English for International Exchange Lecture Two 资料篇

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法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试样题试卷一

法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试样题试卷一本题为单项选择题，限时180分钟。

1. Bill of Rightsa. Domestic federal legislation.b. Legal protection against interference of rights by private individuals.c. A popular name given to the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.d. The federal constitutional provision which grants rights to state governments.2. Standinga. Abbreviation of “notwithstanding”b. The ability to bring a lawsuit because of a party’s actual injury for which the court can provide aremedy.c. The ripeness of a case or controversy.d. The status of a person, group, or organization appearing as a “friend of the court.”3. Considerationa. Process of judicial deliberation before rendering a decision in a contested case.b. The lengthy recitals of “boilerplate” language appearing i n many contracts.c. The inducement to enter a contract, and a necessary element to prove the validity of a contract.d. The detrimental reliance of an offeree.4. Promissory Estoppela. A failure to prosecute a civil or criminal action.b. Power to make an offer to the public rather than a specific individual.c. Equitable doctrine recognized as substitute for consideration in some cases.d. Ability of an agent to bind a principal in matters beyond the scope pf agency.5. Punitive Damagesa. Damages to compensate for injury .b. Civil damages meant to punish the wrongdoer for causing injury.c. “Nominal” or minimal damages.d. Non-monetary damages, such as an injunction (injunctive relief) or” specific injunction (injunctive relief) or “specific performance” of a contract obligation.6. When airplanes fly over your home, are your property rights violated?a. No, never.b. Normally, no, unless the flights are low and frequent.c. Yes, because you own all the air above your home, into outer space.d. Normally, no, based on your right to quiet use and enjoyment of the property.7. Venuea. The street or avenue where a courthouse can often be found.b. Diversity of citizenship.c. The dates of a trial.d. The location of a trial.8. Depositiona. A tool of discovery used before trial.b. Statements made by a witness on the witness stand during trial (also known as “trial testimony”).c. The position a defendant is placed in while waiting for a trial.d. The court’s resolution of a case.9. Generally speaking, a limited partnership may be dissolved by which of the following events or occurrences?a. By the filing of a certificate of limited partnership.b. By a relocation of the partnership.c. By the marriage of a limited partner.d. By the bankruptcy of a general partner.10. A corporation is a legal entity:a. created by the local government.b. created and recognized by an entrepreneurial agency.c. managed internally by the federal government.d. created and recognized by state law in most cases.11. Jurisdictiona. A geographic area, used primarily for determining eligibility to vote.b. The presence of a defendant in a state where he or she can be served with a summons or a subpoena.c. The power of the executive branch to enforce the judgments of the courts.d. The power and authority of a court or other body to render judgment in a case.12.Paralegala. A secondary source of law.b. A lawyer’s assistant.c. One who holds an advanced law degree.d. A law student.13. Kirby Construction Co. in preparing its bid for the construction a new hospital received a quotation of $120,000 from Kat’s Interiors Inc．who offered to do the kitchen work in the new hospital．This bid was $30，000 lower than Kirby’s next lowest bid for the kitchen work．As a result，Kirby lowered his bid by $20，000 before submitting it to the hospital board．After Kirby was awarded the construction bid，and had accepted Kat's offer, Kat’s president discovered that in his preparation of the quotation he had overlooked some subsidiary kitchen installments required by the plans．Immediately thereafter, Kat’s Interiors brings suit for rescission of the contract．They should(A)succeed，because of the unilateral mistake(B)not succeed，unless Kirby knew or should have known of Kat's error(C)succeed，because the mistake was an essential element of the bargain(D)not succeed，since the computation mistake was antecedent to acceptance of the bid14. In disputes over whether a partnership exists, which of the following is NOT considered to be an essential element?(A) An equal right in the management of the business.(B) The sharing of profits or losses.(C) The consultation on business strategy.(D) Joint ownership in the business.15. This jurisdiction makes suicide a crime. Jilly, a day trader, is despondent over a failed marriage and catastrophic financial losses during the recent 2,000 point drop in the Nasdaq stock exchange. Jilly went up to the roof of her fourth story apartment building and decided to jump off. She landed on top of two pedestrians, Alex and Jean Pietro, who cushioned her fall and saved her life. Unfortunately, Alex and Jean Pietro were seriously injured when Jilly crashed on top of them.Jilly is guilty of(A) battery(B) attempted murder(C) attempted manslaughter(D) reckless endangerment16. The Commonwealth of Delmarva has passed a law that provides that only residents of Delmarva who are citizens of the United States can own agricultural land in the state. Delp, a citizen of the United States who resides in the neighboring state of Agoura, has contracted with Barerra to purchase the latter’s farm which is located in Delmarva. Barrera, who is a resident of Delmarva, has been informed by his attorney that his sales agreement with Delp is null and void under state law.Which of the following is the best constitutional argument to contest the validity of the Delmarva statute?(A) The Contract Clause prohibition against a state from enacting any law that will impair the obligation of contracts.(B) The Privileges and Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.(C) The Privileges and Immunities Clause under Article IV, Section 2.(D) The national property power provision under Article IV, Section 3.17. Alice is sitting on her front porch watching her husband Bruce，who is mowing the lawn．Carl，who hates Bruce but is a friend of Alice’s，whose presence is knownto him，draws a pistol and threatens to kill Bruce．Alice，who is pregnant，Suffers severe emotional distress as a result of the trauma and soon afterwards has a miscarriage．In an action by Alice against Carl for mental anguish resulting in her miscarriage，Alice will(A)lose，because Carl did not know that Alice was pregnant(B)win，because it is highly probable that Carl’s extreme and outrageous conduct would cause emotional distress to Alice(C)lose，because Carl's actions were directed against Bruce，so only Bruce may recover for emotional distress(D)win，because she is Bruce's wife18. Clyde Cooch, a prominent judge, lived next door to Lester Biggs．Recently Judge Cooch had sentenced Lester Biggs' son, Dopey, to six months in prison on a narcotics charge．One afternoon while judge Cooch was mowing his lawn，Lester decided to avenge his son's conviction．Lester set up his water sprinkler behind some shrubbery separating their adjoining properties．As the judge was mowing his lawn and came within reach of the water sprinkler, Lester turned on the sprinkling device，and doused the judge with water．Judge Cooch would be able to recover against Lester for which of the followingtort(s)：(A) negligence(B) battery(C) assault and battery(D) battery and trespass19. Cassie and her four-year-old son，Noah，were Christmas shopping at F.A.O. Schwartz Toy Store in midtown Manhattan．F.A.O. Schwartz，which operates one ofNew York's largest retail toy stores，sells a complete array of toys，games，dolls，hobbies and crafts．The iterns were displayed on a variety of tables and shelves which were easily accessible to the customers．While Cassie was walking down one of the aisles，her attention became focused on a "Howdy Doody” doll that was prominently exhibited on an overhead display shelf．When Cassie approached the doll display, she reached up to grab the "Howdy Doody" doll．As she did so, Cassie failed to see a “Buffalo Bob” doll lying on the floor．She tripped over the doll and fell down, fracturing her hip．If Cassie asserts a claim against F.A.O. Schwartz for her injuries，will the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur be applicable on the issue of the toy store's liability?(A)Yes，because Cassie was a business invitee on the premises of the toy store．(B)Yes，because F.A.O. Schwarfz was in control of the premises at the time of the accident．(C)No, because the "Buffalo Bob" doll may have been dislodged by another customer．(D)No，unless the “Buffalo Bob” doll had been displayed on the edge of the shelf in a negligent manner by one of F.A.O. Schwartz's employees．20. Amos is the owner in fee simple of Blackacre. a 7-acre tract, on which he maintains a dwelling house for himself and his family．Adjoining Blackacre is Whiteacre，a 10-acre tract，owned by Andy．In order to gain access to the highway, Amos has an easement to cross over Whiteacre．Amos has recently purchased Greenacre，a 12-acre tract，which abuts Whiteacre but is not appurtenant to Blackacre. Amos has begun constructing a farmhouse on Greenacre and is using the existing easement (across Whiteacre) to gain access to the 12-acre tract．Amos has never received permission from Andy to use the road across Whiteacre to gain access to Greenacre．In an appropriate action by Andy to enjoin Amos from using the existing easement to gain access to Greenacre，the plaintiff will most likely(A)succeed，because Amos is making use of the servient tenement beyond the scope and extent of the easement as it was originally created(B)succeed，because Amos has no right to use the servient tenement in connection with a tract of land which is not part of the dominant tenement(C)not succeed，because Amos has an easement by necessity(D)not succeed，because Amos has a right to use the easement in a manner not inconsistent with the rights of the owner of the servient tenement。

