British Literature(1)

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英国文学

British Literature 英国文学The Middle Age 中世纪文学( 约5 世纪---1485)Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟（1343---1400）Chaucer is regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature. He innovate the heroic couplet and he is regarded as “Father of English Poetry”首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体（the heroic couplet），被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。

乔叟翻译过法国诗歌，其早期的文学创作受到法国文学的影响。

两次游历欧洲文艺复兴的发源地意大利后，乔叟接触到意大利文学，深受以但丁（Dante, 1265---1321）、彼特拉克（Petrarch, 1304---1347）和薄伽丘(Boccaccio, 1313---1375)等作家为代表的意大利人文主义文学的影响。

乔叟去世后安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂（Westminster Abbey）,从此威斯敏斯特教堂的一角便成为大诗人安息的“诗人角”（the Poet’s Corner）代表作：《公爵夫人之书》（Book of the Duchess）（1836）《声誉之宫》（The House of Fame）（1374---1384）《百鸟会议》（The Parliament of Fowls）（1380）《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》（Troilus and Criseyde）（1380---1385）《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）（1386---1400）Renaissance 文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期---17世纪初）William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚莎士比亚从1590年起至1613年，一共创作了38（或39）部戏剧包括悲剧、戏剧、编年史剧、传奇剧等，另外还创作有154首十四行诗和2首长诗（Venus and Adonis，1593）。

英国文学简介--General Introduction to British Literature

scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called "University Wits". Thomas Greene, Thomas Kyd, John Lily and Christopher Marlowe were among them. They paved the way, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1375-1400
Medieval Literature
Geoffrey Chaucer He is regarded as the father of English
poetry. The Canterbury Tales is his
3. 17th Century British Literature
John Bunyan He is a religious novelist whose
style was modeled after that of the English Bible. His language is concrete and vivid. His masterpiece, The Pilgrim's Progress, is the most successful religious allegory.

British literature

British literature1.In _____ of Gulliver’s Travels, Jonathan Swift satirizes the western civilization includingfalse illusions about science, philosophy, history and even immortality.A. the first voyage to LilliputB. the second voyage to BrobdingnagC. the third voyage to the Flying IslandD. the fourth voyage to Houyhnhnm land2.In Thomas Hardy’s works, the conflict between the old and the modern is very pervasive. Hisattitude toward those traditional characters is _______.A. contemptB. sympatheticC. indifferentD. interested3.Relationships don’t seem to turn out overly well in Wuthering Heights. Which couple finallygets their happy ending?A. Linton and CathyB. Heatheliff and CatherineC. Hareton and CathyD. Edgar and Catherine4.―The depth and passion of its earnest glance,But to myself they turned (since none puts byThe curtain I have drawn for you, but I) …‖This part is quoted from Robert Browning’s ―My Last Duchess‖. Here ―you‖ refers to _____.A. Frä PandolfB. readersC. the DukeD. the emissary5.In subject matter, William Wordsworth’s poems have two major concerns. One is about nature.The other is about ______.A. French RevolutionB. literary theoryC. deathD. common life of ordinary people6.Through the character of Elizabeth, Jane Austen emphasizes the importance of _____ forwomen.A. marriageB. physical attractivenessC. independence and self-confidenceD. submissive character7._____ is a natural means of writing in revealing the prince’s inner conflict and psychologicalpredicament in Shakespeare’s Hamlet.A. DialogueB. SoliloquyC. Dramatic monologueD. Satire8.The major theme of Jane Austen’s novels is love and marriage. Which of the following is nota couple that appeared in Pride and Prejudice?A. Catherine and HeatheliffB. Lydia and WickhamC. Jane and BinleyD. Charlotte and Collins9.The sentence ―three or four families in a country village are the very thing to work on‖ canbest reflect the writer’s personal knowledge and range of writing. This writer is _____.A. Walter ScottB. Thomas HardyC. Jane EyreD. Jane Austen10.The first mass movement of the English working class was ____, which signified theawakening of the poor oppressed people.A. Enlightenment MovementB. Enclosure MovementC. Chartism MovementD. Romantic Movement11.In Sons and Lovers, D. H. Lawrence presented Paul as a(n) ______ man and artist.A. independentB. ambitiousC. strong-willedD. sensitive12.____is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes, it is along poem of over 3000 lines and the national epic of the English people.A. BeowulfB. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC. The Canterbury TalesD. King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table13.The father of English poetry, the author of Troilus and Criseyde is also the one of .A. Romeo and JulietB.The Faerie QueenC. TamburlaineD. The Canterbury Tales14.Which of the following are regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies?A. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King LearB. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, MacbethC. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, MacbethD. Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth, Timon of Athens15.Which of the following is not the work of Francis Bacon?A. Advancement of LearningB. New InstrumentC. Songs of InnocenceD. Essays16.At the beginning of 17th century appeared a school of poets called metaphysics. ____ is thefounder of metaphysical poetry.A. Ben JohnsonB. John MiltonC. John BunyanD. John Donne17."He has a servant called Friday. ""He "in the quoted sentence is a character in .A. Henry Fielding's Tom JonesB. John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's ProgressC. Richard Brinsley Sheridan's The School for ScandalD. Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe18.The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realisticpicture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________.A．William Langland’ s Piers Plowman B．Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales C．John Gower’s Confession Amantis D．Sir Gawain and the Green Knight19.The sentence ―Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?‖ is the beginning line of one ofShakespeare’s ______________.A．comedies B．tragedies C．sonnets D．histories20.Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from ______________.A．the Renaissance B．the Old TestamentC．Greek Mythology D．the New Testament21.The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, WilliamShakespeare and ______________.A．John Milton B．John MarloweC．Ben Jonson D．Edmund Spenser22.―To be, or not to be—that is the question‖ is a line taken from______________.A．Hamlet B．Othello C．King Lear D．The Merchant of Venice23.Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that of Romanticism in that ______________.A．the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the latter sees literature as an expression of an individual’s feeling and experiencesB．the former is heavily religious but the latter secularC．the former is an intellectual movement, the purpose of which is to arouse the middle class for political rights while the latter is concerned with the personal cultivationD．the former advocates the ―return to nature‖ whereas the latter turns to the ancient Greek and Roman writers for its models.24.The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for______________.A．material wealth B．spiritual salvationC．universal truth D．self- fulfillment25.Alexander Pope strongly advocated ______________ , emphasizing that literary works shouldbe judged by rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.A．Sentimentalism B．Romanticism C．Idealism D．Neoclassicism 26.It is generally regarded that Keats’ s most important and mature poems are in the form of______.A．ode B．elegy C．epic D．sonnet27.______ is the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist, with _______ as hisencyclopedia – like masterpiece.A．James Joyce, Ulysses B．E.M. Foster, A Passage to IndiaC．D.H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers D．Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway28.The literary form which is fully developed and the most flourishing during the RomanticPeriod is ______________.A．prose B．drama C．novel D．poetry29.Which of the following poems by T.S. Eliot is hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20thcentury English poetry?A．Poems 1909-1925 B．The Hollow ManC．Prufrock and Other Observations D．The Waste Land30.―My last Duchess‖ is a poem that best exemplifies Robert Browning’s ______________.A．sensitive ear for the sounds of the English languageB．excellent choice of wordsC．mastering of the metrical devicesD．use of the dramatic monologue31.Of the below poets, has not been awarded Poet Laureate.A. William WordsworthB. Thomas GrayC. Alfred TennysonD. Ben Jonson32.Of the following literary giants, is not of Irish origin.A. George Bernard ShawB. William Butler YeatsC. T.S.EliotD. James Joyce33.______ is the essence of the Renaissance.A. IndividualismB. ReasonC. IrrationalismD. Humanism34.―Ode to the West Wind‖ is the representative work of .A. P.B. Shelley’s B. John Keats’sC. Samuel Coleridge’sD. Lord Byron’s35.―The Forsyte Saga‖ is a trilogy by .A. John GalsworthyB. Thomas HardyC. Charles DickensD. D.H. Lawrencewrence’s works are modern because of their .A. modern skill in writingB. modern publishing timeC. modern themesD. modern appearance37.Most of Bernard Shaw’s plays are concerned with .A. political problemsB. religious problemsC. moral problemsD. all the above38.The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett and his first play,_______, is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the Theater of Absurd.A. Waiting for GodotB. Murder in the CathedralC. Too True to Be GoodD. Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionAmerican literature1.Emerson rejected both the formal religion of the churches and the Deistic philosophy; insteadhe based his religion on an intuitive belief in an ultimate unity, which he called the ―______‖.A. over-soulB. super-manC. godly manD. intuition2.Which one of the following statements about Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is true?A.Hawthorne intended to tell a love story in this novel.B.Hawthorne intended to tell a story of sin in this novel.C.Hawthorne intended to reveal the human psyche after they sinned, so as to show peoplethe tension between society and individualsD.Hawthorne focused his attention on consequences of the sin on the people in general, soas to call the readers back to the conventional Puritan way of living.3.The childhood of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished wayof life in the _____ Mississippi valley and it has moved millions of people of different ages and conditions all over the world.A. early 16th centuryB. late 16th centuryC. post-Civil WarD. pre-Civil War4.In 1915 _____ became a naturalized British citizen, largely in protest against America’sfailure to join England in the First World War.A. T. S. EliotB. Henry JamesC. W.D. Howells D. George Eliot5.Allen Ginsberg. Whose ―Howl‖ became the manifesto of ______.A. the Westward MovementB. the Utopian MovementC. the Beat MovementD. the Deistic Movement6.Perhaps Dickinson’s greatest rendering of the moment of ____ is to be found in ―I heard a FlyBuzz – when I died –‖, a poem universally considered one of her masterpieces.A. enthusiasmB. deathC. crisisD. fantasy7.Most people consider ______ an unofficial manifest for the ―Transcendental Club‖.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Dial8.The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America was written by ____.A. John SmithB. John EllisC. Anne BradstreetD. Nathaniel Morton9.Edward Taylor was a poet of ____.A. Local ColorismB. American RomanticismC. New England TranscendentalismD. Colonial American10.Poor Richard's Almanac was written by ____ who also wrote ____.A. Benjamin Franklin...AutobiographyB. Washington Irving...AutobiographyC. Washington Irving...History of New YorkD. Benjamin Franklin...History of New York11.Whitman published his first edition of ______ in 1855.A. Leaves of GrassB. The Scarlet LetterC. Hymn to The NightD. The Secret of the Sea12.Dreiser’s naturalism and his choice of subject often echo his predecessor, ______, but hisstyle and method are very different.A. Mark TwainB. Stephen CraneC. Henry JamesD. Emerson13.Sister Carrie written by ______ is considered as one of the representative naturalistic novel inthe American literature.A. Sinclair LewisB. Theodore DreiserC. F. Scott FitzgeraldD. H.L.Mencken14.Mark Twain’s ______ tells a story of his boyhood ambitious to become a riverboat pilot, upand down the Mississippi.A. Roughing ItB. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnC. Life on the MississippiD. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer15.Stephen Crane’s style has been called realistic, ______ and impressionistic.A. romanticB. naturalisticC. classicalD. imagining16.______ is th e scene of Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.A. New YorkB. ChicagoC. CaliforniaD. Washington17.Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. NatureB. WaldenC. On BeautyD. S elf-Reliance18.Melvi lle’s _______ is an encyclopedia of everything, history, philosophy, religion, etc, inaddition to a detailed account of the operations of the whaling industry.A. The Old Man and the SeaB. Moby DickC. White JacketD. Billy Budd19.Leaves of Grass has _______ editions.A. nineB. fiveC. sixD. seven20._______ is not among the writing features of Melville’s works.A. SymbolismB. AllegoryC. Psychological analysesD. Dramatic monologue21.The realistic period is referred to as ―the Gilded Age‖ by _______.A. Mark TwainB. Henry JamesC. Emily DickinsonD. Theodore Dreiser22._______ is regarded by H. L. Menken as ―the true father of American national literature.‖A. Emily DickinsonB. Henry JamesC. Mark TwainD. Theodore Dreiser23.Henry James’s fame generally rests upon his novels and stories with ________.A. the love and marriage themeB. the theme of humor and satire on lifeC. the theme of revealing the miserable life of the poor and criticizing the capitalismD. the international theme24.Within Dickinson’s little lyrics, she addresses those issues that concern the whole humanbeings, which exclude ________.A. religionB. friendshipC. loveD. immortality25.The Colonial Period of American literature stretched roughly from the settlement of Americain the early 17th century through the end of ________ century.A. the 18thB. the 19thC. the 20thD. the 21st26.Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the ______.A. American EnlightenmentB. Sugar ActC. Chartist movementD. Romanticist27.In the first section of Autobiography the writer addressed to ________A. his sonB. his friendsC. his wifeD. himself28.History of New York was published in 1807 under the name of ________A. Washington IrvingB. Diedrich KnickerbokerC. James Fenimore CooperD. John Whittier29.Natty Bumppo is the hero in Cooper’s ________A. The PrecautionB. The SpyC. The Gleanings in EuropeD. Leatherstocking Tales30.________ was regarded as a poet of the American RevolutionA. Philip FreneauB. Walt WhitmanC. Robert FrostD. Cal Sandburg31.The ship ______ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way acrossthe Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Titanic32.Washington Irving got his idea for his most famous story, Rip Van Winkle, from a ________A. Greek legendB. German legendC. French legendD. English legend33.Rip Van Winkle is found in Irving’s longer work, ________A. The Sketch BookB. History of New YorkC. Tales of a TravelerD. The Precaution34.________ was often regarded as America’s first man of letters, devoting much of his career toliterature.A. Benjamin FranklinB. Philip FreneauC. Washington IrvingD. James Fenimore Cooper35.All the following novels are in Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales except ________A. The PioneersB. The PrairieC. The DeerslayerD. The Spy36.________ has always been r egarded as a writer who ―perfected the best classic style thatAmerican Literature ever produced‖.A．Edgar Ellen Poe B．Walt WhitmanC．Henry David Thoreau D．Washington Irving37.The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature,stretches from the end of ______________ to the outbreak of ____________.A．the 17th century…the American War of IndependenceB．the 18th century…the American Civil WarC．the 17th century…the American Civil WarD．the 18th century…the U.S. – Mexican War38.Which of the following statements is NOT true of American Transcendentalism?A．It can be clearly defined as a part of American Romantic literary movement.B．It can be defined philosophically as ―the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively‖.C．Ralph Waldo Emerson was the chief advocate of this spiritual movement.D．It sprang from South America in the late 19th century.39.Nathaniel Hawthorne held an unceasing interest in the ―interior of the heart ‖of man’s being.So in almost every book he wrote, Hawthorne discusses______________.A．love and hatred B．sin and evilC．frustration and self—denial D．balance and self—discipline40.Which of the following statements might be true of the theme of Song of Myself by Whitman?A．This poem describes the growth of a child who learned about the world around him and improved himself accordingly.B．This poem shows the author’s cynical sentiments against the American Civil War.C．This poem reflects t he author’s belief in Unitarianism or Deism.D．This poem reflects the author’s belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.41.In Moby—Dick, the white whale symbolizes ______________ for Melville, for it is complex,unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.A．nature B．human society C．whaling industry D．truth42.Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romanceand self—creating fictions, and paved the way to ______________.A．Cynicism B．Modernism C．Transcendentalism D．Neo—Classicalism43.Hemingway once described Mark Twain’s novel ______________ the one book from which―all modern American literature comes‖.A．The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn B．The Adventures of Tom SawyerC．The Gilded Age D．The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 44.__________ is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th—century―stream—of—consciousness‖ novels and the founder of psychological realism.A．Theodore Dreiser B．William FaulknerC．Henry James D．Mark Twainimagination.45.As a genre, naturalism emphasized ______________ as important deterministic forcesshaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circum-stances.A．theological doctrines B．heredity and environmentC．education and hard work D．various opportunities and economic success 46.Ezra Pound, a leading spokesman of the ―______________‖ , was one of the most importantpoets in his time.A．Imagist Movement B．Cubist MovementC．Reformist Movement D．Transcendentalist Movement47.Eugene O’Neill’s first full—length play, ______________, won him the first Pulitzer Prize.Its theme is the choice between life and death, the interaction of subjective and objective factors.A．Bound East for Cardiff B．The Hairy ApeC．Desire Under the Elms D．Beyond the Horizon48.In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, ―A‖ may stands for ________.A. AdulteryB. AngelC. AmiableD. All the above49.In Leaves of Grass, _______ is all that concerned Whitman.A. individualismB. the spirit of democracyC. freedomD. all the above50._______ has been regarded as the ―founder of the American Drama‖.A. Tennessee WilliamsB. Eugene O’NeillC. Arthur MillerD. Hendrik Ibser。

