3_fish reference

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refer和reference的用法

一、refer和reference的含义refer是指提及或者提到某事物，也可以是指向某一方向或对象，常用来表达引用或者指向。

而reference则是指参考、提及或者引用某事物的信息或资料。

二、refer的用法1. refer作为动词，可以表示引用或者提到某一事物，例如：- 他在演讲中多次提到了这篇文章。

- 请您参考这份报告中的相关内容。

- 这本书中经常提到了相关研究成果。

2. refer也可以表示指向某一方向或者对象，例如：- 他指着地图上的某一处说：“我想要去那里。

”3. refer还有一个专业用法，指代由于需要专业知识而需要向其他人员求助，例如：- 请向财务部门交流关于这笔款项的具体情况。

三、reference的用法1. reference作为名词，表示指向的事物或者资料，例如：- 他在研究报告中给出了大量的参考资料。

- 我们需要准备好各种参考资料，以备不时之需。

2. reference还可以表示参考或者推荐，例如：- 他作为专家对这个问题提供了非常有价值的参考意见。

3. reference还有一个专业用法，指代在学术论文中所列出的引用资料，例如：- 这篇论文的参考文献非常丰富，说明作者对于相关研究有着深入的了解。

四、refer和reference的区别1. refer是一个动词，表示引用或者指向；而reference是一个名词，表示被引用的事物或资料。

2. refer常用于引用、提到或者指向某一事物，而reference常用于指代被引用的事物或资料。

3. refer的主体通常是行为的执行者，而reference的主体通常是被引用的事物或资料。

五、结论refer和reference都是非常常见的英语单词，它们在交流和写作中都有着重要的作用。

正确理解和使用这两个词的含义及用法，有助于我们更准确、清晰地表达自己的意思。

希望本文对大家有所帮助，谢谢阅读。

六、refer和reference的使用场景在日常生活和工作中，refer和reference的使用场景非常广泛，以下是一些常见的场景及相关用法：1. 学术论文和研究报告中的引用在学术论文和研究报告中，经常会引用他人的研究成果或者观点。

荧光原位杂交fish检测目的

荧光原位杂交fish检测目的
荧光原位杂交（FISH）是一种重要的分子生物学技术，用于在细胞或组织的原位上检测特定的DNA序列。

在医学和生物学研究中，FISH技术广泛应用于基因诊断、染色体分析和肿瘤研究等领域。

FISH检测的主要目的包括以下几个方面：
基因诊断：通过FISH技术可以检测基因的异常表达、基因突变和染色体异常等，用于诊断遗传性疾病、罕见病和癌症等疾病。

例如，针对乳腺癌的HER-2基因扩增检测，有助于指导靶向治疗和预后评估。

染色体分析：FISH技术可以用于检测染色体数目和结构的异常，对于产前诊断和遗传咨询具有重要意义。

通过检测染色体异常，可以预测胎儿是否存在遗传性疾病的风险。

肿瘤研究：FISH技术在肿瘤学研究中主要用于检测肿瘤细胞的基因变异、基因扩增和染色体异常等。

这些信息有助于了解肿瘤的病因、发展机制和耐药性等方面，为肿瘤的诊断、治疗和预后评估提供依据。

靶向治疗：在靶向治疗中，FISH技术可以用于检测肿瘤细胞是否存在特定的基因变异，从而指导医生选择合适的药物和治疗方案。

例如，肺癌的EGFR基因突变检测，有助于选择靶向EGFR的药物进行治疗。

总之，FISH技术作为一种重要的分子生物学技术，在医学和生物学研究中具有广泛的应用价值。

通过FISH检测，人们可以深入了解基因、染色体和肿瘤等方面的信息，为疾病诊断、治疗和预后评估提供有力支持。

Pro-Series Fish Windlasses产品手册说明书

Pro-Series /Fish Windlasses Product manual1- IntroductionThank you for choosing Lewmar. Lewmar products are world renowned for their quality, technical innovation and proven performance. With a Lewmar product you will be provided with many years of outstanding service.Product supportLewmar products are supported by a worldwide network of distributors and Authorised Service Repre-sentatives. If you encounter any difficulties with this product, please contact your national distributor, or your local Lewmar dealer.CE ApprovalsFor CE approval certificates contact Lewmar.Important information about this manualThroughout this manual, you will see safety and product damage warnings. You must follow these warnings carefully to avoid possible injury or damage.2- SpecificationElectric specifications3- Safety Notice3.1 Windlass generalAt all times it is the responsibility of the boat user to ensure that the anchor and rode are properly stowed for the prevailing sea conditions. This is particularly important with high-speed powerboats, because an anchor accidentally deploying while under way can cause considerable damage. An anchor windlass is mounted in the most exposed position on a vessel and is thus subject to severe atmospheric attack resulting in a possibility of corrosion in excess of that experienced with most other items of deck equipment. As the windlass may only be used infrequently, the risk of corrosionis further increased. It is essential that the windlass is regularly examined, operated and given any necessary maintenance.Please ensure that you thoroughly understand the operation and safety requirements of the windlass before commencing the installation. Only persons who are completely familiar with the controls and those who have been fully made aware of the correct use of the windlass should be allowed to use it. If there is any doubt of how to install or operate this unit please seek advice from a suitably qualified engineer.•Windlasses used incorrectly could cause harm to equipment or crew.•Windlasses should be used with care and treated with respect.•Boating, like many other activities can be hazardous. Even the correct selection, maintenance and use of proper equipment cannot eliminate the potential for danger, serious injury or death.•Lewmar windlasses are designed and supplied for anchor control in marine applications and arenot to be used in conjunction with any other use.• Keep limbs, fingers, clothing and hair clear of windlass and anchor rope/chain and anchor during operation. Severe bodily harm would result.• Ensure there are no swimmers or divers nearby when dropping anchor.• When the Windlass is not in use the anchor must be tied off onto a cleat or equivalent strong point to prevent damage to the boat.• Windlass must not be used as the sole means of securing the anchor to the bow fitting especially under storm conditions. Anchors should be independently secured to prevent accidental release.• Classification Societies require that a vessel lying at anchor must have its anchor rope/chain secured to a chain stopper or other suitable independent strong point.• A windlass should never be used as a mooring bollard, the anchor rode MUST be secured to a mooring cleat, chain stopper or other designated strong point. Using the windlass to secure the rode will damage the windlass.• Do not use windlass for ANY purpose other than deployment and recovery of anchor.• Do not wrap chain around a capstan barrel or drum where fitted.• A circuit breaker/isolator should always be used with this windlass to protect the motor and cables from overheating and damage.• Always switch off this windlass at the circuit breaker/isolator when not in use.• It is the unavoidable responsibility of the owner or master or other responsible party to assess the risk of any operation on the vessel.• Windlass must not be operated whilst under the influence of alcohol or drugs.3.2 Fitting•This equipment must be installed and operated in accordance with the instructions contained in this manual. Failure to do so could result in poor product performance, personal injury and/or damage to your boat.•Consult the boat manufacturer if you have any doubt about the strength or suitability of the mounting location.3.3 Electrical4.2 AccessoriesUse only genuine Lewmar parts and accessories to ensure top performance and eliminate the risk of voiding your warranty.4.3 Gypsy SuitabilityGypsies fitted to the Pro-Series / Pro-Fish windlasses are ideally suited to handling our factory made Rope/Chain combination rodes, which consist of rope spliced to a chain tail. See §2 Specifications for details.Ropes used must be windlass grade, medium lay nylon. Ropes from different manufacturers have wide variations in stretch and consistency in diameter. Therefore, rope and chain from other manufacturers may require some experimentation to determine the optimum size.Should you have difficulty in matching a gypsy to your chain please consult your local agent or our international network of distributors.25-60 mm 1” - 21/4”Use drilling template provided and choose an appropriate position with reference to the vessel’s bow roller and the chain locker below. Allow for the rotation of the manual operating wrench handle 2. I f the deck is not flat, a suitable mounting pad may be required to take up camber or sheer.NOTE: If in doubt about the suitable construction of the pad consult a qualified marine engineer.The deck is an integral component of the windlass it has to secure the windlass and be strongenough to cope with the high torque stresses involved in recovering the anchor. Decks that are thin,or of foam or balsa laminate construction, will require reinforcement in order to spread the loads that will be applied to the deck while the windl;ass is in use.3. Lewmar recommends a minimum deck thickness of 25mm (1”),M8 Studs suit deck and packing thickness of 25-60mm (1” - 21/4”).WINDLASS INSTALLATION•An appropriate marine sealant•Electric drill and 10mm (3/8”) drill bit •76mm (3”) Hole SawWIRING INSTALLATION•Crimping Pliers / Wire Stripper•Suitable electrical cable and crimp terminals4.1 Basic requirementsEach installation requires the following tools:6mm - 1/”4For safety and performance Lewmar recommends the use of matched Lewmar anchor rodes.5- Electrical wiringCABLE SIZING FOR LENGTH OF CABLE RUN 5.1 Electric cable selectionLewmar recommends the installer source and install cable that meets the requirements of the standards and regulations relevant to the installation and codes of practice.The cable table gives recommended cable sizes based on total length of cable required, from the battery, following the route of the cables.5.2 WiringPlan the installation to suit the controls and give the operator a full view of the windlass. The wiring system should be of the fully insulated type, which avoids possible electrolytic corrosion problems. We recommend the use of type III stranded, tinned copper wire with copper crimp terminals. Most modern installations are negative return (negative ground) but polarity should be checked.Overload protection, in the form of the circuit breaker provided must be built into the windlass wiring circuit.• C ircuit breaker supplied:Pro-Serie/Fish 700 - 50A (Part No 68000348)Pro-Serie/Fish 1000 and Pro-Fish Pb - 70A (Part No 68000240)• T he circuit breaker should be positioned close to the battery in a dry, readily accessible place.•The breaker must be manually reset should an overload occur that causes it to trip to the off•If you are not sure you understand these guidelines, seek professional help. Ensure that theinstallation complies with USCG, ABYC, NMMA or other local regulations.5.3 Control switch installationThe unit is supplied with•Guarded rocker switch (product ref 68000593)•Contactor (product ref 68000939)Follow the wiring diagram § 5.4NOTE: Optional electric footswitches and remote handheld control available.Contactor box and control box used in some installation refer to wiring diagram §5.5 and § 5.6Optional wireless remote also available See table below for models and referencesWindlass performance is directly related to cable size and length. Voltage drop over the complete wiring run must not exceed 10%.5.4 Wiring diagram using contactor provided (Part No 68000939) Installation instructions are supplied separately with any accessories.5.5 Wiring diagram if a contactor box (Part No 68000965) is used Installation instructions are supplied separately with any accessories.5.6 Wiring diagram if a pre-wired control box (Part No 68000963) is used Installation instructions are supplied separately with any accessories.plunger.the drive to the capstan.NOTE: Failure to lock the windlass clutch could result in rope/chain creeping out.To retrieve anchor:4. Press the UP button continuously to retrieve the anchor.Lewmar Pro-Series/Fish windlass ref B10414 iss.1 | 1112When anchoring, power rode out allowing the vessel to take up stern away preventing the rode damage the mechanism. Vessels at anchor will snub on the rode and this can cause slippage or apply excessive loads to the windlass. Best practice is to use a bollard or other strong point when at anchor and use the vessels engines to break the anchor free. Otherwise excessive load will cause the When stowing it is important to make sure, particularly with rode lines that there is at least 300mm (12”) of free space below the windlass (See §4.5). Stop and check during the stowing process todetermine if there is sufficient space on you vessel. If the rode pile is too close to the underside of the windlass, re-distribute the rode away from directly below the windlass. If the rode gets too close to the underside of the windlass it will cause problems with good rode recovery and may cause damage to the line.Lewmar Pro-Series/Fish windlass ref B10414 iss.1 |137.1 Servicing scheduleThe service period is determined by the frequency of use. Professional user will need to carry out these operations more often than the weekend user. Before commencing any work on this or any other electrical product, isolate from the power source.Bedding in period:When new there are some areas that will need frequent checking. If no movement is found they can be inspected less often.•Examine all electrical connections, to make sure they are sound and corrosion hasn’t set in.Tighten if necessary and protect if required.•Check mounting studs are firmly clamped and tighten if required.After use:•Wash down the windlass using fresh water.•Ensure rode is at least 12” (300mm) below the windlass •Check anchor locker drain•Check rode and splice for wear.Annually or more often if frequent user:•Examine all electrical connections, to make sure they are sound and corrosion hasn’t set in. Tighten if necessary and protect if required.•Check mounting studs are firmly clamped and tighten if required.•Check rode and splice for wear.•Check gypsy as it is a high wear item (For service and replacement see §7.2)•Check main case (19) for damage particularly around the seal (24) and cover (18)2. U nscrew and remove clutch nut (36) and gypsy cone (35).3. U nscrew blots (53) and (54) they may require warming as they are secured with loctite ® and remove stopper cam (9) (Pro-Fish only) and rope guard (29), careful not to loose spacer (31).•Slide away stripper (37) to remove from gypsy (58)•Pull back control arm (30) away from the gypsy and remove gypsy and drive pins (43), take care to note direction of rope teeth for reassembly and keep the pins safe.•Check parts for wear and replace as appropriate•Clean thoroughly without solvent or wire brush and dry.•Clean and lubricate Pro-Fish plunger.•Re-Assemble, use grease to hold the drive pins (43) in place and small amount on the mating faces.•Use loctite ® on the screws (53) and (54) and Pro-Fish cap screw (17), making sure no Loctite residue gets on the thread as it will prevent the free fall function operating.7.3 Parts list14Lewmar Pro-Series/Fish windlass ref B10414 iss.1 |151. Anchor rode pays out independently while windlass is not in use.• This problem is a result of not securing the anchor rode combined with the gypsy drive cap being slack. Tighten the gypsy drive cap using the winch handle and always secure the anchor rode independently of the windlass when not in use.2. F ailure to operate or sluggish operation.• The majority of these problems are electrical in nature. It is essential that the proper voltage be maintained. The proper voltage on a 12 Volt system is 13.5 Volts, constant low voltage will damage motor.Ensure electrical cable size is large enough to handle the current draw and keep voltage drop within acceptable limits.• Check control switches, connections, battery condition, isolator switch, fuse and motor for operation failure.3. F ailure to operate.• Is there a voltage at the input terminals to the contactor and switches. Check the circuit breaker/isolator switch and any fuses.• Operate the switch. Is there voltage at the positive switch terminal on the solenoid. If not, the switch (or its wiring), is difective.• Keep the switch activated. Is there voltage at the main output terminal on the contactor. If not check the contactor coil ground circuit. If okay, replace the contactor.• Check the voltage at the motor. If voltage of at least 12.5 volts is present and the motor does not operate, the motor is defective.8- Troubleshooting9- WarrantyLewmar warrants that in normal private pleasure boat usage and with proper maintenance its products will conform with their specification for a period of three years from the date of purchase by the end user, subject to the conditions, limitations and exceptions listed below. Any product, which proves to be defective in normal usage during that three-year period, will be repaired or, at Lewmar’s option, replaced by Lewmar.A CONDITIONS AND LIMITATIONSi Lewmar’s liability shall be limited to the repair or replacement of any parts of the product which are defective in materials or workmanship.ii Responsibility for the selection of products appropriate for the use intended by the Buyer shall rest solely with the Buyer and Lewmar accepts no responsibility for any such selection.iii Lewmar shall not be liable in any way for Product failure, or any resulting loss or damage that arises from:a. use of a product in an application for which it wasnot designed or intended;b. corrosion, ultra violet degradation or wear and tear;c. a failure to service or maintain the product inaccordance with Lewmar’s recommendations;d. faulty or deficient installation of the product (unlessconducted by Lewmar);e. any modification or alteration of the product;f. c onditions that exceed the product’s performancespecifications or safe working loads.g. Abuseiv P roduct subject to a warranty claim must be returned to the Lewmar outlet that supplied the product for examination unless otherwise approved by Lewmar in writing.v This warranty does not cover any incidental costs incurred for the investigation, removal, carriage, transport or installation of product.vi S ervice by anyone other than authorized Lewmar representatives shall void this warranty unless it accords with Lewmar guidelines and standards of workmanship.vii L ewmar’s products are intended for use only in the marine environment. Buyers intending to use them for any other purpose should seek independent professional advice as to their suitability. Lewmar accepts no liability arising from such other use.B EXCEPTIONSCover under this Warranty is limited to a period of one year from the date of purchase by the end user in the case of any of the following products or parts of products:•Electric motors and associated electrical equipment • Electronic controls• Hydraulic pumps, valves and actuators• Hatch & Portlight weather seals•Products used in “Grand Prix” racing applications • Products used in commercial or charter applications • Anchor rodesC L IABILITYi Lewmar’s liability under this warranty shall be to theexclusion of all other warranties or liabilities (to the extent permitted by law). In particular (but without limitation):a. Lewmar shall not be liable for:• Any loss of anticipated turnover or profit or indirect, consequential or economic loss;• Damages, costs or expenses payable to any third party;• Any damage to yachts or equipment;•Death or personal Injury (unless caused by Lewmar’s negligence).Some states and countries do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to youb. Lewmar grants no other warranties regarding the fitness for purpose, use, nature or satisfactory quality of the products.ii Where applicable law does not permit a statutory or implied warranty to be excluded, then such warranty, if permitted by that state or country’s law, shallbe limited to a period of one year from the date of purchase by the end user. Some states and countries do not allow limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts, so this limitation may not apply to you.D PROCEDURENotice of a claim for service under this warranty shall be made promptly and in writing by the end user to the Lewmar outlet that supplied the productor to Lewmar Limited.E SEVERANCE CLAUSEIf any clause of this warranty is held by any courtor other competent authority to be invalid or unenforceable in whole or in part, the validity of the remaining clauses of this warranty and the remainder of the clause in question shall not be affected.F OTHER RIGHTSThis warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other legal rights, which vary from state to state and country to country.In the case of European States a Consumer customer (as defined nationally) has legal rights under the applicable national law governing the sale of Consumer Goods; this Warranty does not affect those rights.G LAWThis warranty shall be governed by and read in accordance with the laws of England or the state or country in which the first end user is domiciled at the time of purchase of the product.H DISPUTESAny dispute arising under this warranty may, at the option of the end-user, be referred to alternative dispute resolution under the rules of the British Marine Federation or to the Courts of the State whose law shall govern the warranty or to the Courts of England and Wales.Limited Warranty and Key T erms of Supply by Lewmar16。