外贸英语函电交流课程介绍ppt课件

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七、教师队伍建设
• 教学队伍职称、年龄结构合理。本课程组共有4名专职主讲教师，两名外聘职业经理人担任实训教师。100%的主讲教师都具备 “双师”素质，100%主讲教师具有丰富的涉外企业工作经验。课程组教师教学经验丰富，在课堂上能理论联系实际，教学效果好，连续多年评教结果优秀；主持或参与国家、省、市级课题多项；有较强的社会服务能力，为各类培训机构、企业培训，并担任各种外语考证的考评员；建立了校企课程教学合作机制，聘请了1名长期工作在涉外企业的优秀管理者担任课程客座教师，为学生举办主题讲座并承担课程建设和实践性教学任务。
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四、课程设计的理念与思路
• 3、教学模式 • 在教学模式上，我们提出了“TTP”教学模式， • 即课堂教学（Teaching）、 • 校内模拟实训（Training） • 和校外顶岗实习（Practice）相结合。
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五、教学方法与手段
• 一、教学方法 • 1.案例教学法 • 本课程所采用的教材以案例为主线编写。因此，我们首选案例
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八、教材建设
• 课程辅助校本教材内容来自区域经济中优势行业或产业外贸典
型工作任务。我们针对高职高专学生的特点，听取企业专家意见，准备编并写出版国家了“十一五”教材《商务英语函电》。本书内容涵盖了书信结构，建立业务关系，询盘、报盘和还盘，形式发票，通信方式，促销，付款方式，包装，保险，装运，投诉和索赔等贸易业务。每章涉及一个外贸行业（如服装、石材、树脂、包袋、机械模具、电器），遵循了“应用型原则”,突出了外贸信
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五、教学方法与手段
• 二、教学手段 • 采用多媒体教学手段呈现真实工作案例 • 运用现代化的多媒体技术进行教学，提高学生的学习兴趣。
根据需要补充真实案例材料等相关内容。以教材为为主要学习资源，充分挖掘、建设课程学习资源库，如通过我校毕业生收集外贸公司具有不同行业特点的实际往来信函、各种商品交易会图片和影像资料、以及泉州、晋江等地的一些著名外贸企业的介绍资料、国内着名B2B商务网站等资源转化为CALL课件在课堂上演示，供学生学习。这样，课程内容可以得到不断地更新，从而从多方面体现课堂内容的多样性和实用性，促使学生能够一步步地更有效地来熟悉各个业务环节。