British Literature

1. Old English Period (449-1066)

historical background

Anglo-Saxon conquest in 449; Norman conquest in 1066.
Old English literature is also called AngloSaxon Literature

The Battle of Books书战 A Tale of a Tub木桶的故事 The Drapper‟s Letters一个麻布商的书信 A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议 Gulliver‟s Travels格列佛游记
Daniel Defoe丹尼尔· 笛福1660~1731

The Review (periodical founded by Defoe) 评论报 Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记
Henry Fielding亨利· 菲尔丁1707~1754

The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews 约瑟夫· 安德鲁 The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great大诗人江奈生· 威尔德 Amelia爱米利亚 The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling汤姆· 琼斯 The Historical Register for 1736一七三六年历史记事 Don Quixote in England堂吉柯德在英国

The Renaissance - rebirth or revival Humanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present life Best representatives: Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare

英国文学课件1

2. General Prologue

1) general framework a group of vivid sketches of medieval figures from different walks of life (except the highest and lowest)
1. Influenced by Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio The House of Fame (1372—80) Legend of Good Women (1380—86) 2. English period (1387—1400)
III. The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)
英国文学 British Literature
LITERATURE Novels, plays, and poetry are referred to as literature, especially when they are considered to be good or important. The literature on a particular subject of study is all the books and articles that have been published about it Literature is written information produced by people who want to sell you something or give you advice.

Early and medieval British Literature “Beowulf” ---the national epic of the English people. The Anglo-Saxon Period(10661350) Sir Gawain and Green Knight Popular Ballads Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)

British literature 1英国文学

V. Romanticism
* William Wordsworth: ―Lyrical Ballads‖
* Samuel Coleridge: ―The Ancient Mariner‖
* George Gordon Byron: ―Don Juan‖
* Percy Bysshe Shelley: ―Prometheus Unbound‖ * John Keats: ―Ode to a Nightingale‖
* Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels * Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe * Henry Fielding: Tom Jones * William Blake: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell * Sentimentalism: Oliver Goldsmith: ―The Deserted Village‖ Thomas Gray: ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard‖
* other forms: natural science philosophy history law graphic novels/comic books films, videos and broadcast have carved out a niche which often parallels the functionality of prose fiction. iii. Expectation of you 1. To get acknowledged with the history and framework of British literature. 2. To view literature from a literary perspective and accomplish one mid-term essay. 3. To fulfill the assignment after class.

British literature

Christopher Marlowe was an English dramatist, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. As the foremost Elizabethan tragedian, next to William Shakespeare, he is known for his blank verse, his overreaching protagonists, and his mysterious death.
BБайду номын сангаасowulf
The story of Beowulf
In the poem, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats in Scandinavia, comes to the help of Hroðgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall (Heorot) has been under attack by a being known as Grendel. After Beowulf slays(杀害) him, Grendel„s mother attacks the hall and is then also defeated. Victorious, Beowulf goes home to Geatland in Sweden and later becomes king of the Geats. After a period of fifty years has passed, Beowulf defeats a dragon, but is fatally wounded in the battle. After his death, his attendants （侍者）bury him in a tumulus in Geatland.