FISH实验文献参考

Video ArticleFluorescent in situ Hybridization on Mitotic Chromosomes of MosquitoesVladimir A. Timoshevskiy1, Atashi Sharma1, Igor V. Sharakhov1, Maria V. Sharakhova11Department of Entomology, Virginia TechCorrespondence to: Maria V. Sharakhova at msharakh@URL: /video/4215DOI: doi:10.3791/4215Keywords: Immunology, Issue 67, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Entomology, Infectious Disease, imaginal discs, mitotic chromosomes, genome mapping, FISH, fluorescent in situ hybridization, mosquitoes, Anopheles, Aedes, CulexDate Published: 9/17/2012Citation: Timoshevskiy, V.A., Sharma, A., Sharakhov, I.V., Sharakhova, M.V. Fluorescent in situ Hybridization on Mitotic Chromosomes of Mosquitoes. J. Vis. Exp. (67), e4215, doi:10.3791/4215 (2012).AbstractFluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a technique routinely used by many laboratories to determine the chromosomal position of DNA and RNA probes.One important application of this method is the development of high-quality physical maps useful for improving the genome assemblies for various organisms.The natural banding pattern of polytene and mitotic chromosomes provides guidance for the precise ordering and orientation of the genomic supercontigs.Among the three mosquito genera, namely Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex, a well-established chromosome-based mapping technique has been developed only for Anopheles, whose members possess readable polytene chromosomes 1. As a result of genome mapping efforts, 88% of the An. gambiae genome has been placed to precise chromosome positions 2,3 . Two other mosquito genera, Aedes and Culex, have poorly polytenized chromosomes because of significant overrepresentation of transposable elements in their genomes 4, 5, 6. Only 31 and 9% of the genomic supercontings have been assigned without order or orientation to chromosomes of Ae. aegypti 7 and Cx.quinquefasciatus 8, respectively. Mitotic chromosome preparation for these two species had previously been limited to brain ganglia and cell lines. However, chromosome slides prepared from the brain ganglia of mosquitoes usually contain low numbers of metaphase plates 9. Also, although a FISH technique has been developed for mitotic chromosomes from a cell line of Ae. aegypti 10, the accumulation of multiple chromosomal rearrangements in cell line chromosomes 11 makes them useless for genome mapping. Here we describe a simple, robust technique for obtaining high-quality mitotic chromosome preparations from imaginal discs (IDs) of 4th instar larvae which can be used for all three genera of mosquitoes. A standard FISH protocol 12 is optimized for using BAC clones of genomic DNA as a probe on mitotic chromosomes of Ae. aegypti and Cx.quinquefasciatus, and for utilizing an intergenic spacer (IGS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as a probe on An. gambiae chromosomes. In addition to physical mapping, the developed technique can be applied to population cytogenetics and chromosome taxonomy/systematics of mosquitoes and other insect groups.Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at /video/4215/Protocol1. Chromosome PreparationMosquito larvae were reared using a standard protocol described in Methods in Anopheles Research available at the website of the Malaria Research and Reference Reagent Resource Center(MR4) 13. The temperatures of mosquito rearing were modified to provide the highest number of chromosomes in imaginal discs and lowest mortality of the larvae. The stages of mosquito larvae development were determined based on the sizes of their head capsules 13.1.Hatch mosquito eggs at 28 °C, and after 2-3 days, transfer 2nd or 3rd instar larvae to 16 °C for Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus and to 22 °C for An.gambiae.2.Place 4th instar larvae on ice for several minutes for immobilization.3.Transfer larva to a slide with a drop of cold hypotonic solution (0.5% sodium citrate or 0.075 M potassium chloride), and place it under the stereomicroscope.4.Select larva with oval IDs (Figure 1B) for further dissection.5.Decapitate larva, and cut the cuticle from the ventral side of the larval thorax using dissecting scissors (Figure 2A). Make additional cut in second or thirdabdominal segment to dissect the gut from the larva. The directions of the cuts are shown by arrows.6.Open the cuticle, and remove the gut and fat body from the larva. Remove the hypotonic solution from the slide using filter paper, and add a fresh drop ofhypotonic solution directly to the IDs (Figure 2B). Keep larva in hypotonic solution for 10 min at RT.7.Remove hypotonic solution using filter paper, and apply Carnoy's solution (ethanol/acetic acid in 3:1 ratio). After adding fixative solution, IDs immediatelyturn white and become easily visible under the microscope (Figure 2C).ing dissecting needles, remove IDs from the larva (Figure 2D), and transfer them to a drop of 50% propionic acid. Remove any other tissues, such as thegut and fat body, from the slide. Cover IDs with an unsiliconized 22x22 cover slip, and keep for 10 min at RT.9.Cover the slide with filter paper, and squash the tissue by tapping the eraser of a pencil on the perimeter of the cover slip.10.Briefly analyze the quality of the slide using the phase-contrast microscope at 100x or 200x magnification (Figure 3). Preparations with >50 chromosomespreads can be considered suitable for FISH.11.Dip and hold the slide in liquid nitrogen until it stops bubbling. Remove the cover slip from the slide using a razor blade, and transfer the slide immediatelyto a container of 70% ethanol chilled at -20 °C. Store at 4 °C for at least 1 hr for the best dehydration result (if necessary, slides can be stored at this step from several minutes to several days).12.Dehydrate slides in a series of ethanol (70%, 80%, 100%) at 4 °C for 5 min each, and air dry at RT.13.Store dry slides at -20 °C before utilizing them for FISH.2. Extraction of Repetitive DNA FractionsPerforming FISH of the BAC clone DNA probe on chromosomes from Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus requires using unlabeled repetitive DNA fractions to block unspecific hybridization of the DNA repeats to the chromosomes. The reassociation of single-strand DNA fragmented into pieces of several hundred bp follows a C0t curve where C0 is the initial concentration of single-stranded DNA and t is the reannealing time. DNA fractions with C0t values equal to 10-4-10-1 or 10°-102 are considered as highly and moderately repetitive, respectively.1.Extract 400-500 µg of the genomic DNA from entire adult mosquito using Qiagen Blood and Cell Culture Maxikit, and prepare 100-1,000 ng/µl DNAsolution in 1.2x SSC.2.Denature DNA by placing a safe-lock tube with genomic DNA into a heating block prewarmed to 120 °C for 2 min. High temperature helps to range DNAinto 200-500 bp fragments.3.Depending on the DNA concentration, reassociate DNA by placing the tube at 60 °C for 15-150 min to obtain C0t DNA fractions up to C0t3 (Table 1).4.Place the tube with DNA on ice for 2 min.5.Transfer the DNA to 42 °C, add preheated 10x S1 nuclease buffer and S1 nuclease to a final concentration of 100 U per 1 mg of DNA, and incubate for 1hr.6.Precipitate DNA by adding 0.1 volume of 3 M sodium acetate and 1 volume of isopropanol at RT.7.Centrifuge at 14,000 rpm for 20 min at 4 °C.8.Wash DNA in 70% ethanol, and centrifuge again at 14,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C.9.Air-dry and dissolve DNA pellet in TE buffer.10.Measure the DNA concentration, and visualize by gel electrophoresis. Usually the final quantity of repetitive DNA fractions represents 35-50% of theoriginal DNA amount.3. DNA Probe LabelingTwo different protocols were used for the labeling BAC clone DNA probe and IGS rDNA probe.3.1 BAC clone labeling using nick-translation1.Extract BAC clone DNA from the BAC library using Qiagen Large Construct Kit.2.Prepare reaction mixture for nick-translation labeling on ice with final volume of 50 µl: 1 µg isolated BAC clone DNA, 0.05 mM each of unlabeled dATP,dCTP, and dGTP and 0.015 mM of dTTP; 1 µl of Cy3-dUTP (or another fluorochrome); 0.05 mg/ml of BSA, 5 µl of 10x nick-translation buffer, 20 U of DNA-polymerase I, and 0.0012 U of DNase.3.Incubate at 15 °C for 2.5 hr.4.Stop reaction by adding 1 µl of 0.5 M EDTA.5.Store probe at -20 °C in a dark place.3.2 IGS rDNA labeling using PCR1.Prepare reaction mixture on ice with final volume of 50 µl: 200 ng of genomic DNA; 0.05 mM each of unlabeled dATP, dCTP, and dGTP; 0.015 mM ofdTTP; 1 µl of Cy3-dUTP (or another fluorochrome); 5 µl of 10x PCR-buffer; 50 pmol of forward; UN (GTGTGCCCCTTCCTCGATGT) and reverse; GA (CTGGTTTGGTCGGCACGTTT) primers for IGS amplification; and 10 U of Taq DNA polymerase 14.2.Perform PCR reaction using standard PCR parameters for IGS amplification: 95 °C /5 min x 1 cycle; (95 °C /30 sec, 50 °C /30 sec, 72 °C /30 sec) x 30cycles; 72 °C /5 min x 1 cycle; and 4 °C hold 14.3.Store probe at -20 °C in a dark place.4. Fluorescent in situ HybridizationThis FISH protocol includes two variations: the first for using BAC clone DNA as a probe on mitotic chromosomes of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus and the second for using IGS rDNA on mitotic chromosomes of An. gambiae. If using BAC clone DNA probes, skip RNase treatment steps 4.3, 4.4, and simultaneous slide/probe denaturation step 4.19. If using IGS rDNA probe, prepare hybridization mixture without C0t DNA fractions, and skip separate slide/ probe denaturing steps 4.10, 4.11, 4.16, and 4.17.1.Incubate slides in 2x SSC for 30 min at 37 °C.2.Dehydrate slides in series of 70%, 80%, and 100% ethanol for 5 min each at RT, and air dry. If performing FISH with BAC clone DNA, proceed directly tostep 4.5.3.Incubate chromosome preparation in 0.1 mg/ml RNase solution under parafilm for 30 min at 37 °C.4.Wash twice in 2x SSC for 5 min each at 37 °C.5.Put slides in a jar with 0.01% pepsin and 0.037% HCl solution, and incubate for 5 min at 37 °C.6.Wash slides in 1x PBS for 5 min at RT.7.Fix chromosome preparation in a jar with 1% formalin in 1x PBS prepared from 10% neutral-buffered formalin for 10 min at RT.8.Wash slides in 1x PBS for 5 min at RT.9.Dehydrate slides in series of 70%, 80%, and 100% ethanol for 5 min each at RT, and air dry preparations at 37 °C. If performing FISH with IGS, proceeddirectly to step 4.1210.Denature slides in a jar with prewarmed 70% formamide for 2 min at 72 °C.11.Dehydrate slides in series of cold (-20 °C) 70%, 80%, and 100% ethanol for 5 min each, and air dry at 37 °C.12.Prepare hybridization mixture: 5 µl of labeled probe DNA from step 3, 10 µl of C0t DNA from step 2 with final concentration of 0.5 ng/µl, and 5 µl of 1 µg/µl sonicated salmon sperm DNA. For FISH with IGS rDNA, prepare hybridization mixture without C0t DNA fractions.13.Precipitate DNA by adding 0.1 volume of 3 M sodium acetate and 2 volumes of ethanol. Keep at -20 °C for 1-3 hr.14.Centrifuge at 14,000 rpm at 4 °C for 20 min, remove the ethanol, and air dry the pellet at RT.15.Thoroughly dissolve the pellet in 10 µl of hybridization buffer: 50% formamide, 20% dextran sulfate, 2x SSC. If performing FISH with IGS, proceeddirectly to step 4.1816.Denature hybridization mixture for 7 min at 97 °C, and immediately put on ice for 1 min.17.Prehybridize mixture at 37 °C for 30 min to prevent unspecific hybridization of repetitive DNA to the chromosomes.18.Place 10 µl of the hybridization mixture on the slide, and cover with a 22x22 cover slip. Prevent bubble formation - air bubbles should be removed withgentle pressure to the coverslip. If performing FISH with BAC clone DNA, proceed directly to step 4.2019.Denature the probe and chromosome DNA simultaneously using a heating block at 75 °C for 5 min.20.Glue cover slip around the perimeter using rubber cement.21.Perform overnight hybridization in a humid chamber at 37 °C.22.Remove rubber cement and coverslip from the slide.23.Wash slide 2 min in prewarmed Solution 1 (0.4x SSC, 0.3% Nonidet-P40) at 73 °C.24.Wash slides in Solution 2 (2x SSC, 0.1% Nonidet-P40) for 5 min at RT.25.Counterstain slide using 0.001 mM YOYO-1 in 1x PBS for 10 min in humid chamber at RT.26.Mount in a small amount of Prolong Gold antifade reagent with a cover slip.27.Analyze preparations under a fluorescent microscope using appropriate filter sets at 1,000x magnification (Figure 4).5. Representative ResultsInsect IDs are located in each segment of the larva. Depending on the position, they transform into different tissues at the adult stage of the insect. The IDs, which are used for the chromosome preparation in this protocol, develop into legs at the adult stage of the mosquito. These IDs are located at the ventral side of the larval thorax and are clearly visible through the cuticle under the microscope (Figure 1). At the early 4th instar larval stage, IDs have a round shape (Figure 1A). The largest numbers of mitosis, ~175 in one ID 9, are accumulated at a later "oval shaped" stage (Figure 1B), which must be considered the optimal stage for slide preparation. At this time, the intermediate ID splits into two: one transforms into a leg and another one transforms into a wing. We prefer using the large leg IDs at the "oval-shaped" stage for the chromosome slide preparation. Figure 1C represents