Lec 4-1Byron
菲尼克斯PLC继电器-
灵活 性意味 着根据 应用场 合既 可以为 每 个通道 自由选 择输入电 压，也可以 装入不 同 的机电式继 电器或者半导 体继电器 （光电 耦 合器） 。固 定的可编程控制 器插件板在这 方 面也是 望尘莫 及。灵活性 也意味着 系统可 以 随时 扩展，并且 可以随 时方便、便 宜地更 换 可插拔式继电器和光电耦合器。
PLC 接口 带回拉式弹簧连接 由 底座接线端子 PLC-BSP…/21 和 可插拔微型继电器组成， 用于安装在 3 上
输入电压 UN
12VDC 24VDC 24VAC/DC 48VDC 60VDC 120VAC/110VDC 230VAC/220VDC2)
12VDC 24VDC 24VAC/DC 48VDC 60VDC 120VAC/110VDC 230VAC/220VDC2)
VARIOFACE 系统接头
(164,)2 mm
可插拔继电器 和光电耦合器，
6.2/14mm
插拔式桥接系统
两个转换 触点 传感器型 执行器型 通用型
按实际应用优化的 系列产品
I
250VAC/6A(10A)
可选用螺钉连接或者回拉式 弹簧连接两种形式
U 通断容量高
一体化集成输入电路 和保护电路
DINVDE0106-101
执行 器 （例如 电磁阀、接 触器等）的 所 有连接线 （包括回线） 都被直接连接在 PLC 执行器接口上。
传感 器 （例 如接 近开 关、限位 开关 等） 的所有连 接线 （包括开 关的供电）都直 接在 PLC 接口上有相应的连接位置。与传统的耦 合元 件相比，可以 节省两 个输出 接线端子 或 者馈 入连接端 子，同时节 省了中 间接线工 作 和宝贵的开关柜空间。
LE4-1K接近开关
18mm非齐平安装
NAMUR sensors must be operated with approved switch amplifiers. Please find suitable devices below:
窗体顶端
参数表节选：的技术参数
开关功能
常开(NO)常闭(NC)
输出类型
NAMUR
额定工作距离
4-20mm
安装
非齐平
可靠动作距离
0 ... 2,88 mm
输出类型
2线
安装条件
A
20 mm
B
80 mm
C
12 mm
F
70 mm
额定电压
8,2 V（Ri约1 kΩ）
工作电压
7 ... 12 V
开关频率
0 ... 1 Hz
电流消耗
未检测到测量板
≤ 1 mA
检测到测量板
≥ 2,4 mA
平均失效时间（天）
环境温度
-25 ... 70 °C (-13 ... 158 °F)
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ连接类型
电缆PVC , 2 m
导线截面积
0,34 mm2
外壳材料
PBT
感应面
PBT
防护等级
IP68
电缆
弯曲半径
> 10 x电缆直径
用在危险区域
参见指令手册
等级
1G; 2G; 1D
3299 a
使用寿命（...月...天）
20 a
诊断范围
0 %
符合标准
NAMUR
EN 60947-5-6:2000
IEC 60947-5-6:1999
Akzo Nobel Coatings Inc. Resicoat R4-ES HJF42R 防腐蚀
Functional Powder CoatingsProduct Datasheet20, Culvert Street T+1 855-294-8934Nashville, TN 37210F+1 615-564-4181USAResicoat ®R4-ESfor Electrostatic Spray Application on Preheated Surfaces Code: HJF42RProduct DescriptionResicoat ® R4 is a high quality thermosetting epoxy powder coating for the corrosion protection of valves and fittings, manufactured from cast iron or steel. The powder coating is available to be applied in one layer on a preheated surface by electrostatic spray application. Typical film thickness achieved is in the range of 250 – 500 µm. The resultant thermoset epoxy has a high mechanical resistance with excellent electrical insulation properties. Drinking water approvals are available to confirm the coatings suitability, as a hygienic and environmental friendly coating. The outstanding adhesion of Resicoat ® R4epoxy powders to the metal substrate provides long term protection of the coated component. It ensures a reliable conservation to the function and value of the parts for the common water and gasdistribution network. The applicator of Resicoat ®R4 benefits from a modern and environmentallyfriendly process. It is possible to overcoat Resicoat ®R4 with polyester powder and liquid coatings to achieve UV protection.Typical valueMethod Powder PropertiesBinder System Epoxy resinDensity1.45 – 1.55 g/cm³ASTM D5965Gel time at 392° F (200° C )25 – 40 sec.ASTM D4217Particle size distribution D10 = 10 – 15 µm D90 = 135 – 160 µm Malvern ISO 8130-1Storage stability 6 months at ≤ 74 °F (23 °C)Safety precautionsSee Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS)Application DataPreheating temperature object 392 – 428 °F (200 – 220 °C) object temperaturePost cure conditions objectThe coating is self curing, if the wall thickness of the steel/cast iron is greater than 8 mm. If the wall thickness of the steel/cast iron is less than 8 mm, additional curing of 3 to 8 minutes at 392 °F (200 °C) object temperature is required.1. Pre-cleaning The surface must be free of oil, grease, salt, and other impurities.2. BlastingMolding sand, rust and sharp edges must be removed with angular steel grit. The graphite from the cast iron must beremoved from the blasting material according NACE No.2/ SSPC-10/Sa 2.5. Recommended anchor profile of ≥60 µm should be stored max. 4 hours before pre-heating (dust-free and dry).3. Pre-heating This form of heating produces a uniform, defined temperature in the component. Any oxidation should be avoided.4. Coating applicationImmediately after preheating, the coating process starts without loosing any object temperature. The coating is done in the shortest possible time in a single pass with no interruptionFunctional Powder Coatings20, Culvert Street T+1 855-294-8934Nashville, TN 37210F+1 615-564-4181USATypical valueMethodCoating Process5. Coating cureCuring is achieved by the heat contained in the object. If the heating capacity of the work piece is sufficient. To confirm fully curing, MIBK is dropped for 30 sec. on the film surface with no visible change.Material PropertiesColorblueRecommended film thickness 10 – 14 mils (250 – 350 µm)Flowsmooth Gloss at 90° angle 70 – 90 units DIN 67530Cross cut test Gt 0DIN EN ISO 2409Impact resistance> 5 Joule > 2.26 Joule > 18 JouleDIN 30677-2ASTM D279420 inchpoundASTM G14 modified1/8 in (3.2 mm) steel plate Abrasion resistance < 40 mg ASTM D4060CS-17, 1000 g, 1000 cycles Dielectric strength≥ 30 kV/mm IEC 60243-1Volume resistivity (DC voltage) 1.1 x 1015ASTM D257Elongation> 5 %DIN 30671Indentation resistance 48 h, 158 °F (70 °C)24 h, 140 °F (60 °C)< 30 %< 10 %DIN 30677-2/DIN EN 14901ASTM G17Compressive strength > 100 MPa ASTM D695Shear adhesion> 35 MPa ASTM D1002Heat aging in air (90 d), water fulfilled DIN EN 14901Thermal stability under heat aging pass AS/NZS 4158:2003Weathering (Xenon test), 100 d pass ASTM D2596-99HardnessF Pencil Strain polarization pass WIS 4-52-01Cathodic disbonding 30 d, 74 °F (23 °C)≤ 10 mm DIN 30677-2, GSK Hot water immersion 90 d, 158 °F (70 °C)pass AWWA C550-05Adhesion> 20 MPa ASTM D4541Adhesion after 7 d,194 °F (90°C)water≥ 16 MPaISO 4624, GSK Tensile strength approx. 500 kg/cm³ASTM D2370Penetration< 5 %ASTM G17Functional Powder Coatings20, Culvert Street T+1 855-294-8934Nashville, TN 37210F+1 615-564-4181USATypical valueMethodMaterial PropertiesDisinfectant resistanceaccording DVGW work sheet W 291(chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite)no change of surface,no chalkingafter 10 test stages à 15 h The following migration test with demineralised water showed no defects of the film. The concentration of the examined parameters in the tested water were below the limits of the epoxy guideline for ancillaries for pipes DN > 300 mm (in main trunks).Water condensation test (Cleveland test), 21 d no changeASTM D4585Salt spray resistance, 2000 h no blistering, no loss of adhesionBS 3900:F4Salt spray test, 4000 hno under-rusting on the cut DIN EN ISO 9227(steel substrate)Water absorption, 100 d, 74 °F (23 °C)pass AS/NZS 3862Chemical resistance (pH 3–13, 23° C)fulfilledEN 598Conformities ·AWWA C116·AWWA C550-05·EN 14901·ISO 12944-2, table 1(standard does not include powder coating systems)It is assumed that Resicoat ® R4 is suitable to meet the high atmospheric corrosivity category C4 (typically in industrial areas and coastal areas with moderate salinity) and the very high atmospheric- corrosivity -categories C5-I (industrial) and C5-M (marine) if applied as a holiday-free coating at a film thickness> 400 µm. A sufficient film thickness is highly required to ensure good edge coverage. For gloss and color stability a UV-resistant polyester topcoat has to be applied.Drinking Water ApprovalsUS: ANSI/NSF 61 Drinking Water System Components – Health Effects, NSF DE: UBA-Coatings Guideline, Approval no.: C-138801-06, Hygiene InstitutDE: DVGW directive work sheet W 270, Approval no. W-211795-11, Hygiene Institut UK: BS 6920, Approval No. 1112500, WRASDate of issue:July 10, 2015Authorized by:GK Revision No.:3Disclaimer: This Product Data Sheet is based on the present state of our knowledge and on current laws. The data referring to Powder Properties, Application Data and Physical Tests is based on lab based samples. Factors such as quality or condition of the substrate may have an effect on the use and application of the product. It remains the responsibility of the user to test thoroughly if the product is applicable for the intended use. The use of the product beyond our recommendation releases us from our responsibility, unless we have recommended the specific use in writing. It is always the responsibility of the user to take all necessary steps to fulfil the demands set out in the local rules and legislation. We are not liable for any application-technological advice. The Product Data Sheet shall be updated from time to time. Please ensure you have the latest version before using the product. All products and Product Data Sheets are subject to our standard terms and conditions of sale (GCS). You can receive the latest copy of GCS via internet or our post address. Brand names mentioned in this Product Data Sheet are trademarks of or are licensed to the AkzoNobel group.Resistance against chemical substances of Resicoat ®R4 at room temperature20, Culvert Street T+1 855-294-8934Nashville, TN 37210F+1 615-564-4181USA Chemical resistanceAugust 01, 2014Page 1 of 3Acetic acid 10 % 2 years no change Ammonia 10 % 2 years no change Ammonia 36 % 1.5 years no change Antifrogen L 50 % 1 year no change Antifrogen N 50 %1 year no change Benzol 1 month no change Bore oil 1 year no change Butanol6 months no change Carbon tetra chloride 1 yearno change Caustic soda solution 10 % 2 years no change Caustic soda solution50 %2 years no change Chlorine cleanser and disinfectant 1.5 years no change Citric acid2 years no change Deicer Safeway KF HOT 1 year no change Deicer Safeway SF (solid) 1 year no change Deicer Safewing MP II 1951 1 yearno change Dichromatic potassium 10 % 1 year no change Diesel2 years no change Engine oil SAE 20 1 year no change Ethanol 1 year no change Ethyleneglycole 1 yearno change Formaldehyde 37 % 6 months no change Formic acid 5 % 2 years no change Formic acid 10 %1.5 years no change Glycerol 1 year no change Glysantin 1 yearno change Hydrochloric acid concentrated1 week no change Hydrochloric acid 10 %2 years no change Hydrochloric acid 25 % 1.5 yearsno change Hydrofluoric acid 1 % 1 day no change Hydrogen peroxide 3 % 1 year no change Hydrogen peroxide10 %1 yearfadedLactic acid10 % 1 week no changeMethanol 1 week no changeMethyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)100% 6 months softeningNitric acid10 % 1.5 years no changeNitric acid25 % 1 year no changeOxalic acid 5 % 6 months no changePalm oil at 90° C7 days no changePetrol 2 years no changePetroleum 1 year no changePhosphoric acid10 % 2 years no changePhosphoric acid50 % 2 years no changePotassium hydroxide10 % 1 year no changePotassium hydroxide25 % 1 year no changePotassium hydroxide50 % 1 year no changePropanol 1 year no changeSea water 2 years no changeSodium acetate10 % 1 year no changeSodium carbonate20 % 1 year no changeSodium hypochlorite (15 % Cl2)10 weeks no changeSodium chloride 2 % 1 year no changeSodium chloride20 % 1 year no changeSodium formiate10 % 1 year no changeSuds 1 % 1 year no changeSulphuric acid 2 % 2 years no changeSulphuric acid20 % 2 years no changeSulphuric acid50 % 2 years no changeTartaric acid 5 % 1 year no changeToluol 1 year no changeTurpentine oil 1 year no changeUrea10 % 1 year no changeUrine 1 year no changeXylol 1 year no change 20, Culvert Street T+1 855-294-8934Nashville, TN 37210F+1 615-564-4181USA Chemical resistance August 01, 2014Page 2 of 3Our printed literature and technical information Sheets as well as our advisory services are offered to facilitate andsupport decision-making processes. All specifications provided reflect the state of our knowledge at the time of print. Anytechnical data and measured values supplied have been tested for compliance with current applicable standards, ifavailable. The information provided is not legally binding upon the party supplying such information.20, Culvert Street T+1 855-294-8934Nashville, TN 37210F+1 615-564-4181USA Chemical resistance August 01, 2014Page 3 of 3。
Racor 804MA Series 海洋型汽油筛胶水分离器说明说明书
Contact Information:Parker Hannifin Corporation Racor Division P .O. Box 32083400 Finch Road Modesto, CA 95353phone 800 344 3286 209 521 7860fax 209 529 3278****************/racorProduct Features:• Removes 99% of free water • Flow rates up to 540 GPH(2,044 LPH)• Includes 2 inlets and 2 outletsfor installation flexability • Water sight glass included as standard equipment• Optional vacuum andcompound gauges availableInstallation DiagramMounting InstructionsBack View16.0 in.(40.6 cm)79804MA Top View75804MA Top ViewTop ViewA:804MA - 5.5 in. (13.8 cm)75804MA - 20.25 in. (51.4 cm)79804MA - 31.75 in. (80.6 cm)B:All Assemblies -8.25 in. (20.9 cm)C:All Assemblies -7.11 in. (18.1 cm)Obtain good ventilation and 1. lighting. Engine must be off for 2. installation. DO NOT smoke or allow open 3. flames near installation.Filter assemblies should 4. be installed on vacuum side of fuel transferpump for optimum waterseparating efficiency. See Installation Diagram.Locate filter assembly5. between horizontal planes ofbottom of fuel tank and inlet of fuel pump, if possible. If filter assembly is installed in an application where fuel tank is higher than filter, a shut-off valve must be installed between tank and filter assembly INLET. This will be used when servicing replacement elements. Install assembly in a location 6. which provides accessibility and protection from heat, flames, or accidental impacts. Always adhere to applicablelocal piping regulations and codes. Use maximum fuel line size possible and avoid reducers and elbows in order to keep restriction values as low as possible.Apply thread sealant (no 7. thread tapes) to inlet and outlet fittings prior toinstalling onto filter assembly.When routing hose, avoid 8. surfaces that will move, have sharp edges, or will get hot (such as exhaust piping).Installation GuidelinesPriming The UnitServiceClose inlet fuel valve, if 1. applicable.Remove T-handle and lid 2. from top of filter assembly.Fill filter assembly with clean 3. fuel.Lubricate lid gasket and 4. T-handle O-ring with clean fuel or motor oil.Replace lid and T-handle and 5. tighten snugly by hand only - do not use tools.Open inlet fuel valve, if 6. applicable.Start engine and check for 7. leaks. Correct as necessary with engine off and pressure relieved from filter.Draining the Collection BowlCheck for water daily with the sight glass. Drain off water and contaminants by opening the petcock valve. If more than 40 ml of fluid is drained, follow Priming The Unit above. Otherwise, start engine and allow air to purge from system prior to operating equipment at normal loads.FilterReplacementFrequency of filter replacement is determined by thecontamination level in fuel.Recommended service intervals are as follows: every 500 hours, annually, or at the first indication of powerloss, whichever comes first. Note: foul smelling fuel is an indication of microbiological contamination. A change in fuel source and Racor fuel additives are recommended. Always carry extra replacement filters as one tankful of excessively contaminated fuel can plug a filter.Close inlet fuel valve (if 1. applicable) and completely drain filter assembly.Remove T-handle, lid, and lid 2. gasket.Remove filter from inside 3. housing and dispose of properly.Install only new Racor filters.4. Install new lid gasket, 5. RK 22609, into lid groove.Prime fuel system following 6. manufacturer’s procedure or refer to Priming The Unit.Part No.DescriptionRK 226881. T-handle Kit(includes T-handle and T-handle O-ring)113502. T-handle O-ringRK 226823. Lid Kit (includes lid, lid gasket, lid spring, and T-handle w/O-ring) N/A4.Lid SpringRK 22609 5. Lid Seal Kit (includes lid gasket and T-handle O-ring)2020TM-OR 6. 