国际组织机构名称中英文 3

世界组织机构名称中英对照ACC 行政协调会ACC/SCN 行政协调会营养小组会ACC/SOCA 行政协调会海洋和沿海地区小组会ACC/SWR 行政协调会水资源小组会ACMAD 非洲气象应用中心AsDB 亚银ADIE 环境信息协会AfDB 非银AIM 亚太模式AIT 亚洲技术所ALDA 拉美环境权利协会AMCEN 非洲环境会议AMU 马格里布联盟APCTT 技术转让中心APEC 亚太经合APELL 事故预防方案ASEAN 东盟CAMRE 环境部长理事会CARICOM 加共体秘书处CBD 生物公约CCAD 环发委员会CCD 荒漠化公约CD-ROM 光盘储存器CEDARE 环发中心CEPREDENAC 中美洲防灾中心CESTT 环技转让中心CGIAR 农研顾问组CIDA 加开发署CIEL 环境法中心CILSS 萨赫勒抗旱委员会CIP 项目中心CIS 独联体CITIS 濒危物种贸易公约CMS 养护移栖物种公约COE 欧洲委员会COMESA 东南非共同市场CPA 议会协会CSD 可持续发展委员会DANIDA 丹麦开发署DESA 经社部DHA 人道部DPDL 环境政策和法律司EAP.AP 环评方案－亚太ECA 非洲经委会ECCAS 中非共同体ECE 欧洲经委会ECG 生态养护组ECLAC 拉加经委会ECNC 欧洲自然养护中心ECOLEX 联合环境法信息处ECOWAS 西非经共体EEA 欧洲环境署ESA 欧空局ESCAP 亚太经社会ESCWA 西亚经社会ESRI 环境系统研究所EU 欧盟EU/TACIS 独联体工作队FAO 粮农组织FIDIC 菲迪克GCC 海湾合作会GEC 环境中心GEF 全球环境基金GEO 环境展望GIWA 水域评估GLOBE 环境均衡组织GNET 环技网GPA 保护海洋行动纲领GRID 资源数据库HSF 汉斯基金会ICAM 沿海综管ICC 国际商会IACCA 气候议程委员会IADB 美银IAEA 原子能机构ICETT 环技转让中心ICLEI 环境倡议理事会ICPDR 保护多瑙河委员会ICRAF 农林中心ICRI 珊瑚礁倡议ICSU 科理会ICSU/SCOPE 科理会/环境科委会ICTSD 贸易和发展中心IDRC 发研中心IETC 环境技术中心IFAD 农发基金IFF 森林论坛IFPRI 粮食政策所IGAD 发展局IHP 水文方案IISD 可持续发展所ILEC 湖泊环境委员会ILO 劳工组织IMA 海事所IMA-SIDS 印度洋地中海大西洋小岛国IMI 气象所IMO 海事组织IOC 海洋学委会IOC 国际奥委会IOMC 化学品管理方案IPCC 气候小组IPCS 化学品安全方案IPGRI 植物遗传所IPU 议会联盟ISDR 国际减灾战略ISRIC 土壤资料中心ITFF 森林工作队IUCN 世界保护联盟IULA 地方当局联合会JICA 日本国际协力事业团JRC 联合研究中心LCBC 乍得湖委员会MaESTro 无害环境技术信息系统MMAP 海洋哺乳动物行动计划NASA 美国航天局NATO 北大西洋公约组织NCSD 国家可持续发展理事会NEASPEC 东北亚环境合作方案NOAA 海洋大气局NORAD 瑞典开发署NOWPAP 西北太平洋行动计划OAS 美洲国家组织OAU 非统组织OCHA 人道协调厅OECD 经合组织OECS 东加勒比组织OHCHR 人权专员办事处OSCE 欧安组织OSPAR 东北大西洋环境公约PAHO 泛美卫生组织PANA 泛非新闻社PEBLDS 生物和景观多样性战略PERSGA 保护红海和亚丁湾组织PGA 议员全球行动联盟PIC 知情同意POPs 持久污染物RAMSAR 拉姆萨尔公约REC 中欧和东欧环境中心RIET 区域环境技术所ROE 欧洲办事处ROLAC 拉加办事处ROPME 保护海洋环境区域组织SACEP 南亚环境方案SADC 南部非洲共同体SAFORGEN 撒南非洲森林遗传资源网SCOPE 环境问题科学委员会SCP 可持续城市方案SIDS 小岛屿发展中国家SOPAC 南太地科委SPREP 南太平洋环境方案UCCEE 能源和环境合作中心UNCHS 人居中心UNCRD 区域发展中心UNCTAD 贸发会议UNDCP 药物管制署UNDP 开发署UNDPI 新闻部UNEP 环境署UNESCO 教科文组织UNESCO/IHP 教科文组织/水文方案UNESCO/IOC 教科文组织/海洋学委会UNESCO/ROSTA 教科文组织/非洲科技办事处UN联合国UNF 联合国基金会UNFCCC 气候变化公约UNFF 森林论坛UNFIP 伙伴基金UNFPA 人口基金UNHCR 难民专员办事处UNIC 新闻中心UNICEF 儿童基金会UNICPO 海洋事务非正式协商进程UNIDO 工发组织UNIFEM 妇发基金UNITAR 训研所UNNGLS 非政府组织联络处UNOG 日内瓦办事处UNON 内罗毕办事处UNOPS 项目厅UNSO 防治荒旱处UNU 联合国大学US-EPA 美国环保局USGS 美国地质调查WBCSD 促发世商会WCIRP 气候影响和对应战略方案WCO 海关组织WHO 世界卫生组织WIPO 知识产权组织WMO 气象组织WRI 资源所WTO 世贸组织WWC 水事理事会WWF 世界大自然基金Administrative Committee on Coordination 行政协调委员会ACC Subcommittee on Nutrition 行政协调委员会营养问题小组委员会ACC Subcommittee on Oceans and Coastal Areas 行政协调委员会海洋和沿海地区小组委员会ACC Subcommittee on Water Resources 行政协调委员会水资源问题小组委员会African Centre of Meteorological Applications for Development 非洲气象应用促进发展中心Asian Development Bank 亚洲开发银行Association for Development of Environmental Information 开发环境信息协会African Development Bank 非洲开发银行Asia Pacific Integrated Model 亚洲及平洋综合模式Asian Institute of Technology 亚洲技术研究所AsociaciónLatinamericanade Derecho Ambiental 拉丁美洲环境权利协会African Ministerial Conference on the Environment 非洲部长级环境会议Arab Maghreb Union 阿拉伯马格里布联盟Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology 亚洲及太平洋技术转让中心Asia and Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚洲及太平洋经济合作Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level 地方一级事故宣传和预防方案Association of South-East Asian Nations 东南亚国家联盟Council of Arab Ministers Responsible for Environment 阿拉伯国家主管环境事务部长理事会Caribbean Community secretariat 加勒比共同体秘书处Convention on Biological Diversity 生物多样性公约Central American Commission on Environment and Development 中美洲环境和发展委员会Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and Desertification, particularly in Africa 联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家、特别是在非洲防治荒漠化公约Compact disk read-only memory 只读光盘储存器Centre for Environment and Development in the Arab Region and Europe 阿拉伯区域和欧洲环境与发展中心Coordination Centre for the Prevention of Natural Disasters in Central America 中美洲预防自然灾害协调中心Centre for Environmentally Sound Technology Transfer 无害环境技术转让中心Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research 国际农业研究顾问组Canadian International Development Agency 加拿大国际开发署Centre for International Environmental Law 国际环境法中心Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel 萨赫勒国家间抗旱常设委员会Center for International Projects, Moscow 莫斯科国际项目中心Commonwealth of Independent States 独立国家联合体Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 濒危野生动植物物种国际贸易公约Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals 养护野生动物移栖物种公约Council of Europe 欧洲委员会Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 东非和南部非洲共同市场Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 英联邦议会协会Commission on sustainable Development 可持续发展委员会Danish International Development Agency 丹麦国际开发署Department of Economic and Social Affairs 经济和社会事务部Department for Humanitarian Affairs of the United Nations 联合国人道主义事务部Division of Environmental Policy Development and Law (UNEP) (环境署)环境政策拟订和法律司Environment Assessment Programme – Asia Pacific 环境评估方案－亚洲及太平洋Economic Commission for Africa (of the United Nations) (联合国)非洲经济委员会Economic Community of Central African States 中非国家经济共同体Economic Commission for Europe (of the United Nations) (联合国)欧洲经济委员会Ecosystem Conservation Group 生态系统养护小组Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (of the United Nations) (联合国)拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会European Centre for Nature Conservation 欧洲自然养护中心IUCN/UNEP/FAO Joint Environmental Law Information Service 自然保护联盟/环境署/粮农组织联合环境法信息处Economic Community of West African States 西非国家经济共同体European Environment Agency 欧洲环境署European Space Agency 欧洲航天局Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (of the United Nations) （联合国）亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会Economic and Social Commission for West Asia 西亚经济社会委员会Environmental Systems Research Institute 环境系统研究所European Union 欧洲联盟Task Force for Commonwealth of Independent States of the European Union 欧洲联盟独立国家联合体问题工作队Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 联合国粮食及农业组织International Federation of Consulting Engineers 国际顾问工程师联合会Gulf Cooperation Council 海湾合作委员会Global Environment Centre 全球环境中心Global Environment Facility 全球环境基金Global Environment Outlook 全球环境展望Global International Waters Assessment 全球国际水域评估Global Legislative Organization for a Balanced Environment 全球促进环境均衡立法组织Global Network of Environment and Technology 全球环境和技术网络Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment fromLand-based Activities 保护海洋环境免受陆地活动影响全球行动纲领Global Resource