IDs at the latest stage of 4th instar larva development. At this stage, the IDs are already developed into legs and wings, and contain a significant amount of differentiated tissues and a low number of mitosis. This stage of ID development should be avoided for chromosome slide preparation. We also recommend rearing mosquito larvae at low temperatures: 16 °C for Aedes and Culex and 22 °C for Anopheles. This helps to increase the amount of mitosis in IDs 9.Figure 2 illustrates ID dissection from the thorax of 4th instar larva. Because the cuticle of a live insect is hard to dissect, we recommend using dissecting scissors instead of the needles commonly used for larva preparation. The most crucial procedure for obtaining high-quality chromosome preparation is the hypotonic solution treatment. For best results, we remove the gut and fat body from the larval thorax before this treatment. Swelling of the ID cells during this procedure helps to spread chromosomes on a slide (Figure 3A). The appropriate quality of the hypotonic solution treatment can be easily recognized by the round shape of cells in the preparations (Figure 3A, B). Cells with an oval shape indicate insufficient hypotonic solution treatment (Figure 3C). To be selected for FISH, chromosome preparation should contain at least 50 high-quality chromosome spreads. Normally, ~90% of the slides prepared using this protocol have sufficient quality for FISH 9.We present two slightly different FISH protocols: an advanced protocol for FISH using genomic BAC clone DNA probe on mitotic chromosomes of Aedes and Culex and a simple FISH protocol for IGS rDNA probe on mitotic chromosomes of Anopheles. The genomes of Aedes and Culex are highly repetitive because of the overrepresentation of transposable elements 7,8. Thus, performing FISH, which utilizes genomic BAC clone DNA as a probe, requires adding unlabeled repetitive DNA fractions to the probe to block unspecific hybridization of the DNA repeats to chromosomes. For the extraction of the repetitive DNA fractions, genomic DNA is denatured at 120 °C for 2 min. Boiling DNA at a high temperature also helps to obtain DNA in fragments of 200-500 bp. DNA is allowed to reassociate after this treatment. The highly repetitive DNA fragments tend to find their mate for reassociation faster than DNA with unique sequences does. As a result, the reassociation of DNA follows a C0x t curve where C0 is the initial concentration of single-stranded DNA, and t is the reannealing time.DNA fractions with C0t values equal to 10-4--10-1 or 100-102 are considered highly and moderately repetitive, respectively. The time of the reassociation for different C0t DNA fractions can be calculated using the formula t= C0t X × 4.98/C0 , where t - time of incubation, C0t X - C0t fraction (C0t1=1, C0t2=2, etc.) and C0 - initial DNA concentration in µg/µl15 (Table 1). After reassociation, the single-stranded DNA is digested using S1 nuclease. We prefer using all C0t DNA fractions up to C0t3 together instead of the commonly used C0t1 DNA fraction. These C0t fractions include some of the moderately repetitive DNA sequences and together usually represent 35-50% of the original amount of the genomic DNA in Ae. aegypti. The correct proportion between labeled DNA probe and unlabeled C0t DNA fraction depends on the repetitive DNA component in each particular BAC clone. On average, we use 1:20 probe to C0t DNA fraction proportion for obtaining an acceptable signals/background ratio of the FISH result. Prehybridization of the DNA probe with C0t DNA fractions in a tube for 30 min before the actual hybridization on the slide also helps to reduce background. Labeling, hybridization itself, and washing in this protocol are performed using standard conditions 12.The FISH results of two differently labeled BAC clone DNA probes on mitotic chromosomes of Ae. aegypti and Cx.quinquefasciatus are shown in Figures 4A and B, respectively. The BAC clone DNA probes produce strong signals in a single position on the chromosomes. Chromosomes shown in Figure 1 are counterstained with YOYO-1 iodide. This dye produces the best banding patterns on Ae. aegypti chromosomes 9. Alternatively, other fluorescent dyes, such as DAPI or propidium iodide, can be utilized for the chromosome counterstaining. For suppressing photobleaching of the slides, we use Prolong Gold antifade mounting medium. This reagent has good signal preservation abilities and also can be easily removed from the slide by rinsing in 1x PBS if it is necessary to use the same slide for several hybridizations.A simple version of the FISH protocol is designed for hybridization of IGS rDNA probe on mitotic chromosomes of Anopheles. Ribosomal genes in Anophelesare represented as a polymorphic cluster of genes located on sex chromosomes 16. A DNA probe in this protocol is labeled using standard PCR reaction by adding fluorescently labeled Cy3 or Cy5 dNTPs. Because blocking unspecific hybridization of repetitive DNA in euchromatin is not needed, all steps related to using C0t DNA fractions are omitted. Instead, chromosome preparations are pretreated with RNase for preventing hybridization of the IGS rDNA probe to thenucleolus. Chromosomes and the DNA probe are denatured simultaneously by heating the slide together with a probe in a hybridization system at 75 °C for 5min. Hybridization and washing in this protocol are also performed using standard conditions for FISH 12. The result of FISH is demonstrated in Figure 4C: the polymorphism of the IGS rDNA hybridization between two X chromosomes is clearly visible.DNA concentration µg/µl Reannealing time,min0.11000.3330.5200.7140.911C 0t 21100.11500.3500.5300.7210.917C 0t 3115Table 1. DNA concentration and reannealing times for preparation of C 0t2 and C 0t3 fractions.Figure 1. Stages of the ID development in 4th instar larva: A) an early "round shape" stage; B) an intermediate "oval shape" stage - optimal for thechromosome preparation; C) a late stage - inappropriate for chromosome preparations. The positions of IDs are indicated by arrows on the ventral side of the larval thorax.Figure 2. Steps of ID dissection: A) decapitated larva (the direction of cuts are indicated by arrows); B) larvae with dissected gut under hypotonic solution treatment (IDs swell and become almost invisible); C) larva after Carnoy's solution application (IDs become white and clearly visible); D) dissected IDs in Carnoy's solution. Positions of IDs in larva are indicated by asterisks.Figure 3. Different qualities of the chromosome spreads: A) a perfect chromosome spread - round shape of the cells demonstrates sufficient treatment of the IDs in hypotonic solution; B) a perfect hypotonic treatment - chromosomes are slightly undersquashed; C) a poor chromosome spread - the result of insufficient hypotonic treatment is indicated by oval shape of the cells.Figure 4. Examples of FISH with BAC clones (A, B) and IGS rDNA (C) in the chromosomes of Ae. aegypti (A), Cx.quinquefasciatus (B), and An. gambiae(C). 1, 2 and 3 - are numbers of chromosomes; X - female sex chromosome in An. gambiae.DiscussionNonfluorescent in situ hybridization on mitotic chromosomes of mosquitoes was performed for the first time in 1990 by A. Kumar and K. Rai 17. In that study, 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA genes, cloned together in one plasmid, were placed to the chromosomes of 20 species of mosquitoes. The DNA probe was radioactively labeled and hybridized to the chromosomes from brain ganglia. Among three mosquito genera, a FISH technique has been developed only for mitotic chromosomes from the cell line of Ae. aegypti10,18,19 and has never been performed on mitotic chromosomes from live mosquitoes. Recently, we developed a simple, robust technique for obtaining high-quality chromosome preparations from IDs of 4th instar larvae 9. This method allows a high number of chromosomes to be obtained in one slide and can be universally used for all species of mosquitoes. The necessity of using only larval, not pupal or adult stages of mosquitoes, for slide preparation is probably the only limitation of the method. The standard FISH method 12 was optimized for using genomic BAC clone and IGS rDNA as probes for the mitotic chromosomes of Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles.In addition to these specific applications, the FISH protocols described here can also be used for other purposes. The advanced FISH protocol, which utilizes C0t DNA fractions for blocking unspecific hybridization, can also be applied for the hybridization of BAC clones or any other large DNA fragments in heterochromatic regions of Anopheles. Heterochromatic regions are enriched with transposable elements and other repeats, and probes from these regions normally produce strong background on the chromosomes3. Using unlabeled C0t DNA fractions will help to reduce unspecific hybridization of the probe to the chromosomes. The simple version of the FISH protocol can be used for any rDNA or repetitive DNA probes on mitotic chromosomes of mosquitoes and other insects. In addition, it also can be applied for the hybridization of BAC clone DNA in species with low repetitive DNA content in euchromatic regions such as Anopheles or Drosophila. The protocol proposed here will help to obtain highly-finished chromosome-based genome assemblies for mosquitoes and can be broadly used for various cytogenetic applications in other groups of insects.DisclosuresNo conflicts of interest declared.AcknowledgementsWe thank Sergei Demin and Tatyana Karamysheva for their help with chromosome preparation and FISH on Anopheles. We also thank David Severson for providing us Aedes and Culex genomic DNA BAC clones and Melissa Wade for editing the text. This work was supported by two grants from the National Institutes of Health: 1R21 AI88035-01 to Maria V. Sharakhova and 1R21 AI094289-01 to Igor V. Sharakhov.References1.Sharakhov, I.V. & Sharakhova, M.V. In: Chromosome Mapping Research Developments., Verrity, J.F. & Abbington, L.E., eds., Nova Science Publishers,Inc., (2008).2.Holt, R.A., et al. The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Science.298, 129-149, doi:10.1126/science.1076181 (2002).3.Sharakhova, M.V., et al. Update of the Anopheles gambiae PEST genome assembly. Genome biology.8, R5, doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-1-r5 (2007).4.Campos, J., Andrade, C.F., & Recco-Pimentel, S.M. A technique for preparing polytene chromosomes from Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicinae). Memoriasdo Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.98, 387-390 (2003).5.Campos, J., Andrade, C.F., & Recco-Pimentel, S.M. Malpighian tubule polytene chromosomes of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera, Culicinae). Memoriasdo Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.98, 383-386 (2003).6.McAbee, R.D., Christiansen, J.A., & Cornel, A.J. A detailed larval salivary gland polytene chromosome photomap for Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera:Culicidae) from Johannesburg, South Africa. J. Med. Entomol.44, 229-237 (2007).7.Nene, V., et al. Genome sequence of Aedes aegypti, a major arbovirus vector. Science.316, 1718-1723 (2007).8.Arensburger, P., et al. Sequencing of Culex quinquefasciatus establishes a platform for mosquito comparative genomics. Science.330, 86-88, doi:10.1126/science.1191864 (2010).9.Sharakhova, M.V., et al. Imaginal discs--a new source of chromosomes for genome mapping of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. PLoS neglectedtropical diseases.5, e1335, doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001335 (2011).10.Brown, S.E., et al. Toward a physical map of Aedes aegypti. Insect Mol. Biol.4, 161-167 (1995).11.Steiniger, G.E. & Mukherjee, A.B. Insect chromosome banding: technique for G- and Q-banding pattern in the mosquito Aedes albopictus. Can. J. Genet.Cytol.17, 241-244 (1975).12.Garimberti, E. & Tosi, S. In: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)., Bridger, J.M. & Volpi, E.V., eds., Springer Science and Business Media, (2010).13.Methods in Anopheles Research [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): The Malaria Research and Reference Reagent Resource Center. Available from: http:///Portals/3/Pdfs/ProtocolBook/MethodsAnophelesResearchV4c.pdf (2007).14.Scott, J.A., Brogdon, W.G., & Collins, F.H. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. TheAmerican journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.49, 520-529 (1993).15.Trifonov, V.A., Vorobyeva, N N., & Rens, W. In: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)., Leiehr, T., ed., Spriger-Verlag, (2009).16.Collins, F.H., et al. A ribosomal RNA gene probe differentiates member species of the Anopheles gambiae complex. The American journal of tropicalmedicine and hygiene.37, 37-41 (1987).17.Kumar, A. & Rai, K.S. Chromosomal localization and copy number of 18S+28S ribosomal RNA genes in evolutionary diverse mosquitoes (Diptera,Culicidae). Hereditas.113, 277-289 (1990).18.Brown, S.E. & Knudson, D.L. FISH landmarks for Aedes aegypti chromosomes. Insect Mol. Biol.6, 197-202 (1997).19.Brown, S.E., Severson, D.W., Smith, L.A., & Knudson, D.L. Integration of the Aedes aegypti mosquito genetic linkage and physical maps. Genetics.157,1299-1305 (2001).。