10 MicronReplacement Filter RK 22675 7. Bottom Plate KitRK 19492 8. U.L Listed Drain Valve Kit(Brass, with plug)804MAReplacement Parts16287453134Part No.DescriptionSee 804MA Replacement Parts 1. N/A2. Manifold Mounting Brackets RK228983. Ball Valve Kit RK228974.Hose and Fitting Kit75804MA and 79804MAReplacement Parts21342A major cause of power loss or hard starting is result of an air leak (or clogged filter). If your unit will not prime or fails to hold prime, check that drain,Troubleshooting Proceduresbowl and filter are properlytightened. Next, check all fitting connections and ensure fuel lines are not pinched or clogged with contaminants. If problemspersist (and filter is new) call Racor Technical Service for assistance: (800) 344-3286 or(209) 575-7555.AccessoriesVacuum GaugesVacuum gauges are available to monitor element condition and as the filter slowly becomes clogged with contaminates the restriction (resistance to flow) increases.The fuel pump still tries to drawfuel (suction) but because ofrestriction, less fuel is delivered to the engine and instead more air is pulled from it (fuel de-gassing). Results can cause an engine to lose power and eventually stall.By installing a vacuum gauge in the fuel system, on the outlet side of the filter, visual monitoring ofelement condition is possible.Compound Gauge KitsCompound gauges arerecommended for applications where pressure is occasionally present. These conditions are typically a result of ‘head’ pressure which is present inoverhead fuel tank installations.Whatever the reason, compound gauges should be used because damage may result if a straight vacuum only gauge is used.Liquid filled (glycerin) gauges arerecommended for high-vibration and pulsation applications (notengine mounted).All products manufacturedor distributed by Racor are subject to the following, and only the following, LIMITED EXPRESS WARRANTIES, and no others: For a period ofone (1) year from and afterthe date of purchase of a new Racor product, Racor warrants and guarantees only to the original purchaser-user that such a product shall be free from defects of materialsand workmanship in the manufacturing process. The warranty period for pumps and motors is specifically limitedto ninety (90) days from date of purchase. A product claimed to be defective must be returned to the place of purchase. Racor, at its sole option, shall replace the defective product with a comparable new product or repair the defective product. This express warranty shall be inapplicable to any product not properly installed and properly used by the purchaser-useror to any product damaged or impaired by external forces. THIS IS THE EXTENT OF WARRANTIES AVAILABLEON THIS PRODUCT. RACOR SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES FLOWING FROM THE USE OFANY DEFECTIVE PRODUCTOR BY REASON OF THEFAILURE OF ANY PRODUCT.RACOR SPECIFICALLYDISAVOWS ALL OTHERWARRANTIES, EXPRESSOR IMPLIED INCLUDING,WITHOUT LIMITATION, ALLWARRANTIES OF FITNESSFOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE(EXCEPT FOR THOSE WHICHAPPLY TO PRODUCT ORPART THEREOF THAT ISUSED OR BOUGHT FOR USEPRIMARILY FOR PERSONAL,FAMILY, OR HOUSEHOLDPURPOSES), WARRANTIES OFDESCRIPTION, WARRANTIESOF MERCHANTABILITY,TRADE USAGE ORWARRANTIES OR TRADEUSAGE.WarningFailure or improper selectionor improper use of theproducts and/or systemsdescribed herein or relateditems can cause death,personal injury and propertydamage. This document andother information from ParkerHannifin Corporation, itssubsidiaries and authorizeddistributors provide productand/or system options forfurther investigation by usershaving technical expertise.It is important that youanalyze all aspects of yourapplication and review theinformation concerning theproduct or system in thecurrent product catalog. Dueto the variety of operatingconditions and applicationsfor these products or systems,the user, through its ownanalysis and testing, is solelyresponsible for making thefinal selection of the productsand systems and assuring thatall performance, safety andwarning requirements of theapplications are met.The products describedherein, including withlimitation, product features,specifications, designs,availability and pricing, aresubject to change by ParkerHannifin Corporation andits subsidiaries at any timewithout notice.The following statementis required pursuant toproposition 65, applicablein the State of California:‘This product may contain achemical known to the State ofCalifornia to cause cancer orreproductive toxicity’.Limited Warranties StatementMay 2008© 2008 Parker Hannifin Corporation。
保罗水泥设备全球过滤器技术EAB系列产品说明说明书
OPTIONAL INDICATORHOLES FOR LOCKINGOPTIONAL MOUNTING BY 6 SCREWS These holes are always open providingdrainage of splash water 114(4.49)AIR FLOW Q = 1500 l/min max102(4.02)43(1.69)Ø90(3.54)Ø73(2.87)G1M33x2G 3/4G 3/4OPTIONAL MOUNTINGmm (inches)NOTICE!Breather is an essential part of the system and the element needs to be replaced regularly.6 x 60°Ø4 or M57355TOP VIEWTOP VIEW1234(35.5)1052515 (N O I N D I C A T O R )ISO228-G1/OPTIONAL:1/-16UN-2B46 A/F Ø1271/-16UN-2B (Optional:ISO228-G1/)SLW46Ø12712335.516325Ø85280A6xØ7(PCDØ73)A6xØ7(PCDØ73)2Ø8540095451/2”B S PADAPTOR SINGLEADAPTOR WITH FILLER CONNECTIONNOTICE!Breather is an essential part of the system and the element needs to be replaced regularly.Ø101Ø427010 M A X167Ø7.0AAØ101Ø4216772Ø101Ø4227172A73706x Ø4.44.0Ø314663.5Ø24Ø50.5Ø53A41.33x Ø4.44.0G 1/2G 3/4Ø101Ø101G 1/2G 3/430 A/F HEX931310961610AA30 A/F HEXØ40Ø40Ø40Ø40576060596912.51413.59G 1/4R 1/220 A/F HEX20 A/F HEX20 A/F HEXG 3/8R 3/420 A/F HEX914G 1/4G 3/8R 1/2R 3/4G 3/8G 1/2G 3/4Ø70Ø70Ø70686871G 3/8G 1/2G 3/48.58.512.58.512.515.528 A/F HEX28 A/F HEX31 A/F HEXAAØ20362015°30°1.6Ø13.55Ø13.35Ø22 SPOTFACE7.810.5M I NØ16.2516.00Ø15.1015.00Ø11.8G 1/4Ø83Ø76.243.458.2153.5Ø49.5Valve Crack-35 A/F HEX16 A/F HEXRETAINING SPRING CLIPØ76.2G 3/4G 1/4651643.46Ø44.556.51336.57Ø76.243.4Ø38.1Ø44.536.511047Ø51Ø35225THREE SIZE:BSPT BSPT BSPTMOUNTING FACE FOR STANDARD AND LARGE BREATHER73 PCD Ø57 HOLE IN T ANK6 FITTING HOLES Ø5.6 EQUISPACED ON PCDØ88 BOSS OR SPOT FACE(1.6 MICRON SURFACE FINISH)ØAB C DE BSPTØABCØ48LARGE BREATHER FILLERSTRAINER 30 MESH (600 MICRONS)CIRCUIT SYMBOL CIRCUIT SYMBOL Ø94AB606Ø97ABØ51Ø63.5STANDARD SPIN-ON AIR BREATHER STEMPRESSURISED SPIN-ON AIR BREATHER STEMRESERVOIR CUTOUT Ø25 MAXIMUMRESERVOIR CUTOUT Ø25 MAXIMUM3 OFF M6 FIXING HOLES EQUISPACED ON 41.3 P 3 OFF M6 FIXING HOLES EQUISPACED ON 50 P .C.D.Stand Pipe MountingØ51STRAINER3 OFF EQUISPACED CLAMPS51.5150107Ø7876TANK MOUNTING HOLEXFLAP TO PROTECT LOCK2 LOCKING SCREWS THREADED TYPE AT POSITIONS X AND Y3 LOCKING SCREWS PUSH ON TYPE AT POSITIONS X, Y AND ZDRIVE SLOTBLACK LINERED LINE4341.53018110761717A /F H E X 18.524DRIVE SLOTBLACK LINERED LINE2418.541.517127161A /F H E X17742243DRIVE SLOTBLACK LINERED LINE2418.541.517254288A /F H E X172022243INSTALLATION DETAILS MOUNTING THREAD120°PLAIN AREAC A/F HEX ØBACIRCUIT SYMBOLG1Ø78.5102448216160MINIMUM FOR BOWL REMOVAL24485699116542 OFF FIXING HOLES Ø7.2∆p (b a r )CIRCUIT SYMBOL30Ø74G1MINIMUM FOR BOWL REMOVAL6Ø90215609Ø456322 A/F HEX5749112INLET54.530102 2 OFF FIXING HOLES Ø7.5AØBCIRCUIT SYMBOLCIRCUIT SYMBOLC A/F HEXMOUNTING THREADAØBC A/F HEXMOUNTING THREADFGAAGRUB SCREW POSITIONHUB WITHDRAWAL CLEARANCEE DØJØHØCØBHUB WITHDRAWAL CLEARANCEHeight of Keyway from Base of BoreMETRICIMPERIALStandard Bore BS 4500, (1985)BS 1916, Part 1, (1985)Standard KeywayBS 4325, Part 1 (1980)BS 46, Part 1, (1985)ASSEMBLY DATA1.Maximum angular misalignment is ±2°.Maximum radial misalignment is ±0.4mm.2.Ensure that the Parker Filtration Drive Coupling gear hubs arean easy fit to their respective shafts.Do not use heavy blows to force the hubs on.3.When in position, the hubs should have a gap of 4mm as denoted by ‘E’dimension.4.Tighten grub screws to locate both gear hubs on to their respective shafts.Coupling half pilot boredØ Bore 8mmDrive Coupling SleeveDrive CouplingsDC.28DC.42DC.5550000.75 1.000.440.066.044.538.0 4.0104.084.028.010.07.05000 1.32 1.750.7542.090.060.042.0 4.0115.088.042.014.010.540006.00 8.002.0559.0125.083.065.04.0158.0122.055.019.016.0 min 38.1 maxORDERING INFORMATIONMax *Rating/–H–J Speed 100 rev/min WeightA B C D E F G Max Min Pilot Part Numberrev/minkW hpmmmmmmmmmmmmmmBoreBoreBoreDC.28.M10DC.28.M11DC.28.M14DC.28.M16DC.28.M18DC.28.M19DC.28.M20DC.28.M22DC.28.M24DC.28.M25DC.28.M2810.0mm 11.0mm 14.0mm 16.0mm 18.0mm 19.0mm 20.0mm 22.0mm 24.0mm 25.0mm 28.0mm3.0mm4.0mm5.0mm 5.0mm6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 8.0mm 8.0mm 8.0mm11.5mm 12.9mm 16.4mm 18.4mm 20.9mm 21.9mm 22.9mm 24.9mm 27.5mm 28.5mm 31.5mmWeight range from .267 Kg to .411 KgCoupling halves with Metric Bore and KeywayKeywayPart Number ØBore Width HeightModel DC.28DC.42.M18DC.42.M19DC.42.M20DC.42.M22DC.42.M24DC.42.M25DC.42.M28DC.42.M30DC.42.M32DC.42.M35DC.42.M38DC.42.M4218.0mm 19.0mm 20.0mm 22.0mm 24.0mm 25.0mm 28.0mm 30.0mm 32.0mm 35.0mm 38.0mm 42.0mm6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 6.0mm 8.0mm 8.0mm 8.0mm 8.0mm 10.0mm 10.0mm 10.0mm 12.0mm20.9mm 21.9mm 22.9mm 24.9mm 27.5mm 28.5mm 31.5mm 33.5mm 35.5mm 38.5mm 41.5mm 45.5mmWeight range from .436 Kg to .75 KgCoupling halves with Metric Bore and KeywayKeywayPart Number ØBore Width HeightModel DC.42DC.28.B03K DC.28.B04K DC.28.B05K DC.28.B06K DC.28.B07K DC.28.B08K DC.28.B09KDCR.28.PB DC.28.S7/161/25/83/47/8111/80.125 ins 0.125 ins 0.188 ins 0.188 ins 0.250 ins 0.250 ins 0.313 ins 0.50 ins 0.57 ins 0.72 ins 0.84 ins 0.99 ins 1.12 ins 1.24 insWeight rangefrom .259 Kg to .411 KgCoupling halves with Imperial Bore and KeywayKeywayPart Number ØBore Width HeightPart NumberPart Number11/811/413/811/215/813/417/8221/80.313 ins 0.313 ins 0.375 ins 0.375 ins 0.439 ins 0.439 ins 0.501 ins 0.501 ins 0.626 ins1.24 ins 1.37 ins 1.49 ins 1.61 ins 1.76 ins 1.89 ins2.01 ins 2.13 ins 2.31 insWeight range from 1.248 Kg – 2.046 KgDC.42.B05K DC.42.B06K DC.42.B07K DC.42.B08K DC.42.B09K DC.42.B10K DC.42.B11K DC.42.B12K DC.42.B13KDC.42.PB DC.42.SWeight range from .448 Kg to .753 KgCoupling half pilot boredØ Bore 12mmDrive Coupling SleeveCoupling half pilot boredØ Bore 16mmDrive Coupling Sleeve5/83/47/8111/811/413/811/215/80.188 ins 0.188 ins 0.250 ins 0.250 ins 0.313 ins 0.313 ins 0.375 ins 0.375 ins 0.439 ins 0.72 ins 0.84 ins 0.99 ins 1.12 ins 1.24 ins 1.37 ins 1.49 ins 1.61 ins 1.76 insCoupling halves with Imperial Bore and KeywayKeywayPart Number ØBore Width HeightPart NumberPart NumberDC.55.B09K DC.55.B10K DC.55.B11K DC.55.B12K DC.55.B13K DC.55.B14K DC.55.B15K DC.55.B16K DC.55.B17KDCR.55.PB DC.55.SCoupling halves with Imperial Bore and KeywayKeywayPart Number ØBore Width HeightPart NumberPart NumberDC.55.M25DC.55.M28DC.55.M30DC.55.M32DC.55.M35DC.55.M38DC.55.M42DC.55.M5525.0mm 28.0mm 30.0mm 32.0mm 35.0mm 38.0mm 42.0mm 55.0mm 8.0mm 8.0mm 8.0mm 10.0mm 10.0mm 10.0mm 12.0mm 16.0mm 28.5mm 33.5mm 33.5mm 35.5mm 38.5mm 41.5mm 45.5mm 59.5mmWeight range from 1.248 Kg to 1.932 KgCoupling halves with Metric Bore and KeywayKeywayPart Number ØBore Width HeightModel DC.55213Multiclamp — 16 holesSplit BushesBC CTS(B )ØAEF R E FB C C BDAEFSERIES 10P A T .1170557SERIES 10PAT.1170557THETFORD ENGLANDCGH R E FABØDEFØBA PIPE SIZEClamping Unit Weld Plateproperties and are highlyresistant to ozoneweathering and a wide rangeof chemicals.good electrical insulationand are suitable for use overa wide temperature range.Note that if bushes arerequired for immersion inmineral oils, an alternativematerial is recommended.Similar to a split bushing, this component accommodates standardattaching bolts when makinga suspended mount of aplate or column.type mount can be formedby using one adaptor oneach end of a Multiclamp.The adaptors are available insizes to suit all Seriesclamping units.Stacking Stud and NutWhen mounting plate has a thickness of 9.5mm (3/8”) or less, STACKING STUD should be screwed into STACKING NUT and stud passed through drilled hole and secured with a retaining nut.Series 106.0mm-20.0mm (1/4”-3/4”)Series 166.0mm-28.0mm (1/4”-1”)Series 3210.0mm-50.0mm (3/8”-2”)Stacked modules or single moduleFixing points to suitStacking stud and nut not required in this positionJust consider the savings when Multiclamp is planned really wisely.Clamp in position for phase 2P h a s e 1MulticlampDimensionsA 11.0mmB 33.0mm ThreadM8-1.25ORDERING INFORMATION — SERIES 1OPart NumberMC.N.10Stacking Nuts(50 per part number)Weight:0.80 Kg (per set)Dimensions A 13.3mm B 25.0mm C 10.0mm D 6.3mm E 25.0mm F8.5mmPart NumberMC.WP .10Weld Plates(10 per part number)Weight:0.35 Kg (per set)Series Thread Length 10M8-1.2516.0mmPart Number MC.SB.10Standard Bolts(50 per part number)DimensionsA 32.0mmB 21.0mmC 4.5mm ThreadM8-1.25Part NumberMC.S.10Stacking Studs(50 per