Information Database 全球资源信息数据库Hans Seidel Foundation 汉斯赛伊德尔基金会Integrated Coastal Area Management 沿海地区综合管理International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会Inter-agency Committee on the Climate Agenda 机构间气候议程委员会Inter-American Development Bank 美洲开发银行International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能机构International Center for Environmental Technology Transfer 国际环境技术转让中心International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives 国际地方环境倡议理事会International Committee for the Protection of the Danube River 国际保护多瑙河委员会International Centre for Research in Agroforestry 国际农林研究中心International Coral Reef Initiative 国际珊瑚礁倡议International Council for Science 国际科学理事会Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment of ICSU 科理会的环境问题科学委员会International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development 国际贸易和可持续发展中心International Development Research Centre 国际发展研究中心International Environmental Technology Centre 国际环境技术中心International Fund for Agricultural Development 国际农业发展基金Intergovernmental Forum on Forests 政府间森林问题论坛International Food Policy Research Institute 国际粮食政策研究所Inter-Governmental Authority on Development 政府间发展管理局UNESCO International Hydrological Programme 教科文组织国际水文方案International Institute for Sustainable Development 国际可持续发展研究所International Lake Environment Committee 国际湖泊环境委员会International Labour Organization 国际劳工组织Institute for Marine Affairs 海事研究所Small island developing States in the Indian Ocean, Mediteranean and Atlantic regions 印度洋地中海和大西洋小岛屿发展中国家International Meteorological Institute 国际气象研究所International Maritime Organization 国际海事组织Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 政府间海洋学委员会International Olympic Committee 国际奥林匹克委员会Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals 组织间化学品合理管理方案Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 政府间气候变化问题小组International Programme on Chemical Safety 国际化学品安全方案International Plant Genetic Resources Institute 国际植物遗传资源研究所Inter-Parliamentary Union 各国议会联盟International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, a United Nations programme proposed by the United Nations Secretary-General to carry out the Economic and Social Council decision on successor arrangements for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction 国际减灾战略，联合国秘书长提出的一个联合国方案，旨在执行经济及社会理事会关于作好接替国际减少自然灾害十年的后续安排的决定International Soil Reference and Information Centre 国际土壤参考资料中心Inter-agency Task Force on Forests 机构间森林工作队World Conservation Union 世界保护联盟International Union of Local Authorities 国际地方当局联合会Japan International Cooperation Agency 日本国际协力事业团Joint Research Centre of the European Communities 欧洲共同体联合研究中心Lake Chad Basin Commission 乍得湖流域委员会Environmentally Sound Technologies information system 无害环境技术信息系统Marine Mammal Action Plan 海洋哺乳动物行动计划National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA 美国国家航空和宇宙航行局National Commission for Sustainable Development 国家可持续发展理事会North-East Asian subregional Programme of Environmental Cooperation 东北亚分区域环境合作方案National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA 美国国家海洋和大气局Norwegian Agency for International Development 瑞典国际开发署Northwest Pacific Action Plan 西北太平洋行动计划Organization of American States 美洲国家组织Organization of African Unity 非洲统一组织Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 人道主义事务协调厅Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作与发展组织Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 东加勒比国家组织Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe 欧洲安全与合作组织Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention) 保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约Pan American Health Organization 泛美卫生组织Pan African News Agency 泛非新闻社Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy 泛欧生物和景观多样性战略Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden 保护红海和亚丁湾环境区域组织Parliamentarians for Global Action 议员全球行动联盟Prio Informed Consent 事先知情同意Persistant Organic Pollutants 持久性有机污染物International Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) 关于具有国际重要性、特别是作为水禽生境的湿地的国际公约(拉姆萨尔公约)The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe (Budapest) 中欧和东欧区域环境中心（布达佩斯）Regional Institute of Environmental Technology 区域环境技术研究所Regional Office for Europe 欧洲区域办事处UNEP Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean 环境署拉丁美洲及加勒比区域办事处Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment 保护海洋环境区域组织South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme 南亚环境合作方案Southern African Development Community 南部非洲发展共同体Sub-Saharan Africa Forest Genetic Resources Network 撒哈拉以南非洲地区森林遗传资源网Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment of the International Council of Scientific Unions 国际科学联合会理事会的环境问题科学委员会Sustainable Cities Programme 可持续城市方案Small Island Developing States 小岛屿发展中国家South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission 南太平洋应用地球科学委员会South Pacific Regional Environment Programme 南太平洋区域环境方案UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and the Environment 环境署能源和环境合作中心United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) 联合国人类住区(人居)中心United Nations Centre for Regional Development 联合国区域发展中心United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 联合国贸易和发展会议United Nations International Drug Control Programme 联合国国际药物管制规划署United Nations Development Programme 联合国开发计划署United Nations Department of Public Information 联合国新闻部United Nations Environment Programme 联合国环境规划署United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation 联合国教育、科学及文化组织International Hydrological Progamme of UNESCO 教科文组织国际水文方案Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 教科文组织国际海洋学委员会Regional Office for Science and Technology in Africa of UNESCO 教科文组织非洲科学技术区域办事处United Nations Foundation 联合国基金会United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 联合国气候变化框架公约United Nations Forum on Forests 联合国森林论坛United Nations Fund for International Partnerships 联合国国际伙伴关系基金United Nations Population Fund 联合国人口基金Office of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处United Nations Information Centre 联合国新闻中心United Nations Children’s Fund联合国儿童基金会United Nations open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Ocean Affairs 联合国海洋事务不限成员名额非正式协商进程United Nations Industrial Development Organization 联合国工业发展组织United Nations Development Fund for Women 联合国妇女发展基金United