British Literature Chapter 1

British LiteratureChapter 1 The Old English and Medieval English PeriodContents:1. The making of England2. Beowulf, the National Epic of the English People3. The Age of Geoffrey ChaucerExpectations:1. Acquire the definition of the relative literary terms, such asepic史诗, alliteration头韵, legend（传奇）, romance罗曼司, ballad歌谣/民谣, heroic couplet英雄双韵体, iambic pentameter五步抑扬格2. Give your own comments on☞The artistic features of the Old English poetry, Beowulf;☞The chief effects in literature of Norman Conquest;☞Chaucer’s position in British literary history.Part I: The Period of Old English (about 449-1066 Anglo-Saxon Period)★★ⅠThe Making of England< 1>The BritonsThe Celts, the earliest inhabitants of the British IslesThe Britons, came over in the 5th century BC, stayed for some five hundred yearsBritain: the land of the Britons<2>The Roman Conquest 征服/侵略( 55/54 B.C.- 410 A.D.)About 55 B.C., the Roman soldiers of Julius Caesar came to stay for five centuries and transplanted their civilization to the land. Britain was conquered by the Romans as a province of the West Roman Empire in 410 A.D., Roman Empire declined and its troops left Britain.<3> The Anglo-Saxon Conquest ( 449-1066)Three Germanic tribes: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes from Northern Europe along the North sea invaded the island around the 5th centuryLanguage: a Germanic dialect is called Old English todayAngle-land: the land of the Angles, that is EnglandSomething more about the Anglo-Saxon:Heathen (pagan or non-Christian): worship Heaven and Earth; believe in old mythology of Northern Europe;converting to Christianity, from pagan to Christian.Beowulf: the only organic whole poetry in the period of Anglo-Saxon conquest.Beowulf★★★Literary Terms:1). epic: (史诗)A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.2). Alliteration: （头韵）A succession of similar consonant sounds repeated at the beginning of successive words.★★★1. Status:1). Beowulf is a national epic of English people.2). Beowulf is the first written literature in English literary writing.2. Characters:Beowulf: a nephew of king of Gents, a people in Denmark.Hrothgar: king of Denmark.Grendel: a monster.She-monster(女妖怪): Grendel’s mother.Dragon: a fire dragon, a monster.3. plot:1.Beowulf’s fight with the monster Grendel in Hrothgar’s hall.2. Beowulf’s slaying of Grendel’s mother in her lair.3. Beowulf’s return in glory to his uncl e, and his succession to the throne.4. Beowulf’s victory in death, fifty years later, over the fire dragon.★★★4. General Knowledge About BeowulfThe story takes place in Scandinavia; the hero is from Sweden, and performs his deeds in Denmark.Origin: been brought over to England by minstrels at the time of the Anglo-Saxon Conquest; handed down in oral form; Beowulf was written down in the 10th century.Style: a heroic epicLanguage: Old English (the Anglo-Saxon tongue)Theme: the heroic deeds of old time; a hero killing monsters to make the world safe for people Main Characters: Beowulf and monstersRhyme: Alliteration (头韵)----A succession of similar consonant sounds repeated at the beginning of successive words.The most striking feature ---- the use of alliteration (head rhyme)Eg: the scene of Beowulf's death“Thus m ade their m ourning the m en of Geatland,For their h ero’s passing, h is h earth – companionsQuoth that of all the kings of earth,Of m en he was the m ildest and m ost beloved,To his k in the k indest, k eenest to praise.”More examples: b eauty and b east, (美女与野兽)m ommy's m anly m uscles m ade m e m adly m oan. （妈咪那强壮的力量弄的我大声哭喊）5. Characteristics of Beowulf (了解)a. the mixture of pagan elements with Christian coloring. The most outstanding example is the frequent reference in the epic to “Wyrd” (fate) as the decisive factor in human affaires, while on other occasions “God” or “Lord” is also mentioned as the omniscient and omnipotent being that rules over the whole universe.b. the frequent use of metaphors and understatements.“Ring giver” is used for king, “Swan road”, “whale-path” or “seal bath” for the sea, “wave-traveler” or “sea-wood” for ship, “shield-bearer”, “battle-hero” or “spear-fighter” for soldier. Understatement as“not troublesome ” for very welcome.c. Beowulf is written in alliterative verse.Its rhythm depends upon accent and alliteration. That is, the beginning of two or more words in the same line with the same sound or letter. The lines are made up of two short halves, separated by a pause. No rhyme is used; but a musical effect is produced by giving each half line two strongly accented syllables. Each full line, therefore, has four accents, three of which usually begin with the same sound or letter.★★★6. The significance of Beowulfa. This glorious epic presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon people and highly praises the brave and courageous spirit of the fighting against the elemental forces.b. The epic combines the pagan story with chritianity, thus reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times, that is tribalism, and the coloring of the Christianized feudal society on the other hand.Literary Features of the Anglo-Saxon Period（了解）1)secular(非宗教的) poetry,non religious poems but with Christian coloring;2) created collectively and orally;3) based on history, legend or events of the time;4) for entertainment;5) for the minstrels吟游诗人as a paying profession;6) unknown writers, written down by the monks in the 10th century.Assignments and Questions:1. How does Old English come into being?2. Comment on Beowulf.3. What are the features of Anglo-Saxon literature?Part II The Middle / Medieval English Period (1066-1400) (Anglo-Norman Period)★★1. The Norman Conquest:In 1066, Duke William the Conqueror-----William IIt was the year 1066 that marked the beginning of the Middle English or Norman period.The Establishment of the Feudal system----feudalism:The social hierarchy:King WilliamHis nobles and followersPeasants and serfsFor almost 200 years, Old English, Norman-French, and Latin existed side by side in England. Old English : spoken only by the common English people, esp. the common peasantsFrench : official language used by the King and Norman lordsLatin: principal tongue of church affairs used by the clergymen and scholars in the universities However, at last English absorbed almost the whole body of French words and became the language of the land.2. Major Literary Form in Norman Period -----Romance and Ballad (只做了解)Literary Terms:1). Legend: （传奇）a song or narrative handed down from the past; legend differs from myths on the basis of the elements of historical truth they contain. One speak, e.g., of Arthurian legend because there is some historical evidence of Arthur’s existence.2) Romance:(罗曼司)It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. (term)3) Ballad: (民谣，歌谣)a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. Features of English Ballads:1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants.4. They give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.The Romance—the prevailing form of literature in the feudal EnglandThe central character of romances was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons. He was commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He was devoted to the church and the king. The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry. （骑士精神）One who wanted to be a knight should serve an apprenticeship as a squire until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemn ceremony and the swearing of oaths. (concerning with knights, chivalry and courtly love.) Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent: description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter: knight with chivalry and devoted to the church and the kingThe Romance Cycles：1）the “matters of Britain” (adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table)(讲述亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士)2）the “matters of France” （Emperor Charlemagne and his peers）（有关查理曼大帝）3）the “matters of Rome”（Alexander the Great and the attacks of Troy）（有关亚历山大大帝，和特洛伊战争）A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. Features of English Ballads:1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants.4. They give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.The Subjects of English Ballads----Variety in kind:1. struggle of young lovers2. the conflict between love and wealth3. the cruelty of jealousy4. the criticism of the civil war5. the matters of class struggle6. the ballads of Robin HoodThe characteristics of Robin Hood:（罗宾逊）a. his hatred for the cruel oppressors and his love for the poor and down-troddenb. strong, brave and cleverc. tender-hearted and affectionate for the poor and down-troddend. his pure love for Mariane. his simple loyalty to the monarchyMedieval Romance:English Romance: Arthurian Legends 《亚瑟王传奇》Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》Medieval Folk Literature:Popular Ballads: Robin Hood Ballads （罗宾逊歌谣）Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (1340—1400)★★★Literary Terms:1）Iambic Pentameter：五步抑扬格A poetic line consisting of five iambic feet ( penta- is from a Greek word meaning “five” ).An iamb---an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. ( Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry. )2）Heroic couplet：英雄双韵体A couple of 2-lines of iambic pentameter with the same end rhymes and forming a logical whole. The rhyme scheme is aa bb cc dd ee ff gg...... .(lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Chaucer, and has been in constant use ever since. )1. Life of Chaucer (了解)born in a wine merchant family; a good education; the ability to speak most of the important languages;married one of the Queen’s maids;diplomatic mission to Spain, France, and Italy, thus knowing the customs and were called as the controller of the customs;still experienced some years of sufferings and poverty because of the change of kings;died in 1400 and buried in Westminster Abby , thus founding “The Poet’ s Corner” (诗人角) .2. his literary career （了解）a. French period (1360-1372) in French: translating period“The Romaunt of the Rose”《玫瑰传奇》a translation, popular in Middle agesThe Book of the Duchess 《悼公爵夫人》, the best work of the timeb. Italian period (1372-1385) in Latin: adapting period“Troilus and Criseyde”, 《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》, a poem of a love storyc. English period (1386-1400) in English: creating period“The Canterbury Tales” (“heroic couplet”)《坎特伯雷故事集》his masterpiece and a representative works of the Middle Ages.★★★3. What do you think of G. Chaucer? / Literary Influence of Chaucer?1). He is the "Father of English Poetry"----the first to use current English in his writing, the first to write in heroic couplets, a master of word pictures with vivid, exact and smooth language; 2). He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language, making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.3). He is the founder of English realism----loyal to reality with humor, irony and satire(讽刺);4). He is the forerunner of Humanism----praising man's energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life;5). He is the first to bring the atmosphere of romantic interest about men and women and the daily work of one’s own world.6) He exerts great influence on the later generation writers, e.g. Shakespeare4. A Close Look at The Canterbury Tales★★★The Canterbury Tales is the masterpiece of G. Chaucer. In this book, he wrote 30 pilgrims（朝圣者）, including knights, merchant, nuns and monks, doctor, cook, plowman, sailer, carpenter, etc., （almost all the walks of society）to go to Canterbury to worship St. Thomas. It gives us the vivid panoramic (全景的) view of English society with much humor and satire (讽刺). Originally, Chaucer planed to write 120 tales, but when he died, there are just only 24 tales left describing from London to Canterbury.1)Characters: (2 groups)①the holy orders----ironic tone of the narration, satire for the corruption and depravity. (堕落)（Catholic church and its numbers including nuns, priests, summoner, monks, etc., besides knights and squire乡绅）②the middle class----reflecting that they begin to taste the combination of power with wealth and aspiring to more of both. (emergent class including merchant, dyer,染工carpenter木匠, plowman农夫, miller磨坊主, weaver织工, carpet maker, shipper, cook, sailer, etc. )2) the structure:3 parts: the General Prologue; 总序24 tales, two of which left unfinished;Separate prologues to each tale with links, comments, quarrels, etc. in between.★★★3) the theme :① affirming man's right to pursue earthly happiness and opposing asceticism (禁欲主义)，praising men's energy, intellect and love of life;② satirizing (讽刺) and exposing the corruption, depravation (堕落) and social evils of the society, esp. the religious abuses.4) the best of the whole collection:① the wife of Bath（巴斯城的妇女）,② the Knight（骑士）,③ the Pardoner（卖赎罪卷者）,④the Nun’s Priest（尼姑的教士）,⑤the Prologue（序诗）5) narration features:Sense of humor；Loyalty to reality；Sense of humanity (人文主义情怀)。