part number)Weight:0.48 Kg (per set)DimensionsA 27.0mmB 25.0mm Ø8.7mmPart NumberMC.B.10.MO Mounting Adaptors(1 piece per part number)Weight:0.020 Kg (per set)DimensionsA 11.0mmB 44.0mm ThreadM8-1.25ORDERING INFORMATION — SERIES 16Part NumberMC.N.16Stacking Nuts(50 per part number)Weight:1.06 Kg (per set)Dimensions A 13.3mm B 25.0mm C 10.0mm D 6.3mm E 25.0mm F8.5mmPart NumberMC.WP .10Weld Plates(10 per part number)Weight:0.35 Kg (per set)Series Thread Length 16M8-1.2516.0mmPart Number MC.SB.10Standard Bolts(50 per part number)DimensionsA 32.0mmB 21.0mmC 2.0mm ThreadM8-1.25Part NumberMC.S.10Stacking Studs(50 per part number)Weight:0.020 Kg (per set)DimensionsA 27.0mmB 36.0mm Ø8.7mmPart NumberMC.B.16.MO Mounting Adaptors(1 single piece per part number)Weight:0.060 Kg (per set)DimensionsA 13.0mmB 71.5mm ThreadM10-1.50ORDERING INFORMATION — SERIES 32Part NumberMC.N.32Stacking Nuts(50 per part number)Weight:1.99 Kg (per set)Dimensions A 17.5mm B 32.0mm C 12.0mm D 8.0mm E 32.0mm F11.0mmPart NumberMC.WP .32Weld Plates(10 per part number)Weight:0.70 Kg (per set)Series Thread Length 32M10-1.5030.0mmPart Number MC.SB.32Standard Bolts(50 per part number)DimensionsA 38.0mmB 22.0mmC 2.0mm ThreadM10-1.50Part NumberMC.S.32Stacking Studs(50 per part number)Weight:0.90 Kg (per set)DimensionsA 40.0mmB 58.0mm Ø10.7mmPart NumberMC.B.32.MO Mounting Adaptors(1 single piece per part number)Weight:0.260 Kg (per set)2171.Upper and Lower Clamping Unit 4.Stacking Nut 5.Weld PlateStacking Stud6.Standard Bolt2.Various sizes of Split Bushings 124563ABT H R E A DT H R E A DA BBB AAØC DEF.130 Kg .130 Kg .120 Kg .120 Kg .100 Kg.090 KgMC.G.10.4MC.G.10.5MC.G.10.6MC.G.10.8MC.G.10.10MC.G.10.1261/4–85/16–103/8–12-141/21/415-165/83/818-203/4–MulticlampDimensions A 25.0mm B 8.5mm C 38.1mm D 55.0mm E 19.0mm F 38.0mm Ø9.0mmORDERING INFORMATION — SERIES 1O ( 6mm-20mm pipe dia.)Part NumberMC.10.1Single Clamp (10 pairs per part number)DimensionsA 25.0mmB 8.5mmC 38.1mmD 93.0mmE 19.0mmF 38.0mm Ø9.0mmPart NumberMC.10.2Double Clamp (10 pairs per part number)DimensionsA 34.0mmB 38.1mmC 25.0mmD 15.0mmE 38.1mmF 601.5mmG 19.0mmH 38.0mm Ø9.0mmPart NumberMC.10.16Multiclamp (1 pair per part number)Split Bushes (10 pairs per part number)Pipe Size A Bmm O/D NB 25.5mm 27.0mm 34.0mm Part No.Weight Weight Weight:0.60 Kg (per set)Weight:1.0 Kg (per set)Weight:0.80 Kg (per pair)Quoted weights based on a pack of 10.280 Kg .280 Kg .280 Kg .260 Kg .220 Kg .200 Kg .180 Kg .140 Kg.160 KgMC.G.16.4MC.G.16.5MC.G.16.6MC.G.16.8MC.G.16.10MC.G.16.12MC.G.16.14MC.G.16.16MC.G.16.1861/4–85/16–103/8–12-141/21/415-165/83/818-203/4–227/81/22513/428––Dimensions A 25.0mm B 7.0mm C 50.8mm D 65.0mm E 23.8mm F 47.6mm Ø9.0mmORDERING INFORMATION — SERIES 16 ( 6mm-28mm pipe dia.)Part NumberMC.16.1Single Clamp (10 pairs per part number)DimensionsA 25.0mmB 7.0mmC 50.8mmD 116.0mmE 23.8mmF 47.6mm Ø9.0mmPart NumberMC.16.2Double Clamp (10 pairs per part number)DimensionsA 47.0mmB 50.8mmC 25.0mmD 21.0mmE 50.8mmF 608.8mmG 25.0mmH 51.0mm Ø9.0mmPart NumberMC.16.12Multiclamp – 12 holes (1 pair per part number)Split Bushes (10 per part number)Pipe Size A Bmm O/D NB 35.4mm 27.0mm 34.0mm Part No.Weight Weight Weight:0.80 Kg (per set)Weight:1.6 Kg (per set)Weight:1.0 Kg (per set)MC.G.16.14Dimension ‘A’is 38.0mm1.30 Kg 1.20 Kg 1.10 Kg 1.10 Kg 1.00 Kg 1.00 Kg 1.00 Kg 0.80 Kg 0.80 Kg 0.60 Kg 0.40 KgMC.G.32.6MC.G.32.8MC.G.32.10MC.G.32.12MC.G.32.14MC.G.32.16MC.G.32.18MC.G.32.20MC.G.32.24MC.G.32.26MC.G.32.32103/8–12-141/21/415-165/83/818-203/4–227/81/22513/428-30–3/432-3411/4135-3811/2–42–11/450211/2DimensionsA 40.0mmB 9.4mmC 76.2mmD 95.0mmE 38.0mmF 76.2mm Ø11.1mmORDERING INFORMATION — SERIES 32 ( 10mm-50mm pipe dia.)Part NumberMC.32.1Single Clamp (10 pairs per part number)DimensionsA 41.0mmB 9.4mmC 76.2mmD 171.0mmE 38.0mmF 76.2mm Ø11.1mmPart NumberMC.32.2Double Clamp (10 pairs per part number)DimensionsA 72.0mmB 76.2mmC 40.0mmD 34.0mmE 76.2mmF 1211.0mmG 38.5mmH 77.0mm Ø11.0mmPart NumberMC.32.16Multiclamp – 16 holes (1 pair per part number)Split Bushes (10 per part number)Pipe Size A B mm O/D NB59.0mm 44.5mm Part No.Weight Weight:2.25 Kg (per set)Weight:3.82 Kg (per set)Weight:3.8 Kg (per pair)219ØCBDA BFPANEL MOUNTING THREAD GPANEL MOUNTING THREAD M40 x 1.5132.0 M A XPORT IDENTIFICATIONØ47.040.024.0A BAEA B A BA BSYMBOLA B A/F HEXTHREAD80.020.0 SQ13.057.090.0G 1/4TYP3 POSITIONSCIRCUIT SYMBOL27.028.054.026.029.027.721.036.0HEX NUT 38.0 A/FGPDRNote:It is recommended that all glycerine gauges should be Panel Mounted (3-hole flange)ØD 2ØD 1120°120°ØD 3SYMBOL2523152Ø9.5Ø5SNUBBER FITTED G 1/4(1/4”BSP)14 A/F HEXD 1SW GhØD 2b aeSWeØD 2bb 2GD 1Note:It is recommended that all glycerine gauges should be Panel Mounted (3-hole flange)ØD 2ØD 1120°120°ØD 3D 1SWGhØD 2b aeSWeØD 2bb 2GfD 1SYMBOL4339255Ø17.5Ø6SNUBBER FITTED G 1/2(1/2”BSP)22 A/F HEXØ INTERNALSECTION。
Engage
Ultimate Tensile Strength, MPa ASTM D-638 508 mm/min
6.5
21.8
6.4
24.5 25.8 24.8 12.9 28.9
21
1 Ultimate elongation for all grades exceeds 600%. 2 This grade is talc dusted; properties are measured before the addition of talc. 3 Engage® 8400 is available in the European region. Engage® 8407 is available in the Americas and Asia Pacific. 4 L-Low, M-Medium and H-High are DuPont Dow Elastomers measures. 5 DuPont Dow Method
ENR 7270
7380
ENR 72772
0.87
0.88
ENR 7256
0.885
5
< 0.5
0.8
2
ENR 7086 0.901
< 0.5
20
8
48
28
16
26
12
13
16
19
23
29
L
L
L
L
M
M
56
57
68
78
79
88
36
42
48
62
73
93
–56
–57
–52
–45
–45
FESTO产品说明书
Traducción del manual original 1Documentos aplicablesTodos los documentos disponibles sobre el producto è/pk.Observar los documentos aplicables:–Instrucciones motor –Instrucciones eje2Seguridad 2.1Instrucciones de seguridad–Montar el producto solamente en aquellos componentes cuyo estado sea seguro.–Limpiar los ejes. El cubo de acoplamiento [17] solo se agarrará sin deslizamiento en un gorrón que esté seco y libre de grasa. –Respetar la alineación del cubo de acoplamiento [17].–Apoyar la combinación:–en caso de componentes de motor pesados o de gran saliente–en caso de vibraciones fuertes y cargas de choque y de masas excéntricas–Realizar un recorrido de referencia de los ejes después de soltar o de girar elmotor.–Seleccionar elementos de fijación necesarios. El conjunto incluye los elementos de fijación máximos necesarios.–Respetar los pares de apriete. Si no hay indicaciones especiales, la toleranciaes de ± 20 %.2.2Uso previsto 2.2.1UtilizaciónConexión en paralelo de un eje con un motor.2.2.2Ejes y motores admisiblesFallo funcional y daños materiales por sobrecarga.Las magnitudes de salida del motor no deben superar los valores admisibles de los componentes empleados.Valores admisibles è /catalogue.•Limitar en consecuencia las magnitudes de salida del motor.•Deducir el eje y el motor de los códigos de interfaz.Ejemplo: EAMMU...T4260P T42: acoplamiento de eje 60P : acoplamiento de motor Acoplamiento de ejeEje 1)T42EGSCBS60, ELGCBS60, EPCCBS60T46ELGCBS801) Mini carro EGSCBS, eje de accionamiento por husillo ELGCBS, cilindro eléctrico EPCCBSTab. 1Acoplamiento de motorMotor 1)55A EMMSAS55, motor de otras marcas 58AA Motor de otras marcas 60AA Motor de otras marcas 60AB Motor de otras marcas 60PA Motor de otras marcas 60RMotor de otras marcasAcoplamiento de motorMotor 1)60RAMotor de otras marcas70A EMMSAS70, motor de otras marcas70AA Motor de otras marcas 80PAMotor de otras marcas 80PB Motor de otras marcas 85AAMotor de otras marcas1) Servomotor EMM...ASTab. 2La cualificación de los motores de otras marcas con acoplamiento mecánico apropiado utilizados en la combinación es responsabilidad del usuario.Su representante local de Festo le podrá indicar cuáles son los motores válidos de otras marcas è /sp.2.3Cualificación del personal técnicoEl montaje solo debe ser realizado por personal técnico cualificado. 3Información adicional–Accesorios è /catalogue.4Cuadro general del producto 4.1Suministro1Cuerpo (1x)2Tornillo (4x)5Correa dentada (1x)6Disco para correa dentada de eje (1x)7Tapa (1x)8Tornillo (3x)10Tornillo (4x)15Disco para correa dentada de motor (1x)16Tornillo prisionero (1x)17Cubo de acoplamiento (1x)18Anillo de retención (2x)19Estrella de elastómero (2x)20Anillo deslizante (2x)Fig. 1 Suministro30Manguito reductor (4x)Fig. 2 Complemento con EAMMU...60PA/60R/70AA/85AA 5Montaje 5.1Ensamblaje5.1.1Premontaje del acoplamientoFig. 3 Instalar el anillo deslizante, lado del motor8096426EAMM-U-...-T...-...A/P/R-3Conjunto paralelo8096426201901[8096429]Festo SE & Co. KG Ruiter Straße 82 73734 Esslingen Alemania+49 711 3471.Instalar el anillo deslizante [20] en la ranura [K] del acoplamiento [17] del lado del motor.2.Desenroscar el tornillo prisionero [16].Fig. 4 Deslizar el cubo de acoplamiento del lado del motor •Insertar el cubo de acoplamiento [17] con el taladro apropiado en elgorrón [C].Fig. 5 Alinear el cubo de acoplamiento del lado del motor 1.Respetar la distancia (Y).2.Apretar el tornillo prisionero del lado del motor [16].Fig. 6 Instalar el anillo deslizante, lado del eje •Instalar el anillo deslizante [20] en la ranura [L] del cubo de acoplamiento [P]del lado del eje.5.1.2Alineación de acoplamientoAlineación defectuosa del acoplamientoSi la dimensión Y está mal ajustada, se produce un mayor desgaste de la correa y puede provocar el contacto mecánico entre disco para correa dentada y cuerpo y tapa.•Respetar la distancia.Fig. 7 Alineación del cubo de acoplamiento EAMM-U-Y ±0,3[mm]65T4255A 23,865T4258AA 19,865T4260AA 19,865T4260AB 19,865T4260PA22,865T4260R 22,865T4260RA 22,887T4670A 23,887T4670AA 23,887T4680PA41,587T4680PB 41,587T4685AA26,8Tab. 35.1.3Conexión motor y ejeFig. 8 Fijar el disco para correa dentada del lado del motor1.Insertar la estrella de elastómero [19], con el rebaje [M] mirando hacia el exterior, en el disco para correa dentada [15].2.Deslizar hasta el tope el disco para correa dentada [15] junto con la estrellade elastómero [19] en el cubo de acoplamiento [17].3.Insertar el anillo de retención [18] en la ranura [N] del cubo deacoplamiento [17].Fig. 9 Fijar el disco para correa dentada por el lado del eje1.Insertar la estrella de elastómero [19], con el rebaje [M] mirando hacia el exterior, en el disco para correa dentada [6].2.Deslizar hasta el tope el disco para correa dentada [6] junto con la estrella deelastómero [19] en el cubo de acoplamiento [P].3.Insertar el anillo de retención [18] en la ranura [C] del cubo deacoplamiento [P].Fig. 10 Fijar el cuerpo al eje•Fijar el cuerpo [1] al eje con los tornillos [10].Fig. 11 Posicionamiento del motor •Posicionar el motor en el cuerpo [1].ÄEl motor puede desplazarse y puede inclinarse fácilmente.Fig. 12 Colocar la correa dentada1.Desplazar el motor, hasta hacer tope, en el sentido del eje, e inclinar ligeramente.2.Colocar la correa dentada [5] primero en el disco para correa dentada [15] y,después, en el disco para correa dentada [6].Con el EAMMUT...60PA/60R/70AA/85AA se requieren los manguitos reductores [30].Fig. 13 Colocar el manguito reductor •Montar los manguitos reductores [30] en los orificios de fijación del motor.Fig. 14 Fijar el motor •Fijar el motor con los tornillos [2] al cuerpo [1].ÄEl motor puede desplazarse pero no se puede inclinar más.5.1.4Tensado de la correa dentadaExcesiva pretensión de la correa dentada.Cargas radiales inadmisibles o rotura del eje.Elevado desgaste de la correa dentada, así como de los cojinetes del eje y del motor.•Evítese una excesiva pretensión de la correa dentada.Se recomienda que la pretensión de la correa dentada sea reducida.La correa dentada [5] estará tensada cuando los ramales [D] discurran más o menos en paralelo:–Destensada: y > x–Tensada: y L1 … 1,05 xFig. 15 Ramales de la correa dentadaFig. 16 Tensar la correa dentada1.Desplazar el motor hasta que sobre la correa dentada [5] se ejerza la fuerzaelástica Fv.2.Apretar los tornillos [2].EAMM-UFuerza elástica Fv[N]6527 (6087)45 (100)Tab. 4 Fuerza de tensión admisible de la correa dentada 5.1.5Montaje de la tapaFig. 17 Montar la tapa •Antes de la puesta en funcionamiento: fijar la tapa [7] con los tornillos [8] alcuerpo [1].5.2Instalación 5.2.1Soporte de la combinación de eje y motorFig. 18 La combinación debe soportarse sin crear tensiones •Apoyar la combinación libre de tensiones para evitar daños.6Durante el funcionamiento Riesgo de lesiones al tocar superficies calientes.El juego de montaje del motor se calentará debido al calor generado por el motor.•No tocar el juego de montaje del motor durante el funcionamiento ni inmediatamente después.Riesgo de lesiones por movimiento inesperado de componentes en caso de fallo de la correa dentada.•Cumplir las medidas de seguridad complementarias.7Mantenimiento 7.1Comprobación de la correa dentadaLa correa dentada [5] es una pieza de desgaste è /spareparts. probar la correa dentada [5] periódicamente:–cuando se cumplen los plazos de mantenimiento de la máquina –cuando se sustituye un eje2.Sustituir la correa dentada [5] cuando aparezcan los siguientes indicios dedesgaste:–fuerte acumulación de partículas de desgaste en la carcasa –grietas en el dorso de la correa dentada–hilado de tracción de fibra de vidrio visible en la base de los dientes7.2Sustitución de la correa dentadaFig. 19 Desmontar la correa dentadaEn caso de montaje en posición vertical o transversal:•Respetar las instrucciones de seguridad correspondientes incluidas en las instrucciones del eje.1.Retirar los tornillos [2].ÄEl motor puede desplazarse y puede inclinarse fácilmente.2.Desplazar el motor, hasta hacer tope, en el sentido del eje, e inclinar ligeramente.3.Retirar la correa dentada [5] de los discos para correa dentada [6] y [15].8Especificaciones técnicas8.1Tamaño de tornillos y pares de aprieteEAMM-U-[2] [Nm][8] [Nm][10][Nm][16][Nm] 65T4255A M5x206M4x103M4x103M4x12465T4258AA M4x163M4x103M4x103M4x12465T4260AA M4x163M4x103M4x103M4x12465T4260AB M4x163M4x103M4x103M4x12465T4260PA M4x203M4x103M4x103M4x12465T4260R M4x203M4x103M4x103M4x12465T4260RA M4x203M4x103M4x103M4x12487T4670A M5x206M5x126M6x2010M4x12487T4670AA M5x206M5x126M6x2010M4x12487T4680PA M6x4010M5x126M6x2010M4x12487T4680PB M6x4010M5x126M6x2010M4x12487T4685AA M5x256M5x126M6x2010M4x124 Tab. 5。