Nations Institute for Training and Research 联合国训练研究所United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service 联合国非政府组织联络事务处United Nations Office at Geneva 联合国日内瓦办事处United Nations Office at Nairobi 联合国内罗毕办事处United Nations Office for Project Services 联合国项目事务厅UNDP Office to Combat Desertification and Drought (formerly the United Nations Sudano-Sahelian Office) 防治荒漠化和干旱办事处(前联合国苏丹-萨赫勒办事处) United Nations University 联合国大学United States Environmental Protection Agency 美国环境保护局United States Geological Survey 美国地质调查World Business Council for Sustainable Development 促进可持续发展世界商业理事会World Climate Impact Assessment and Response Strategies Programme 世界气候影响评估和对应战略方案World Customs Organization 世界海关组织World Health Organization 世界卫生组织World Intellectual Property Organization 世界知识产权组织World Meteorological Organization 世界气象组织World Resources Institute 世界资源所World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织World Water Council 世界水事理事会Worldwide Fund for Nature 世界大自然基金联合国机构名称中英对照International Court of Justice 国际法院Security Council 安全理事会General Assembly 联合国大会Secretariat 秘书处Office of the Secretary General 秘书长办公室Office of Legal Affairs 法务局Department of Political and Security Council Affairs 政治安全局Department of Economic and Social Affairs 经济社会局Office of Public Information 公共资料处Department of Conference Services 会议局Office of General Services 总务处United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Secretariat 联合国贸易开发事物局Unite Nations Industrial Development Organization 联合国工业开发机构United Nations Administrative Tribunal 联合国行政裁判所International Law Commission 国际法委员会United Nations Commission on International Trade Law 国际贸易法委员会Committee on the peaceful Uses of the Seabed and the Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction 公海海底海床和平利用特别委员会Enlarged Committee for Program and Coordination, ECPC 扩大计划调整委员会Economic and Social Council 经济社会理事会Statistical Commission 统计委员会Population Commission 人口委员会Commission for Social Development 社会开发委员会Commission on Human Rights 人权委员会Commission on the Status of Women 妇女地位委员会Commission on Narcotic Drugs 麻醉药委员会Council Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations 民间机构委员会Committee on Housing, Building and Planning 住宅建筑企划委员会Committee for Development Planning 开发计划委员会Special Committee on Peace-Keeping Operations 维护和平活动特别委员会United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 联合国贸易开发会议Trade and Development Board, TDB 联合国开发委员会United Nations Development Program, UNDP 联合国开发计划处United Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF 联合国儿童基金会United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO 联合国工业开发组织United Nations Capital Development Fund, UNCDF 联合国资本开发基金会United Nations Institute for Training and Research, UNITR 联合国调查训练研究所United Nations FAO Intergovernmental Committee of the World Food Program 联合国FAO世界粮食计划国际委员会International Narcotics Control Board, INCB 国际麻醉药管制委员会Trusteeship Council 信托投资理事会International Labor Organization, ILO 国际劳工组织Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO 联合国粮食农业组织United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO 联合国教育科学文化组织International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO 国际民间航空组织World Health Organization, WHO 世界卫生组织International Telecommunications Union, ITU 国际电信同盟World Meteorological Organization, WMO 世界气象组织Universal Postal Union, UPU 万国邮政联盟International Maritime Consultative Organization, IMCO 国际海事协议组织International Finance Corporation, IFC 国际金融组织International Monetary Fund, IMF 国际货币基金会International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, IBRD 世界银行International Development Association, IDA 国际开发协会General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT 有关关税贸易一般规定International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA 国际原子能组织World Federation of Trade Unions, WFTU 世界劳工组织International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, ICFTU 国际自由劳工联盟International Chamber of Commerce, ICC 国际工农商会International Federation of Agricultural Producers, IFAC 国际农业生产联盟Inter-Parliamentary Union, IPU 诸国会议同盟International Organization of Employers, IOE 国际雇佣者组织World Veterans Federation, WVF 世界退伍军人联盟International Union of Local Authorities, IULA 世界地方自治联盟United Towns Organization, UTO 姊妹市团体联盟中国共产党，其他政党及政协相关机构英文翻译中国共产党中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC中央办公厅General Office, CCCPC中国共产党代表大会CPC’s National Congress中央组织部Organization Department, CCCPC中央宣传部Publicity Department, CCCPC中央统一战线部United Front Work Department, CCCPC中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC中央政策研究室Policy Research Office, CCCPC中央直属机关工作委员会Work Committee for Offices Directly under the CCCPC中央国家机关工作委员会State Organs Work Committee of the CPC中央台湾工作委员会Taiwan Affairs Office, CCCPC中央对外宣传办公室International Communication Office, CCCPC中央党校Party School of the CPC中央党史研究室Party History Research Centre, CCCPC中央文献研究室Party Literature Research Centre, CCCPC中央翻译局Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC中央外文出版发行事业局China Foreign Languages Publishing and Distribution Administration中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPC中国人民政治协商会议及其机构The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and Its Structure中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅General Offices of the CPPCC NationalCommittee专门委员会Special Committee提案委员会Committee for Handling Proposals经济委员会Committee for Economic Affairs人口资源环境委员会Committee of Population, Resources and Environment教科文卫体委员会Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports社会和法制委员会Committee for Social and Legal Affairs民族和宗教委员会Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs文史资料委员会Committee of Cultural and Historical Data港澳台侨委员会Committee for Liaison with Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Overseas Chinese外事委员会Committee of Foreign Affairs中国人民政治协商委员会地方委员会CPPCC Local Committees中国政党Chinese Parties中国共产党(中共) Communist Party of China (CPC)中国国民党革命委员会(民革) Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang中国民主同盟(民盟) Chinese Democratic League中国民主建国会(民建) China Democratic National Construction Association中国民主促进会(民进)China Association for Promoting Democracy中国农工民主党Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party中国致公党China Zhi Gong Dang九三学社Jiu San Society台湾民主自治同盟(台盟) Taiwan Democratic SelfGovernment League1) 政府官方机构包括中央政府部门与各级地方政府部门。