英美文学第一部分练习

英美文学第一部分练习文艺复兴时期练习及答案Exercises of the First Part of the British LiteratureSection One: Multiple-choice questions1. “Upon a great adventure he was bond, / That greatest Gloriana to him gave.” These two lines are taken f rom[A] Milton's Samson Agonistes [B] Spenser's The Faerie Queene[C] Beowulf [D] Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard2. "O prince, O chief of many throned powers,That led th' embattled Seraphim to warUnder thy conduct, and in dreadf ul deedsFearless, endangered Heaven's perpetual King. "In the f irst line of the above passage quoted f rom Milton's Paradise Lost, the phrase "O prince, O chief of many throned powers”refers to________.[A] Satan [B] God [C] Adam [D] Eve3. Shakespeare claims through the mouth of Hamlet that the "end" of the dramatic creation is to give________ of the social realities of the time.[A] f aithf ul ref l ection [B] instructive represent ation[C] imaginative narration [D] allegorical description4. Humanists of the Renaissance turned to the spirit of ________ culture for inspiration.[A] Anglo-Saxon [B] Italian and French[C] Greeek and Roman [D] medieval5. Paradise Lost is composed in blank verse, which permits the ________ Milton needed f or his subject.[A] epic grandeur [B] narrative sweep[C] descriptive subtlety [D] intellectual grasp6. Donne’s f amous analogy of parting lovers to a drawing compass aff ords a prime example of________[A] dramatic style [B] exaggeration[C] paradox [D] conceit7. ________ is a study of the lust f or wealth, which centers on Barabas, the Jew, a terrible old money lender.[A] The Jew of Malta [B] The Merchant of V enice[C] Tamburlaine the Great[D] The Tempest8. In his conception of tragedy, Marlowe perceived that tragic action must issue f rom, and be ref lected in, ________.[A] the Renaissance hero [B] endless aspiration f or knowledge[C] the individual [D] human dignity and capacity9. In The Faerie Queene, the Red Cross Knight, who stands f or true religion of ________ , sets out on the orders of Queen of Faeri e, who represents ________.[A] the Anglican Church, Queen Elizabeth [B] the Roman Catholic Church, Pope[C] Christianity, Christ [D] humanism, divine truth10. What f igure of speech is used in the lines: "Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, / And summer's lease too short a date"?[A] Simile [B] Metonymy[C] Personif ication [D] Hyperbol e11. The underlined part in "My deeds upon my head! I crave the law, / The penalty and f orfeit of my bond. " (from TF, chant of V enice) means ________.[A] What is done can't be undone [B] Let me responsible f or what I do[C] I would give anything f or f ul f illing my bond [D] I deserve what I demand12. The line "When we have shuff led off this mortal coil" be, or not to be" soliloquy means________.[A] when we have got rid of this coil that is doomed to die[B] when we have unloaded this heavy burden like a coil[C] when we have taken off this coat made of coils[D] when we are relived f rom the trouble of mortal life wound around us like coils13. What does the word "humour" mean in the f ollowing quotation f rom "Of Studies": "to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of“a scholar”?[A] f unniness [B] Wit[C]charact er [D] A sudden whim14. The Spenserian stanza is a group of eight lines of iambic pentameter f ollowed by a six-stress line, with a rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.[A] trochai c [B] iambic[C] anapestic [D] dactylic15. In Satan’s speech: …if he, whom mutual league, / United : thoughts and .counsels, equal hope / And hazard in the glorious enterprise, /.joined with me once . . . " What does "the glorious enterprise ref er to?[A] The f ormer scheme to overthrow God.[B] stealing the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil[C] Finding means of evil out of good.[D] corrupting Adam and Eve.16. What is the tone in the f ollowing lines: " Saucy pedantic .go wretch, go chide / Late school-boys, and sour prentices"?[A] Ironic [B] Sarcastic [C]Humorous [D] Underst ated17. In the best metaphysical poetry, f eeling and ________ f use in an image that is always ingenious and appropriate, though it may be disconcert ed at f irst in the shock of bringing incongruities together.[A] imagery [B] conceit[C] thought [D] colloquialism18. The sonnet "Death Be Not Proud" is written in the strict______ pattern. It reveals the poet's belief that _________.[A] Shakespearean, death is only a sleep, af ter which we live eternally[B] Petrarchan, death is but momentary while hal v death is eternal[C] Elizabethan, death is not as strong as people think he is[D] Portuguese, death is like a long sleep that off er, f or the soul19. In the line "And every f air from fair sometime decline Shakespeare's Sonnet 18), what does the f irst and second “f air” mean?[A] Light complexion; beauty. [B] Loveliness; beautif ul women.[C] The beautif ul person or thing; beauty. [D] Sound reason; justice.20. In the court scene of The Merchant of Venice, when says to Shylock: "We all expect a gentle answer, Jew. punning on the word "gentle". He means a merci f ul but also means ______.[A] an amiable and tender answer [B] a noble answer[C] a Gentile's as opposed to a Jew's answer [D] a generous answer21. In his "T o be, or not to be" soliloquy, Hamlet gives the why he wants to commit suicide. Apart from his personal revenge,that he________ is another reason.[A] is unable to restore his earlier idealized image of his mother[B] thinks the next world is f ar better than this one[C] is mentally tormented by his f ather's words[D] cannot bear the social injustice and grievances22. By advancing the theory of＿＿＿＿＿, Bacon shows the empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticists.[A] inductive reasoning [B] deductive reasoning[C] education [D] scienti f ic experimentation23. The central f igure of Tamburlaine, the Great represents f or inf inite _________.[A] knowledge and happiness [B] power and authority[C] ambition and conquest [D] success and adventure24. The shepherd's Calender set the ________ f ashion in English literature, and inaugurated the great 16th century.[A] rustic [B] ornate [C] rustic [D] pastoral25. In King Leur, Shakespeare has shown to us the two-f old exerted by the f eudalisi corruption and __________ gradually corroded the ordered society.[A] Anarchy and rebellion [B] supernatural f orces[C] super natural f orces[D] tyranny[B] power and authority success and adventure f ashion in English lyrical poetry of the lastSection Two(Reading comprehension)1.So pure and innocent, as that same lambe,She was in lif e and every vertuous lore,And by descent f rom royall lynage cameOf ancient Kings and Queenes, that had of yoreTheir scepters stretcht from east to westerne shore,And all the world in their subjection held;Till that inf ernall f eend with f oule uproreForwasted all their land, and them expeld;Whom to avenge, she had this knight f rom far compeld. " Questions:A. Identif y the poet and the poem.B. What does "this knight" ref er to?C. What idea does the quotation express?2. "Within this circle is Jehovah's nameForward and backward anagrammatized,The breviated names of holy saints,Figures of every adjunct to the heavensAnd characters of signs and erring stars,By which the spirits are enf orced to rise. " Questions:A. Identif y the author and the work.B. Who does "Jehovah" refer to?C. What idea does the quotation express?2"Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought;And enterprises of great pith and moment,With this regard, their currents turn awryAnd lose the name of action. "Questions:A. Identif y the author and the work.B. Who is the speaker of the quoted passage?C. What idea does the quotation express?4."Some men there are love not a gaping pig,Some that are mad if they behold a cat,And others, when bagpipe sings i' th' nose,Cannot contain their urine f or affection,Mistress of passion, sways it to the moodOf what it likes or loathes. "Questions:A. the author and the work.B. Who is the speaker of the quoted passage?C. What idea does the quotation express?5. “If her eyes have not blinded thine,Look, and tomorrow late, tell me,Whether both the Indias of spice and mineBe where thou lef t'st them, or lie here with me.Ask f or those kings whom thou saw'st yesterday,And thou shalt hear, all here in one bed lay. "Questions:A. Identif y the poet and the poem.B. What does the word "thou" in the last line of the quotation ref er to?C. What idea does the quotation express?Section Two Questions and answers1. Make a brief analysis of the "quality of mercy" speech by Portia,.Merchant of V enice, and try to explain why it is regarded most famous speech in the play.2. Make a brief comment on the theme of Paradise Lost.3. Make a brief summary of the historical and cultural background to English Renaissance.4. Make a brief analysis of "Death, Be Not Proud".5. What is Francis Bacon's contribution to English literature?Section Four (Topic discussion)1. Comment on Hamlet's inaction.2. What are the main characteristics of metaphysical poetry?第一章练习答案Key to the exercisesKey to Exercises for Chapter I(文艺复兴时期)A. Multiple-choice questions1-25 BAACB DACAC BDCBA BCBCC DABDC11. Reading comprehension:1. A. Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene.B. The Red Cross Knight.C. It is a description of V irgin Una, who stands f or the divine truth and accompanies the Red Cross Knight on his adventures. She is as pure and innocent in lif e and all moral knowledge as the Lamb of God (Jesus Christ ). She descended of a royal line, which in old days governed the landfrom east to west and made the whole world subject to the rule (which suggests she derives her lineage f rom the Church Universal, not from the Papacy), until the dragon ( which represents the powers of Spain and Rome) with wicked tumult devastated all their land and drove them out. So she has summoned the Knight f rom a remote place to avenge her imprisoned parents.2. A. Christopher Marlowe : The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus.B. God.C. This is a description of Dr. Faustus practicing black magic inorder to seek knowledge and power over the kingdom of this world. He has drawn a magic circle on the ground, within which the spirits are compelled to rise by using the name of God with the letters mixed up, the abbreviated names of holy saints, figures o f every heavenly body and signs of the zodiac and wandering stars. Faustus' conjuring techniques illustrate his denial and rejection of religi on, which is a sin of pride and presumption and thus allows the devil to take possession of his soul. On the other hand, by portraying Faustus trying through the exercise of f orbidden knowledge to transcend the bounds of his nature, Marlowe celebrates the Renaissance hero's endless aspiration f or knowledge, power and happiness.3: A. William Shakespeare: Hamlet. ,B. Hamlet .C These lines mean: thus meditation does turn all of us into cowards; and thus over the natural color of resolution (which is believed of red color) , is thrown the pale and sickly color of melancholy thought; and actions of great importance, on this account, deviate f rom their original purpose and no longer can put into action. Here Hamlet is not only talking about actual suicide--he's also talking about "li f elong suicide" by doing nothing, choosing the easy passive approach to lif e.4. A. William Shakespeare: The Merchant of V enice.B. Shylock says that just as there is no rational explanation of why one man hat es a pig, why another cannot tolerat e a harmless cat, and why a third cannot cont ain his urine when listening to a bagpipe, he cannot and will not give a reason f or his action other than the deep-seated hatred and loathing that he bears Antonio. Here, Shylock makes himself ridiculous by comparing the unreasoning hatred he feels f or Antonio with the irrational and inexplicable impulses f ound in all men. The examples he gives of human nature mastered by strange and powerful passions are such as to excite disgust and contempt in his hearers.5. A. John Donne, "The Sun Rising".B. The Sun.C. The speaker says that his lover's eyes are more blinding than the sun's mighty rays. If the sun would look closely he would see that even the wealth of all the earth lies in their bed. And should he not be convinced by what his eyes tell him, could look again to India and the West Indies to see if the spices and gold even exist there any more or whether they indeed "lie here with me". The king-image is a happy one. The lovers are as happy as the queen and the king on one throne. The poet brings "spice", "gold" and "kings" into one bed in order to show that their love is as f ragrant spice, as pure as gold and as happy as kings.C. Q uestions and answers1. In the court scene Shylock has emphasized the justice and legality to his claim to Antonio's f lesh. Now, Portia insists that mercy is a higher good than justice, f or it enables the giver and receiver. She puts f orward a familiar Elizabethan argum ent on justice versus mercy, i.e. if God himself insisted on justice, no one would be f orgiven f or their sins and thus be able to enter the Kingdom of Heaven. But as God shows mercy to mankind, man can theref ore be redeemed. What is most admirable in a king is not his power but the humanity wit h which he exercises this power. This speech of Portia is undoubtedly the most f amous in the play and justly so, f or in lyrical verse that is beautif ul in itself it clearly states the moral and implies the doctrinal themes of the play: that courtesy teaches the heart to be gen tle, that the gentle heart secures salvation, that the stern justice of the Old Law (the Old Testament) must give way to the mercy of the new (the New Testament).2. Paradise Lost is regarded as Milton's masterpiece and thegreatest epic poem in the English language. The theme of the poem is the tragedy of the "Fall of Man" (f rom whi ch Christ redeems him) against the backdrop of Satan's rebellion against God and expulsion f rom heaven. The poet's announced aim was to "assert eternal Providence (that is, God) and justif y the ways of God to men". Despite its biblical story content and its declared purpose, the epic at places ref lects Milton's revolutionary spirit, chief ly through his sympathetic treatment of the revolt of Satan and his f ollowers against God in the f irst two books. Here we see the dual role as a Puritan and as a republican, f or in accordance with his religious convictions the poet was naturally on the side of God, but with his revolutionary sentiments he could not refrain f rom uttering f iery words of hatred and rebellion against the restored monarch at the time, even in the outcries of Satan and his adherents against God. Y et we must not believe that Milton as a Puritan could actually share Satan's accusationsof God f or holding "the tyranny of heaven", nor should we obliterate the thoroughly religious temper of the epic as a whole, in which the characters of Satan and his f ollowers are condemned.3.(a) Renaissance refers to the period of transition f rom the medieval to the modern world. It was sparked off by a combination of historical factors.(b) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. "The new humanistic learning that resulted from the rediscovery of classical literature is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side.(c) The great 16th-century religious revolution in Europe resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches.(d) The continuing development of trade, the growth of the middle class, the education f or lay people, the centralization of power and of much intellectual lif e in the court, and the widening horizons of exploration gave a new impetus and direction to literature.4. This poem is an almost startling put-down of poor death Staunchly Christian in its pure expectation of the resurrection. Donne's poem personi f ies death as an adversary swollen with f alse pride and unworthy of being called "mighty and dreadf ul. Donne gives various reasons in accusing death of being little m than a slave bossed about by fate, chance, kings and desperate men--a craven thing that keeps bad company, such as poison war and sickness. Death is not something we should f ear, f or is part of a natural cycle. It is the pref ace to our f inal sleep, which offers “f r eedom” (and f inal delivery) f or the soul. Finally, Donne taunts death with a paradox: "death, thou shalt die. " The sonnet is written in the strict Petrarchan pattern. It reveals the poet’s beliefreveals the poet's belief in lif e af ter death: death is but momentary while happiness af t er death is eternal.5. Bacon's contribution to English literature lies chief ly in the Essays, the f irst collection of essays as such in the English language and considered an important landmark in the development of English prose. Bacon wrote these f or the young men of his class and tradition, who were intent upon the completest self-realization in public lif e. The subjects cover a wide range: philosophy, religion, politics and conduct of lif e. Down's practicality is shown in most of his essays. He employs what may be called the dialectical method by balancing opposing arguments bef ore drawing his conclusions. Dif f erent from theelaborate language of euphuism, his essays are known f or their language of euphuism, his essays are known f or their consciousness and brevity, simplicity and f orcefulness. Epigrams frequently employed, yet they are always ordered judiciously appropri ately. In addition, the essays are enriched by Biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence.D. Topic discussion1. (a)Hamlet has none of the single-minded blood lust of the earlier revengers. It is not because he is incapable of action, but because the cast of his mind is so speculative, so questioning, and so contemplative that action, when it f inally comes, almost like def eat, diminishing rather than adding to the stature of the hero.(b)Trapped in a nightmare world of spying, testing and plot and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the to revenge his f ather's death, Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between f act and f iction, language and action. His lif e is one of constant role playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility; f or he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger.(c) For such a f igure, soliloquy is a natural medium, a necessary release of his anguish; and some of his questioning monologues posses surpassing power and insight, which have survived centuries of being torn f rom their context.2. (a) The term metaphysical poetry is used to describe a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits, incongruous imagery, complexity of thought, f requent use of paradox, and of ten by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression. (b) In metaphysical poetry emotions are shaped and expressed by logical reasoning. These logicalelements are typical characteristics of the best metaphysical poetry. But, sometimes the logic argument and conceits become. pervasive, going to preposterous dimensions. (c) The main themes of the metaphysical poets are love, death and religion. According to them, all things in the universe no matter how dissimilar they are to each other, are closely unif ied in God.(d) The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neocl assical Period, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.(e) The imagery is drawn f rom the commonplace or the remote actual lif e or erudite sources, the f igure itsel f: elaborated with self-conscious ingenuity.(f) The f orm is f requently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved with God or with himself.(g) Metaphysical poem is of ten intentionally rough.(h) Metaphysical poetry is marked by a crisp pointed wit that may f ind its f ocus in conceits of a special type, which are used to connect the abstract with the concrete, the remote with the near, and the sublime with the commonplace.(i) Chief representative of this school was John Donne.。