Efficient Algorithms for Citation Network Analysis
a r X i v :c s /0309023v 1 [c s .D L ] 14 S e p 2003Efficient Algorithms for Citation Network AnalysisVladimir BatageljUniversity of Ljubljana,Department of Mathematics,Jadranska 19,1111Ljubljana,Slovenia e-mail:vladimir.batagelj@uni-lj.siAbstractIn the paper very efficient,linear in number of arcs,algorithms for determining Hum-mon and Doreian’s arc weights SPLC and SPNP in citation network are proposed,and some theoretical properties of these weights are presented.The nonacyclicity problem in citation networks is discussed.An approach to identify on the basis of arc weights an im-portant small subnetwork is proposed and illustrated on the citation networks of SOM (self organizing maps)literature and US patents.Keywords:large network,acyclic,citation network,main path,CPM path,arc weight,algorithm,self organizing maps,patent1IntroductionThe citation network analysis started with the paper of Garfield et al.(1964)[10]in which the introduction of the notion of citation network is attributed to Gordon Allen.In this paper,on the example of Asimov’s history of DNA [1],it was shown that the analysis ”demonstrated a high degree of coincidence between an historian’s account of events and the citational relationship between these events ”.An early overview of possible applications of graph theory in citation network analysis was made in 1965by Garner [13].The next important step was made by Hummon and Doreian (1989)[14,15,16].They proposed three indices (NPPC,SPLC,SPNP)–weights of arcs that provide us with automatic way to identify the (most)important part of the citation network –the main path analysis.In this paper we make a step further.We show how to efficiently compute the Hummon and Doreian’s weights,so that they can be used also for analysis of very large citation networks with several thousands of vertices.Besides this some theoretical properties of the Hummon and Doreian’s weights are presented.The proposed methods are implemented in Pajek –a program,for Windows (32bit),for analysis of large networks .It is freely available,for noncommercial use,at its homepage [4].For basic notions of graph theory see Wilson and Watkins [18].Table1:Citation network characteristicsnetwork m n0k C∆in24 DNA6013700 2231218161340 Small world198816316000 105911024282320 Cocitation49293519020 308412678321052 Kroto319500116660 447023704247350 Zewail542531015166382 8843782126310984 Desalination25751141111573121 377476813764117327700Figure1:Citation Network in Standard FormLet I={(u,u):u∈U}be the identity relation on U andQ∩I=∅.The relation Q⋆=3Analysis of Citation NetworksAn approach to the analysis of citation network is to determine for each unit/arc its impor-tance or weight.These values are used afterward to determine the essential substructures in the network.In this paper we shall focus on the methods of assigning weights w:R→I R+0to arcs proposed by Hummon and Doreian[14,15]:•node pair projection count(NPPC)method:w d(u,v)=|R inv⋆(u)|·|R⋆(v)|•search path link count(SPLC)method:w l(u,v)equals the number of”all possible search paths through the network emanating from an origin node”through the arc(u,v)∈R, [14,p.50].•search path node pair(SPNP)method:w p(u,v)”accounts for all connected vertex pairs along the paths through the arc(u,v)∈R”,[14,p.51].3.1Computing NPPC weightsTo compute w d for sets of units of moderate size(up to some thousands of units)the matrix representation of R can be used and its transitive closure computed by Roy-Warshall’s algorithm [9].The quantities|R⋆(v)|and|R inv⋆(u)|can be obtained from closure matrix as row/column sums.An O(nm)algorithm for computing w d can be constructed using Breath First Search from each u∈U to determine|R inv⋆(u)|and|R⋆(v)|.Since it is of order at least O(n2)this algorithm is not suitable for larger networks(several ten thousands of vertices).3.2Search path count methodTo compute the SPLC and SPNP weights we introduce a related search path count(SPC) method for which the weights N(u,v),uRv count the number of different paths from s to t (or from Min R to Max R)through the arc(u,v).To compute N(u,v)we introduce two auxiliary quantities:let N−(v)denotes the number of different s-v paths,and N+(v)denotes the number of different v-t paths.Every s-t pathπcontaining the arc(u,v)∈R can be uniquely expressed in the formπ=σ◦(u,v)◦τwhereσis a s-u path andτis a v-t path.Since every pair(σ,τ)of s-u/v-t paths gives a corresponding s-t path it follows:N(u,v)=N−(u)·N+(v),(u,v)∈RwhereN−(u)= 1u=sv:vRu N−(v)otherwiseandN+(u)= 1u=tv:uRv N+(v)otherwiseThis is the basis of an efficient algorithm for computing the weights N(u,v)–after the topo-logical sort of the network[9]we can compute,using the above relations in topological order, the weights in time of order O(m).The topological order ensures that all the quantities in the right side expressions of the above equalities are already computed when needed.The counters N(u,v)are used as SPC weights w c(u,v)=N(u,v).3.3Computing SPLC and SPNP weightsThe description of SPLC method in[14]is not very precise.Analyzing the table of SPLC weights from[14,p.50]we see that we have to consider each vertex as an origin of search paths.This is equivalent to apply the SPC method on the extended network N l=(U′,R l)R l:=R′∪{s}×(U\∪R(s))It seems that there are some errors in the table of SPNP weights in[14,p.51].Using the definition of the SPNP weights we can again reduce their computation to SPC method applied on the extended network N p=(U′,R p)R p:=R∪{s}×U∪U×{t}∪{(t,s)}in which every unit u∈U is additionaly linked from the source s and to the sink t.3.4Computing the numbers of paths of length kWe could use also a direct approach to determine the weights w p.Let L−(u)be the number of different paths terminating in u and L+(u)the number of different paths originating in u.Then for uRv it holds w p(u,v)=L−(u)·L+(v).The procedure to determine L−(u)and L+(u)can be compactly described using two fami-lies of polynomial generating functionsP−(u;x)=h(u)k=0p−(u,k)x k and P+(u;x)=h−(u)k=0p+(u,k)x k,u∈Uwhere h(u)is the depth of vertex u in network(U,R),and h−(u)is the depth of vertex u in network(U,R inv),The coefficient p−(u,k)counts the number of paths of length k to u,and p+(u,k)counts the number of paths of length k from u.Again,by the basic principles of combinatoricsP−(u;x)= 0u=s1+x· v:vRu P−(v;x)otherwiseandP+(u;x)= 0u=t1+x· v:uRv P+(v;x)otherwiseand both families can be determined using the definitions and computing the polynomials in the(reverse for P+)topological ordering of U.The complexity of this procedure is at most O(hm).FinallyL−(u)=P−(u;1)and L+(v)=P+(v;1)In real life citation networks the depth h is relatively small as can be seen from the Table 1.The complexity of this approach is higher than the complexity of the method proposed in subsection 3.3–but we get more detailed information about paths.May be it would make sense to consider ’aging’of references by L −(u )=P −(u ;α),for selected α,0<α≤1.3.5Vertex weightsThe quantities used to compute the arc weights w can be used also to define the corresponding vertex weights tt d (u )=|R inv ⋆(u )|·|R ⋆(u )|t c (u )=N −(u )·N +(u )t l (u )=N ′−(u )·N ′+(u )t p (u )=L −(u )·L +(u )They are counting the number of paths of selected type through the vertex u .3.6Implementation detailsIn our first implementation of the SPNP method the values of L −(u )and L +(u )for some large networks (Zewail and Lederberg)exceeded the range of Delphi’s LargeInt (20decimal places).We decided to use the Extended real numbers (range =3.6×10−4951..1.1×104932,19-20significant digits)for counters.This range is safe also for very large citation networks.To see this,let us denote N ∗(k )=max u :h (u )=k N −(u ).Note that h (s )=0and uRv ⇒h (u )<h (v ).Let u ∗∈U be a unit on which the maximum is attained N ∗(k )=N −(u ∗).ThenN ∗(k )=v :vRu ∗N −(v )≤v :vRu ∗N ∗(h (v ))≤v :vRu ∗N ∗(k −1)==deg in (u ∗)·N ∗(k −1)≤∆in (k )·N ∗(k −1)where ∆in (k )is the maximal input degree at depth k .Therefore N ∗(h )≤ hk =1∆in (k )≤∆h in .A similar inequality holds also for N +(u ).From both it followsN (u,v )≤∆h (u )in ·∆h −(v )out≤∆H −1where H =h (t )and ∆=max(∆in ,∆out ).Therefore for H ≤1000and ∆≤10000we getN (u,v )≤∆H −1≤104000which is still in the range of Extended reals.Note also that in the derivation of this inequality we were very generous –in real-life networks N (u,v )will be much smaller than ∆H −1.Very large/small numbers that result as weights in large networks are not easy to use.One possibility to overcome this problem is to use the logarithms of the obtained weights –logarith-mic transformation is monotone and therefore preserve the ordering of weights (importance of vertices and arcs).The transformed values are also more convenient for visualization with line thickness of arcs.4Properties of weights4.1General properties of weightsDirectly from the definitions of weights we getw k(u,v;R)=w k(v,u;R inv),k=d,c,pandw c(u,v)≤w l(u,v)≤w p(u,v)Let N A=(U A,R A)and N B=(U B,R B),U A∩U B=∅be two citation networks,andN1=(U′A,R′A)and N2=((U A∪U B)′,(R A∪R B)′)the corresponding standardized networks of thefirst network and of the union of both networks.Then it holds for all u,v∈U A and for all p,q∈R At(1)k(u)t(2)k(v),andw(1)k(p)w(2)k(q),k=d,c,l,pwhere t(1)and w(1)is a weight on network N1,and t(2)and w(2)is a weight on network N2.This means that adding or removing components in a network do not change the ratios(ordering)of the weights inside components.Let N1=(U,R1)and N2=(U,R2)be two citation networks over the same set of units U and R1⊆R2thenw k(u,v;R1)≤w k(u,v;R2),k=d,c,p4.2NPPC weightsIn an acyclic network for every arc(u,v)∈R holdR inv⋆(u)∩R⋆(v)=∅and R inv⋆(u)∪R⋆(v)⊆Utherefore|R inv⋆(u)|+|R⋆(v)|≤n and,using the inequality √2(a+b),alsow d(u,v)=|R inv⋆(u)|·|R⋆(v)|≤1Rv⇒R⋆(u)⊂R⋆(v)The weights w d are larger in the’middle’of the network.A more uniform(but less sensitive)weight would be w s(u,v)=|R inv⋆(u)|+|R⋆(v)|or in the normalized form w′s(u,v)=14.3SPC weightsFor theflow N(u,v)the Kirchoff’s node law holds:For every node v in a citation network in standard form it holdsincomingflow=outgoingflow=t c(v)Proof:N(x,v)= x:xRv N−(x)·N+(v)=( x:xRv N−(x))·N+(v)=N−(v)·N+(v) x:xRvN(v,y)= y:vRy N−(v)·N+(y)=N−(v)· y:vRy N+(y)=N−(v)·N+(v) y:vRy2 From the Kirchoff’s node law it follows that the totalflow through the citation network equals N(t,s).This gives us a natural way to normalize the weightsN(u,v)w(u,v)=Figure2:Preprint transformationBut,new problems arise:What is the right value of the’aging’factor?Is there an efficient algorithm to count the restricted trails?The other possibility,since a citation network is usually almost acyclic,is to transform it into an acyclic network•by identification(shrinking)of cyclic groups(nontrivial strong components),or •by deleting some arcs,or•by transformations such as the’preprint’transformation(see Figure2)which is based on the following idea:Each paper from a strong component is duplicated with its’preprint’version.The papers inside strong component cite preprints.Large strong components in citation network are unlikely–their presence usually indicates an error in the data.An exception from this rule is the citation network of High Energy Particle Physics literature[20]from arXiv.In it different versions of the same paper are treated as a unit.This leads to large strongly connected components.The idea of preprint transformation can be used also in this case to eliminate cycles.6First Example:SOM citation networkThe purpose of this example is not the analysis of the selected citation network on SOM(self-organizing maps)literature[12,24,23],but to present typical steps and results in citation net-work analysis.We made our analysis using program Pajek.First we test the network for acyclicity.Since in the SOM network there are11nontrivial strong components of size2,see Table1,we have to transform the network into acyclic one.We decided to do this by shrinking each component into a single vertex.This operation produces some loops that should be removed.Figure3:Main path and CPM path in SOM network with SPC weights Now,we can compute the citation weights.We selected the SPC(search path count)method. It returns the following results:the network with citation weights on arcs,the main path network and the vector with vertex weights.In a citation network,a main path(sub)network is constructed starting from the source vertex and selecting at each step in the end vertex/vertices the arc(s)with the highest weight, until a sink vertex is reached.Another possibility is to apply on the network N=(U,R,w)the critical path method (CPM)from operations research.First we draw the main path network.The arc weights are represented by the thickness of arcs.To produce a nice picture of it we apply the Pajek’s macro Layers which contains a sequence of operations for determining a layered layout of an acyclic network(used also in analysis of genealogies represented by p-graphs).Some experiments with settings of different options are needed to obtain a right picture,see left part of Figure3.In its right part the CPMTable2:15Hubs and AuthoritiesRank Hub Id Authority Id1CLARK-JW-1991-V36-P1259HOPFIELD-JJ-1982-V79-P25540.063660.334273HUANG-SH-1994-V17-P212KOHONEN-T-1990-V78-P14640.057210.123985SHUBNIKOV-EI-1997-V64-P989#GARDNER-E-1988-V21-P2570.054960.093537VEMURI-V-1993-V36-P203MCELIECE-RJ-1987-V33-P4610.054090.076569BUSCEMA-M-1998-V33-P17RUMELHART-DE-1985-V9-P750.052580.0727111WELLS-DM-1998-V41-P173ANDERSON-JA-1977-V84-P4130.052330.0703313SMITH-KA-1999-V11-P15KOSKO-B-1987-V26-P49470.051490.0580215KOHONEN-T-1990-V78-P1464GROSSBERG-S-1987-V11-P23 path is presented.We see that the upper parts of both paths are identical,but they differ in the continuation. The arcs in the CPM path are thicker.We could display also the complete SOM network using essentially the same procedure as for the displaying of main path.But the obtained picture would be too complicated(too many vertices and arcs).We have to identify