国际政治专业英语词汇表

国际问题专业英语词汇表Absolute/Simple/Relative majority AbolitionismAbsolutismAd hocAdverse shocksAggregation of different interests Agnostic political temper Alleviation of humanitarian disaster Amnesty internationalAnomalous periodsAppeasement policy Appropriation committeeArmisticeArmed confrontationArm to teethArms control~ dealer/merchant of death~ raceArticulation of interests Asymmetric shocks/threat AuthoritarianismAutocracy(The) Axis powersBalance of powerBank liquidityBargaining chipsBehind closed doorsBi (tri-, multi-) lateral relations~ economic cooperation~ tradeBilliard ball gameBipartisan supportBlackmailBlockadeBond market and equity market Bordering subjectsBoundary negotiationBrainchildBraindrain~washBring all positive factors into full play Bring to justice~ fruitionBubble economyBudget surplus~ deficitBuffer zoneBusiness cycle(to) Carve out sphere of influenceCaste societyCatastrophic changeCapital accountCapital accumulationCapital flightCatholic CeasefireCenter-bordering areaCivil rights movementsClash of civilizationCoalition buildingCollective securityColonialism & neo-colonialismCommand economy~ massive media attentionCommon destinyCommunal disintegrationComplete prohibition & thoroughdestruction of nuclear weapons Concessional loan 优惠贷款Conciliatory mannerConflict & compromiseConsent of the governedConservative authoritarianism ConservatismConsociational democracyContested/competitive election 差额选举(equal-number /single-candidate election：等额选举)ConstructionismConsultationsContainment policyContingencyConstitutional monarchy system~ amendmentCosmopolitan communityCosmopolitanismCovenant（盟约）Conventional weaponsConvertible hard currencyCountry of one’s residence Counterbalance Counterproductive crusadeCredible monetary policyCrisis confidenceCross-border organized crime~ transactionCultural hegemonyCultural relicCurrent account(to) Deal a severe blow to DecentralizationDecision making procedureDeep-rooted/seated habitDe facto (de jure)Defense alliance(to) Defer debts(De)CentralizationDelayed repayment of capital & interest DependencyDepression, recessionDeregulated worldDerivative marketDespotism DétenteDeveloped countriesDeveloping ~Underdeveloped ~Less developed ~Direct democracyDisarmament and arms control Discernible national interest Disparity of wealthDispersed structure of power Disputed areasDistribution of benefitsDivision, tension & conflict DomesticationDomestic consensus oninternational objectives Double-edge sword functionDraft treaty 草约Drug smuggling/trafficking/pushingDual nationalityDurable goodsDuring a period of similar duration in Dutiable goods/duty-free goods（应/免税物品）Dysfunctional institutionEarly warning systemEcocideEconomic sanction~ bottom up/out~ take-off~ recessionEco-system disasterEgalitarian divisionElectoral CollegeEmpirical investigationEndangered speciesEpic-making importanceEqual opportunityEquality of economic opportunity Established principle of international law Establishment of diplomatic relationsEthnic cleansing (apartheid)Excess democracyExchange rate mechanismExchange of needed goodsExclusive economic zoneExtensive obligationsExtraditionExtraterritorial rightExtreme alternativesFundamental rightsFair economic competitionFailed paradigmFar-reaching implicationsFascismFeasibility studyFederal expenditureFeminismFinancial constraint~ industry~ sectorFiscal crisis财政危机~ stimulusFlightism（逃跑主义）Fluctuating rateForeign currency reserveForensic mattersForestallForward deployed military strategy Founding fatherFragmentationFree riderFrictionFull employment~ diplomatic relationsFully-fledged powerGenocideGeographical strategyGlobal governanceGlobalizationGross domestic productHead-on confrontationHealth CertificateHegemonic stabilityHeir apparentHolocaustHostile hegemonsHorizontal/Vertical proliferationIdeological hegemony of classical liberalism Incumbent partyIn consideration of the actual conditions IncrementalismIndividualismIntegrationInterest groupsInternationalizationInternational criminal courtInternational status~ waters~ situationIntellectual property rightsInter-bank market Interdisciplinary subjects Indiscriminate killingIndustrial revolutionImminent threat(to) Impose unilateral restrictions on Iron trianglesIrreversible natureLaunch a new initiativeLegacyLeague of NationsLandslide victory/defeatLife laneLip serviceLiquidationism (流寇主义)Low/high policy/politicsMacroeconomic policyMight is rightMainstream cultureMajority tyranny~ ruleMajoritarian democracyManifest destinyMaritime resourcesManeuverMarket accessMatters of mutual interest Maverick geniusMcCarthyismMedium-term objectivesMergers and acquisitionsMigrant workersMilestone/cornerstone/Military-industrial complex Military junta~ regime~ intervention~ encirclement~ build-up~ exercise~provocationMilitary-KeynesianismMonetary stabilityMoney launderingMulti-dimensional chess gameMutual surveillanceMutually exclusive interestsNational power and prestige~ self-determination~ comprehensive strength~ competition strength~ treatment~ referendum~ identity~ sovereignty~ mergeNazismNegative income taxNeo-liberalismNeo-realismNon-aligned movementsNordic countriesNuclear arsenalOil embargoOpportunitistOrthodoxOverseas marketPacifismPanaceaParliamentary democracyParochial prejudice ParticularizationPartisan alignmentsPatrimonial sea (承袭海)Pax-Americana美利坚治下的和平Peaceful handover of power Peacekeeping operationPer capita income/GDPPPP Purchase parity power 购买力平价Peripheral countriesPluralism Policy stasis~ mix~ instrumentsPolitical authority~ attitude~ asylum~ consensus~ consultation~ culture~ democratization~ disequilibrium~ distemper/temper~ elites~ entrepreneurs~ feasibility~ fugitive（政治逃犯）~ institutions~ isolation~ legitimacy/legitimation~ offender（政治犯）~ power~ structure~subversionPolarization of societyPopular movementPopulismPositivismPostindustrial societyPotential security concerns~ adversaryPower politics 大国政治Precision-guided bombsPredominant opinionPreemptive strikePremature conclusionPress conference 新闻发布会Primitive capital accumulationPrivate sector~ propertyProliferation of weapons of mass destruction Prospective customersProtestantPublic goods theory~ sector (private ~)Pure fabrication~ realpolitikQuarantine Office (检疫所)Racial discriminationRational allocation of resources Rationalism 理性主义Real/constant dollarReal estate speculationRecipientRegional conflict 地区冲突~ economic cooperation 地区经济合作Regionalization 地区化Regular consultationsRegulatory bureaucracyRehabilitation CenterRepressive regimeRevisionismRights and obligationsRotating chairmanSacred and inviolable rightScale economyScapegoatSecondary marketSecret ballotSeek a fair and reasonable solution Segmented marketSelf-fulfilling prophecySelf-imposed obligationSeparation of powerService the debt(to) shape the policy agendaShock therapyShort-term deficitSkepticsSlim majority in favorSlippery conceptSocial bargain~ buffer~ infrastructureSocialization(to) Solve disputes by peaceful means Spillover effectSpecial-operations forcesStaff writer 特约撰稿人Staggered electionStaple food 主食StanceStanding army~ committee(to) Start from scratchState/private sectorState/national sovereigntyStatic pie/growing pieStatus quo power (potential power) Strategic defense 战略防御~ intention~ reserve~ position~ key areaStreamlineStructural unemploymentSubmerged convictionSummit meetingSunk costSupply-side economySupranational community Suspension of negotiationsSustained/sustainable development mode Swap marketSynchronous business circlesSystem overloadTangible assetTax evasion/cut/reduction/revenue Technocrat governanceTelepathyTerritorial air~ contiguity~ dispute~ integrity~ jurisdiction~ sea~ waterslimits of ~breadth of ~Territorial and power ambition Territory properTerritorial seaTertiary industry TotalitarianTrading blocTransaction cost(to) Trigger a chain reaction Triple Entente 三国协约Twofold realizationUltimatumUnconditional surrender Universally recognized norms UniversalizationUpward social mobility~ redistribution of wealth UtilitarianismUtterly destituteVested interestV oice voteVirtuous/vicious cycleWin-win propositionZero-sum gameWaves of labor displacement ~ of business cycleXenophobiaYear-on-year growth Zionism外交机构/事务专有名词Announcement宣言Appointed ambassador to Bretton Woods Pact CommuniquéCommercial counselor’s office Consulate-general ConsulateCircular noteDe jure recognition De facto recognitionCertificate of appointmentDeclaration, manifestoDiplomatic practice~ bag, pouch（外交邮袋）~ channels~ courier（外交信使）~ envoy mission~ immunities~ personnel~ policy~ practice（外交惯例）~ privileges~ rank~ representative~ strategyBalance of power