FLAC-命令流及其解释大全

FLAC-命令流及其解释⼤全1. FLAC3D是有限元程序吗？答：不是！是有限差分法。

2. 最先需要掌握的命令有哪些？答：需要掌握gen, ini, app, plo, solve等建模、初始条件、边界条件、后处理和求解的命令。

3. 怎样看模型的样⼦？答：plo blo gro可以看到不同的group的颜⾊分布4. 怎样看模型的边界情况？答：plo gpfix red sk5. 怎样看模型的体⼒分布？答：plo fap red sk6. 怎样看模型的云图？答：位移：plo con dis (xdis, ydis, zdis)应⼒：plo con sz (sy, sx, sxy, syz, sxz)7. 怎样看模型的⽮量图？答：plo dis (xdis, ydis, zdis)8. 怎样看模型有多少单元、节点？答：plo info9. 怎样输出模型的后处理图？答：File/Print type/Jpg file，然后选择File/Print，将保存格式选择为jpe⽂件10. 怎样调⽤⼀个⽂件？答：File/call或者call命令10. 如何施加⾯⼒？答：app nstress11. 如何调整视图的⼤⼩、⾓度？答：综合使⽤x, y, z, m, Shift键，配合使⽤Ctrl+R，Ctrl+Z等快捷键12. 如何进⾏边界约束？答：fix x ran （约束的是速度，在初始情况下约束等效于位移约束）13. 如何知道每个单元的ID？答：⽤⿏标双击单元的表⾯，可以知道单元的ID和坐标14. 如何进⾏切⽚？答：plo set plane ori (点坐标) norm (法向⽮量)plo con sz plane (显⽰z⽅向应⼒的切⽚)15. 如何保存计算结果？答：save +⽂件名16. 如何调⽤已保存的结果？答：rest +⽂件名；或者File / Restor17. 如何暂停计算？答：Esc18. 如何在程序中进⾏暂停，并可恢复计算？答：在命令中加⼊pause命令，⽤continue进⾏继续19. 如何跳过某个计算步？答：在计算中按空格键跳过本次计算，⾃动进⼊下⼀步20. Fish是什么东西？答：是FLAC3D的内置语⾔，可以⽤来进⾏参数化模型、完成命令本⾝不能进⾏的功能21. Fish是否⼀定要学？答：可以不⽤，需要的时候查Mannual获得需要的变量就可以了22. FLAC3D允许的命令⽂件格式有哪些？答：⽆所谓，只要是⽂本⽂件，什么后缀都可以23. 如何调⽤⼀些可选模块？答：config dyn (fluid, creep, cppudm)后注：这个⼯作很繁琐，需要的时间很多，希望⼴⼤⽹友能够将⾃⼰曾经遇到的常见问题在后续跟贴，也为了将这个FAQ进⾏很好的充实。

FISH参考

in （var）若 var 是字符串则输出，若不是则等待键盘输入。（返回值依赖于字符的类型。 FISH 首先作为整型输入，然后作为浮点型——若是输入的是可编码为整型或是浮点型的单值，那么返回值就是整型或是浮点型。这个数字独立占用一行。但是，若其后有空格、逗号或是括号，那么在改行中其他字符将被忽略。若用户输入的字符不能编译为单值数字，那么返回值将会是一系列的字符串。用户可以通过函数 type（）确定返回的是什么。） 2－14 out（s）将 s 信息显示在屏幕上（若记录文件是打开的，则记录到记录文件里）变量 s 的类型必须是字符型。若无错误函数的返回值为零，若有错误则返回 1（如 s 不是字符型的） string（var）将 var 变为字符型这些函数的用途之一就是控制输入输出。例 2.7 表明用这些函数给杨氏模量和泊松比输入参数。例 2.7 交互输入的控制
变量或函数名必须以非数字开头并且不得包含下列符号（运算符） . , */+-^=<>#()[ ]@;‘“ 用户自定义名可以任意长度，但是他们以为行的有限而截取。一般情况下，名字只要不与 FISH 表达式（见 2.3 节）和预定义的变量和函数名（见 2.5 节）相同，就可任意选取。在 FLAC 中还有一些其他的单词需要避免。表 2.1 包含了所有的可能产生冲突的名字的清单、但是，潜在的冲突取决与所选名字是如何使用的。例如，单词 gravity 可以用做 FISH 变量，在 FISH 函数中提供出来。冲突只有在用 SET 命令设定其值是才出现，因为 gravity 对于 SET 命令是有争议的。类似的，如果它的名字与 PRINT 命令的参数相同，也会产生冲突。若想毫无顾虑的使用名字，请参见表 2.1 或者名字的缩写（因为 FLAC 允许关键字和命令的缩写）作为一种可选策略， FLAC 命令 SET safe on 可以用来强制在命令行中的 FISH 变量的得到认可。@符号在任意 FISH 变量之前可以确认物体并强制命令行避免其他任何翻译。例如假设 FISH 函数 initial 已建立，如例 2.1 所示。在命令行运行该函数将产生错误，因为命令 INITIAL 的优先权超过了 FISH 的 initial 的优先权。但是在变量前使用 FISH 确认符号@给出确定，纠正翻译。

CONTENTS——手册内容列表

FLAC3DF ast L agrangian A nalysis of C ontinuain3D imensionsOnline Manual Table of ContentsUSER’S GUIDEFrontispieceTerms and ConditionsPrecisTable of ContentsSection1:IntroductionSection2:Getting StartedSection3:Problem Solving with FLAC3DSection4:FISH Beginner’s GuideSection5:Using Geometric DataSection6:MiscellaneousSection7:BibliographyCOMMAND REFERENCEFrontispieceTable of ContentsSection1:Command ReferenceFLAC3D Version5.0PLOT COMMAND REFERENCEFrontispieceTable of ContentsSection1:Plot Command ReferenceFISH IN FLAC3DFrontispiecePrecisTable of ContentsSection1:FISH Beginner’s GuideSection2:FISH ReferenceSection3:Library of FISH FunctionsSection4:C++FISH Intrinsic Plug-insTHEORY AND BACKGROUNDFrontispiecePrecisTable of ContentsSection1:Theoretical BackgroundSection2:InterfacesSection3:Factor of SafetyCONSTITUTIVE MODELSFrontispiecePrecisTable of ContentsSection1:Constitutive Models:Theory and Implementation Section2:Writing New Constitutive ModelsFLAC3D Version5.0FLUID-MECHANICAL INTERACTIONFrontispieceTable of ContentsSection1:Fluid-Mechanical Interaction–Single Phase FluidSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTSFrontispieceTable of ContentsSection1:Structural ElementsTHERMAL ANALYSISFrontispiecePrecisTable of ContentsSection1:Thermal AnalysisSection2:HydrationCREEP MATERIAL MODELSFrontispieceTable of ContentsSection1:Creep Material ModelsDYNAMIC ANALYSISFrontispieceTable of ContentsSection1:Dynamic AnalysisFLAC3D Version5.0VERIFICATION PROBLEMSFrontispiecePrecisTable of ContentsCylindrical Hole in an Inﬁnite Mohr-Coulomb MaterialCylindrical Hole in an Inﬁnite Hoek-Brown MediumRough Strip Footing on a Cohesive Frictionless MaterialSmooth Circular Footing on an Associated Mohr-Coulomb MaterialSmooth Square Footing on a Cohesive Frictionless MaterialUniaxial Compressive Strength of a Jointed Material SampleDrained and Undrained Triaxial Compression Test on a Cam-Clay SampleLined Circular Tunnel in an Elastic Medium with Anisotropic StressesDevelopment of Plastic Hinges in a Statically Loaded BeamCylindrical Concrete VaultSimply Supported Orthotropic PlateSimply Supported Isotropic Rectangular Plate under Combined Lateral and Direct Loads FLAC3D Version5.0EXAMPLE APPLICATIONSFrontispiecePrecisTable of ContentsInﬂuence of Slope Curvature on StabilityPillar Loads at Intersecting TunnelsExcavation in a Saturated SoilExcavation and Support for a Shallow TunnelGrid Generation for Intersecting TunnelsPressurized Cylindrical CavernPrediction of Borehole Closure in a Salt FormationAxial and Lateral Loading of a Concrete PileUndrained Cylindrical Cavity Expansion in a Cam-Clay MediumSimulation of Pull-Tests for Fully Bonded Rock ReinforcementWheel Load over a Buried PipeEmbankment Loading on a Cam-Clay FoundationImpermeable Concrete Caisson Wall with Pretensioned TiebacksDewatered Construction of a Braced ExcavationFLAC3D Version5.0。