some simpler and important subnetworks inside it.Inspecting the distribution of values of weights on arcs(lines)we select a threshold0.007 and determine the corresponding arc-cut–delete all arcs with weights lower than selected threshold and afterwards delete also all isolated vertices(degree=0).Now,we are ready to draw the reduced network.Wefirst produce an automatic layout.We notice some small unimportant components.We preserve only the large main component,draw it and improve the obtained layout manually.To preserve the level structure we use the option that allows only the horizontal movement of vertices.Finally we label the’most important vertices’with their labels.A vertex is considered important if it is an endpoint of an arc with the weight above the selected threshold(in our case 0.05).The obtained picture of SOM’main subnetwork’is presented in Figure4.We see that the SOMfield evolved in two main branches.From CARPENTER-1987the strongest(main path) arc is leading to the right branch that after some steps disappears.The left,more vital branch is detected by the CPM path.Further investigation of this is left to the readers with additional knowledge about the SOMfield.As a complementary information we can determine Kleinberg’s hubs and authorities vertex weights[17].Papers that are cited by many other papers are called authorities;papers that cite many other documents are called hubs.Good authorities are those that are cited by good hubsFigure4:Main subnetwork at level0.007and good hubs cite good authorities.The15highest ranked hubs and authorities are presented in Table2.We see that the main authorities are located in eighties and the main hubs in nineties. Note that,since we are using the relation uRv≡u is cited by v,we have to interchange the roles of hubs and authorities produced by Pajek.An elaboration of the hubs and authorities approach to the analysis of citation networks complemented with visualization can be found in Brandes and Willhalm(2002)[8].7Second Example:US patentsThe network of US patents from1963to1999[21]is an example of very large network (3774768vertices and16522438arcs)that,using some special options in Pajek,can still be analyzed on PC with at least1G memory.The SPC weights are determined in a range of1 minute.This shows that the proposed approach can be used also for very large networks.The obtained main path and CPM path are presented in Figure5.Collecting from the United States Patent and Trademark Office[22]the basic data about the patents from both paths,see Table3-6,we see that they deal with’liquid crystal displays’.But,in this network there should be thousands of’themes’.How to identify them?Using the arc weights we can define a theme as a connected small subnetwork of size in the interval k ..K(for example,between k=1Table3:Patents on the liquid-crystal display patent author(s)and titleMar13,1951Jun29,1954May30,1967May19,1970Jan18,1972May30,1972Jul11,1972Sep19,1972Oct10,1972May8,1973Jun19,1973Oct23,1973Nov20,1973Mar5,1974Mar12,1974Apr23,1974May7,1974Mar18,1975Apr8,1975May6,1975Jun24,1975Mar30,1976May4,1976Jun1,1976Aug17,1976Dec28,1976Mar8,1977Mar22,1977Apr12,1977Table4:Patents on the liquid-crystal display patent author(s)and titleJun14,1977Jun28,1977Mar7,1978Apr4,1978Apr11,1978Sep12,1978Oct3,1978Dec19,1978Apr17,1979May15,1979Apr1,1980Apr15,1980May13,1980Oct21,1980Apr14,1981Sep22,1981Oct6,1981Nov24,1981May18,1982Jul20,1982Sep14,1982Nov2,1982Nov30,1982Jan11,1983May31,1983Jun7,1983Jun7,1983Aug23,1983Nov15,1983Dec6,1983Dec27,1983Jun19,1984Jun26,1984Jul17,1984Sep18,1984Table5:Patents on the liquid-crystal display patent author(s)and titleSep18,1984Oct30,1984Mar5,1985Apr9,1985Apr30,1985Jul2,1985Nov5,1985Dec10,1985Apr22,1986Nov11,1986Dec23,1986Apr14,1987Apr21,1987Sep22,1987Nov3,1987Nov24,1987Dec1,1987Dec15,1987Jan12,1988Jan26,1988Jun21,1988Sep13,1988Jan3,1989Jan10,1989Apr11,1989May23,1989Oct31,1989Sep18,1990May21,1991May21,1991Jun16,1992Jun23,1992Dec15,1992Dec29,1992Table6:Patents on the liquid-crystal display patent author(s)and titleSep7,1993Feb1,1994May3,1994June7,1994Dec20,1994Apr18,1995Jul23,1996Aug6,1996Sep10,1996Nov4,1997Jun23,1998Jan5,1999Nov23,1999Dec21,19992510205010011001000sizef r e qFigure 6:Island size frequency distributionTable8:Some patents from the’foam’island patent author(s)and titleNov29,1977Sep29,1981Nov2,1982Jul10,1984Jan29,1985Oct1,1985Dec22,1987May22,1990Feb26,1991Dec8,1992Feb16,1993May3,1994Sep24,1996Table9:Some patents from’fiber optics and bags’island patent author(s)and titleJul24,1984Apr16,1985Jul23,1985May20,1986Jun30,1987Jan12,1988Nov15,1988Nov22,1988Mar7,1989Mar7,1989May9,1989Jan1,1991Mar5,1991Feb23,1993May3,1994Nov15,1994The subnetworks approach onlyfilters out the structurally important subnetworks thus pro-viding a researcher with a smaller manageable structures which can be further analyzed using more sophisticated and/or substantial methods.9AcknowledgmentsThe search path count algorithm was developed during my visit in Pittsburgh in1991and pre-sented at the Network seminar[2].It was presented to the broader audience at EASST’94in Budapest[3].In1997it was included in program Pajek[4].The’preprint’transformation was developed as a part of the contribution for the Graph drawing contest2001[5].The al-gorithm for the path length counts was developed in August2002and the Islands algorithm in August2003.The author would like to thank Patrick Doreian and Norm Hummon for introducing him into thefield of citation network analysis,Eugene Garfield for making available the data on real-life networks and providing some relevant references,and Andrej Mrvar and Matjaˇz Zaverˇs nik for implementing the algorithms in Pajek.This work was supported by the Ministry of Education,Science and Sport of Slovenia, Project0512-0101.References[1]Asimov I.:The Genetic Code,New American Library,New York,1963.[2]Batagelj V.:Some Mathematics of Network work Seminar,Department ofSociology,University of Pittsburgh,January21,1991.[3]Batagelj V.:An Efficient Algorithm for Citation Networks Analysis.Paper presented atEASST’94,Budapest,Hungary,August28-31,1994.[4]Batagelj V.,Mrvar A.:Pajek–program for analysis and visualization of large networks.http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/pajek/http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/pajek/howto/extreme.htm [5]Batagelj V.,Mrvar A.:Graph Drawing Contest2001Layoutshttp://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/GD/GD01.htm[6]Batagelj V.,Zaverˇs nik M.:Generalized Cores.Submitted,2002./abs/cs.DS/0202039[7]Batagelj V.,Zaverˇs nik M.:Islands–identifying themes in large networks.In preparation,August2003.[8]Brandes U.,Willhalm T.:Visualization of bibliographic networks with a reshaped land-scape metaphor.Joint Eurographics–IEEE TCVG Symposium on Visualization,D.Ebert, P.Brunet,I.Navazo(Editors),2002.http://algo.fmi.uni-passau.de/˜brandes/publications/bw-vbnrl-02.pdf[9]Cormen T.H.,Leiserson C.E.,Rivest R.L.,Stein C.:Introduction to Algorithms,SecondEdition.MIT Press,2001.[10]Garfield E,Sher IH,and Torpie RJ.:The Use of Citation Data in Writing the History ofScience.Philadelphia:The Institute for Scientific Information,December1964./papers/useofcitdatawritinghistofsci.pdf[11]Garfield E.:From Computational Linguistics to Algorithmic Historiography,paper pre-sented at the Symposium in Honor of Casimir Borkowski at the University of Pittsburgh School of Information Sciences,September19,2001./papers/pittsburgh92001.pdf [12]Garfield E.,Pudovkin A.I.,Istomin,V.S.:Histcomp–(comp iled Hist oriography program)/histcomp/guide.html/histcomp/index.html[13]Garner R.:A computer oriented,graph theoretic analysis of citation index structures.Flood B.(Editor),Three Drexel information science studies,Philadelphia:Drexel Univer-sity Press1967./rgarner.pdf[14]Hummon N.P.,Doreian P.:Connectivity in a Citation Network:The Development of DNATheory.Social Networks,11(1989)39-63.[15]Hummon N.P.,Doreian P.:Computational Methods for Social Network Analysis.SocialNetworks,12(1990)273-288.[16]Hummon N.P.,Doreian P.,Freeman L.C.:Analyzing the Structure of the Centrality-Productivity Literature Created Between1948and1979.Knowledge:Creation,Diffusion, Utilization,11(1990)4,459-480.[17]Kleinberg J.:Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment.In Proc9th ACMSIAMSymposium on Discrete Algorithms,1998,p.668-677./home/kleinber/auth.ps/kleinberg97authoritative.html[18]Wilson,R.J.,Watkins,J.J.:Graphs:An Introductory Approach.New York:John Wileyand Sons,1990.[19]Pajek’s datasets–citation networks:http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/data/cite/[20]KDD Cup2003:/projects/kddcup/index.html/[21]Hall,B.H.,Jaffe,A.B.and Tratjenberg M.:The NBER U.S.Patent Citations Data File.NBER Working Paper8498(2001)./patents/[22]The United States Patent and Trademark Office./netahtml/srchnum.htm[23]Bibliography on the Self-Organizing Map(SOM)and Learning Vector Quantization(LVQ)a.de/bibliography/Neural/SOM.LVQ.html[24]Neural Networks Research Centre:Bibliography of SOM papers.http://www.cis.hut.fi/research/refs/。
工业科学公司Ventis Pro5一体化气体监测仪说明书
Test Drive the Ventis Pro5 with the Instrument Simulator/VentisProSimulatorWARRANTYGuaranteed for Life ™. Warranted for as long as the instrument is supported by Industrial Scientific Corporation (Excludes sensors, batteries, and filters). Pump , LEL, CO, and H 2S sensors warranted for four years. PID sensor warranted for one year. All other sensors and batteries are warranted for two years.Two buttons for operation. Dedicated panic button.DATA LOGAt least 3 months at 10-second intervals EVENT LOGGING 60 alarm eventsINGRESS PROTECTIONIP68 (submersion at 1.5 meters for 1 hour)CASE MATERIALPolycarbonate with protective rubber overmold DIMENSIONS104 x 58 x 36 mm (4.1 x 2.3 x 1.4 in) without Pump 172 x 67 x 65 mm (6.8 x 2.6 x 2.6 in) with Pump104 x 58 x 61 mm (4.1 x 2.3 x 2.4 in) with wi-fi and cellular battery WEIGHT200 g (7.05 oz) typical, without Pump 390 g (13.76 oz) typical, with Pump 243 g (8.5 oz) typical, with wi-fi battery 247 g (8.7 oz) typical, with cellular battery•Reinforce safe behavior with programmable alarm action messages like “EVACUATE” or “VENTILATE” based on alarm level.•Simplify the user experience with the ability to hide unnecessary screens based on user needs, role, industry, or site.Sensor & Configuration OptionsThe Ventis Pro5 offers sensor and configuration options for multiple industries and applications, including standard and non-standard 4-gas, 5-gas, and a methane IR sensor, making it a cost-effective option for personal protection and confined space applications.LEL (CH 4% Vol)LEL (Methane)LEL (Pentane) O 2 H 2S Cl 2COCO/H 2 Low CO/H 2S SO 2NO 2IR CH 4IR CO 2IR CO 2/CH 4IR CO 2/LEL IR HCULP IR CH4ULP IR HCHCN NH 3PH 3PIDBuild and price your Ventis Pro5 online with the Instrument Builder/VentisProBuilderSPECIFICATIONS*ALARMSFour visual alarm LEDs (two red, two blue);95 decibel (dB) audible alarm at a distance of 10 cm (3.94 in); Vibration alarm SENSORSCombustible Gases/Methane – Catalytic BeadO 2, CO, CO/H 2 low, H 2S, HCN, NH 3, NO 2, PH 3, SO 2, Cl 2 – Electrochemical CO 2, CH 4, CO 2/LEL, CO 2/CH 4, HC – Infrared, PID, ULP IR CH 4, ULP IR HC MEASURING RANGES CATALYTIC BEAD Combustible Gases: 0-100% LEL in 1% increments Methane (CH 4): 0-5% of vol in 0.01% increments ELECTROCHEMICAL Ammonia (NH 3): 0-500 ppm in 1 ppm increments Carbon Monoxide (CO): 0-2,000 ppm in 1 ppm increments Carbon Monoxide (CO/H 2 low): 0-1,000 ppm in 1 ppm increments Carbon Monoxide/Hydrogen Sulfide: CO: 0-1,500 ppm in 1 ppm increments H 2S: 0-500 ppm in 0.1 ppm increments Chlorine (Cl 2) 0-50 ppm in 0.1 ppm increments Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2S): 0-500 ppm in 0.1 ppm increments Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN): 0-30 ppm in 0.1 ppm increments Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2): 0-150 ppm in 0.1 ppm increments Oxygen (O 2) (Standard/Long-Life): 0-30% of vol in 0.1% increments Phosphine (PH 3): 0-10 ppm in 0.01 ppm increments Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2): 0-150 ppm in 0.1 ppm increments INFRAREDCarbon Dioxide (CO 2): 0-5% vol in 0.01% increments Methane (CH 4): 0-5% vol in 0.01% increments 5-100% vol in 0.1% increments Carbon Dioxide/Combustible CO 2: 0-5% vol in 0.01% increments LEL: 0-100% LEL in 1% increments Carbon Dioxide/Methane: CO 2: 0-5% vol in 0.01% increments C H 4: 0-5% vol in 0.01% increments C H 4: 5-100% vol in 0.1% increments Hydrocarbons 0-100% LEL in 1% increments Hydrocarbon (HC ULP) 0-100% LEL in 1% increments Methane (CH 4 ULP) 0-100% LEL in 0.1% increments 5.1-100% vol in 0.1% increments PHOTOIONIZATIONVolatile Organic Compounds (10.6 eV) 0-2,000 ppm in 0.1 ppm increments CERTIFICATIONSINGRESS PROTECTION IP68ANZEx: Ex ia I Ma/Ex ia IIC T4 Ga, -40 °C ≤ Ta ≤ 50 °CEx d ia I Mb/Ex d ia IIC T4 Gb IR sensor, -20 °C ≤ Ta ≤ 50 °C IR sensor ATEX: Equipment Group and Category II 1G, Ex ia IIC, Ga, T4Equipment Group and Category II 2G, Ex d ia IIC, Gb, T4, IR sensor China CPC: CPA 2017-C103China Ex: Ex ia IIC T4 Ga, -40 °C ≤ Ta ≤ 50 °C; Ex d ia IIC T4 Gb IR sensor, -20 °C ≤ Ta ≤ 50 °C IR sensorCSA: Cl I, Div 1, Gr A-D, T4; Cl I, Zone 1, Ex d ia IIC, T4 | C22.2 No. 152 for % LEL reading only | 70046111IECEx: Cl I, Zone 0, Ex ia IIC, Ga, T4; Cl I, Zone 1, Ex d ia IIC, Gb, T4, IR sensor INMETRO: Ex ia IIC T4 Ga, -40 °C ≤ Ta ≤ 50 °CEx d ia IIC T4 Gb IR sensor, -20 °C ≤ Ta ≤ 50 °C IR sensor KC: Ex d ia IIC T4MSHA: 30 CFR Part 22; Permissible for underground mines NCC: NCC/TSNI/WN/TA/CERT/3139/2019PA-DEP: BFE 46-12 Permissible for PA Bituminous underground mines UL: Cl I, Div 1, Gr A-D, T4; Cl II, Div 1, Gr E-G, T4Cl I, Zone 0, AEx ia IIC, T4; Cl I, Zone 1, AEx d ia II C, T4, IR sensorVentis Pro5 with wi-fi and cell: certified to ATEX, IECEx, UL, and CSA See /ventispro for all certifications.REV 4 0820AMERICAS Phone: +1-412-788-43531-800-DETECTS (338-3287) |***************ASIA PACIFIC Phone: +65-6561-7377Fax: +65-6561-7787 |**************.com EMEAPhone: +33 (0)1 57 32 92 61Fax: +33 (0)1 57 32 92 67 |**************.comWIRELESS CERTIFICATIONSVentis Pro5 Instruments: FCC, ISED – Canada, EU Radio Equipment Directive (R.E.D.) and many other countriesVentis Pro5 with wi-fi: FCC, ISED – Canada, EU Radio Equipment Directive (R.E.D.)Ventis Pro5 with LTE Cat M1 Cellular: FCC, ISED-Canada, PTCRB, AT&T and Verizon POWER SOURCE/RUN TIMERechargeable Slim Extended Lithium-ion battery (no Pump option) (18 hours typical @ 20 ºC) with LEL (54 hours typical @ 20 ºC) with IRRechargeable Lithium-ion battery (no Pump option) (12 hours typical @ 20 ºC) with LEL (36 hours typical @ 20 ºC) with IRRechargeable Extended-Range Lithium-ion battery with LEL (23 hours typical @ 20 ºC) without Pump (18 hours typical @ 20 ºC) with PumpRechargeable Extended-Range Lithium-ion battery with IR (72 hours typical @ 20 ºC) without Pump (32 hours typical @ 20 ºC) with PumpRechargeable wi-fi Lithium-ion battery (no Pump option) (14 hours typical @ 20 ºC) with LELRechargeable Cellular Lithium-ion battery (no Pump option) (14 hours typical @ 20 ºC) with LEL LANGUAGEEnglish, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese, Polish SUPPLIED WITH MONITORCalibration Cup (without Pump), Sample Tubing (with Pump), Reference Guide* These specifications are based on performance averages and may vary by instrument.** O perating temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F) may cause reduced instrument accuracy. Operatingtemperatures below -20 °C (-4 °F) may cause reduced instrument accuracy and affect display and alarm performance. See Product Manual for details.*** Cellular connectivity only available in US and Canada† S ee /wireless-certifications for country-specific wireless approvals and certifications.。