diplomacyCultural ~Energy ~Head of the state ~Human rights ~Multilateral ~During one’s absenceMinistry of Foreign AffairsEmbassy（大使馆）Legation (公使馆)Consulate-general (总领事馆)ConsulateOffice of the charge d’affaires (代办处) Accredited to …ambassador (extraordinary & plenipotentiary) 向…派（特命全权）大使Minister-counselor charge d’affaires（公使衔参赞）Military attache’s office (武官处) Commercial counselor’s office （商务处）Press section; information service （新闻处）Protocol Department (礼宾司)Information Department（新闻司）Press section, information serviceLiaison office (联络处)Ad hoc committee（特别委员会）Interim committee（临时委员会）Appropriate body（主管机构）Auxiliary body（辅助机构）Interim counselor （临时代办）Consul-general（总领事）Doyen (dean) of the diplomatic corps（外交使团团长）Roving ambassador（巡回大使）Ambassador-at-large（无任所大使）Special envoy（特使）Charge d’affaire （代办）Attache （随员）Permanent representative（常任/常驻代表）Alternate; deputy; substitute（副代表）Plenipotentiary（全权代表）Chief delegate（首席代表）Observer（观察员）Military/naval/air attaché（陆/海/空武官）His (Her, Your) Majesty（陛下）His (Her, Your) Excellency（阁下）His (Her, Your) Royal Highness（殿下）Exequatur（驻在国发给领事或商务人员的）许可证书Formal noteForeign affairsLetter of appointmentLetter of credence, credentials（国书）Memorandum, aidememoire（备忘录）Letter of introductionLetter of recall（召回公文）Mutual recognitionNormalizationTerms of reference（职权范围）Formal note（正式照会）Verbal note（普通照会）Circular note（通知照会）Summary record（摘要记录）Verbatim record（逐字记录）Persona non-grat（不受欢迎的人）Persona grata（受欢迎的人）StatementAn absolute majority（绝对多数）Simple majority（简单多数）Relative majority（相对多数）Qualified majority（特定多数）To serve as……in rotation（轮流担任）To develop the national economy To develop relations of peace & friendship, equality & mutualbenefit & prolonged stabilityTo establish consular relations建立领事关系To establish normal state relationsTo exchange ambassadors互换大使To make representations to,to take up a (the) matter with（向…交涉）To lodge a protest with（向……提出抗议）To express regret（表示遗憾）To take exception to; to object to（提出异议）An atmosphere of cordiality（诚挚友好的气氛）To make up for each other’s deficienciesTo negotiate thru diplomatic channelsTo peddle munitionsTo proceed to take up one’s post（赴任）To assume one’s post（就任）To resume charge of the office/to return to one’s post（返任）To present one’s credentialsTo request the consent ofTo resume charge of the office,to return to one’s postTo resume diplomatic relationsat ambassadorial levelTo review the guard of honor（检阅仪仗队）To safeguard national sovereignty & resources To safeguard national independence &the integrity of sovereigntyTo safeguard world peaceTo seek a fair & & reasonable solutionTo sever diplomatic relationsTo solve disputes by peaceful meansTo suspend/sever diplomatic relationsTo take concerted stepsTo take exception to, to object toTo undertake obligations in respectof the nuclear-free zoneTo upgrade diplomatic relationsTo be shocked to learn of（惊悉）To be distressed by the unhappy news of; to be deeply grieved by（恸悉）Welcoming banquet欢迎宴Reciprocal banquetReceptionCocktail partyLuncheon（午宴）All countries, big or small, should be equal.国际关系Fishery resourcesFriendly exchangesFrontier region, border region Fundamental rightsInalienability of territory（领土不可割让）Joint actionLoans with no or low interest无息贷款Maritime resourcesMerger of statesMutual understanding &mutual accommodationNational boundaryNeutral state/countrySponsor country（发起国）Host country（东道国）Inviting country（邀请国）Never to attach any conditions Normalization of relationsOuter spacePatrimonial seaPeople-to-people contacts & exchanges Plebiscite（公民投票）ProtectoratePractical, efficient, economical & convenient for use200 nautical-mile maritime rights Reduction or cancellation of debts Refugee campRight of residenceRudimentary code of international relations Secretariat（秘书处）Sole legal governmentStatus quo of the boundarySuzerain stateSuzeraintyTrusteeship 和平共处the five Principles of Peaceful coexistence mutual respect for sovereignty &territorial integritymutual non-aggressionnon-interference in each other’sinternal affairsequality & mutual benefitpeaceful coexistence国际组织ASEANAsian & Pacific CouncilCaribbean Common Market/Community Central American MarketCommunityConference of Heads of State & Government of the Organization of African Unity Conference of Developing Countries(the 77-nation group)International Confederation ofFree Trade UnionInternational Court of JusticeInternational Organization of Journalists International Red Cross ConferenceInter-Parliamentary UnionLeague of Red Cross SocietiesWorld Peace CouncilWorld Confederation of LaborNordic Council活在美国：你得知道，海外学历的英语表达方法ACCAC威尔士学历管理、教学大纲与评估委员会AICE国际高级教育证书A-level中学高级水平考试ARELS(Association of Recognised English Language Services)英语语言认证教学机构联合会AS-level中学准高级水平考试BA（Bachelor of Arts）文学学士BAC(British Accreditation Council for Independent Further and Higher Education)英国私立延续教育及高等教育认证委员会BALEAP(British Association of Lecturers in English for Academic Purposes)英国学术英语讲师协会BASELT(British Association of State English Language Teaching)英国公立英语语言教学机构协会BATQI(British Association of TESOL Qualifying Institutions)英国英语教学合格院校联合会B.Eng (Bachelor of Engineering)工程学士B.Sc.（Bachelor of Science）理学学士BTEC（Business and Technology Education Council）工商及技术教育委员会CCEA(Northern Ireland Council for the Curriculum,Examinations and Assessment)北爱尔兰教学大纲、考试与评估委员会CIFE（Conference for Independent Further Education）私立延续教育联合会COSHEP（The Committee of Scottish Higher Education Principals）苏格兰高等教育校长委员会CVCP（Committee of Vice Chancellors and Principals）大学校长委员会DENI (Department of Education Northern Ireland)北爱尔兰教育部DfEE(Department for Education and Employment)教育与就业部D.Phil(Doctor of Philosophy)哲学博士EAP（English for Academic Purposes）学术英语EAQUALS(European Association for Quality Language Service)欧洲语言教学质量服务机构EiBA( English in Britain Accreditation Scheme)英国英语认证计划EEA(European Economic Area)欧洲经济区EIS（Education In????ation Service）教育信息服务处ELSIS（English Language Service for International Students）外国学生英语语言教学ELT(English Language Training)英语语言培训ESL(English as a Second Language)英语外语教学ESP(English for Specific Purposes)专用英语FE（Further Education)延续教育GCSE（General Certificate of Secondary Education）普通中等教育证书GMAT(General Management Admission Test)管理专业入学考试GNVQ（General National Vocational Qualification）全国通用职业资格GSVQ（General Scottish Vocational Qualification）苏格兰通用职业资格GTTR（Graduate Teacher Training Registry）毕业教师培训注册处HE（Higher Education）高等教育HEFCE（Higher Education Funding Council for England）英格兰高等教育基金管理委员会HEFCW（Higher Education Funding Council for Wales）威尔士高等教育基金管理委员会HND（Higher National Diploma）国家高等教育文凭IB（International Baccalaureate）国际高中毕业考试IELTS（International English Language Testing System）国际英语语言测试系统(简称雅思)ISC（Independent Schools Council）私立学校委员会IGCSE(International GCSE)国际普通中等教育证书Independent Schools Council私立学校委员会ISIS（Independent Schools In????ation Service）私立学校信息服务处LCCI（London Chamber of Commerce & Industry）伦敦工商会LEA（Local Education Authority）地方教育局LLM(Master of Law) 法学硕士MA（Master of Arts）文学硕士MBA(Master of Business Administration)工商管理硕士M.Chem(Master of Chemistry)化学硕士M.Ed(Master of Education)教育硕士M.Eng. (Master of Engineering)工程硕士M.Phil.(Master of Philosophy)研究硕士M.Phys(Master of Physics)物理硕士M.Sc.(Master of Science)理学硕士M.Res.(Master of Research)研究硕士M.Sci(Master of Science)理学硕士（本科水平）NARIC(National Academic Recognition In????ation Centre)全国学术认证信息中心NHS(National Health Service)国民保健体系NISS(National In????ation Services and Systems)全国信息服务系统NUS(National Union of Students)全国学生联合会NVQ(National Vocational Qualification)全国职业证书ODA(Overseas Development Administration)海外发展管理局OFSTED(Office for Standards in Education)教育标准办公室PGCE(Postgraduate Certificate in Education)教育学研究生证书PAM (Professions Allied to Medicine)医学有关职业PGCE(Postgraduate Certificate in Education)（教育学研究生文凭）PG Cert(Postgraduate Certificate)研究生文凭PG Dip.(Postgraduate Diploma)研究生文凭Ph.D.(Doctor of Philosophy)哲学博士QAA(Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education)高等教育质量保障局QCA(Qualifications and Curriculum Authority)教学大纲和学历管理委员会RAE(Research Assessment Exercise)科研水平评估SCE(Scottish Certificate of Education)苏格兰教育证书SEED(Scottish ????utive Education Department)苏格兰执行教育部SCE (Scottish Certificate of Education )苏格兰教育证书SHEFC(Scottish Higher Education Funding Council)苏格兰高等教育基金管理委员会SQA(Scottish Qualifications Authority)苏格兰学历管理委员会SVQ(Scottish Vocational Qualifications)苏格兰职业资格TQA( Teaching Quality Assessment)教学质量评估TEFL(Teaching English as a ForeignLanguage)英语外语教学TAE(Teaching Assessment Exercise)教学质量评估TESOL (Teaching English to Speakersof Other Language )面向母语为非英语者的英语教学课程TOEFL(Test of English as a ForeignLanguage)英语外语考试（简称托福）TOEIC (Test of English forInternational Communication)国际英语考试UCAS((Universities and CollegesAdmission Service)高等院校招生办公室UKCOSA (The Council forInternational Education)英国国际教育委员11。