Unit_6_British_Literature

哈姆雷特
• 《哈姆雷特（Hamlet）》是由威廉· 莎士比亚创作于1599年至1602年间的一部悲剧作品。戏剧讲述了叔叔克劳狄斯谋害了哈姆雷特的父亲，篡取了王位，并娶了国王的遗孀乔特鲁德；哈姆雷特王子因此为父王向叔叔复仇。
• 奥赛罗是威尼斯公国一员勇将。他与元老的女儿苔丝狄梦娜相爱。因为两人年纪相差太多，婚事未被准许。两人只好私下成婚。奥赛罗手下有一个阴险的旗官伊阿古，一心想除掉奥赛罗。他先是向元老告密，不料却促成了两人的婚事。他又挑拨奥赛罗与苔丝狄梦娜的感情，说另一名副将凯西奥与苔丝狄梦娜关系不同寻常，并伪造了所谓定情信物等。奥赛罗信以为真，在愤怒中掐死了自己的妻子。当他得知真相
. Christopher Marlowe(15641593 )克里斯托弗· 马洛
His style is thought to have been a great influence on Shakespeare. Most famous play: The Tragical
History of Dr. Faustus.
《凯尔斯书》
• 《凯尔斯书》是爱尔兰中世纪手抄本中最精美的一部，其美丽的插图作品、彩色装饰字母代表了中世纪爱尔兰凯尔特美术的最高成就。《凯尔斯书》手抄本出现在8 世纪。现藏爱尔兰都柏林，三一学院图书馆。
夫》
• One of the oldest of these early “Old English” literary works is long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf. • 这些早期的最古老的古英语文学作品之一是长诗来自盎格鲁-撒克逊时代叫做贝奥武夫。
的时代那就是著名的“文艺复兴”。

英美文学选读(1)

英美文学选读（1）Selected Readings of British and American Literature (1)一、基本信息课程代码：2020123课程学分： 2面向专业：英语课程性质：专业必修课课程类型：理论教学课开课院系：外国语学院英语系使用教材：主教材：1.《英国文学史及选读》（第1册）（第1版）；吴伟仁编，外语教学与研究出版社，2008.2.《英国文学史及选读》（第2册）（第1版）；吴伟仁编，外语教学与研究出版社，2008.参考教材：1.《新编英国文学》，罗经国编，外语教学与研究出版社，2010.2.《英国文学简史》，刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2001.先修课程：《基础英语》（1-4）并修课程：《高级英语》（1）后续课程：《英美文学选读》（2）二、课程简介英美文学选读课程主要从英美两国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，介绍英美两国文学各历史阶段的主要背景，文学文化思潮，文学流派，社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格和思想意义等。

本课程旨在培养英语专业学生理解、掌握英美文学的基本理论知识和鉴赏英美文学原著的能力。

英美文学课程的开设有利于提高学生的语言运用能力、提升学生对文学原著鉴赏的水平，培养学生的文学审美意识，使学生在宏观把握文学课程的知识点的同时，增强语言功底，增强对英美文学原著的理解，特别是对作品中表现的社会生活和人物思想感情的理解，增强他们分析作品的艺术特色的能力、掌握正确评价文学作品的标准和方法，对英美两国文学形成与发展的全貌有一个概括的了解，为以后的研究打下坚实基础。

三、选课建议英美文学选读课程是英语专业高年级学生的必修课程，属于提升拔高课程，其前提是学生应具有扎实的语言基本功、一定的文学知识和初步的科学研究方法。

四、课程与培养学生能力的关联性五、课程学习目标通过本课程的学习，学生应知道英美两国文学的形成与发展过程，熟悉部分西方文化，了解西方主要文学流派和主要文学作家，理解文学的本质与基本特征，掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。

英国文学史及选读第一册Lecture1 beowulf——chaucer

Ⅳ Literary terms : Epic (or Heroic Poetry)
-- It is, originally , an oral narrative poem, majestic both in theme and style. -- With legendary or historical events of national or universal significance. -- Examples include the ancient Greek epics by the poet Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey. (《伊利亚特》和《伊利亚特》奥德赛》《奥德赛》)
Old English Quiz
Q: What great warrior defeated Grendal? A. Hrothgar B. Caedmon C. Beowulf D. Bede
After-class Assignment
PREVIEW Job for Next Week:
--- The chief effects of Norman Conquest;
Ⅱ General Knowledge About Beowulf Theme: the heroic deeds of old time; a hero killing monsters (Grendel, a monster (Grendel, halfhalf-human, Grendel’s mother and a firefirebreathing dragon )to make the world safe for people Main Characters: Beowulf (a glorious hero, a savior of the people)and monsters Rhyme: Alliteration Comments: -- The very beginning of English poetry; -- World classics as Odyssey

AnIntroductionto-British-Literature(英国文学精品PPT课件

1745—1784 The decline of Neoclassical (The age of prose) Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709--1784) Preface The lives of the Poets Edward Gibbon (1732--1794) The Decline and Fall of Roman
John Milton (1572-1631) Paradise Lost: the first English Epic.
An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学概论)
★ The Restoration and Eighteenth Century(1660—1789)
Henry Fielding（1707-1754）The real father of English novel. Joseph Andrews(1742) ,Tom Jones (1749)
Picaresque Novel(流浪汉小说) a kind of realistic and ironical novel in which the adventures of the trampers are described. Among the Picaresque novels, the best are Don Quixote , Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders, Henry Fielding’s Tom Jones , mark Twain’s the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
An Introduction to British Literature (英国文学概论)

英美文学史简介

英美文学史简介Part A British LiteratureⅠEarly and Medieval English Literature 早期及中世纪英国文学1. “Beowulf”, the national epic of the English people.《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），完成于八世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000多行。

是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇。

是现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。

2. Geoffrey Chaucer ,the founder of English poetry.乔叟(1343-1400),英国诗歌之父.The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》, 以一伙来自社会各个阶层的香客在宗教朝圣的路上讲述故事为线索，向我们清楚地展示了那个时代人们的生活。

在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。

ⅡThe Renaissance [ri′neis(ə)ns] 文艺复兴时期文学1.William Shakespeare 莎士比亚（1564～1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。

莎士比亚给世人留下了37部戏剧play，其中包括一些他与别人合写的一般剧作。

此外，他还写有154首十四行诗sonnet和三、四首长诗poem。

四大喜剧： A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人As You Like It 皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜四大悲剧:Hamlet 哈姆雷特(To be, or not to be, that is the question)Othello 奥赛罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白其他：Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶2.Francis Bacon 培根（1561-1626 ）The founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science.Bacon is especially famous for his Essays.培根,英国唯物主义和现代科学奠基人,散文家.代表作：散文Of Studies 《论学习》ⅢThe period of English Bourgeois [buə′ʒwɑ:] Revolution and Restoration 资产阶级革命时期文学1.John Milton 米尔顿Paradise Lost 《失乐园》2. John Bunyan 班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》ⅣEighteenth Century English Literature 十八世纪英国文学1. Daniel Defoe: 笛福Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》2. Jonathan Swift：斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》3. Henry Fielding 菲尔丁the Founder of the English Realistic Nov 英国现实主义小说奠基人Joseph Andrew 《约瑟夫·安德鲁》4. William Blake 布莱克and Robert Burns彭斯: PoetⅤRomanticism in England 浪漫主义时期文学1. William Wordsworth 华滋华斯the representative poet of the early romanticism. 标志着浪漫主义的开始2. George Gordon Byron 拜伦Don Juan 《唐·璜》3. Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?4. John Keats 济慈Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》5. Jane Austen 简·奥斯汀Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》ⅥThe Victorian Age 维多利亚时期文学1. Charles Dickens 狄更斯代表作：Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》、A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》、David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》2. William Makepeace Thackeray 萨克雷代表作：Vanity Fair 《名利场》3. George Eliot 乔治·艾略特4. The Brontë Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹Charlotte Brontë夏洛蒂·勃朗特：Jane Eyre《简·爱》Emily Brontë艾米莉·勃朗特：Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》Annie Brontë安妮·勃朗特5. The Brownings 勃朗宁夫妇Husband: Robert BrowningWife: Elizabeth BrowningSonnets from the Portuguese 《葡语十四行诗集》ⅦTwentieth Century English Literature 20世纪英国文学1. Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代Tess of the d’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》2. John Galsworthy 高尔斯华绥3. Oscar Wilde 王尔德Poet，dramatist, novelist and essayist.The Happy Prince and Other Tales 《快乐王子和其他故事》4. George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳the most important English dramatist5. D. H. Lawrence 劳伦斯Lady Chatterley’s Lover 《查泰来夫人的情人》6. Virginia Woolf 伍尔芙Feminism, the stream of consciousness意识流女权主义与现代主义小说的先驱7. James Joyce 乔伊斯Ulysses《尤里西斯》the stream of consciousness意识流Part B American LiteratureⅠThe Literature During the Colonial American and the American Revolution殖民地时期及独立战争时期的文学Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林ⅡAmerican Romanticism and New England Literature 浪漫主义及新英格兰时期文学1. Washington Irving华盛顿•欧文(1783-1859)the first American to achieve an international literary reputation. 是美国文学的奠基人之一。