2021年12月英语四级真题及参考答案完整版

2021年12月英语四级真题及参考答案完整版四六级试卷采用多题多卷形式，大家核对答案时，请找具体选项内容，忽略套数。

注意：请直接对题目和选项内容，不要纠结套数、ABCD顺序的问题。

听力：3. B)She has had babies before.4. C)It was smooth.5. D)It was built above the sea-water.6. B)Replace the restaurant's wooden deck.7. C)She posted its picture on Facebooks.8. D)Duck hunting remains legal in many parts of the world.9. A) Droughts.10. B) Their neat is not that popular.11. D)They poisoned wild ducks inlarge numbers.12. A) Have her house repainted.13. B) How much the work will cost.14. C) Stay somewhere else.15. B)Painting a house involves more trouble than she thought.16. A) To cultivate good habits.17. B)Create an ideal study environment for them.18. C)Start with something they enjoy.19. A) Workers who meet its body weight standards.20. D) Unfair.21. C)Encourage healthy behaviors.22. A)It has not done enough to help left-handed children.23. D)They tend to have more difficulties in learning.24. D)Keep track of left-handed children's school performance.25. B)Why their numbers are so high.第二套1.B)She was coughing all the time.2.c)Through a surgical operation.3.D)It ran away into a nearby forest.4.A)They rebuilt the fencing around their farm.5.D)The loss of gold from an airplane.6.A)lt made an emergency landing.7.C)They will be questioned by the police.8.B)For future training purposes.9.C)To get her money back for the returned chair.10.D)She was issued a new card.11.C)Update her bank card details on the company's website.12.A)He is feeling exhausted.13.B)Order a delivery.14.D)lt is too spicy.15.C)She is too picky about food16.A)Owner's personalities affect their cats'behavior and wellbeing.17.B)Provide their pets with the best care.18.D)Further investigation.19.B)Running is the best exercise for extending one's life.20.A) Improving their brain function.21.D)They were less affected by sad movies.22.A)He is a tour guide.23.C)He observed his client's life and habits.24.D)A house of a unique design.25.B)They are copies built to the architect's designs.写作第一套【D i r e c t i o n s】Suppose your school is organizing an orientation program（新生训练；新生练习）to help the freshmen adapt to the new environment and academic studies. You are nowto write a proposal, which may include its aim, duration, participants and activities.【参考范文】Dear Student Union,Learning that our school will hold an orientation program to help freshmen become accustomed to the new environment and academicstudies, I am writing to introduce my proposal concerningthis program.Firstly I suppose all of freshmen are welcome to join in this activity on September 9th. From 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m., a senior student would teach freshmen how to be independent, such as making decisions on how to allocate time and how to spend money, and doing somecleaning on their own. Besides, freshmen could be taught howto develop a good habit of self-teaching and how to arrange their schedule. In the afternoon, freshmen might take active partin a collective activity, where they could makemore communication with their classmates so asto help them smoothly adapt to the new environment.I hope you will find my proposal useful, and I would be ready to discuss further details with you .Yours,Zhang Wei 第二套【D i r e c t i o n s】Suppose your university student union is planning to hold a speech contest. You are now to write a proposal for organizing the contest. The proposal may include the topic, aim, procedure and selection of contestants. You will have 30 minutes to write the proposal.【参考范文】Dear Student Union,I am so glad to hear that a speech contest with the purpose of enriching college students’ life would be held in our school next month. As a member of Student Union, I would like to give some advice to make the activity go more smoothly.Firstly, if we could choose a suitable speech subject, such as the employment prospect, the management of free time or some related with students’ life, it would contribute to the attraction of more students. Secondly, the contest could last for about 2-3 hours and we could invite Professor Zhang as the judge to give comments to each contestant. Lastly, as the selection of contestants, I suppose every student in our school could submit application but we should have an interview of first around and define the final 10 competitors.I hope the suggestions above would be useful and practical for you. For any question on the proposal, please feel free to write to me.Yours,Li Hua第三套【Directions】Suppose you have just participated in a school project of collecting used books on campus. You are now to write a report about the project, which may include its aim, organizers, participants and activities. You will have 30 minutes to write the report. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.【参考范文】Last week, a project of collecting used books was held in our school and it was a huge success .The project was launched by the Student Union last Monday and it lasted for a whole week, aiming to gain students’ attention to second- hand books and inspire them to make the best of used things. It was started from registering basic personal information online, including name, department and the numberof books one would like to give away. Then students could brought their books to the Students Activity Center every day at any time during 8:00 am to 17:00 pm, after which they could get a gift such as pens and notebooks.There were more than 500 students participating in the activity and more than 1000 books were collected. The books were displayed at the Students Activity Center for all students in need.阅读【快速阅读1】There's a stress gap between men and women36.H] Like Ms,Li, many women try to manage the added stress to reach what Dr Joyce said was an unattainable ideal. "Some professional women aim to do it all They want to reach the top of the corporate ladder and fly like super-mom,"she said.…….37.[E] ference,however, is in the nature and scope of these responsibilities in the home ent in particular,"Dr Joyce said. For example, the United Nations reported that nearly three times as much unpaid domestic work as men.……38.[C]It's a common story-one we frequently ridicule and readily dismiss, for example, by claiming that women tend to complain more than men, despite the growing sum of re-search that underlines the problem.·…39.[K] Disconnecting from work and home responsibilities is also obviously important. But it's much casier said than done. It is important to understand what causes your stress in the first place.40.[F] it's not just inside he home, though. Research from Nova Southeastern University found that female managers were more likely than male managers to. display <surface. acting> or forcing emotions that are not wholly felt.41.[I] The stress problem extends beyond mental health when you consider the link between stress a anxiety and heart health.Worse,most of what we know about heart dis-ease comes from studies involving men.……42.[B] Ms. Li said her stress led to sleeplessness. When she did sleep, she experienced"problem-solving dreams,"which left her feeling unrested when she woke up. After I became a first-time mother,I quickly realized i was so busy caring for other people and work that I felt like I'd lost myself,…43.[G] Surface acting is a prime example of "e emotional labor"a concept that the writer Jess Zimmerman made familiar in a 2015 essay. The essay sparkeda massive thread, on the Internet community blog Meta Filter.……44.[J]The good news is, women are more likely than men to take charge of their stress and manage it, the American Psy-chological Association reports. The concept of self-care,at its core, is quite simple."…45.[D]e difference is not really news to me,as a clinical psy-chologist said Erin Joyce,….【快读阅读2】Why it matters that teens are reading less?36.[E] That may be true, but that still does not tell us much about what happens across a whole generation of people when time spent on digital media grows. Large surveys conducted over the course of many years tell us that American youth are not going to the cinema nearly as often as they did in the past.…37.[B]Analysis of surveys of over one million teens in the United States collected since 1976 reveals a major shift in how teens are spending their leisure time.Paper books are being ignored, in favor of screens.…38.[G] Indeed, the number of senior high school students who said they had not read any books for pleasure in the last year was one out of three by 2016.That is triple the number from two decades ago.……39.[D] If teens are spending so much time using electronic devices, does that mean they have to give activities?Maybe not.Over the years,many scholars have insisted that time online does not necessarily take away time spent engaging with traditional media or on other activities.……40.[A] Most of us spend much more time with digital media than we did a decade ago.But today's teens have grown up with smartphones. Compared with teens a couple of de-cades ago, the way they interact with traditional media like books and movies is fundamentally different.…41.[H] This might present problems for young people later on. When high school students go on to college, their past and current reading habits will influence their academic per-formance.·.42.[C] Teens did not always spend that much time with digi-tal media. Online time has doubled since 2006, and social media use has moved from a periodicactivity to a daily one in the same period. By 2016, nearly nine out of ten young women in the 12th grade said they visited social media sites 43.[F]But the treads related to movies are less disturbing compared with the change in how teens spend their time. Research has revealed an enormous decline in reading.In 1980, about 60 percent of senior high school students said they read a book, newspaper or magazine every day that was not assigned for school. By 2016, only 16 percent did.·····44.[B] Analysis of surveys of over one million teens in the United States collected since 1976 reveals a major shift in how teens are spending their leisure time. Paper books are being ignored, in favor of screens.…45.[E] That may be true,but that still does not tell us much about what happens across a whole generation of people when time spent on digital media grows. Large surveys conducted over the course of many years tell us that American youth are not going to the cinema nearly as often as they did in the past.… 【快读阅读3】Why it matters that teens are reading less?36 [E] That may be true, but that still does not tell us much about what happens across a whole generation of people when time spent on digital media grows. Large surveys conducted over the course of many years tell us that American youth are not going to the cinema nearly as often as they did in the past.…37 [B]Analysis of surveys of over one million teens in the United States collected since 1976 reveals a major shift in how teens are spending their leisure time.Paper books are being ignored, in favor of screens.…38 [G] Indeed, the number of senior high school students who said they had not read any books for pleasure in the last year was one out of three by 2016.That is triple the number from two decades ago.……39 [D] If teens are spending so much time using electronic devices, does that mean they have to give activities?Maybe not.Over the years,many scholars have insisted that time online does not necessarily take away time spent engaging with traditional media or on other activities.……40 [A] Most of us spend much more time with digital media than we did a decade ago.But today's teens have grown up with smartphones. Compared with teens a couple of de-cades ago, the way they interact with traditional media like books and movies is fundamentally different.…41 [H] This might present problems for young people later on. When high school students go on to college, their past and current reading habits will influence their academic per-formance.·42 [C] Teens did not always spend that much time with digi-tal media. Online time has doubled since 2006, and social media use has moved from a periodicactivity to a daily one in the same period. By 2016, nearly nine out of ten young women in the 12th grade said they visited social media sites 43 [F]But the treads related to movies are less disturbing compared with the change in how teens spend their time. Research has revealed an enormous decline in reading.In 1980, about 60 percent of senior high school students said they read a book, newspaper or magazine every day that was not assigned for school. By 2016, only 16 percent did.44 [B] Analysis of surveys of over one million teens in the United States collected since 1976 reveals a major shift in how teens are spending their leisure time. Paper books are being ignored, in favor of screens.…45 [E] That may be true,but that still does not tell us much about what happens across a whole generation of people when time spent on digital media grows. Large surveys conducted over the course of many years tell us that American youth are not going to the cinema nearly as often as they did in the past.…【仔细阅读1】With obesity now affecting 29% of the population in England, and expected to rise to 35% by 2030, should we now recognise it as disease?46. C)It should be regarded as a genetic disease47. D)It results from a lack of self-control48. A)Obese people would not feel responsible to take any action49. B)It is too inclusive and thus lacks clarity50.D)It may do little good to patients.Nationwide, only about three percent of early childhood teach- ers are male in the U.s51.C)It is negatively impacted by a lack of male teachers52. A)The importance of broadening children's horizons53. D)Many of them feel prejudiced against socially and culturally54. A)Higher pay.55. B)Taking measures to attract prospective male teachers to work in the field【仔细阅读2】As many office workers adapt to remote work, cities may undergo fundamental change if offices remain under-utilized.46. C)It benefits employers at the expense of employees.47.D)It negatively impacts productivity.48.A)To provide convincing data for serious discussion.49.c)Employers' gain from remote working should go to employees as compensation.50.A) It should be avoided if possible.The human thirst for knowledge is the driving force behindour successful development as a species.51. B)It is the force that pushes human society forward.52.A)It motivates people to seek information.53.D)They work in conjunction with the environment.54.B)They prefer to go after all that is novel.55.A) The cost of humans' curiosity to explore.【仔细阅读3】Have you ever wondered how acceptable it is to hug or touch someone?46.C)Its absence might suggest a lack of warmth in interpersonal relationships.47.D) How close the communicators' relationships are.48.B)They take touching as a cultural norm in social interactions.49.A)Men can show friendship in public through physical affection.50.D)Take other people's preference into consideration.From climate change to the ongoing pandemic（大流行病）and beyond, the issues facing today's world are increasingly com-plex and dynamic.Pm51.A)lt faces problems that are getting more varied and compli-Cated.52.C) People are divided about the nature of interest.53.D)How a growth mindset of interest can contribute to cro ss-disciplinary thinking.54.C)Making innovative products needs multidisciplinary prod-ucts.55.B)Broadening their interests.【选词填空1】The sheets are damp with sweat.You're cold,but your heart is..26.G)fear27.C)avoid28.H)limited29.D)aware30.B)answer31.O)typically32.J)result33.L)rigorous34.K)review35.M)tend【选词填空2】It is commonly believed that the great English dramatist and poet.26.E)exact27.C)conclusively28. L)scarcity29.H)position30.J）probably31.B)classical32. M)senior33.D)emergence34.A)captured35.I)precision【选词填空3】Many people believe that commitment are the foundations of ... 26.O)unique27.I)possess28. D)endure29. C)confused30.J)presence31.B)assess32.F)genius33.A)acknowledge34.M)surprising35.G)highly翻译【第一套】大运河（Grand Canal）是世界上最长的人工河，北起北京，南至杭州。

