版社, 2009.[9] 王朝晖，贾丽萍. 文化负载词汇的翻译原则与策略—“中国龙”英译风波的解读[J]. 绵阳师范学院学报. 2009, (10): 62-67.[10] 王恩科. 文化负载词翻译技巧选择探讨[J]. 重庆商学院学报. 2002, (4): 83-85.[11] 张培基. 英译中国现代散文选[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2007.[12] 张伟. 翻译过程中文化负载词内涵的失落[J]. 安徽广播电视大学学报. 2001, (2): 61-65.[13] 张秀荣. 论《围城》文化负载词的翻译[J]. 丽水学院学报. 2009, (6): 62-66.[14] 郅婧. 民族文化的承载者与传递者—小议《京华烟云》中文化负载词的翻译[J]. 河南科技大学学报（社会科学版）. 2009, (1): 60-62.[15] 朱曼华. 中国散文翻译的新收获—喜读张培基教授《英译中国现代散文选》[J]. 中国翻译. 2000, (3): 61-63.。
翻译的定义和内涵.
翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation）Translation is an art/ a science/ a craft?翻译是―把—种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来‖（《现代汉语词典》）。
1.美国的《韦氏新大学辞典》给翻译的定义是：翻成本族语言或另一种语言(to turn intoone’s own language or another language)。
2.苏联语言学家巴尔胡达罗夫在《语言与翻译》中说，翻译是―把一种语言的连贯性话语在保持共内容即意义的情况下改变为另一种语言的连贯性话语的过程‖。
c.英国著名翻译教育家纽马克(Peter Newmark)则认为, 翻译是按作者的创作意图把一篇文章的意思用另一种语言描述出来的过程(It is rendering the meaning of a text intoanother language in the way that the author intended in the text.) (A Textbook ofTranslation)。
我国著名革命家兼文学家瞿秋白说：―翻译应当把原文的本意，完全正确地介绍结中国读者，使中国读者所得到的概念等于英俄日德法……读者从原文得来的概念……‖等等。
唐朝(618—907)贾公彦在《义疏》中对翻译作了明确的界定：―译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。
‖宋代(960一1279)法云(I 088~1158)在其所编《翻译名义集》自序中进一步指出：―夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。
音虽似别，义则大同。
‖这就是说，翻译即将一种语言——源出语(the source language)转换成另一种语言——目的语(the target language)或曰接受语(the receptor language)，而意义保持或大抵保持不变。
著名英国学者约翰逊博士(Dr. Samuel Johnson, 1709~1784)对翻译也作过类似的界说；To translate is ―to change into another language, retainingthe sense‖。
_归化_策略在英汉翻译中的运用
Vol.7No.92010年9月第7卷第9期Journal of Hubei University of Economics(Humanities and Social Sciences)湖北经济学院学报（人文社会科学版）Sep.2010一、引言随着全球经济、政治、科技的一体化，多元文化并存势在必行。
文化在各国交流往来中变的极为重要。
受其影响，文化成为翻译中的一个重要因素。
在今天的社会中，翻译已经不再被仅仅看作语言符号的转换，而被看作一种跨文化交际行为。
翻译成了一种文化模式的转换。
人们用“interculturalcommunication ”跨文化交际，“intercultural cooperation ”跨文化合作，“acculturation ”文化交融等一系列术语来替代翻译。
因此，怎样更加准确、恰如其分地处理英汉翻译中的文化差异，可以称的上是创造完美作品的关键。
归化（domestication ）与异化（foreignization ）是翻译中的两个基本策略，就翻译中所涉及的文化转化而言，归化策略是以目的语文化为归宿的（target-culture-oriented strategy ）;异化则是以源语文化为归宿的（source-culture-oriented strategy ）。
在英汉翻译中为使翻译作品更加完美———既充分体现原文风格，又使内涵满足读者的需要，我们常常会在翻译中用到两种策略：归化和异化。
我国学者郭建中（1998）追溯了归化和异化的发展历程。
归化翻译始于17世纪的英国，以目的语文化为归宿的通顺的翻译成就了英语翻译的规范，在英国翻译史上，从Delhram 、Dryden 到Tytler 都主张通顺翻译。
在英美文化中，归化的翻译占据了主导地位。
到了1964年，美国翻译理论家Eugene A.Nida 的动态对等翻译成为归化翻译的理论代表。
归化的翻译原则具体的说，就是在词汇，语法，语义等语言学的不同层次上，不拘泥于原文的表达形式，只求保存原作的内容，用译文中最切近而又最自然的对等语将这个内容表达出来，以求等效。
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The Definition of Foreignization
Lawrence Venuti,a famous American translator,he was the first persom to introduced domestication and foreignization in his book The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. He said “foreignization is an approach that the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him”while domestication is one that the translator "leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him"(Venuti,2004:19-20)By developing these two terms Venuti meant to argue against the tendency of the transparent translation and invisibility of the translator. In his opinion, domestication is a derogative term. On the basis of Venuti's theory, Schuttleworth and Cowie in their book" Dictionary of Translation Studies" define the term of domestication in this way: “A term used by Venuti(1995) to describe the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for TL readers...it is identified with a policy common in dominant cultures which are 'aggressively monolingual, unreceptive to the foreign', and which he describes as being' accustomed to fluent translations that invisibly inscribe foreign text with[target language] values and provide readers with narcissistic experience of recognizing their own culture in a cultural other'.(Schuttleworth&Cowie,2004:43-44) Foreignizing translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original."(Schuttleworth&Cowie,2004:59) Venuti regarded foreignizing translation as a challenge towards domestication and the function is to "register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad."(Venuti,2004:20) In translation, domestication means removing all strangeness and foreignness of the source text and making the translation read like the original. Domestication is oriented towards the target language. Foreignization is the opposite approach and by applying this method the foreignness of the source language will be kept to the greatest possible extent
异化翻译法旨在保留原作者所要表达的文化内涵,从而最大限度地传播文化,让目的语读者了解源语中的异国文化,感受前所未有的阅读经验!即施莱尔马赫所说的译者尽量不惊动原作者,读者向他靠近。