Series EP1000电子胶气控制器安装和操作指南纸条F-84说明书
Bulletin F-84 The Series EP1000 Electro-pneumatic Controller combinesthe highest quality instrumentation in one compact NEMA 4Xenclosure for easy, low cost installation. Simply provide a supplypressure and voltage with a standard thermocouple, RTD, DCvoltage or DC current input to this unit and a traditionalpneumatic process quickly converts to a state-of-the-artelectronic operation. The versatile microprocessor basedcontroller incorporates a high level of standard features. Typicalfunction setup items appear in the control menu only when thefunction is selected, so you don’t have to wade throughunnecessary items. Standard features include Self-Tune, fullyadjustable PID and Auto/Manual control.INSTALLATIONMounting: Loosen four (4) mounting screws on back ofenclosure and rotate mounting feet to vertical position. Mountenclosure to a flat surface in a vertical position.PNEUMATIC CONNECTIONSCAUTION: Use of a supply gas other than air can create ahazardous environment because a small amount of the gascontinuously vents to the atmosphere.Connect a clean dry air supply from 20 to 1000 psig to the portmarked “supply”. Connect the control element to the “output”port. Output is 0 to 20 psig. Both ports are 1/4˝ NPT. It isimportant that the line does not leak. This will affect controloperation.ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONSTwo (2), 1/2˝ conduit holes are provided for AC power and inputsignal connections. Run power and signal leads in separateconduit. Connect AC power and input signal to terminals shownon page 5 of controller instruction manual 949-1195. Route wirecarefully and allow proper slack in wires to allow door to open.Wires can be secured with wire tires.SPECIFICATIONSFront Panel Selectable Inputs:Thermocouple, RTD, DC voltageor DC current.Supply Pressure:Minimum: EP1000: 18 psig (1.24 bar);EP1011: 33 psig (2.28 bar);Maximum: 100 psig (6.89 bar).Output:EP1000: 3 to 15 psig (0.21 to 1.03 bar);EP1011: 6 to 30 psig (0.41 to 2.07 bar).Accuracy:±1.0% of span.Linearity:±0.75% of span.Hysteresis:±1.0% of span.Repeatability:±0.5% of span.Power Requirements: 100 to 240 VAC, 50/60 Hz.Temperature Limits: 32 to 122°F (0 to 50°C).Pressure Connections:1/4˝ female NPT.Air Consumption: 0.03 SCFM (0.5 m3/h) typical.Output Capacity:4.5 SCFM (7.6 m3/h) at 25 psig (1.72 bar) supply;12 SCFM (20 m3/h) at 100 psig (6.89 bar) supply.Enclosure: NEMA 4X.Weight: 8 lb 1 oz (3.67 kg).©Copyright 2014 Dwyer Instruments, Inc.Printed in U.S.A. 4/14FR# RP-440935-00 Rev. 4[41.28]SETTING PROGRAMThe EP1000 has been factory set for a 100 ohm platinum RTD(DIN 0.00385) input and a range of 0 to 250°F. This can beeasily changed to any other input by following the“Programming” Instructions in the controller manual. See page 3to get started. This also describes using all of the additionalfeatures.。
CLB40I1200PZ 单极性门控阀门Thyristor产品说明书
Single Anode Gated ThyristorHigh Efficiency ThyristorPart numberCLB40I1200PZMarking on Product: CLB40I1200PZBackside: cathodeTAV TV V1.26RRM 401200=V =V I =A Features / Advantages:Applications:Package:● Thyristor for line frequency ● Planar passivated chip ● Long-term stability● Thyristor can be used as Triac- anti-parallel combination with CGT- Cathode-Gated-Thyristor covers quadrants I & II - CGT-counterpart: CLA40E1200NPZ● Line rectifying 50/60 Hz ● Softstart AC motor control ● DC Motor control ● Power converter ● AC power control● Lighting and temperature controlTO-263 (D2Pak-HV)● Industry standard outline ● RoHS compliant● Epoxy meets UL 94V-0Information furnished is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, users should independentlyevaluate the suitability of and test each product selected for their own applications. Littelfuse products are not designed for,and may not be used in, all applications. Read complete Disclaimer Notice at Disclaimer Notice/disclaimer-electronics.RatingsC L B 40I 1200 PZPart descriptionThyristor (SCR)High Efficiency Thyristor Anode gated (up to 1200V)Single Anode Gated Thyristor T O-263AB (D2Pak) (2HV)===Current Rating [A]Reverse Voltage [V]==== PackageT op °C T VJ °C 150virtual junction temperature -40Weight g 1.5Symbol Definitiontyp.max.min.Conditionsoperation temperature Unit F C N 60mounting force with clip20mm mm4.24.7d Spp/App creepage distance on surface | striking distance through aird Spb/Apbterminal to backsideI RMS RMS current35A per terminal125-40terminal to terminal TO-263 (D2Pak-HV)CLB40I1200PZ-TUB Tube 50525290CLB40I1200PZ Delivery Mode Quantity Code No.Ordering Number Marking on Product Alternative Ordering CLB40I1200PZ-TRL 518476Tape & Reel800CLB40I1200PZ Standard T stg °C 150storage temperature-40m Ω0 max R 0 maxslope resistance *7.4Thyristor。
Eaton Moeller系列xPole - mRB4 6 RCBO型号120677产品说明说明书
Eaton 120677Eaton Moeller series xPole - mRB4/6 RCBO - residual-current circuit breaker with overcurrent protection. RCD/MCB, 20A, 30mA, C-LS-Char, 3N pole, FI-Char: AGeneral specificationsEaton Moeller series xPole - mRB4/6 RCBO - residual-current circuit breaker with overcurrent protection12067780 mm75.5 mm 70 mm 0.445 kgCE Marked RoHS conformCE 4015081185078mRB4-20/3N/C/003-AProduct NameCatalog Number Product Length/Depth Product Height Product Width Product Weight Compliances Certifications EANModel CodeSwitchgear for residential and commercial applicationsmRB4Combined RCD/MCB devicesSwitchgear for industrial and advanced commercial applications Three-pole + N44CC20 A6 - 25 Ampere0.03 AType A, pulse-current sensitiveRCBO AC400 V230 V / 400 V400 V500 V4 kV30, 100, 300 MilliAmpere Partly surge-proof, 250 A 50 HzA4.5 kA4.5 kA4.5 kA0.5 x I∆n4.5 kA4.5 kA4.5 kAApplicationProduct rangeBasic functionProduct applicationNumber of polesNumber of poles (protected) Number of poles (total) Tripping characteristic Release characteristicRated currentRated current of product range Fault current rating Sensitivity typeType Voltage typeVoltage ratingVoltage rating at ACRated operational voltage (Ue) - maxRated insulation voltage (Ui)Rated impulse withstand voltage (Uimp)Rated fault currents of product rangeImpulse withstand currentFrequency ratingLeakage current typeRated switching capacityRated switching capacity (IEC/EN 60947-2)Rated switching capacity (IEC/EN 61009)Rated non-tripping currentRated short-circuit breaking capacity (EN 60947-2) Rated short-circuit breaking capacity (EN 61009) Rated short-circuit breaking capacity (EN 61009-1) Rated short-circuit breaking capacity (IEC 60947-2)4.5 kA 0.25 kAUndelayed Non-delayed 100 Ampere gL 3III245 mm480 mm70 mmTri-stable slide catch - enables removal from existing busbar combinationIP20IP40Twin-purpose1 - 25 Square MillimeterBusbar tag shroud to VBG41 mm²25 mm²1 mm²25 mm²2 mmIEC 68-2: 25 °C - 55 °C at 90 % - 95 % humiditySurge current capacityDisconnection characteristic TrippingBack-up fuseSelectivity class Overvoltage category Pollution degree FrameWidth in number of modular spacingsDevice heightBuilt-in depthMounting styleDegree of protectionDegree of protection (built in)Terminals (top and bottom)Solid terminal capacitiesTerminal protectionConnectable conductor cross section (solid-core) - min Connectable conductor cross section (solid-core) - max Connectable conductor cross section (multi-wired) - min Connectable conductor cross section (multi-wired) - max Material thicknessClimatic proofing20 A0 W 11.8 W 0 W0 W-25 °C 40 °C Meets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Rated operational current for specified heat dissipation (In) Heat dissipation per pole, current-dependentEquipment heat dissipation, current-dependentStatic heat dissipation, non-current-dependentHeat dissipation capacityAmbient operating temperature - minAmbient operating temperature - max 10.2.2 Corrosion resistance10.2.3.1 Verification of thermal stability of enclosures10.2.3.2 Verification of resistance of insulating materials to normal heat10.2.3.3 Resist. of insul. mat. to abnormal heat/fire by internal elect. effects10.2.4 Resistance to ultra-violet (UV) radiation10.2.5 Lifting10.2.6 Mechanical impact10.2.7 Inscriptions10.3 Degree of protection of assemblies10.4 Clearances and creepage distances10.5 Protection against electric shock10.6 Incorporation of switching devices and components10.7 Internal electrical circuits and connections10.8 Connections for external conductors10.9.2 Power-frequency electric strengthIs the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.The panel builder is responsible for the temperature rise calculation. Eaton will provide heat dissipation data for the devices.Is the panel builder's responsibility. The specifications for the switchgear must be observed.Is the panel builder's responsibility. The specifications for the switchgear must be observed.The device meets the requirements, provided the information in the instruction leaflet (IL) is observed.3Concurrently switching N-neutralIEC/EN 61009eaton-xpole-mrb4-rcbo-catalog-ca019058en-en-us.pdfeaton-xpole-mrb6-rcbo-catalog-ca019057en-en-us.pdf03_mRB-3p_20041603_mRB-3N_281118DA-DC-03_mRB-3N03_mRB-2_16061603_mRB4-PT_180517eaton-mcb-xpole-mrb4-6-characteristic-curve.epseaton-xeffect-frbm6/m-characteristic-curve-002.jpgeaton-xeffect-frbm6/m-dimensions-004.jpgeaton-mcb-xpole-mrb4-6-dimensions.epsDimensions xPole mRB4/mRB6 3N3D Drawing xPole mRB4/mRB6 3NETN.mRB4-20_3N_C_003-Aeaton-xpole-combined-mcb-rcd-device-rcbo-packaging-manual-multilingual.pdfIL019140ZUDA-CD-faz_3pn_4pDA-CS-faz_3pn_4p10.9.3 Impulse withstand voltage10.9.4 Testing of enclosures made of insulating material 10.10 Temperature rise10.11 Short-circuit rating10.12 Electromagnetic compatibility10.13 Mechanical function Current limiting class FeaturesStandards Catalogues Certification reports Characteristic curve DrawingseCAD model Installation instructionsmCAD modelTime/current curvesEaton Corporation plc Eaton House30 Pembroke Road Dublin 4, Ireland © 2023 Eaton. All rights reserved. Eaton is a registered trademark.All other trademarks areproperty of their respectiveowners./socialmediaCharacteristics xPole mRB4/mRB6 3Neaton-xeffect-frbm6/m-wiring-diagram-002.jpg Contact Sequence xPole mRB4/mRB6 3N eaton-mcb-xpole-mrb4-6-wiring-diagram.eps Wiring diagrams。
吸入药物经肺吸收过程研究进展
山㊀东㊀化㊀工㊀㊀收稿日期：２０２１－０１－３０㊀㊀基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目资助（８１４７３２７２，８１５０３１４８，８２００３８７７）；中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目资助（２６３２０１８ＰＴ０２，２６３２０２０ＺＤ０１）；中国药科大学 双一流 创新团队项目资助（ＣＰＵ２０１８ＧＹ２９，ＣＰＵ２０１８ＧＦ１１）；江苏省自然科学基金项目资助（ＢＫ２０１９０５５７）㊀㊀作者简介：宁晨（１９９６ ），河南开封人，中国药科大学硕士，研究方向：药物代谢动力学；通信作者：陈西敬（１９６３ ），河南平顶山人，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向：药物代谢动力学㊂吸入药物经肺吸收过程研究进展宁晨，苏圣迪，李宁，张永杰，陈西敬（中国药科大学基础医学与临床药学学院临床药物代谢动力学研究室，江苏南京㊀２１１１９８）摘要：随着吸入给药药物不断发展，药物经肺吸收过程的研究在肺部给药药物开发过程中愈发显示出其重要性㊂本文综述目前关于药物经肺吸收的研究方法及影响因素，可以为肺部给药药物开发的过程提供参考㊂关键词：吸入药物；吸收；药代动力学中图分类号：Ｒ９６５．２㊀㊀㊀㊀文献标识码：Ａ㊀㊀㊀㊀文章编号：１００８－０２１Ｘ（２０２１）０９－００５４－０３ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＰｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｏｎｔｈｅＡｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆＩｎｈａｌｅｄＤｒｕｇｓＴｈｒｏｕｇｈＬｕｎｇＮｉｎｇＣｈｅｎ，ＳｕＳｈｅｎｇｄｉ，ＬｉＮｉｎｇ，ＺｈａｎｇＹｏｎｇｊｉｅ，ＣｈｅｎＸｉｊｉｎｇ（ＣｌｉｎｉｃａｌＰｈａｒｍａｃｏｋｉｎｅｔｉｃｓＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙ，ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＢａｓｉｃＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅａｎｄＣｌｉｎｉｃａｌＰｈａｒｍａｃｙ，ＣｈｉｎａＰｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｎａｎｊｉｎｇ㊀２１１１９８，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｄｒｕｇｓｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｅｄｂｙｉｎｈａｌａｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｄｒｕｇａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｔｈｅｌｕｎｇｈａｓｂｅｃｏｍｅｍｏｒｅａｎｄｍｏｒｅｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｉｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｄｒｕｇｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｆｏｒｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｄｒｕｇｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ．Ｔｈｉｓｒｅｖｉｅｗｓａｉｍｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｍｅｔｈｏｄｓａｎｄｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒｓｏｎｔｈｅｄｒｕｇａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ．Ｗｅｈｏｐｅｉｔｗｉｌｌｐｒｏｖｉｄｅａｇｕｉｄａｎｃｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｄｒｕｇｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｆｏｒｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｄｒｕｇｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｉｎｈａｌａｔｉｏｎｄｒｕｇ；ａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎ；ｐｈａｒｍａｃｏｋｉｎｅｔｉｃｓ㊀㊀吸入药物是指通过特定的给药装置，将药物以雾化形式通过呼吸道递送到肺部后发挥局部或全身作用的一类药物㊂近年来，肺部吸入给药作为一种较传统给药方式具有多方面优越性的给药方式，正在受到越来越多的关注㊂肺部给药常用于呼吸系统疾病的治疗，如哮喘㊁慢性阻塞性肺病㊁肺纤维化㊁肺部感染等［１］㊂而通过肺部作为吸收部位使药物避免肝肠首过，发挥全身作用的药物如吸入式人胰岛素，近年来也有了巨大的突破［２－３］㊂随着需要通过吸入方式给药的的药物种类不断扩展，更好地了解肺部吸收过程及其影响因素将有助于避免药物吸入后无法成功与药物靶标接触，以及确定药物在肺部蓄积或全身暴露不足或过度暴露的可能性㊂肺部吸入药物的吸收过程研究正成为吸入药物临床前研究的重要一环㊂由于肺具有表面积巨大，肺泡壁薄，血流量高等独特的生理性质，进入肺部的药物易快速吸收继而从肺部消除，随动脉血流分布到全身，对于在肺局部发挥药效和全身作用的药物提出了不同的挑战［３］㊂对于局部作用的吸入制剂来说，药物快速的起效时间，稳定的药物释放速率，较高的气道选择性，较快的全身清除速率是十分重要的［４］㊂而对于吸入给药起全身作用的药物来说，需要在避免肺部过度暴露的同时克服肺部防御，保证足够的全身暴露水平，才能保证靶部位有效的药物浓度［５］㊂本文综述近年来肺吸入药物在肺内吸收过程的评价手段，包括通过动物在体方法，离体器官－组织法和体外细胞模型法，并对目前对于肺吸入药物分子性质，药物剂型，肺部转运体等影响肺部药物吸收过程的因素的认识进行了讨论㊂１㊀肺内吸收研究方法１．１㊀动物体内方法对肺部吸入药物的吸收的全面表征是一项复杂的任务，涉及药物沉积与溶解，纤毛清除，巨噬细胞吞噬与跨膜转运等［６］㊂由于肺部的复杂组织结构与生理状态难以在体外模拟，因此体内全动物模型仍然是吸入药物开发的关键㊂常用的吸入实验动物包括大鼠㊁小鼠㊁豚鼠㊁犬㊁猪㊁兔等［７］㊂对于口服给药的药物，通过采集给药后不同时间点外周循环血即可对胃肠道吸收进行评价㊂而就目前而言，大多数吸入剂仍是沉积在肺部发挥局部药效的药物，血浆药物浓度难以准确表征肺部药物量，因此在动物水平研究中，常添加使用支气管肺泡灌洗法与组织分布实验分别对上皮衬里液及肺组织中浓度进行测定［８］㊂由于支气管肺泡灌洗法会加入难以确定的容量误差，上皮衬里液中药物浓度可通过采用尿素，肌酐或白蛋白等内源物质进行校正［９］㊂为了考察肺内药物进入血液循环的速度，可同时采集动脉与静脉侧血液，直接通过测定血液通过肺组织前后的药物净增加量来研究肺吸收过程［１０］㊂Ｊａｎｅｔ等人采用大鼠左肺灌洗后，将灌洗液药物浓度以肺叶重量进行归一化，对多种蛋白药物入肺后未吸收部分药物进行测定，并比较了衬里液中与肺组织中药物相较于循环血清中药物含量比例，对药物入肺及入血过程进行了完整表征［１１］㊂１．２㊀离体器官－组织法离体通气灌注肺模型（ＩＰＬ）提供了一种离体情况下模拟肺呼吸与血液循环过程的方法㊂通过多次取样灌注缓冲液，可对吸入药物的吸收动力学进行描述㊂离体组织－器官法独特的优势在于可控且易于取样的药物池，可以较好的评估药物在肺内的溶解和释放过程，同时保留了药物在组织中的的扩散行为及转运体活性［１２］㊂但较短的活性持续时间与不可避免的生理状况改变，仍限制此模型使用㊂此外，由于实验室间所采用模型构建方式及雾化方式不同，离体器官模型所得到的吸收速率会在相当程度上受实验操作的影响［１３］㊂Ｃｙｎｔｈｉａ等人采用了一种更简单的大鼠ＩＰＬ来测量肺部的药物渗透性，即用药物溶液直接给药来替代雾化过程，用以专门以获取吸收性药物转运数据［１４］㊂㊃４５㊃ＳＨＡＮＤＯＮＧＣＨＥＭＩＣＡＬＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＹ㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀２０２１年第５０卷㊀第９期１．３㊀细胞模型细胞模型对于研究药物渗透过程及其机制具有许多优势，如高通量㊁操作性好㊁无伦理问题等㊂商品化的Ｃａｌｕ－３，１６ＨＢＥ１４ｏ－，ＮＨＢＥ，ＢＥＡＳ－２Ｂ细胞等永生化的呼吸道及肺泡上皮细胞模型为评价肺吸收渗透性提供了便利［１５］㊂但常用的永生肺细胞系与正常生理状态差异较大，其中对于转运体的表达和功能一直存在争议［１５］㊂原代肺泡上皮细胞模型可一定程度弥补这一缺点，但也存在着获取困难，操作复杂，实验室间差异等问题［１６］㊂采用气液界面培养的极化的单层细胞模型可用于模拟体内气血屏障，所形成的紧密单层细胞存在与体内近似的细胞形态［１７］㊂但与评价胃肠道渗透性中以Ｃａｃｏ－２细胞单层模型为标准不同，肺部药物渗透性研究的细胞模型的选择尚无共识㊂而这些细胞系间的差异，如来源部位，是否为癌细胞系等，均会对吸收过程产生影响㊂Ｃｙｎｔｈｉａ及其同事采用Ｃａｌｕ－３，１６ＨＢＥ１４ｏ－和ＮＨＥＢ三种单层细胞模型对７中化合物的渗透性进行评价，发现与Ｃａｌｕ－３细胞相比，在１６ＨＢＥ１４ｏ－和ＮＨＢＥ中获得了更高的表观通透性系数［１４］㊂２㊀影响药物经肺吸收的因素２．１㊀药物分子性质药物跨膜转运的速率与药物分子自身的性质息息相关，对于口服药物，目前公认的根据药物溶解性与肠道渗透性进行分类的ＢＳＣ（ＢｉｏｐｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃｓＣｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎＳｙｓｔｅｍ）分类模型是预测药物吸收最常见，最简单的指导原则［１８］㊂对于固定的给药剂量，药物的溶解度㊁渗透性和制剂这三个因素决定着药物在体内吸收的速度与程度㊂虽然目前尚未对肺吸入药物建立起公认的生物药剂学分类系统，但对于将ＢＳＣ分类扩展到肺部给药药物的研究正在不断进行［１９－２０］㊂药物通过气道上皮的吸收途径包括被动和主动转运机制，包括细胞旁和跨细胞转运，孔道形成，囊泡转运以及淋巴排泄［２１］㊂因此药物从肺部的吸收与它们的分子量，解离度，油水分配系数，极性表面积等理化性质有关，并且与血浆蛋白结合率与组织结合率等都存在联系［２２－２４］㊂亲脂性小分子化合物一般被认为是通过跨膜扩散吸收的，而亲水性小分子通过细胞旁途径㊂由于与孔内衬的蛋白质和脂质的相互作用较少，离子化程度较低的水溶性小分子一般吸收得更快［２５］㊂大分子药物的跨肺上皮吸收被认为由细胞旁途径或者胞吞两种方式介导［２６］㊂据报道，在１ ５００ｋＤａ的范围内，吸收率和分子量大致为负相关关系［２６］㊂然而，在一项对多种蛋白药物吸入速率的研究中并未发现分子量与吸收率之间存在联系［１１］㊂２．２㊀药物制剂吸入药物沉积后，溶解㊁纤毛清除和巨噬细胞摄取三种主要的清除机制相互竞争，通过影响药物吸收过程从而影响药物的生物利用度和药效的程度与持续时间［２７］㊂药物分子被吸收入血之前，大多首先要通过从制剂中释放溶解的过程㊂药物分子溶解度与渗透性通常难以改变，为了提高肺吸收速率的可控性，保证吸入治疗的安全有效，提高有效作用时间，通常会对药物进行制剂开发［２８］㊂因此制剂驱动的药代动力学和分子固有的药代动力学一样值得关注㊂赋形剂，吸收促进剂，表面活性剂，药物晶体水平各种新型载体系统等都会影响药物分子进入肺后的吸收过程［２９－３２］㊂无定形或多晶型制剂通常会有更高的溶解度和更快的溶解速率［３３］㊂表面活性剂可增加亲脂性小的药物分子的溶解度，从而提高吸收速率和吸收程度［３４］㊂Ｍａｓａｔｅｒｕ等以花生四烯酸与牛磺酸作为吸收促进剂，显著提高了干扰素－α和异硫氰酸荧光素４０００的系统暴露［３５］㊂２．３㊀转运体由于肺部的吸收面积大，血流量高和气血屏障薄，转运体对肺部药物分布的影响并不像胃肠道转运体一样受到重视［３６］㊂但随着吸入药物的不断发展，学界和工业界对肺部药物转运蛋白的兴趣不断增加㊂药物进入肺组织的方式分为被动扩散和主动转运，被动扩散能力较低的亲水性或大分子药物的吸收过程更依赖于转运体的介导㊂肺部转运体可能影响药物从黏液层到肺组织的吸收，由肺组织向循环系统的分布以及药物在肺内停留的时间㊂ＡＴＳＵＳＨＩ等人对原代培养的气管，支气管和肺泡上皮细胞进行了直接定量分析，全面确定了人肺组织中药物转运蛋白的蛋白表达水平［３７］㊂人肺组织中有机阳离子／肉碱转运蛋白１（ＯＣＴＮ１）蛋白表达最高，其次是多药耐药相关蛋白１（ＭＲＰ１）和乳腺癌耐药蛋白（ＢＣＲＰ）㊂由于目前大多数对肺转运体研究是在离体器官－组织或细胞模型中进行的，药物转运蛋白的表达水平与功能可能与人体内不同，可能会为临床应用带来阻碍［３６－３７］㊂３㊀结论与展望随着吸入药物种类和数量的不断扩展，越来多新型的药物经肺吸收的评价手段也正在不断进步，以帮助高质量开发肺部吸入药物㊂目前而言，吸入产品的测试重点仍在在于肺内剂量和区域沉积这些被认为是吸入产品功效，安全性和质量的最相关预测因子［２７］㊂尽管吸入药物颗粒的上皮前过程在确定吸入疗法的治疗效果中至关重要，但对肺部吸收过程，包括溶解和释放，克服组织和细胞屏障的研究也同样重要［３８］㊂目前，部分肺吸入制剂开发的研究中往往未涉及肺部吸收过程评价或评价方式单一，而肺部给药的独特性使得其药动学评价往往无法使用传统的药动学研究方式，应根据制剂的药效及特点运用体外，离体和体内肺吸收等多种吸收动力学评价手段从而为吸入药物开发提供足够的理论，为药物开发的安全性和有效性提供更多保证㊂参考文献［１］ＧＲＯＮＥＢＥＲＧＤＡ，ＷＩＴＴＣ，ＷＡＧＮＥＲＵ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌｓｏｆｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｄｒｕｇｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ［Ｊ］．ＲｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ，２００３，９７（４）：３８２－３８７．［２］ＫＬＯＮＯＦＦＤＣ．Ａｆｒｅｚｚａｉｎｈａｌｅｄｉｎｓｕｌｉｎ：Ｔｈｅｆａｓｔｅｓｔ－ａｃｔｉｎｇＦＤＡ－ａｐｐｒｏｖｅｄｉｎｓｕｌｉｎｏｎｔｈｅｍａｒｋｅｔｈａｓｆａｖｏｒａｂｌｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＤｉａｂｅｔｅｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ＆Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，２０１４，８（６）：１０７１－１０７３．［３］ＰＡＴＴＯＮＪＳ，ＢＹＲＯＮＰＲ．Ｉｎｈａｌｉｎｇｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅｓ：ｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｉｎｇｄｒｕｇｓｔｏｔｈｅｂｏｄｙｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｌｕｎｇｓ［Ｊ］．ＮａｔｕｒｅＲｅｖｉｅｗｓＤｒｕｇＤｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｙ，２００７，６（１）：６７－７４．［４］ＭＡＲＫＵＳＢＪ，ＣＨＡＲＬＯＴＴＥＫ，ＡＳＨＩＳＨＳ．Ｉｎｈａｌｅｄｔｈｅｒａｐｙｉｎｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙｄｉｓｅａｓｅ：Ｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｉｎｔｅｒｐｌａｙｏｆｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｋｉｎｅｔｉｃｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ［Ｊ］．ＣａｎａｄｉａｎＲｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙＪｏｕｒｎａｌ，２０１８，２０１８：２７３２０１７．［５］ＫＵＺＭＯＶＡ，ＭＩＮＫＯＴ．Ｎａｎｏｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓｆｏｒｉｎｈａｌａｔｉｏｎｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆｌｕｎｇｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄＲｅｌｅａｓｅ，２０１５，２１９：５００－５１８．［６］ＬＡＢＩＲＩＳＮＲ，ＤＯＬＯＶＩＣＨＭＢ．Ｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｄｒｕｇｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ．ＰａｒｔＩ：Ｐｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｒａｐｅｕｔｉｃｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｎｅｓｓｏｆａｅｒｏｓｏｌｉｚｅｄｍｅｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ［Ｊ］．ＢｒｉｔｉｓｈＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｌｉｎｉｃａｌＰｈａｒｍａｃｏｌｏｇｙ，２００３，５６（６）：５８８－５９９．［７］ＴＡＮＮＥＲＬ，ＳＩＮＧＬＥＡＢ．Ａｎｉｍａｌｍｏｄｅｌｓｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｉｎｇｃｈｒｏｎｉｃｏｂｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｄｉｓｅａｓｅａｎｄｒｅｌａｔｅｄｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒｓ：ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｎｇｐｒｅ－ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌｄａｔａｉｎｔｏｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌｒｅｌｅｖａｎｃｅ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＩｎｎａｔｅＩｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ，２０２０，１２（３）：２０３－２２５．［８］ＫＯＮＤＵＲＵＮ，ＫＥＬＬＥＲＪ，ＭＡ－ＨＯＣＫＬ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｂｉｏｋｉｎｅｔｉｃｓａｎｄｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｂａｒｉｕｍｓｕｌｆａｔｅｎａｎｏｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ［Ｊ］．ＰａｒｔｉｃｌｅａｎｄＦｉｂｒｅＴｏｘｉｃｏｌｏｇｙ，２０１４，１１（５５）：５５－５７．［９］ＲＥＮＮＡＲＤＳＩ，ＢＡＳＳＥＴＧ，ＬＥＣＯＳＳＩＥＲＤ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆｖｏｌｕｍｅｏｆｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｌｉｎｉｎｇｆｌｕｉｄｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｂｙｌａｖａｇｅｕｓｉｎｇｕｒｅａａｓｍａｒｋｅｒｏｆｄｉｌｕｔｉｏｎ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＰｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｙ，１９８６，６０（２）：５３２－５３８．［１０］ＲＡＢＩＮＯＷＩＴＺＪＤ，ＬＬＯＹＤＰＭ，ＭＵＮＺＡＲＰ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｕｌｔｒａ－ｆａｓｔ㊃５５㊃宁晨，等：吸入药物经肺吸收过程研究进展山㊀东㊀化㊀工ａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｏｆａｍｏｒｐｈｏｕｓｐｕｒｅｄｒｕｇａｅｒｏｓｏｌｓｖｉａｄｅｅｐｌｕｎｇｉｎｈａｌａｔｉｏｎ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＰｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２００６，９５（１１）：２４３８－２４５１．［１１］ＪＡＮＥＴＣ，ＣＡＲＶＡＪＡＬＩ，ＤＡＶＩＤＳＯＮＴ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｂｉｏａｖａｉｌａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｔｈｅｒａｐｅｕｔｉｃｓｉｎｒａｔｓｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｉｎｈａｌａｔｉｏｎｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ：Ｒｅｌｅｖａｎｃｅｔｏｏｃｃｕｐａｔｉｏｎａｌｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅｌｉｍｉｔｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ［Ｊ］．ＲｅｇｕｌａｔｏｒｙＴｏｘｉｃｏｌｏｇｙ＆Ｐｈａｒｍａｃｏｌｏｇｙ，２０１８，１００：３５－４４．［１２］ＴＲＯＮＤＥＡ，ＢＯＳＱＵＩＬＬＯＮＣ，ＦＯＲＢＥＳＢ．Ｔｈｅｉｓｏｌａｔｅｄｐｅｒｆｕｓｅｄｌｕｎｇｆｏｒｄｒｕｇａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ［Ｍ］／／ＥｈｒｈａｒｄｔＣ，ＫｉｍＫＪ．Ｄｒｕｇａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ：Ｉｎｓｉｔｕ，ｉｎｖｉｔｒｏａｎｄｉｎｓｉｌｉｃｏｍｏｄｅｌｓ．Ｂｏｓｔｏｎ：Ｓｐｒｉｎｇｅｒ，２０１８：１３５－１６３．［１３］ＳＡＫＡＧＡＭＩＭ．Ｉｎｖｉｔｒｏ，ｅｘｖｉｖｏａｎｄｉｎｖｉｖｏｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｏｆｌｕｎｇａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｉｎｈａｌｅｄｄｒｕｇｓ［Ｊ］．ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｄＤｒｕｇＤｅｌｉｖｅｒｙＲｅｖｉｅｗｓ，２０２０，１６１／１６２：６３－７４．［１４］ＢＯＳＱＵＩＬＬＯＮＣ，ＭＡＤＬＯＶＡＭ，ＰＡＴＥＬＮ，ｅｔａｌ．Ａｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｄｒｕｇｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｉｎｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｓ：ｉｓｏｌａｔｅｄｐｅｒｆｕｓｅｄｒａｔｌｕｎｇｓ，ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌｌｉｎｅｓａｎｄｐｒｉｍａｒｙｃｅｌｌｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ［Ｊ］．ＰｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ，２０１７，３４（１）：２５３２－２５４０．［１５］ＨＵＴＴＥＲＶ，ＨＩＬＧＥＮＤＯＲＦＣ，ＣＯＯＰＥＲＡ，ｅｔａｌ．ＥｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｌａｙｅｒｓｏｆｔｈｅｒａｔａｉｒｗａｙｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌｌｉｎｅＲＬ－６５ｆｏｒｐｅｒｍｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｓｃｒｅｅｎｉｎｇｏｆｉｎｈａｌｅｄｄｒｕｇｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ［Ｊ］．ＥｕｒｏｐｅａｎＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＰｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２０１２，４７（２）：４８１－４８９．［１６］ＨＩＥＭＳＴＲＡＰＳ，ＧＲＯＯＴＡＥＲＳＧ，ＶＡＮＤＥＲＤＯＥＳＡＭ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｈｕｍａｎｌｕｎｇｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｓｆｏｒａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｉｎｈａｌｅｄｔｏｘｉｃａｎｔｓ：Ｌｅｓｓｏｎｓｌｅａｒｎｅｄａｎｄｆｕｔｕｒｅｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ［Ｊ］．ＴｏｘｉｃｏｌｏｇｙｉｎＶｉｔｒｏ，２０１８，４７：１３７－１４６．［１７］ＫＵＥＨＮＡ，ＫＬＥＴＴＩＮＧＳ，ＣＡＲＶＡＬＨＯ－ＷＯＤＡＲＺＣＤＳ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｈｕｍａｎａｌｖｅｏｌａｒｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌｓｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｎｇｔｉｇｈｔｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｔｏｍｏｄｅｌｔｈｅａｉｒ－ｂｌｏｏｄｂａｒｒｉｅｒ［Ｊ］．ＡＬＴＥＸ，２０１６，３３（３）：２５１－２６０．［１８］ＡＭＩＤＯＮＧＬ，ＬＥＮＮＥＲＮÄＳＨＬ，ＳＨＡＨＶＰ，ｅｔａｌ．Ａｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌｂａｓｉｓｆｏｒａｂｉｏｐｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃｄｒｕｇｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ：Ｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｉｎｖｉｔｒｏｄｒｕｇｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｎｖｉｖｏｂｉｏａｖａｉｌａｂｉｌｉｔｙ［Ｊ］．ＰｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ，１９９５，１２（３）：４１３－４２０．［１９］ＥＩＸＡＲＣＨＨ，ＨＡＬＴＮＥＲ－ＵＫＯＭＡＤＵＥ，ＢＥＩＳＳＷＥＮＧＥＲＣ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｄｒｕｇｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙｔｏｔｈｅｌｕｎｇ：Ｐｅｒｍｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄｐｈｙｓｉｃｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｄｒｕｇｓａｓｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｆｏｒａｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｂｉｏｐｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍ（ｐＢＣＳ）［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ＆Ｐｈａｒｍａｃｏｌｏｇｙ，２０１０，３：１－１４．［２０］ＨＡＳＴＥＤＴＪＥ，ＢÄＣＫＭＡＮＰ，ＣＬＡＲＫＡＲ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｅｒｒａｔｕｍｔｏ：ＳｃｏｐｅａｎｄｒｅｌｅｖａｎｃｅｏｆａｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｂｉｏｐｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍＡＡＰＳ／ＦＤＡ／ＵＳＰＷｏｒｋｓｈｏｐＭａｒｃｈ１６－１７ｔｈ，２０１５ｉｎＢａｌｔｉｍｏｒｅ，ＭＤ［Ｊ］．ＡＡＰＳＯｐｅｎ，２０１６，２：４．［２１］ＣＲＹＡＮＳＡ，ＳＩＶＡＤＡＳＮ，ＧＡＲＣＩＡ－ＣＯＮＴＲＥＲＡＳＬ．Ｉｎｖｉｖｏａｎｉｍａｌｍｏｄｅｌｓｆｏｒｄｒｕｇｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙａｃｒｏｓｓｔｈｅｌｕｎｇｍｕｃｏｓａｌｂａｒｒｉｅｒ［Ｊ］．ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｄＤｒｕｇＤｅｌｉｖｅｒｙＲｅｖｉｅｗｓ，２００７，５９（１１）：１１３３－１１５１．［２２］ＴＡＹＬＯＲＧ．Ｔｈｅａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎａｎｄｍｅｔａｂｏｌｉｓｍｏｆｘｅｎｏｂｉｏｔｉｃｓｉｎｔｈｅｌｕｎｇ［Ｊ］．ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｄＤｒｕｇＤｅｌｉｖｅｒｙＲｅｖｉｅｗｓ，１９９０，５（１／２）：３７－６１．［２３］ＴＲＯＮＤＥＡ，ＮＯＲＤÉＮＢ，ＪＥＰＰＳＳＯＮＡＢ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｄｒｕｇａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｉｓｏｌａｔｅｄｐｅｒｆｕｓｅｄｒａｔｌｕｎｇ－ｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｄｒｕｇｐｈｙｓｉｃｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｐｅｒｍｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＤｒｕｇＴａｒｇｅｔｉｎｇ，２００３，１１（１）：６１－７４．［２４］ＴＲＯＮＤＥＡ．ＰｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙＤｒｕｇＡｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎ：Ｉｎｖｉｔｒｏａｎｄｉｎｖｉｖｏｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｄｒｕｇａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎａｃｒｏｓｓｔｈｅｌｕｎｇｂａｒｒｉｅｒａｎｄｉｔｓｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｔｏｄｒｕｇｐｈｙｓｉｃｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ［Ｍ］．ＡｃｔａＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔａｔｉｓＵｐｓａｌｉｅｎｓｉｓ，２００２．［２５］ＰＡＴＴＯＮＪＳ，ＦＩＳＨＢＵＲＮＣＳ，ＷＥＥＲＳＪＧ．Ｔｈｅｌｕｎｇｓａｓａｐｏｒｔａｌｏｆｅｎｔｒｙｆｏｒｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｃｄｒｕｇｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ［Ｊ］．ＰｒｏｃｅｅｄｉｎｇｓｏｆｔｈｅＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＴｈｏｒａｃｉｃＳｏｃｉｅｔｙ，２００４，１（４）：３３８－３４４．［２６］ＰＡＴＴＯＮＪＳ．Ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｓｏｆｍａｃｒｏｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｂｙｔｈｅｌｕｎｇｓ［Ｊ］．ＡｄｖＤｒｕｇＤｅｌｉｖＲｅｖ，１９９６，１９（１）：３－３６．［２７］ＦＯＲＢＥＳＢ，ＲＩＣＨＥＲＮＨ，ＢＵＴＴＩＮＩＦ．Ｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ：Ａｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｏｆｉｎｈａｌｅｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ？［Ｍ］／／ＮｏｋｈｏｄｃｈｉＡ，ＭａｒｔｉｎＧＰ．ＰｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙＤｒｕｇＤｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ：ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓａｎｄＣｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓ．Ｃｈｉｃｈｅｓｔｅｒ：ＪｏｈｎＷｉｌｅｙ＆Ｓｏｎｓ，Ｌｔｄ．，２０１５：２２３－２４０．［２８］ＧＥＳＳＬＥＲＴ，ＳＥＥＧＥＲＷ，ＳＣＨＭＥＨＬＴ．Ｉｎｈａｌｅｄｐｒｏｓｔａｎｏｉｄｓｉｎｔｈｅｔｈｅｒａｐｙｏｆｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｈｙｐｅｒｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｅｒｏｓｏｌＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅａｎｄＰｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙＤｒｕｇＤｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ，２００８，２１（１）：１－１２．［２９］ＰＩＬＣＥＲＧ，ＡＭＩＧＨＩＫ．Ｆｏｒｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙａｎｄｕｓｅｏｆｅｘｃｉｐｉｅｎｔｓｉｎｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｄｒｕｇｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ［Ｊ］．ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＰｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃｓ，２０１０，３９２（１／２）：１－１９．［３０］ＸＩＡＮＭＺ，ＭＡＲＴＩＮＧＰ，ＭＡＲＲＩＯＴＴＣ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙｏｆｄｒｕｇｓｔｏｔｈｅｌｕｎｇ［Ｊ］．ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＰｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃｓ，１９９５，１２４（２）：１４９－１６４．［３１］ＺＨＡＮＧＪ，ＬＶＨ，ＪＩＡＮＧＫ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｅｎｈａｎｃｅｄｂｉｏａｖａｉｌａｂｉｌｉｔｙａｆｔｅｒｏｒａｌａｎｄｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｂａｉｃａｌｅｉｎｎａｎｏｃｒｙｓｔａｌ［Ｊ］．ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＰｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃｓ，２０１１，４２０（１）：１８０－１８８．［３２］ＡＢＤＥＬＡＺＩＺＨＭ，ＧＡＢＥＲＭ，ＡＢＤ－ＥＬＷＡＫＩＬＭＭ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｉｎｈａｌａｂｌｅｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｔｅｄｒｕｇｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｆｏｒｌｕｎｇｃａｎｃｅｒｔｈｅｒａｐｙ：Ｎａｎｏｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ，ｍｉｃｒｏｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ，ｎａｎｏｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓａｎｄｎａｎｏａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｅｓ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄＲｅｌｅａｓｅ，２０１８，２６９：３７４－３９２．［３３］ＤＵＲＥＴＣ，ＷＡＵＴＨＯＺＮ，ＳＥＢＴＩＴ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｓｏｌｉｄｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｏｎｓｏｆｉｔｒａｃｏｎａｚｏｌｅｆｏｒｉｎｈａｌａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｅｎｈａｎｃｅｄｄｉｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ，ｓｏｌｕｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｏｎｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ［Ｊ］．ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＰｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃｓ，２０１２，４２８（１／２）：１０３－１１３．［３４］ＷＩＥＤＭＡＮＮＴＳ，ＢＨＡＴＩＡＲ，ＷＡＴＴＥＮＢＥＲＧＬＷ．Ｄｒｕｇｓｏｌｕｂｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｉｎｌｕｎｇｓｕｒｆａｃｔａｎｔ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄＲｅｌｅａｓｅ，２０００，６５（１）：４３－４７．［３５］ＭＩＹＡＫＥＭ，ＭＩＮＡＭＩＴ，ＹＡＭＡＺＡＫＩＨ，ｅｔａｌ．Ａｒａｃｈｉｄｏｎｉｃａｃｉｄｗｉｔｈｔａｕｒｉｎｅｅｎｈａｎｃｅｓｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｏｆｍａｃｒｏｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅｓｗｉｔｈｏｕｔａｎｙｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｈｉｓｔｏｐａｔｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｄａｍａｇｅｓ［Ｊ］．ＥｕｒｏｐｅａｎＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＰｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃｓａｎｄＢｉｏｐｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃｓ，２０１７，１１４：２２－２８．［３６］ＢＯＳＱＵＩＬＬＯＮＣ．Ｄｒｕｇｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｅｒｓｉｎｔｈｅｌｕｎｇ－ｄｏｔｈｅｙｐｌａｙａｒｏｌｅｉｎｔｈｅｂｉｏｐｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃｓｏｆｉｎｈａｌｅｄｄｒｕｇｓ？［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＰｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２０１０，９９（５）：２２４０－２２５５．［３７］ＳＡＫＡＭＯＴＯＡ，ＭＡＴＳＵＭＡＲＵＴ，ＹＡＭＡＭＵＲＡＮ，ｅｔａｌ．Ｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｏｆｈｕｍａｎｄｒｕｇｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｅｒｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｓｉｎｌｕｎｇｔｉｓｓｕｅｓ：Ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ，ｇｅｎｄｅｒ，ａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｂｙｌｉｑｕｉｄｃｈｒｏｍａｔｏｇｒａｐｈｙ–ｔａｎｄｅｍｍａｓｓｓｐｅｃｔｒｏｍｅｔｒｙ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＰｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，２０１３，１０２（９）：３３９５－３４０６．［３８］ＵＮＧＡＲＯＦ，ＡＮＧＥＬＯＩＤ，ＭＩＲＯＡ，ｅｔａｌ．ＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｅｄＰＬＧＡｎａｎｏ－ａｎｄｍｉｃｒｏ－ｃａｒｒｉｅｒｓｆｏｒｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ：Ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓａｎｄｐｒｏｍｉｓｅｓ［Ｊ］．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＰｈａｒｍａｃｙ＆Ｐｈａｒｍａｃｏｌｏｇｙ，２０１２，６４（９）：１２１７－１２３５．（本文文献格式：宁晨，苏圣迪，李宁，等．吸入药物经肺吸收过程研究进展［Ｊ］．山东化工，２０２１，５０（９）：５４－５６．）㊃６５㊃ＳＨＡＮＤＯＮＧＣＨＥＭＩＣＡＬＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＹ㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀２０２１年第５０卷。
Eaton 198942 商品说明书
Eaton 198942Eaton Moeller® series Rapid Link - Speed controllers, 2.4 A, 0.75 kW, Sensor input 4, Actuator output 2, 230/277 V AC, PROFINET, HAN Q4/2, STO (Safe Torque Off)Allgemeine spezifikationEaton Moeller® series Rapid Link Speed controller198942157 mm270 mm 220 mm 3.45 kgRoHS UL approval IEC/EN 61800-5-1 CE UL 61800-5-14015081970001RASP5-2422PNT-4120010S1Product NameCatalog NumberProduct Length/Depth Product Height Product Width Product Weight Certifications Catalog Notes EANModel Code3 fixed speeds and 1 potentiometer speedcan be switched over from U/f to (vector) speed control Connection of supply voltage via adapter cable on round or flexible busbar junctionParameterization: drivesConnectParameterization: FieldbusParameterization: drivesConnect mobile (App) Parameterization: KeypadInternal DC linkKey switch position AUTOKey switch position OFF/RESETSelector switch (Positions: REV - OFF - FWD)IGBT inverterPC connectionTwo sensor inputs through M12 sockets (max. 150 mA) for quick stop and interlocked manual operationPTC thermistor monitoringThermo-click with safe isolation2 Actuator outputsControl unitKey switch position HAND3 fixed speedsSTO (Safe Torque Off)1 potentiometer speedFor actuation of motors with mechanical brake NEMA 12IP651st and 2nd environments (according to EN 61800-3)IIISpeed controllerPROFINET IOC1: for conducted emissions onlyC2, C3: depending on the motor cable length, the connected load, and ambient conditions. External radio interference suppression filters (optional) may be necessary.2000 VPhase-earthed AC supply systems are not permitted.AC voltageCenter-point earthed star network (TN-S network)Vertical15 g, Mechanical, According to IEC/EN 60068-2-27, 11 ms, Half-sinusoidal shock 11 ms, 1000 shocks per shaftResistance: 10 - 150 Hz, Oscillation frequencyResistance: 6 Hz, Amplitude 0.15 mmResistance: According to IEC/EN 60068-2-6Resistance: 57 Hz, Amplitude transition frequency on acceleration Above 1000 m with 1 % performance reduction per 100 m Max. 2000 m-10 °C40 °C-40 °C70 °CFeatures Fitted with:Functions Degree of protectionElectromagnetic compatibility Overvoltage categoryProduct categoryProtocolRadio interference classRated impulse withstand voltage (Uimp) System configuration typeMounting position Shock resistance Vibration AltitudeAmbient operating temperature - min Ambient operating temperature - max Ambient storage temperature - min Ambient storage temperature - max Climatic proofing< 95 %, no condensationIn accordance with IEC/EN 50178Current limitationAdjustable, motor, main circuit0.2 - 2.4 A, motor, main circuitDelay time< 10 ms, On-delay< 10 ms, Off-delayEfficiency97 % (η)Input current ILN at 150% overload2.5 ALeakage current at ground IPE - max3.5 mAMains current distortion120 %Mains switch-on frequencyMaximum of one time every 60 secondsMains voltage - min380 VMains voltage - max480 VMains voltage tolerance380 - 480 V (-10 %/+10 %, at 50/60 Hz)Operating modeBLDC motorsSensorless vector control (SLV)Synchronous reluctance motorsU/f controlPM and LSPM motorsOutput frequency - min0 HzOutput frequency - max500 HzOverload currentAt 40 °CFor 60 s every 600 sOverload current IL at 150% overload3.6 A45 Hz66 Hz0.75 kW400 V AC, 3-phase480 V AC, 3-phase0.1 Hz (Frequency resolution, setpoint value)200 %, IH, max. starting current (High Overload), For 2 seconds every 20 seconds, Power section50/60 Hz8 kHz, 4 - 32 kHz adjustable, fPWM, Power section, Main circuitPhase-earthed AC supply systems are not permitted.AC voltageCenter-point earthed star network (TN-S network)1 HP≤ 0.6 A (max. 6 A for 120 ms), Actuator for external motor brake≤ 30 % (I/Ie)Adjustable to 100 % (I/Ie), DC - Main circuit230/277 V AC -15 % / +10 %, Actuator for external motor brake10 kAType 1 coordination via the power bus' feeder unit, Main circuit24 V DC (-15 %/+20 %, external via AS-Interface® plug)230/277 V AC (external brake 50/60 Hz)PROFINET, optionalPlug type: HAN Q4/2Max. total power consumption from AS-Interface® power supply unit (30 V): 250 mANumber of slave addresses: 31 (AS-Interface®) Specification: S-7.4 (AS-Interface®)C2 ≤ 5 m, maximum motor cable length C1 ≤ 1 m, maximum motor cable length C3 ≤ 25 m, maximum motor cable lengthMeets the product standard's requirements.Rated frequency - minRated frequency - maxRated operational power at 380/400 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase Rated operational voltageResolutionStarting current - maxSupply frequencySwitching frequencySystem configuration type Assigned motor power at 460/480 V, 60 Hz, 3-phase Braking currentBraking torqueBraking voltageRated conditional short-circuit current (Iq)Short-circuit protection (external output circuits) Rated control voltage (Uc)Communication interfaceConnectionInterfacesCable length10.2.2 Corrosion resistanceMeets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Meets the product standard's requirements.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Does not apply, since the entire switchgear needs to be evaluated.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Is the panel builder's responsibility.Generation change from RA-SP to RASP 4.0 Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit (EMV)Generation change RAMO4 to RAMO5Generation change from RA-MO to RAMO 4.0 Generationswechsel RASP4 zu RASP5Configuration to Rockwell PLC for Rapid LinkConfiguration to Rockwell PLC Rapid Link 5 Generationenwechsel RA-SP zu RASP5Generationentausch RAMO4 zu RAMO5Generation Change RA-SP to RASP5Firmware Update RASP 4.0Generationentausch RA-SP zu RASP4.0Generation Change RASP4 to RASP5Generationentausch RA-MO zu RAMO4.0Anschluss von Frequenzumrichtern an GeneratornetzeMN040003_DEMN034004_DERapid Link 5 - brochureDA-SW-drivesConnectDA-SW-drivesConnect - InstallationshilfeDA-SW-USB Driver DX-COM-STICK3-KITDA-SW-USB Driver PC Cable DX-CBL-PC-1M5DA-SW-Driver DX-CBL-PC-3M0DA-SW-drivesConnect - installation helpMaterial handling applications - airports, warehouses and intra-logistics ETN.RASP5-2422PNT-4120010S1.edzIL034093ZUDE | Rapid Link 5Sortimentskatalog Antriebstechnik-DE10.2.3.1 Verification of thermal stability of enclosures10.2.3.2 Verification of resistance of insulating materials to normal heat10.2.3.3 Resist. of insul. mat. to abnormal heat/fire by internal elect. effects10.2.4 Resistance to ultra-violet (UV) radiation10.2.5 Lifting10.2.6 Mechanical impact10.2.7 Inscriptions10.3 Degree of protection of assemblies10.4 Clearances and creepage distances10.5 Protection against electric shock10.6 Incorporation of switching devices and components10.7 Internal electrical circuits and connections10.8 Connections for external conductors10.9.2 Power-frequency electric strength10.9.3 Impulse withstand voltage10.9.4 Testing of enclosures made of insulating material Anmerkungen zur AnwendungBenutzerhandbücherBroschüreneCAD model Installationsanleitung InstallationsvideosKatalogeEaton Konzern plc Eaton-Haus30 Pembroke-Straße Dublin 4, Irland © 2023 Eaton. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Eaton ist eine eingetrageneMarke.Alle anderen Warenzeichen sindEigentum ihrer jeweiligenBesitzer./socialmediaThe panel builder is responsible for the temperature rise calculation. Eaton will provide heat dissipation data for the devices.Is the panel builder's responsibility. The specifications for the switchgear must be observed.Is the panel builder's responsibility. The specifications for the switchgear must be observed.The device meets the requirements, provided the information in the instruction leaflet (IL) is observed.ramo5_v39.dwgrasp5_v39.stpeaton-bus-adapter-rapidlink-speed-controller-dimensions-003.eps eaton-bus-adapter-rapidlink-speed-controller-dimensions-002.eps eaton-bus-adapter-rapidlink-speed-controller-dimensions.eps eaton-bus-adapter-rapidlink-speed-controller-dimensions-004.eps10.10 Temperature rise10.11 Short-circuit rating10.12 Electromagnetic compatibility 10.13 Mechanical function mCAD model Zeichnungen。
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He married Anne Isabella Milbanke in 1815, Byron left England in 1816, never to return. He settled in Geneva with Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley, and Claire Clairmont, who became his mistress.
George Gordon Byron:
(1788-1824) his personality cult &his poetry.
ⅠPersonal Background1
birth: he was born with a club-foot; 6-10: started his education----The Grammar school lay him good foundation 8-9:strengthened his muscles at a farmhouse--the grandeur of the Scottish scenery; 10: the death of his great uncle; himself as the 6th Baron—he title and the estate after the possesstion of the title: received treatment and maltreatment from a quack at Nottingham. At his own request he read Virgil and Cicero with a tutor.
“an epic satire” (p 233)
The homework: option 1 Read Isles of Greece Select your favorite lines and explain why Due time: first week in May
纽约的拜伦公园拜伦像
Don Juan
16 cantos written in ottava rima (八行诗) each stanza containing 8 lines, rhymed ab ab ab cc （with end rhymes to build up force） characters: Don Juan the hero, Haidee, a pirate's daughter
ⅠPersonal Background2
On the 13th of March 1809, he took his seat in
the House of Lords 16: fell in love, once for all, with his distant relative, Mary Anne Chaworth Byron went into residence at Trinity College, Cambridge, after graduating from Harrow. Cambridge did him no good. "The place is the devil, “where he piled up debts and aroused alarm with bisexual love affairs.
His Masterpieces (p 225)
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage Don Juan
Байду номын сангаас
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
written in Spenserian stanza: a 9-line stanza rhymed abab bcbc c in which the first 8 lines are in iambic pentameter while the ninth in iambic hexameter. his love for liberty his hatred for oppression
. He armed a brig, the Hercules, and sailed to Greece to aid the Greeks, who had risen against their Ottoman overlords. , Byron contracted a fever from which he died on 19 April 1824. . Byron's body was returned to England but refused by the deans of both Westminster and St Paul's. Finally Byron's coffin was placed in the family vault