FISH-中英文翻译.讲义

2 FISH REFERENCE2.1 Introduction and Overview简介和概述This section contains a detailed reference to the FISH language. Following the introduction, Section2.2 describes the rules of the language and how variables and functions are used. Section 2.3explains FISH statements and Section 2.4 describes how the FISH language links with PFC2D. Pre-defined FISH variables, functions and arrays are described in Section 2.5.这部分包含FISH语言的详细参考。

接下来，2.2描述语言规则及如何运用变量和函数。

2.3解释FISH 陈述。

2.4描述FISH语言如何与PFC联系在一起。

2.5讲述如何预定义FISH变量、函数和数列。

FISH is a programming language embedded within PFC2D that enables the user to define new variables and functions. These functions may be used to extend PFC2D’s usefulness or add use r defined features. For example, new variables may be plotted or printed, special particle generators may be implemented, servo-control may be applied to a numerical test, unusual distributions of properties may be specified, and parameter studies may be automated.FISH是PFC内置的一种编程语言，用户可以自定义变量和函数。

纹理物体缺陷的视觉检测算法研究--优秀毕业论文

摘要
在竞争激烈的工业自动化生产过程中，机器视觉对产品质量的把关起着举足轻重的作用，机器视觉在缺陷检测技术方面的应用也逐渐普遍起来。与常规的检测技术相比，自动化的视觉检测系统更加经济、快捷、高效与安全。纹理物体在工业生产中广泛存在，像用于半导体装配和封装底板和发光二极管，现代化电子系统中的印制电路板，以及纺织行业中的布匹和织物等都可认为是含有纹理特征的物体。本论文主要致力于纹理物体的缺陷检测技术研究，为纹理物体的自动化检测提供高效而可靠的检测算法。纹理是描述图像内容的重要特征，纹理分析也已经被成功的应用与纹理分割和纹理分类当中。本研究提出了一种基于纹理分析技术和参考比较方式的缺陷检测算法。这种算法能容忍物体变形引起的图像配准误差，对纹理的影响也具有鲁棒性。本算法旨在为检测出的缺陷区域提供丰富而重要的物理意义，如缺陷区域的大小、形状、亮度对比度及空间分布等。同时，在参考图像可行的情况下，本算法可用于同质纹理物体和非同质纹理物体的检测，对非纹理物体的检测也可取得不错的效果。在整个检测过程中，我们采用了可调控金字塔的纹理分析和重构技术。与传统的小波纹理分析技术不同，我们在小波域中加入处理物体变形和纹理影响的容忍度控制算法，来实现容忍物体变形和对纹理影响鲁棒的目的。最后可调控金字塔的重构保证了缺陷区域物理意义恢复的准确性。实验阶段，我们检测了一系列具有实际应用价值的图像。实验结果表明本文提出的纹理物体缺陷检测算法具有高效性和易于实现性。关键字: 缺陷检测；纹理；物体变形；可调控金字塔；重构
Keywords: defect detection, texture, object distortion, steerable pyramid, reconstruction
II

PG潜点地图及介绍

潜点介绍及地图1314 161. Alma Jane Wreck简介(Basic Reference)：潜点深度27-31 米，建议使用空气/ 高氧空气。

海洋生物(Naturalist)：海底常见海螺及海胆，沙底，非常平坦。

沉船趴满珊瑚及贝壳。

沉船里常见杰克和狮子鱼。

时而会看到石斑鱼躲来躲去。

导潜建议(Navigation)：该潜点备有浮标及参考绳，抵达潜点后顺绳而下则抵达沉船尾端。

沉船船尾正对Small Laguna Beach 的Action Diver dive shop。

船头面对大海。

当浮标不见时( 并未露出海面或丢失) ，应用Action Diver dive shop 为参考。

当你面对Action Diver 则向右75 度则看到Red Sun 度假村。

离沙滩大约50 米。

2. Canyons简介(Basic Reference)：潜点深度28-36 米，建议使用空气/ 高氧空气。

Hole in the wall 、Shark Cave 、Canyons 和Fish Bowl 相距很近。

海洋生物(Naturalist)：海底常见章鱼，石斑鱼及蝎子鱼(蓑鲉)。

经常可见大鱼群，包括梭鱼，杰克和金枪鱼。

大型的扇装珊瑚也随处可见，期间常有石斑或杰克躲藏其中。

导潜建议(Navigation)：潮汐性洋流及不规则流较强，建议不从海面直接抵达或离开潜点。

洋流较强时可能会错过潜点或造成潜伴失散。

建议从Hole in the wall或Shark Cave入水前往。

越过一片珊瑚礁则抵达Canyons。

洋流较强时可贴近海床。

潜水结束时如洋流不强可上浮至海面，如有流则建议沿海床向上游至5－6米处做减压（安全停留）。

减压（安全停留）结束后上浮至海面。

3. Fish Bowl简介(Basic Reference)：潜点深度36-50 米, 建议使用空气/ 氦氧混合气体。

海洋生物(Naturalist)：海体成碗型，沙底。

3GPP 5G基站(BS)R16版本一致性测试英文原版(3GPP TS 38.141-1)

4.2.2
BS type 1-H.................................................................................................................................................. 26
4.3
Base station classes............................................................................................................................................27
1 Scope.......................................................................................................................................................13
All rights reserved. UMTS™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its members 3GPP™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners LTE™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners GSM® and the GSM logo are registered and owned by the GSM Association

fish报告解读

FISH报告，全称荧光原位杂交（Fluorescence in situ Hybridization）报告，是一种用于检测染色体异常的实验室检测方法。

FISH技术可以用于诊断染色体数目异常、结构异常和基因重排等问题。

在解读FISH报告时，需要关注以下几个方面：
1. 样本来源：了解样本的来源，如血液、组织或细胞等，以及采集方法。

2. 检测目的：明确本次FISH检测的目的，如诊断某种疾病、评估预后或监测治疗效果等。

3. 探针信息：报告中会列出使用的探针名称、编号和荧光素颜色等信息。

这些探针通常针对特定的染色体或基因区域，用于检测目标区域的异常情况。

4. 检测结果：报告中会详细描述每个探针的杂交信号分布情况。

正常的染色体或基因区域应该呈现出均匀的杂交信号，而异常区域则可能出现缺失、重复或易位等现象。

此外，报告中还会给出异常区域的染色体位置、大小和比例等信息。

5. 结论：根据检测结果，报告会给出相应的结论，如正常、异常或待进一步分析等。

对于异常结果，报告还会给出可能的病因、临床意义和建议等。

6. 注意事项：报告中可能会提醒一些与检测结果相关的注意事项，如某些异常可能与遗传性疾病相关，或者需要结合其他检查结果进行综合分析等。

PFC3d manual_fish reference

PFC3D学习记录6 －FISH REFERENCEFISH 函数以define开始，而以end结束。

FISH函数可以调用其他函数FISH函数必须在使用前定义。

FISH语言规则，变量，函数1．行FISH代码有效行必须有如下形式：（1）行必须以语句开始，如IF, LOOP 等（2）行包含一个或多个用户定义函数，以空格分开。

对于多个函数，则函数以顺序执行。

函数不必在FISH代码中一行对其调用前定义。

（3）行内包含赋值语句（4）如果行内嵌在COMMAND – ENDCOMMAND语句这部分语句内，行可包含PFC3D命令。

（5）空行，或以分号开始。

FISH变量，函数名称，语句必须拼写完整，在如pfc3d内不能截断。

不允许连续行，对于复杂语句，使用中间变量将其划分。

FISH默认不区分大小写。

所有名称转化为小写。

Set case_sensitivity on 空格通常用来分开变量和关键词等。

在变量名和函数名称中，不允许内嵌空行2 函数和变量保存名称函数和变量名称必须以非数字开头，并且不能包含如下符号：. , * / + - ^ = < > # ( ) [ ] @ ; …“用户名称可以任意长度，但在输出或绘图标题时由于行长度限制会被截断输出作为一种可选择策略，set safe on 强迫在用户命令行中显示标记fish 变量，在fish变量前放置@可能会冲突的变量名或函数名默认用户定义变量代表单个数目或字符串，而数字或字符串的多维数组可用ARRAY语句进行存储。

3变量作用范围变量和函数名称为全局变量。

可以在一个函数中赋值，而在其他函数或pfc3d命令中使用。

Print fish 显示变量名称。

变量值可以通过save命令存储和restore命令恢复。

4函数结构，赋值和调用策略函数无参数，参数交换通过在调用函数前设置变量。

函数结构以define开始，以end结束。

End语句作用是返回调用函数。

（注意exit也可返回上一级控制）函数调用方式（1）作为fish函数输入行一个词组。

(完整word版)fish语言集锦

;＊****＊**＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊*＊*＊*＊＊＊＊*******＊＊**＊***group命令group soil range z 1 2 ；定义groupprop bulk 7.8e6 shear 3。

0e6 coh 10e3 fric 15 ran group soil ;给group赋值model null range group soilmodel elastic range group soilplot block group range group dam ;只显示damrange命令range name trench x 0 1 y 0 4 z 0 2model null range trenchmodel null range x=2,4 y=2，6 z=5,10range name Big_Brick x —3 3 y -2 2 z —1 1model elastic range Big_Brickprop bulk 1e8 shear 1e8 range Big_Brickrange name Layer1 plane dip 0 dd 0 ori 0 0 0 aboverange name Layer2 plane dip 0 dd 0 ori 0 0 0 belowrange cylinder end1 x1 y1 z1 end2 x2 y2 z2 radius rcylindrical range with one end of the cylinder axis （end1) at location （x1, y1, z1），the other end （end2）at location （x2，y2，z2），and with a cylinder radius of r '由(x1, y1，z1) 、(x2，y2, z2）两点确定旋转轴macro命令macro Sand 'bulk 1e8 shear 0。

Fish探针标记方法大全

探针标记方法大全1、DNA的缺口平移法缺口平移是一种快速、简便、成本相对较低以及生产高比活性均一标记DNA的方法。

该技术可以制备序列特异的探针。

当使用重组质粒探针时，虽然任何形式的双链DNA都可以进行缺口平移标记。

但通常使用限制性核酸内切酶将插入片段进行酶切和凝胶电泳纯化后再进行缺口平移标记。

此外，用这种探针进行杂交可产生较低的背景信号。

2、DNA的随机引物法这种方法是使用寡核苷酸引物和大肠杆菌DNA聚合酶Ⅰ的Klenow片段来标记DNA片段。

这种方法可代替缺口平移产生均一的标记探针外，还在许多方面优于缺口平移法，比如标记核苷酸在DNA探针中的掺入率可达50％以上。

由于在反应过程中加入的DNA片段不被降解，故在随机引物反应中加入的DNA可少于200 ng，甚至10 ng也能有效地标记。

DNA片段的大小不影响标记的结果。

标记物沿所加入的全长DNA被均等地掺入。

标记的探针可以直接使用而不需要去除未掺入的核苷酸；单链双链DNA都可作为随机引物标记的模版。

随机引物可用于较小的DNA片段（100~500 bp），而缺口平移法对大DNA片段（>1000 bp）效果最好。

随机引物法的主要缺点是产生的标记探针量比缺口平移的要少些，此外环状DNA不能有效地标记，必须先用限制性内切核酸酶线形化或用碱法或DNA酶Ⅰ产生缺口。

3、RNA的体外转录法体外转录法标记RNA探针可用于商品化转录质粒来制备。

这些质粒中应该包括SP6、T3、或T7 RNA聚合酶的RNA启动位点和，而这些启动位点则与多克隆位点（multiple cloning sites，MCS）相邻。