英国文学简介

The brief introduction of British literatureBritish literature, composed of considerably beautiful poetry, interesting novels, meaningful dramas and fine prose, has a profound influence upon the world and demonstrates its distinguishing characteristics to the whole world. Moreover, it is generally considered as the essence of civilization as well as a bright pearl in the treasury of literature. The development of the English literature began from the 5th century to 20th century, with a long and complicated process. In the following passages, I will try to present the seven developing stages of English literature.Ⅰ. The Medieval Ages (to 1500)1.Major Historical Events1.1The Britons— the early inhabitants in the island were Britons, a tribe of Celts. 1.2Roman Conquest— a gradual process, happening in 55BC under Emperor Claudius.1.3English Conquest—In the 5th century, Angles(east), Saxon(southern) and Jutes(southeastern) were called Anglo-Saxon which invaded the GreatBritain.1.4The Danish Invasion— the Danes occupied in 1013, and held it for 30 years.1.5Norman Conquest—Duke William came in 1066—marks the establishment of feudalism.2.Literature Tide2.1 Narrative literature—Epic and romance (king Arthur and round table).2.2 Ballad—a story told in song usually in 4 line stanzas, with the second and forth line rhymed.2.3 Heroic couplet—Poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Beowulf—a hero of the Geats comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose great hall, Heorot, is plagued by the monster Grendel…3.2 Sir Gawain and the Green knight—a late 14th-century Middle English alliterativeromance outlines an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table.3.3 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) is Father of English Literature.The Canterbury Tales—is a collection of short poetic stories.The Wife of Bath’s Tale—tells a story from a distant time, when King Arthur ruled the nation.Ⅱ. Renaissance1.Major Historical Events1.1England Civil War (1400-1500)—HenryⅦ (1458-1509) founded Tudor dynasty,a centralized monarchy.1.2Enclosure Movement—in the 15th century, England passed from a wool producer to a manufacturer of cloth.1.3Renaissance—sprang first in Italy in 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.2.Literature Tide2.1 The Sonnet—a fourteen line lyrical poem, the Italian sonnet had a rigid rhyme scheme that divided the sonnet more or less into two separate halves.2.2 Epic Poetry—the most prized and respected literature of the Renaissance was epic poetry, usually written in Latin.2.3Drama—dealing with sacred subjects, such as biblical stories.3. Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Francis Bacon—an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method, has been called the creator of empiricism. Advancement of Learning—is considered the first step in the Great Instauration scale, of "partitions of the sciences".New Instrument—is divided in two parts, the first part b eing called “On the Interpretation of Nature and the Empire of Man”, and the second “On the Interpretation of Nature, or the Reign of Man”.3.2William ShakespeareFour Comedies—Midsummer Night of Dream, Venetian merchant, the 12th Night,Happy as You Like It.Four tragedies—Hamlet, Othello, Li King, Mike White.Ⅲ. The 17th Century1.Major Historical Events1.1English revolution and restoration1.2From 1642 to 1649, there was a Civil War, and Oliver Cromwell established a commonwealth.1.3In 1660, restoration made by CharlesⅡ.1.4In 1688, “glories revolution” made by William.2.Literature TideMetaphysical poetry—a group of 17th century English poets whose verse is characterized by an intellectually challenging style and extended metaphors comparing very dissimilar things. Their tool of doing this was the metaphysical conceit.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 John Donne (1573--1631)—is the representative of the metaphysical poet.The Good-MorrowThe Sunne Rising3.2 John Milton (1608--1674)—English poet.Paradise LostParadise regainedⅣ. Age of Enlightenment1.Major Historical Events1.1French revolution (1789-1799)—was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history.1.2Industrial revolution—starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great Britain’s previously manual labor and draft-animal-based economy towards machine-based manufacturing.2.Literature TideSentimentalism—dissatisfied with reason, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, the human heart. It turned to countryside for material, marks the midway in the transition from classism to romanticism.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1Daniel Defoe (1660--1731) —English novelist, pamphleteer and journalist. Robinson Crusoe—help Defoe earn the title of the founder of English novel.The Review—is the first periodicals concerning society and policy.3.2Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) —the master of satire.Gulliver’s Travels—satirizing the corruption of the English governing class, and disclosing the dark side of the society.Ⅴ. Romantic period1.Major Historical Events1.1 French Revolution1.2 Industrial Revolution2.Literature TideIt was characterized by a highlighted interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 William Wordsworth (1770--1850) —together with Coleridge and Robert Southey are called “lake poet”.Lyrical Ballads— is the start of Romanticism.The Prelude—autobiography3.2Jane Austen (1775--1817)—an English prestigious writer.Sense and Sensibility—the first published novel.Pride and Prejudice—using the theme of marriage satirizes the life of English middle class in small towns.Ⅵ. Victorian Age1.Major Historical EventsDuring the rule of Queen Victoria, Britain occupied the leading status, therefore, its science, literature and art flourished.2.Literature TideAge of Novel—the 19th century saw the novel become the leading form of literature in English.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Charles Dickens (1812--1870) — is the greatest English novelist.Oliver Twist, Great Expectations, David Copperfield—has a close relationship with Dickens’ unfortunate childhood.Bleak House—discloses the decay and dark side of judicial system.3.2 Bronte Sister—Charlotte Bronte (1816—1855), Emily Bronte (1818--1848), Anne Bronte (1820--1849).Jane Eyre—Charlotte BronteWuthering Heights—Emily BronteAgnes Grey—Anne BronteⅦ.The Twentieth Century1.Major Historical Events1.1World WarⅠ (1914--1918) —British Empire collapsed.1.2Great Depression of the 1930s1.3World WarⅡ (1939--1945) —the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as very powerful nations.1.4Cold War (1947--1991)2.Literature Tide2.1 Modernism—a general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends.2.2 Postmodernism—emphasizes devices, and mostly deconstruction.2.3 Stream of Consciousness—describes the writer’s point of view.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 T. S. Eliot (1888--1965) —is arguably the most important English-language poetof 20th century.The Waste Land—using a lot of myth to describe the lost scene in spirit after war, rendering the hope of rebirth.3.2 D. H. Lawrence (1885--1930)—an English writer.Sons and LoversThe Rainbow,Women in Love。