4、RNA的寡脱氧核苷酸法克隆质粒pSP64、pGEM-3、pGEM-4等含邻近MCS的SP6RNA启动子，可作为从DNA寡核苷酸模版产生RNA探针的基础。

这两种标记方法产生探针量大，而且产生的探针不受载体序列的影响，所需要的线性化的质粒DNA大约1 ug，但需要高纯度的模板。

新世纪大学英语3答案

新世纪大学英语3答案【篇一：unit 4 练习答案新世纪大学英语综合教程3(第二版)试用版】sswords in action▇ working with words and expressions1. in the boxes below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. complete thefollowing sentences with them. change the form where necessary. ▇ answers:1) narrowly2) proceeded3) features4) crawl5) spun6) flashed7) qualify8) despite9) congratulate10) consultant11) compete12) disciplined13) confessed14) tripped2. in the boxes below are some of the expressions you have learned in this unit. do you know how to use them in the proper context? now check for yourself by doing the blank-filling exercise. change the form where necessary. ▇ answers:1) kind of2) are in for3) came in4) rose to their feet5) brought up6) made … a fool of herself7) under wraps8) get hot under the collar9) looked the part10) in an emergency11) has had her eye on12) is … taking shape13) bring out14) put in/ squeeze in15) win … hands down▇ increasing your word power1. choose two verbs from column b for each noun in column a, paying attention to the v.+ n.collocation. write down the verbs in the space provided before the corresponding noun. the first item has been done for you. answers:column a column b1) applaud formaward hold 2） /break host 3）congratulate reach 4）represent 5） / an olympic champion cross6) / embody set7) forge winlank in the following sentences with a verb in column b. change the verb form where necessary.▆ answers:1) applaud2) embodies/represents3) forged/formed4) congratulated5) broken6) awarded7) crossed/reached8) host2. the suffix “–cy” can be added to some adjectives, nouns or verbs to form nouns, meaning “the state or quality of…”, or “the status or position of…”. now form new words after the example and give their meanings in chinese. consult a dictionary if necessary.▇ answers:1) accurate → 精确，准确(度)2) adequate → 适当；充分3) consistent → 一致性；连贯性4) delicate → 细致;精致5) efficient → 效能，效率6) intimate → 亲密，密切7) president → 总统等的职位8) private → 隐私；独处9) secret → 保密；保密能力10) self-sufficient → 自给自足now fill in the blanks in the following sentences by choosing the proper words you have just formed.▇answers:1) secrecy2) presidency3) consistency4) efficiency5) privacy6) intimacy7) accuracy8) self-sufficiency9) adequacy10) delicacygrammar in context1. study the following sentences, each of which contains either an “appositive phrase” or an“appositive clause”, and then do the following task.now translate the following sentences into english, using either an “appositive phrase” or an “appositive clause” .▇ answers for reference:1) football, his only hobby in life, has brought him many friends.2) the president of the company, mrs jones, held a press conference after the board meeting.3) the question whether to confess or not has been troubling little tom.4) you should not have any doubt about the fact that the criminal has been arrested.5) the news was immediately spread far and wide that beijing had won the bid for the 2008 olympic games.2. study the following sentences from this unit, paying special attention to the constructions “not… but…” and “notonly/simply…but (also)…”, and then do the following task.now answer the questions with the help of the hints given in brackets, using the constructions “not… but…” and “notonly/simply…but (also)…”.▇ answers for reference:1) no, he didn’t come to help, but to hinder us.2) it is not the players, but the supporters that are responsible for football hooliganism.3) no, their intent is not to catch all speeders but to catch enough to give them a warning.4) i’m not only willing, but (also) eager to join the volunteer team for the world cup.5) no. he translates into english not only from french, but (also) from polish.6) because its appeal lies not only in its story but also in the ethical issues it raises.cloze▇ answers:(1) disciplined(2) having … eye … on(3) hands down(4) in for(5) hitting(6) under wraps(7) add…support to(8) hot under the collar(9) fouling(10) tremendously(11) reassured(12) qualify(13) formed/forged(14) breakingtranslation1. translate the following sentences into english, using the words and expressions given inbrackets.▇ answers for reference:1) the gasoline price is now at an all-time high, which has brought about wide publicconcern.2) he found that fish and rice feature the japanese diet, and he then proceeded to write areport on japanese cooking culture.3) the spectators expected me to come in first but they were in for a shock. with a tumble,my chances for a gold medal in figure skating evaporated.4) he was a beggar but he didn’t look the part at all, because he was clean-shaven, wearingglasses and a brand-new suit.5) having tripped over another athlete’s foot, he fell down on the track, but soon rose to hisfeet and limped to the finish line.6) on such a grand occasion i didn’t want to make a fool of myself, so i decided to take thechallenge and compete against that youngster.2. translate the following paragraph into english, using the words and expressions in the box below.▇ answers for reference:a gold medal is a tribute to the athletic talent, determination and courage of an olympicchampion. then how do the athletes make themselves fortunate enough to be so highly honored? the champions who have mounted the winners’ stand can offer an answer based on their own experiences. first, in the course of training, they visualize themselves as champions. once their dreams of becoming champions take shape, they will cling to them courageously. what’s more, top performers are driven to bring out their best. they discipline themselves and squeeze in every possible minute to practice every day. despite their relentless efforts, they may sometimes fail to win or narrowly miss a gold medal, yet they believe in themselves and never lose heart. they are ready to take on the most psychologically and technically challenging tasks or competitions. in reality, all champions have experienced lots of hardships on their way to the vital break of their lifetime. so we won’t and can’t say that a champion is lucky. after all, luck only strikes those prepared to capitalize on it.theme-related writing1. write an essay about your favorite sports team. the following hints may be of some help.1) what is your favorite sports team?2) why do you like it so much?3) do you always support the team?▇ sample essay 1:my favorite sport team: the chinese women’s volleyball teamin quite a few sports, chinese women athletes outshine men athletes. as a girl, i always feel proud of our women table tennis players, badminton players, women divers and gymnasts. but my greatest enthusiasm always goes to the chinese women’s volleyball t eam, who, though it has undergone some ups and downs, always presents a positive, inspiring image to the public.i’ve never missed any major tv coverage of the chinese women’s team. i can’t help getting excited watching the girls shine in court, with their amazing spikes and blocks, and their never-ceasing courage and faith in winning the match. there are times when they lose the game, sometimes with embarrassing result like 0:3; there are years when they suffer a lot of injuries and new players do not match up to the veterans, yet, one must admit that the chinese girls have been practising very hard all the way.recent years have witnessed a difficult period for the team as russian, american, cuban, and brazilian teams have been rising in ranking and winning championships, but i still have faith in our team and give them my support. i wish them good luck in the coming olympics.(196 words)2. write an essay entitled “the meaning of winning a prize”. you may base your writing on what you have learnt from the two texts. the following hints may be of some help.1) what is a prize?2) what does a prize bring about?3) what is the fundamental meaning of wining prizes?▇ sample essay 2:in today’s society, competitions, contests and games are held virtually every day and everywhere. these activities put the participants into two categories: winners and losers. as symbols of public recognition, prizes are awarded to those who mount the winners’ stand.a prize brings about fame, prestige and good fortune. winners are constantly in the spotlight and attract admiring attention. their friends and colleagues come to congratulate them and their families take pride in them. more often than not, prizes simultaneously bring wealth to the winners as in the case of an olympic gold medal or a nobel prize. therefore, winners harvest both a good reputation and material rewards.however, this is not the essential meaning of wining a prize. winners are worthy of respect, admiration and good fortune because they embody some outstanding qualities that are worthy of a prize: perseverance, diligence and optimism. an athlete undergoes years of training and takes hundreds of highly demanding challenges before he steps onto that podium; a writer becomes popular overnight after he has spent years writing relentlessly in poverty and anonymity. what’s more, optimism in the face of adversity also contributes a lotto their success. they believe in themselves and have great passion for what they are engaged in. they endeavor to dotheir best,enjoying the process of fighting well. therefore, the fundamental meaning of winning a prize does not merely lie in the rewarding fame or wealth, but in the process of presenting the best part of oneself.(249 words)【篇二：新世纪大学英语3 cloze及答案】t 1what is genuine friendship? some c_______(1)views may help us understand the n________(2) of friendship moreclearly.aristotle distinguishes genuine friendship from two other forms: one based on mutual u________(3) and the other on pleasure.while the g_______(4) for the latter two forms of friendship is closely related to material benefits, short-term interests or age, genuine friendship o_______(5) only between those who are similar in their g_______(6). cicero, another ancient scholar, believes that true friends actions and lives should leave no question a______t______(7) their honor, purity, equity and liberality. whether or not one p_______(8) any superiority over the other, both must regard themselves as equals of the other and try their best to p_______(9) thefriendship. moreover, true friends are b_______(10) together, as a friend is said to be a m________(11) in which you may perceive and know yourself. when v________(12) friends are bonded together by a c____________(13) to the good, they can recognize each others m________e__________(14) and fulfill their self-improvement.答案：(1)classical (2)notion (3)utility (4)ground (5)occurs(6)goodness (7)as to (8)possesses (9)preserve (10)bound(11)mirror(12)virtuous (13)commitment (14)moral excellenceunit 2today young people tend to jump on the bandwagon of love with so much h______(1) that they fail to realize the essence of true love. given the current s______ o______ a______(2), we need to consider more closely the nature of love. true love has to be d________(3) form the pleasures of the flesh. true love means a m______ o ______ m______(4) and it takes time tob________(5). people who are in true love focus more on i_______ c______(6)than on physical beauty, more oni________(7)than on closeness, more on e______(8) than on passion, more on sharing than on a________(9). as true love happens once in a lifetime, they have in their minds thei_______ (10) of the relationship. they share mutual respect,a________(11) and plenty of romance, so their relationship is l_______(12) and meaningful.福建工程学院国脉信息学院网络1001 1preserving true love require effort, however, you should gift your object of a________(13) your time, company, support and friendship; you should give yourself and your beloved time and space to f________(14) a life-long bond; and you shouldh________(15) your commitments. in short, you should devote yourself to you love. your devotion to love will, in return, bring you an o_______(16) joy.答案：(1)haste (2)state of affairs (3)distinguished (4)meeting of minds (5)blossom (6)charm (7)intimacy (8)emotion(9)acquiring(10)ideals (11)admiration (12)lasting (13)affection (14)forge(15)honor (16)overwhelmingunit 3it is our natural desire to be happy. throughout human history, people as a w_____ (1) have been going after happiness .h____(2), the pursuit of happiness is often accompanied with dissatisfaction and frustration. this is in p____ (3)due to our different understanding of happiness. i______ e_____(4),our sense of happiness is d_____(5) from our definition of happiness. some believe that happiness can be p______(6)with wealth .from this point of view, the b___ o____(7)one becomes, the happier one gets. therefore , to be happy ,they t_____p_____(8)to get rich. but wealth dose not n_______(9)lead to happiness .others believe that happiness has something t____ d_____(10)with status –a system of ranking. thus ,one’s happiness is built upon his favorable c___(11)with others .but since society cannot raise its position r_______(12)toitself ,unhappiness is thus i_____(13).so it can be said thatboth views s_____(14)more as the barrier to true happiness than as the guide .to s_____(15) true happiness, we must change our inner attitude and strive for the common good ofall human beings.答案：(1) whole (2) however (3) part (4) in effect(5) derived (6) purchased (7) better off (8) take pains (9) necessarily福建工程学院国脉信息学院网络1001 2(10) to do (11) comparison (12) relative (13) inevitable (14) serve (15) seekunit 4aids is a terrible disease. it poses a t_______(1) to all the human beings without caring whether you are black or white, male or female, gay or straight, young or old. but what isa_______r________(2) now is not just the people i_________(3) with the disease. human civilization itself is being threatened. this is because the whole society tolerates both ignorance of and p_________(4) against hiv or aids. once diagnosed as hiv-positive, the victims are i________(5) or treated as ou7tcasts. they are believed to have c________(6) something evil or to have entered some alien state of being. as a result, these poor people have to s_________(7) the flickering candle of life from the cold wind of rejection by their family members. when theydie of the disease, their families dare not whisper the word aids. they just g___________(8) silently. thus, our prejudiceand silence have helped the disease a________(9). now hiv marches firmly towards aids in more than a million american homes, littering its p________(10) with the bodies of the young. to guard against the disease effectively, we must take thisi_________(11) seriously. people should be educated tob__________(12) those negative attitudes to an end. we should not see aids as something e________(13) and the patients as alien. instead, we should c__________o__________w______(14) the prevention of the disease and render strong s________(15) to the patients with more compassion. only in this way can we have a better chance of winning the war against aids.答案：(1)threat (2)at risk (3)infected (4)prejudice (5)isolated(6)contracted (7)shelter (8)grieve (9)along (10)pathway(11)issue(12)bring (13)evil (14)concern ourselves with (16)support福建工程学院国脉信息学院网络1001 3unit 5mankind hopes for a better world to live in.t______t_____e_____(1), man has to confront the inevitable conflicts that the future holds i___s___(2).since education plays an i___(3) role in managing those conflicts, the following four pillars of education are proposed. learning to live together c___f___(4) an understanding of others and the awareness of the d___(5), similarities and interdependence of all people so that people can i___(6)joint projects. i___a___w___(7) the global changes brought about by scientific progress, thee___(8) in learning to know should be put on c____(9)a broad general education and the opportunity to study a small number of subjects i___d___(10). associated with the issue of occupational training, learning to do aims to e___(11)people to cope with various situations and work in teams. the fourth pillar is learning to be , which focuses on the complete development of one’s potentials when he g___a___ (12)an independent, critical way of thinking and judgment. given the convenient a___(13) to knowledge in the information era, everyone longs for a way to g____the most o____o___(14) their own specific educational environment. these fourinterrelated pillars can help us make the best out of education and attain or future ideals.答案：(1) to this end (2) in store (3) indispensable (4) calls for (5) diversity (6) implement (7) in accordance with (8) emphasis (9) combining (10) in depth (11) equip (12) goes after (13) access (14) get … out ofunit6when we are suddenly t________(1) abroad, we may lose the peace of mind we need for everyday work and life. all the familiar c________(2)disappear including words, gestures, facial expressions, customs , or norms. we reject the foreign environment and slip into the t___(3)to believe that our culture, race and nation form the center of the world. the f_____(4) and anxiety that can be a____(5) to the loss of familiar signs rae symptoms of culture shock. one of the福建工程学院国脉信息学院网络1001 4effective c___(6) for this ailment is to know something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the individual. we should bear in mind that we are born with the c____(7) to learn culture and use it . the culture of any people is the product of history and is b _____u_____(8) over time .it is b______ __ m ______o____(9)culture that we learn to adapt to the physical environment and to the people with whom weassociate .therefore, it is d _______t________(10) our own lack of understanding of other people’s cultural ba ckground and of the means of communication that we can not o___ ourselves t_______(11) the host country. another quick way to g_____o______(12) culture shock is to know the language. once we are equipped with the language, a whole new world of cultural meanings o______ u______(13) for us. we will begin to find out not only what people do and how they do things. but also what their interests are. i______ a______(14), it helps us to be a participant observer by joining the activities of people and sharing in their responses, whether this be a carnival, a religious ritual, or some economic activity.答案：(1) transplanted(2) cues(3) tendency(4) frustration(5) attributed (6) cures(7) capacity(8) built up(9) by means of(10) due to(11) orient … to(12) get over(13) opens up(14) in additionunit 7when the first modern olympic games 1896,the olympic creed read,the most important thing in the olympic games is not to win but to t_____ p______ (2),just as the most important thing in life is not the t______(3),but the struggle .the essential thing is not to have c________ (4),but to have fought well.the olympic games f________(5) competition between top athletes.to c_____ i_____(6) first is a thrill,to be better than your rivals is an ego massage(满足自尊)， to cheer forc________(7)is a collective celebration . but the meaning of the game--the real end of our aspiration-----is to be better than we are. t____ t______e_____(8),olympic go through a grind of training relentlessly. when their big moments come,they are ready to b______o_______(10) their best, especially when they realize they are competing o_______b_______o_________(11)their countries. when these athletes m_______(12)the福建工程学院国脉信息学院网络1001 5【篇三：新世纪大学英语综合教程3课后答案】lass=txt>unit one friendshipenhance your language awarenesswords in actionworking with words and expressions(1) 1. bound2. appropriate3. possessing4. permanent5. appointed6. parted7. had corresponded8. gazed9. notion10. keen11. preserve12. grasped13. figured14. grounded15. sensible16. attribute17. united18. pursue19. commitments20. regulating(2)1.distinguish between2. checked up on3. torn down4. make a fortune5. all of a sudden6. lost track of7. casting an eye over8. broke up9. take pleasure in10.described as11. turned up12. in so far as13. is under arrest14. pass on15. as toincreasing your word power(1)1.arrival 2.trial3.approval4.betrayal 5.burial6.dismissal7.disposal8.proposal9.refusal 10.removal11.survival12.withdrawal(2) 1. refusal 2. arrivals 3. removal 4. dismissal 5. survival 6. proposal 7. disposal 8. approval(3) 1. e 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. dgrammar review(1)1. whichever tent you are not using now2. whoever comes / come first3. whichever / whatever condition our captain thought was the best4. wherever / no matter where i go5. whatever wishes their child / children expresses / express6. however disappointed / no matter how disappointed you may feel about the surroundings / environment / situation7. whoever breaks it8. whenever he concentrates on a problem(2)1. it is not luck but hard work tha led him to today’s success.2. prof. moen argues that it is energy that makes the world go round.3. it was not until he had proved he was honest that he won the family’s trust.4. it was clearly the headmaster himself who that opened the door for me.5. nonecloze1) classical2)3)4)5) notion utility ground occurs6) goodness7) as to8) possesses9) preserve10) bound11)mirror12) virtuous13) commitment14) moral excellencetranslation(1)1. the friendship grounded on common / shared interest does not break up easily. / it is not easy for the friendship grounded on common / shared interest to break up.2. children must learn to distinguish between violence and bravery / courage in computer games.3. there spring up so many new things every day in the world that it is no longer sensible to expect a person to know / keep track of everything.4. laws do not regulate such things as betrayal to friends; that is why there is what we call / is called the court of morality.5. today’s culture is described as “fast-food culture”. whatever they may be / are doing, people just pursue the greatest / maximum satisfaction within the shortest time.6. as the saying goes, there is no such thing as a free lunch. if you want something, go and earn / work for it.(2)as is commonly acknowledged / it is commonly recognised that humans are social animals. bonded together in a community, we naturally expect to have friends. as to what friendship is, people have different notions / ideas. some make friends for mutual utility. once the ground for such friendship disappears, the friendship also breaks up. however, a lot more people long for soul pals— those who possess virtues andwith whom we can go through trials and tribulations together. such friendships keep us away from greed and violence and encourage us to have the courage of our convictions. such is what we call true and perfect friendship.theme-related writing1. bob and i became brother-like friends in our childhood. we played, dined and discussed our ambitions together. once grown up, he started for the west to make his fortune while i became a policeman in new york. before his departure, we had dinner together and we agreed that we would meet at the same place exactly twenty years from that date and time, no matter what our conditions might be or from what distance we might have to come.then came the day we were supposed to meet. i was on my beat then. walking up to the appointed place which had been turned into a hardware store, i saw a man standing there with an unlighted cigar in his mouth. before i could speak, he told me that he was waiting for a friend by the name of jimmy wells. when he struck a match to light his cigar, i saw a pale face with keen eyes and a scar. i recognized him immediately. it was bob, and it was also the face of the man wanted by the chicago police. for a moment i felt like telling him to escape right away. after all, we had been friends for so many years and he had traveled all the way to see me! but then my sense of duty told me the right thing to do. i said good-bye to him and continued my patrol, his last words still ringing in my ear: “i’ll wait forhalf an hour. jimmy will keep his promise if he’s alive…” i then sent for a plain clothes man and had bob arrested.2.an important friend in my lifeli qiang, one of my classmates, is fun to be with. he is always wearing a broad smile as if life is forever sunshine and butterflies. one day, i revealed to him my worries and anxieties: i, an ordinary-looking girl, was 177 centimeters tall, even taller than any of the boys in my class. i thought no boy would liketo date me. besides, i was very poor at my academic courses.he suggested that i should learn to be myself and then he introduced me to a fashion show team of the university. encouraged, i decided to change myself. after a 3-month training program on weekends, i could perform beautifully as a model, and surprisingly, i could concentrate on the required academic courses as well. the applauses i won at each fashion show and the scholarship i earned proved that being myself was terrific. since then, my life has changed a lot. thus, li qiang became an important friend of mine.last semester, we began to help young people who suffer pressures from physical defects, academic failures or financial problems. we set up a confidence club. those who come to us for help find our work definitely beneficial. our friendship has led me into a sparkling, rewarding life.unit two loveenhance your language awarenesswords in actionworking with words and expressions。

2017年语言学试题

广东技术师范学院2016—2017学年度第 (2)学期期末考试试卷科目：语言学（A ）卷考试形式：闭卷考试时间: 120分钟系别、班级：姓名：学号：一 Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. (2%×15=30%)(1) That linguistics is ________________ is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of language community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules.A. synchronic b. diachronic c. descriptive d. prescriptive (2) ___________ is a language phenomenon in which words sound like what they refer to.A. OnomatopoeiaB. CollocationC. DenotationD. Assimilation (3) ___________ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Leech(4) The study of a language through the course of its history is called ___________.A. prescriptive studyB. descriptive studyC. synchronic studyD. diachronic study (5) In some languages like _________, pitch variations are meaning distinctive. Therefore they are called tone languages.A. ChineseB. EnglishC. FrenchD. German (6) A vowel is different from a consonant in English because of ____________.A. absence of obstruction.B. Presence of obstruction.C. manner of articulation.D. Place of articulation. (7) Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending?出卷人：吴庚堂A. VIPB. bookshelfC. red-facedD. motel(8)Which of the following words is NOT a derivative?A. physicianB. facialC. unifyD. nicer(9)Which of the following is an example of clipping?A. APEC.B. Motel.C. Xerox.D. Disco.(10)A: Do you like ice cream?B: Yes, I do.This is an example of __________.A. substitutionB. referenceC. conjunctionD. ellipsis(11)Syntactically, English is an example of ________ language.A. SVOB. SOVC. VSOD. OSV(12)The pair of words “below” and “above” areA. gradable oppositesB. converse oppositesC. complementary opposites C. contradictory opposites.(13)According to the componential analysis, the words “girl” and “woman” differ in the feature of________.A. HUMANB. ANIMATEC. MALED. ADULT(14)Saussure took a(n) __________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________point of view.A. sociological, psychologicalB. psychological, sociologicalC. applied, pragmaticD. semantic, linguistic(15)Compound words consist of morphemes.A. boundB. both bound and freeC. freeD. neither free nor bound二Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. (2%×5=10%)(16)According to Chomsky, competence refers to a language user's knowledge about the system of linguisticrules he is able to state explicitly.(17)When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in thesame place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.(18)The RELATION OF SUBSTITUTABILITY refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for eachother semantically in sentences with the same structure.(19)For the members of gradable antonyms, the denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other.(20)Speech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.三What is the basic sense relation between each pair of words listed here? (2%×6=12%)(a) damp/moist (c) furniture/table (e) move/run(b) deep/shallow (d) married/single (f) peace/piece四Analyze the following dialogues by saying which maxims of Grice’s Cooperative Principle are being violated, and what implicature is being triggered. (2%×5=10%)(21)A: Remember Paula?B: Ah!! Paula!! She was glorious, gorgeous! What a beautiful girl! She always hung out with Susan, remember?A: Yeah, Susan was a nice person.(22)A: Could you pass me my jacket, please?B: It’s not cold.(23)A: I’ll call all my friends and ask them to come to my party next weekend.B: Mark and Paula will be in town next weekend.A: Great, I’ll call Paula.(24)A: I don’t think you’ve met Sally on the fourth floor.B: No, what’s she like?A: Well, she’s not of the kindest variety.(25)A: Have you done your homework?B: Joanna had her ear pierced today.五Phonological analysis (10%)In most dialects of American English, speakers have a process known as intervocalic alveolar flapping that changes the consonants /t/ and /d/ into a quick flap consonant [ɾ]. Study the data below and formulate a phonological rule for /t, d/→[ɾ] changes. Note: the symbol “ˈ” is a stress marker for a syllable.writing [ˈɹaɪɾɪŋ]write [ˈɹaɪt]seated [ˈsiɾəd]seat [ˈsit]quotable [ˈkʷoɾəbl]quote [ˈkʷot]riding [ˈɹaɪɾɪŋ] ride [ˈɹaɪd]seeded [ˈsiɾəd]seed [ˈsid]readable [ˈɹiɾəbl]read [ˈɹid]六Morphological analysis: (2*5=10%)In Turkish, there is some variation in the plural inflection.Singular Plural(“man”) adam adamlar (“men”)(“gun”)______ (1) toplar (“guns”)(“lesson”)ders_______ (2) (“lessons”)(“place”) yer yerler (“places”)(“road”) ______ (3) yollar (“roads”)(“lock”)______ (4) kilitler (“locks”)(“arrow”) ok _______ (5) (“arrows”)(“hand”) el _______ (6) (“hands”)(“arm”) kol _______ (7) (“arms”)(“bell”) _______ (8) ziller (“bells”)(“friend”) _______ (9) dostlar (“friends”)(“apple”) elma_______ (10) (“apples”)(i) Can you provide the missing forms (1)-(10)?(ii) Using this information, can you state the conditions under which each of the plural morphs is used?七Draw two FULL trees to disambiguate the sentence. (2*9=18%)People from this village can fish over there.(Note: can is either a verb or an auxiliary verb.)广东技术师范学院2016—2017学年度第 (2)学期期末考试答卷科目：语言学（A ）卷考试形式：闭卷考试时间: 120分钟系别、班级：姓名：学号：一 Choose one that best completes the statement. (2%×15=30%)二 Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. (2%×5=10%)三 What is the basic sense relation between each pair of words listed here? (2%×6=12%)四 Implicature analysis (2%×5=10%) (21)Maxim violated: Implicature: (22)Maxim violated: Implicature: (23)Maxim violated: Implicature:a. c. e.b.d.f.(24)Maxim violated:Implicature:(25)Maxim violated:Implicature:五Phonological analysis (10%)六Morphological analysis: (2*5=10%)(i) Can you provide the missing forms (1)-(10)?1)2)3)4)5)6)7)8)9)10)(ii) Using this information, can you state the conditions under which each of the plural morphs is used?七Draw two FULL trees to disambiguate the sentence. (2*9=18%) People from this village can fish over there.。