文学知识——精选推荐

⽂学知识Key Points for British Literature英国⽂学第⼀节中古时期Old and Medieval English literature（15世纪以前）The Norman Conquest in 1066 marked the beginning of Medieval English literature, which ended around the end of the 15th centuryLanguage spoken by the Anglo-Saxons is called the Old English古时期《贝奥武甫》Beowulf ：1)the highest achievement of the old English2)Is a typical example of old English poety and is the oldest surviving alliterative epic(头韵诗)卡德蒙Caedom:1)The earliest English poet2)《卡德蒙赞美诗》Caedom's Hymn中时期《⾼⽂爵⼠和绿⾐骑⼠》Sir Gawain and the Green Knight1)One of the best Middle English romance托马斯.马洛礼Thomas Marlory1)《亚瑟王之死》Le Morte D'Arthur威廉.朗格兰William Langland1)《耕者⽪尔斯》Piers the Plowman: 是⼀部长达7000多⾏的头韵长诗（alliterativeepic）2)The early great works of English literature along with Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales杰弗⾥.乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer1)英国诗歌之⽗，英国⼩说之⽗2)《坎特伯雷故事集》The Canterbury Tales3)《坎特伯雷故事集》展现了14世纪的社会全景4)heroic couplet15世纪的作品1)《罗宾汉民谣》The Robin Hood ballads第⼆节⽂艺复兴时期The English Renaissance Period（14世纪到17世纪中期）诗歌The English Renaissance encouraged the reformation of the ChurchA great speed in Elizabethan托马斯.怀亚特Thomas Wyatt1)the most interesting poet of the first half of 16th century and the first to introduce the sonnet into English Literature亨利.霍华德Henry Howard1）英国⽂学史上第⼀个创作⽆韵诗的诗⼈菲利普.锡德尼爵⼠Sir Philip Sidney1）《爱星者与星星》Astrophel and Stella2）《为诗⼀辩》Apology and Poetry埃德蒙. 斯宾塞Edmund Spenser1)诗⼈中的诗⼈the poets poet2)桂冠诗⼈poet laureate3)斯宾塞是伊莉莎⽩时期最伟⼤的⾮戏剧诗⼈，被称为诗圣4)《牧⽺⼈⽇记》The Shepherd's Calendar5)《新婚喜歌》Epithalamion6)《仙后》Faerie Queene：斯宾塞诗体，亚历⼭⼤格式散⽂托马斯.莫尔Thomas More1)《乌托邦》Utopia弗朗西斯.培根Francis Bacon1)第⼀位英国散⽂家2)《亨利七世的统治和⽣活史》3)《论学术的进展》The Advancement of Learing4)《论说⽂集》Eassys5)《新亚特兰蒂斯》The New Atlantis约翰.黎⾥John Lyly1) 《尤弗西斯》Euphues：euphuism(跨市⽂体)戏剧克⾥斯托弗.马洛Christopher Malowe1)莎⼠⽐亚前最伟⼤的剧作家，是⼤学才⼦派（University Wits）中最有天赋的作家，⾸创戏剧的创作⼿法“⽆韵诗”2)《帖⽊⼉》Tamburlaine3)《浮⼠的博⼠的悲剧》4)《马⽿他岛的犹太⼈》The Jew of Malta莎⼠⽐亚1)英国⽂艺复兴时期最重要的剧作家2)喜剧：A Midsummer Night’s Dream; The Merchant of V enice; As You Like It; The Twelfth Night《⼗⼆夜》，Much Alo About Nothing《⽆事⽣⾮》3)悲剧: Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth《罗密欧与朱丽叶》4)历史剧：《亨利四世》《亨利五世》5)长诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》Venus and Adonis《露易丝受辱记》The Rape of Lucrece本. 琼森Ben Johnson1)《狐狸》V olpone2)The most important dramatist successors of Shakespeare第三节资产阶级⾰命和王政复辟时期The Period of Revolution and Restoration (17 世纪)资产阶级时期的诗⼈约翰.弥尔顿John Milton1)⽆韵诗⼤师2)他在这⼀时期的地位相当于莎⼠⽐亚在伊莉莎⽩时期，乔叟在中世纪时期的地位3)《失乐园》Paradise Lost : 本书是⾃《贝奥武甫》以后最伟⼤的英国史诗4)《复乐园》Paradise Regained5)《⼒⼠参孙》Samson Agonistes: the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English 约翰.多恩John Donne1)⽞学派的创始⼈the founder of the Metaphysical School2)《⽇出》The Sun Rising3)《歌谣与⼗四⾏诗》Songs and Sonnets4)《神圣⼗四⾏诗》Holy Sonnets5)《给圣⽗的赞美诗》A Hymn to God the Father6)《死神莫骄妄》Death, Be Not Proud7)《分别：莫忧伤》A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning乔治.赫伯特George Herbert1)⽞学派的圣⼈the saint of the Metaphysical School2)《祭坛》The Altar: 在这部作品中，作者⽤排版的技巧来表达他对宗教的虔诚3)《复活节的翅膀》Easter Wings资产阶级⾰命时期的散⽂家约翰.班扬1）清教徒清教徒时期地位最⾼的散⽂家，散⽂风格模仿《圣经》2）《天路历程》The Pilgrim's Progress：the most successful religious allegory(寓⾔)3）《落在愤怒之神⼿中的罪⼈》Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners4）《贝德曼先⽣》The Life and Death of Mr.Badman5）《圣战》The Holy War王政复辟时期的作家杰⾥⽶.柯⾥尔Jeremy Collier1）a non-conformist clergyman(⾮国传教⼠)2）《略论英国舞台上的不道德和亵渎》A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage约翰.德莱顿John Dryden1)王朝复辟时期最著名的作家2)18世纪英国古典主义的先驱者the forerunner of the English classical school of literature3)是弥尔顿时期与蒲柏时期之间最伟⼤的诗⼈，称桂冠诗⼈达20年4)他把英雄双韵体作为讽刺诗和描述性诗体的风尚5)英国批评⽂学之⽗the father of English criticism6)《？⿅与豹》The Hind and the Panther7)《⼀切为了爱情》All for Love8)《押沙龙与阿托奈托菲尔》Absalom and Achitophel: subject is politics and is written in heroic couplet9)《论戏剧诗歌》An Essay of Dramatic Poesy: his best work第四节启蒙运动The Age of Enlightenment(18世纪)The 18th century of England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason(理性时期)Neo-Classicism(新古典主义) made a rapid growth in the 18th centuryThe rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most important achievement in the 18th century English literayure新古典主义作家亚历⼭⼤.浦柏Alexander Pope1) 浦柏是英国18世纪最伟⼤的诗⼈，以讽刺诗体以及对《荷马史诗》的翻译⽽闻名2）⾸次把理性主义带到英国3）《论批评》An Essay on Criticism4) 《夺发记》The Rape of the Lock: 优秀的讽刺史诗a finest mockepic5) 《⼈伦》Essay on Man: a philosophical poem in heroic couplets理查德.斯梯尔Richard Steele 约瑟夫.艾迪⽣Joseph Addison《闲谈者报》和《旁观者报》The Tattler and The Spectator are the literary periodicals by Richard Steele and Joseph Addison塞缪尔.约翰逊Samuel Johnson1)《英语字典》：become the foundation of all the subsequent English dictionaries 2）《诗⼈转》The Lives of English Poet 现实主义作家丹尼尔.笛福Daniel Defoe1)是现代⼩说的奠基⼈2)英国和欧洲⼩说之⽗3)《鲁宾逊漂流记》Robinson Crusoe: the first English novel4)《⾟格顿船长》Captain Singleton：narrator of his own story5)《杰克上校》Colonel Singleton6)《摩尔?弗兰德斯》Moll Flanders: autobiography乔纳森.斯威夫特1)An Irish master of Satires2)《⼀个⽊桶的故事》A Tale of a Tub: a parable(寓⾔)，established his name as a satirist3)《⼀个⿇布商的书信》The Drapper's Letters4)《⼀个谦卑的建议》A Modest Proposal: the author denounces the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the English government and stir up the Irish people to fight5)《对1708的预⾔》Predictions for the Year 17086)《⽐克斯塔夫先⽣第⼀个预⾔的应验》Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff7)《格列弗游记》Gulliver’s Travels:本书是对英国和欧洲⽣活各个⽅⾯最有效的，最具破坏性的批评和讽刺亨利.菲尔丁Henry Fielding1)Father of the English NovelAs a novelist:2)《约瑟夫.安德鲁斯的经历》：in the preface, he decribes the novel" a comic epic poem in prose''(散⽂滑稽史诗）3)《⼤伟⼈乔纳森.魏尔德》Jonathan Wild the Great: exposes the English bourgeois society(资产阶级社会）and mocks at its political system4)《弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事》The History of Tom Jones, a Foyndling：以⼈性为主题，作者认为⼈性是善与恶的结合5)《阿⽶丽亚》Amelia: reveal the shameless deed of the noble and the rich感伤主义作家Writers of Sentimental Tradition塞缪尔.查理森Samuel Richardson1)《帕⽶拉》Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded2)《克拉丽萨》Clarissa Harlowe3)《查尔斯.格兰迪森爵⼠》Sir Richard Grandison劳伦斯.斯特恩Laurence Sterne1)《项狄传》Tristram Shandy2)《伤感旅⾏》A Sentimental Journey奥利弗.⼽德史密斯Oliver Goldsmith1)他是感伤主义学派的杰出代表2)《旅游⼈》The Traveler3)《荒村》The Deserted Village: his best poem4)《威克菲尔德牧师》The Vicar of Wakefield: provide one of the most enduringcharacters in English fiction托马斯.格雷Thomas Gray1)他是感伤主义诗歌，墓畔派的领导⼈。

British Literature英国文学名词解释,整理背诵

British Literature英国文学名词解释，背诵第一章：Old and Medieval British Literature(中古时期英国文学)Alliteration (头韵): It is the repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry. In 0ld English alliterative meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line, such as in Beowulf.Ваllаd (民谣): It is a relatively short narrative poem, written to be sung, with a simple and dramatic action. The ballads tell of love, death, the supernatural, or a combination of these. Two characteristics of the ballad are incremental repetition and the ballad stanza. Incremental repetition repeats one or more lines with small but significant variations that advance the action. The ballad stanza has four lines; commonly, the first and third lines contain four feet or accents, the second and fourth lines contain three feet. Ballads often open abruptly, present brief description and use concise dialogue.Old English period (the Anglo-Saxon period): 1) The Old English period, extended from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by the Norman French under the leadership of William the Conqueror. 2)Only after they had been converted to Christianity in the seventh century did the Anglo-Saxons, whose earlier literature had been oral, begin to develop a written literature.Consonance (假韵): It refers to the repetition of similar consonant sounds in a group of words. Sometimes the term refers to the repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words. Sometimes the term is used for slant rhyme (or partial rhyme)in which initial and final consonants are the same but the vowels different: litter/ letter , green/groan.Couplet (两行诗): It refers to the two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic r pentameter couplet.Epic (史诗): Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes,Imagery (意象) : Words or phrases that create pictures or images in the readers‘mind. Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell and hearing.Kenning (隐喻表达法): In old English poetry, an elaborate phrase that descries persons, thing or events in a metaphorical and indirect way.Legend (传奇): A song or narrative handed down from the past. Legend differs from myths on the basis of the elements of historical truth they contain.Ottava Rima ( 八行体): A form of eight-line stanza, the rhyme scheme is abababcc.Romance (罗曼史/骑士文学): Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters. Originally, the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings, queens, knights and ladies, and including unlikely or supernatural happenings. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士与绿衣骑士) is the best of medieval romances. John Keats‘The Eve of St. Agnes (圣爱格尼斯节前夕) is one of the greatest metrical romances ever written.Simile (明喻): A comparison made between two things through the use of a specific word of comparison, such as like, as, than or resemble, and the comparison must be between two essentially unlike things.Understatement (含蓄): It is a figure of speech in literature writing. It deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or importance than it really is, or is ordinarily considered to be. The effect usually is ironic.Middle English period: The four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest in 1066, which effected radical changes in the language, life, and culture of England, and about 1500, when the standard literary language had become recognizably modern English, that is, similar to the language we speak and write today.Arthurian legend: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity.第二章：British Literature of the Renaissance Period （文艺复兴时期英国文学）Allegory (寓言): A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings: a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Aphorism (格言): A concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation about life.Blank verse (无韵体诗): Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetries, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.Comedy (喜剧): In general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy ,amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.Essay (散文): A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point of view. An essay may be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emotional. The two general classifications of essay are: the informal essay and the formal essay. An informal essay is usually brief and is written as if the writer is talking informally to the readers about some topic, using a conversational style and a personal or humorous tune. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style and serious in tone.Foreshadowing (预兆): The use of hints or clues in a narrative lo suggest what will happen later. Writers use foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense. Sometimes foreshadowing also prepares the reader for the ending of the story.Humanism ( 人文主义): Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life , but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.Paradox(似非而是): A statement or expression so surprisingly self-contradictory as to provoke us into seeking another sense or context in which it would be true.Morality Play (道德剧) : An outgrowth of Miracle Plays. Morality Play was popular in the 15th and 16th centuries. In it, virtues and vices were personified.Meter (格律) : A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry. The analysis of the meter is called scansion.Miracle Play (奇迹剧) : A popular religious drama of medieval England. Miracle Plays were based on stories of the saints or sacred history.Narrative poem (叙述诗): A Narrative poem refers w a poem that tells a story. It may consist of a series of incidents, as in Homer's The Iliad and The Odysseus, and John Milton's Paradise Lost.Pastoral (牧歌): A type of poem that deals in an idealized way with shepherds and rustic life. Two pastoral poems are Christopher Marlow's The Passionate Shepherd to His Lover and Sir Walter Raleigh's The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd.Ralegh’s poem might be called anti-pastoral because of its realistic tone.Poetry (诗歌): The most distinctive characteristics of poetry are form and music. Poetry is concerned with not only what is said but how it is said. Poetry evokes emotions rather than express facts. Poetry means having a poetic experience. Imagination is also an essential quality of poetry. Poetry often leads us to new perceptions, new feelings and experiences of which we have not previously been aware.Quatrain (四行诗): Usually a stanza or poem of four lines. A quatrain can also be any group of four lines unified by a rhyme scheme. Quatrains usually follow an abab, abba or abcb rhyme scheme.Renaissance (文艺复兴): The term originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. The real mainstream of English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.Soliloquy (独白): In drama, an extended speech delivered by a character alone on stage. The character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings directly to the audience, as if thinking aloud.Sonnet (十四行诗): A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节):A nine-line stanza with the flowing rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine.Stanza (诗节):It’s a structural divi sion of a poem, consisting of a series of verse line which usually comprise a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.Terza rima (三行体): An Italian verse form consisting of a series of thee-line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza.Tragedy (悲剧): In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.Trochee (抑扬格):A metrical foot used in formal poetry. It consists of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one.University Wits (大学才子):University Wits refers to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from cither Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called" University Wis". Robert Greene, Thomas Kyd, Jhon Lyly and Christopher Marlowe were among them. They paved the way, to some extent, for the coming of Shakespeare.Utopia (乌托邦): It is written in a conversation form between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. The second book describes in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia.Francis Bacon: Francis Bacon (1561-1626), was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Although his political career ended in disgrace, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution. His essays are famous for its brief and wise quotations and the most widely-read works are his essays “Of Studies”, “Of Truth” and “Of Death”.第三章：The 17th Century -The Period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪资产阶级革命和王朝复辟时期)Assonance (押韵): The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.Carpe Diem (及时行乐):A tradition dating back to classical Greek and Latin poetry and particularly popular among English Cavalier poets. Carpe Diem means literally “seize the day”, that is, “live for today”.Didactic literature (教诲文学):Didactic literature is said to be didactic if it deliberately teaches some moral lessons. The use of literature for such teaching is one of its traditional justifications.Elegy (挽歌): A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.Genre (体裁):A literary species or form, e. g·, tragedy, epic, comedy, novel, essay, biography and lyric poem.Metaphor (暗喻): A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar. Unlike simile, a metaphor does not use a connective word such as like, as, or resemble in making the comparison.Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) : The poetry of John Donne and other 17th century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing-together of dissimilar ideas.Conceit (奇想): Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor; a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. Conceit is extensively employed in John Donne's poetry.Paradise Lost: Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poetJohn Milton:The poem concerns the Christian story of “the Fall of Man”: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton's purpose, stated in Book I, is to " justify the ways of God to men and elucidate the conflict between God's eternal foresight and free will.blank verse: Blank verse is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme. In English, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter (as used in Shakespearean plays). The first known use of blank verse in the English language was by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of blank verse, and also established it as the dominant verse form for English drama in the age of Elizabeth I and James I. The major achievements in English blank verse were made by William Shakespeare, who wrote much of the content of his plays in unrhymed iambic pentameter, and Milton, whose Paradise Lost was written in blank verse.第四章: The 18th Century- -The Age of Enlightenment in England (18世纪英国启蒙运动阶段)Aside (旁白): In drama, line spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience. An aside is meant to be heard by the other characters onstage.Classicism (古典主义运动): A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and the places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its once for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.Enlightenment Movement (启蒙运动):Enlightenment is an intellectual movement that originates in Europe and comes to America in the 18th century. It stresses the power of human reason, the importance of methods and discoveries instead of God. Its purpose is to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. It celebrates reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocates universal education.Denouement (结局): The outcome of a plot. The denouement is that part of a play, short story, novel, or narrative poem in which conflicts are resolved or unraveled, and mysteries and secrets connected with the plot are explained.Epistolary novel (书信体小说): An epistolary novel is a novel told through the medium of letters written by one or more of the characters. The usual form is the letter, but diary entries, newspaper clipping and other documents are sometimes used. The epistolary novel's reliance on subjective points of view makes it the forerunner of the modern psychological novel.Farce (闹剧):A type of comedy based on a ridiculous situation, often with stereotyped characters. The humor in a farce is largely slapstick--that is, it often involves crude physical action. The characters in a farce are often the butts of practical jokes.Fiction (小说) : Prose narrative based on imagination, usually a novel or a short story.Gothic Romance (哥特小说): A type of novel that flourished in the lat-18th and early-19th century in England. Gothic romances are mysteries, often involving the supernatural and heavily tinged with horror, and they are usually against dark backgrounds of medieval ruins and haunted castles.The Graveyard School (墓地派诗歌): The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentations or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as themes. Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy Witten in a Country Churchyard is his most representative work.Mock epic (讽刺史诗): A comic literary form that treats a trivial subject in the grand, heroic style of the epic. A mock epic is also referred to as a mock heroic poem.Neoclassicism (新古典主义): A revival in the 17th and 18th centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neoclassical school.Novel (小说): A book-length fictional prose narrative, having many characters and often a complex plot.Pre-romanticism (前浪漫主义): It originated among the conservative groups of men and letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the "Gothic Novel”. The term arose from t he fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medieval times.Refrain (叠句): A word phrase, line or group of lines repeated regularly in a poem, usually at the end of each stanza. Refrains are often used in ballads and narrative poems to create a songlike rhythm and to help build suspense. Refrains can also serve to emphasize a particular idea.Satire (讽刺): A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weaknesses and wrong doings of individuals, groups, intuitions, or humanity in general. The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the readers to see their points of view through the force of laughter.Sentimentalism (感伤主义): Sentimentalism came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. It is a pejorative term to describe false orsuperficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain. In literature, it denotes " pathetic indulgence”.Theme (主题): The general idea or insight about life that a writer wishes to express in a literary work. All the elements of a literary work- plot, setting, characterization, and figurative language---contribute to the development of its theme.English Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century in England, there sprang into life a progressive intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The enlighteners held the common faith in human rationality, eternal justice and natural equality. The great enlighteners in Britain were those great writers like Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison, Jonathan Swift and Samuel Johnson.British neoclassicism: In English literature, the stylistic trend between the Restoration and the advent of romanticism at the beginning of the 19th century is referred to as neoclassicism. The term " neoclassicism” is derived from the convictions of the leading poet-critics of the age that literary theory and practice should follow the models established by Greek and Latin writers. These critics held that writers should emphasize types rather than individual characteristics; adhere to " nature " by aspiring to order and regularity; and strictly observe the unities of time, place, and action in dramatic composition. Major British neoclassicists are John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson."A Modest Proposal":"A Modest Proposal" is a famous satire written by Jonathan Swift. Assuming the cool tone of an impartial outsider, the author suggests that children of the poor Irish people be sold at one year old as food for the English nobles, Written with much conciseness and terseness, the " proposal" is by far the most consummate artistic expression of Swift’s indignation toward the terrible oppression and exploitation of the Irish people by the English ruling class.Picaresque novel: 1) Derived from the Spanish word picara, meaning " rogue" or " rascal”, the term generally refers to a basically realistic and often satiric work of fiction chronicling the career of an engaging, lower-class rogue-hero, who takes to the road for a series of loose, episodic adventures, sometimes in the company of a sidekick. 2) Well-known examples of the picaresque novel are Cervantes Don Quixote (1605) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1749).第五章The Age of Romanticism (浪漫主义时期的英国文学)Byronic hero (拜伦式的英雄) :Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.Canto (篇/章): A section or division of a long poem. In English poetry , Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock (《夺发记》)and Byron's Don Juan (《唐璜》) are divided into cantos.Fable (寓言): A fable is a short story, often with animals as its characters. It illustrates a moral.Lake Poets (湖畔派诗人); Romantic poets such poets as Willian Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District came to be known as the Lake School or Lake poets.Lyric (抒情诗): Lyric is a poem, usually a short one, which expresses a speaker’s personal thought and feelings. The elegy, ode, and Bonnet are all forms of the lyric.Ode (颂歌) : Usually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a serious subject, an elevated style, and an elaborate stanza pattern. The ode often praises people, the arts of music and poetry, natural scenes, or abstract concepts, The Romantic poets used the ode to explore either personal or general problems; they often started with a meditation on something in nature ,as Keats' Ode to a Nightingale or Shelley's Ode to the West Wind.Romanticism (浪漫主义): A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during most of the 19th century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. Romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty. The English Romantic period is an age of poetry.tercet: Tercet refers to a unit of three verse lines, usually rhyming either with each other or with neighboring lines and three-line stanzas of terza rima and of the villanelle are known as tercets.Charles Lamb: Charles Lamb (1775- -1834) was an English essayist, best known for his Essays of Elia and children's book Tales from Shakespeare, which he produced with his sister, Mary Lamb. Lamb has been referred to as the most lovable figure in English literature, and his influence on the English essay form surely cannot be overestimated.第六章The Victorian Period- English Critical Realism (维多利亚时期英国批判现实主义文学)Allusion (暗指/典故): A reference to a person, a pace, an event or a literary work that a writer expects the readers to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature or religion.Antagonist (反面人物): A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine.Character (角色):In appreciating a short story, characters are indispensable elements. Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.Critical Realism (批判现实主义): The Critical Realism of the I9h century flourished in the 1840s and in the beginning of the 1850s. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find way to eradicate social evils. Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.Dramatic Monologue (戏剧独白): A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker's personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem. Robert Browning's My Last Duchess is a typical example.Flashback (倒叙): A scene in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem that interrupts the action to show an event that happened earlier.Narration (叙述) : Like description, narration is a part of conversation and writing. Narration is the major technique used in expository writing, such as autobiography Successful narration must grow out of good observation, to-the-point selection from observation and clear arrangement of details in logical sequence, which is usually chronological. Narration gives an exact picture of things as they occur.Narrator (陈述者) : One who narrates or tells a story. A story may be told by a first-person narrator, someone who is either a major or minor character in the story. Or a story may be told by a third-person narrator, someone who is not in the story at all. Narrator can also refer to a character in a drama who guides the audience through the play, often commenting on the action and sometimes participating in it.Psychological Novel (心里小说):It refers to a kind of novels that dwell on a complex psychological development and present much of the narration through the inner workings of a character's mind. Thackeray's characterization of Rebecca Sharp is very much psychological.Point of view (叙述角度): The perspective from which the story is told. The most obvious point of view is probably the first person or "I". The omniscient narrator knows everything, may reveal the motivations, thoughts and feelings of the characters, and gives the reader information. With a limited omniscient narrator, the material is presented from the point of view of a character, in the third person. The objective point of view presents the action and the characters' speech, without comment or emotion. The reader has to interpret them and uncover their meanings. A narrator may be trustworthy or untrustworthy, involved or uninvolved.Plot (情节): Plot is the first and most obvious quality of a story. It is the sequence of events or actions in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem. For the readers, the plot is the underlying patter in a work of fiction, the structural element that gives it unity and order. For the writer, the plot is the guiding principle of selection and arrangement. Conflict, a struggle of some kind, is the most important element of plot.Protagonist (正面人物): It refers to the hero or central character who is often hindered by some opposing force either human or animal in accomplishing his or her objectives.Bildungsroman (成长小说): Bildungsroman defines a genre of the novel which focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood, and in which characters' change is thus extremely important. In a Bildungsroman, the goal is maturity. Charles Dickens' David Copperfield is a classic Bildungsroman.Victorian period: 1) Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. 2) In this period, class struggle was very tense. As a result, a new literary trend- critical realism appeared. The criticism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic view point. In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. The Victorian age also produced a host of great prose writers. The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and new ways of expression. 3) Victorian literature as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life and thought.第七章：The 20th Century British Literature (20世纪英国文学)Aestheticism or the Aesthetic Movement (唯美主义): It began to prevail in Europe in the middle of the 19th century. The theory of " art for art's sake" was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier. They declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social purpose. The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walt Pater and Oscar Wilde.Black comedy or Black humor (黑色幽默): It is mostly employed to describe baleful, naive, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in what Ionesco call a" tragic fare”, in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 can be taken as an example of the employment of this technique.。

英国文学 Chapter XI Jonathan Swift

我在伦敦认识一个见识很广的美国人，他向我保证说：一个奶水充足的健康儿童养到一岁，其肉是最鲜美，最滋补、最健康的食品，炖、烤，焙、煮都好，无疑也可油煎作为肉丁或加蔬菜做汤。
British Literature I
I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration that of the hundred and twenty thousand children already computed, twenty thousand may be reserved for breed, whereof only one-fourth part to be males; which is more than we allow to sheep, black cattle or swine; and my reason is, that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage, a circumstance not much regarded by our savages, therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females. That the remaining hundred thousand may, at a year old, be offered in the sale to the persons of quality and fortune through the kingdom; always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month, so as to render them plump and fat for a good table. A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends; and when the family dines alone, the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish, and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day, especially in winter. 现谨建议如下，祈请公众垂鉴。已统计的十二万名儿童，两万可留下传种，其中四分之一可为男性，此数已超过牛羊猪豕之类留种的比例，理由是这类儿童大多非正式婚姻所生，粗鄙之流亦不介意此点，因此一男可配四女。余下的十万可在一岁时卖给国内有地位有钱者，事前切嘱母亲们在最后一月喂足儿童的奶水，使其肥嫩，以备筵席之用。友朋小集，一儿可作两莱；家庭自享，则一臂一腿可各作一道好菜，若能调以少量胡椒和盐，则存放四天后煮吃仍佳，冬季尤然。