法律英语证书(LEC)考试简介

随着中国入世和对外开放的逐步深入，法律英语的重要性日渐凸现。

然而，由于法律英语的特殊性，国内一直没有一个科学的考核指标衡量法律从业人员专业英语的掌握程度。

法律英语证书（Legal Englis h Certificate，简称LEC）考试由教育部主管、中国职业技术教育学会主办、法律英语证书全国统一考试委员会具体组织，目的是为从事涉外业务的企业、律师事务所提供招募国际性人才的客观标准，同时督促国内法律从业人员提高专业英语水平。

法律英语证书考试试题由其专家委员会成员共同研究、开发，专家委员会由来自国内外的50名法律英语专家、学者、著名律师组成。

该考试的题型、考察内容与美国的律师资格考试相近，同时又突出了法律英语语言运用的特色，并结合中国的实际增加了法律英语翻译测试。

考试分试卷一和试卷二，各需三个小时完成。

试卷一为多项选择题，包括美国法基本知识和逻辑推理，内容涉及美国宪法、财产法、知识产权法、侵权法、商事组织法、民事程序法、刑法及刑事程序法等，重点考察合同法、商事组织法、侵权法、知识产权法及财产法的知识；试卷二是主观题，包括案件阅读、翻译和法务写作三项，其中法务写作将重点考察office memo, case brief 及律师信函的写作格式及写作内容。

公检法机关和企事业单位从事涉外法务工作人员；从事涉外法务的律师，公司法律部门的从业人员；高等院校法律专业、英语专业学生以及社会上一切有志于从事涉外法务的人员均可以参加法律英语证书（LEC）考试。

法律英语证书考试属水平考试，满分为200分。

130分以上，且主、客观两卷得分分别不低于60分为及格标准；170分以上，且主、客观两卷得分分别不低于80分为优秀。

该考试证书是从事涉外法律服务工作人员的专业英语水平权威证明；该考试证书也是赴美攻读法学专业，及取得美国律师职业资格的可靠保证。

法律英语证书考试每年举行两次，分别在5月份和12月份的最后一个周六举行，目前只设中国政法大学一个考点。

BellSouth 地区交换电话运营商（CLEC）更新：本地订购手册（LOH）版本24.0C、新的地

BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc.675 West Peachtree StreetAtlanta, Georgia 30375CarrierNotificationSN91087045Date: March 23, 2007To: Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLEC)Subject: CLECs – (Documentation/Guides) - Update to the Local Ordering Handbook (LOH), Version 24.0C, New Local Service Ordering Guide 6 (LSOG 6) and EDI LocalMechanization Specifications 06 (ELMS 06) for Release 24.0BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc. d/b/a AT&T Southeast (AT&T) will implement the following changes to update documentation in the LOH, Version 24.0C, ELMS 06 for Release 24.0.CCPNumberDescription Of The Change2479 DES field (DL Form/Screen): Update Conditional Usage Note 2 to read: “When TOS=2 and DES is populated, the end user state must be Louisiana or Kentucky, or the STYC must = SI or CI.”2480 SASN, CITY, STATE and ZIP fields R/C/O xDSL Loops ACT = D table. Updated R/C/O table to move CITY, STATE and ZIP fields from ‘Required’ to “Conditional,” and to move the SASN field from ‘Conditional’ to “Optional.”Please refer to the attachments for specific details of the changes listed above.These changes will be reflected in the next update of the ELMS 06, Release 24.0/LOH Version 24.0D, scheduled to be posted on Friday, April 13, 2007.A summary of all changes within this document will be listed in the Summary of Changes section. This update can be found on the BellSouth Interconnection Services Web site in the Local Exchange Ordering (LEO) Guides at:/reference_library/guides/html/leo.html#lohPlease contact your AT&T local support manager with any questions.Sincerely,ORIGINAL SIGNED BY KRISTEN E. SHOREKristen E. Shore – DirectorBellSouth Telecommunications, Inc. d/b/a AT&T SoutheastAttachmentsCCP 2479 Attachment Listed BelowLOH-24.0-ELMS06CRB: 5004CCP: 2479MAP: ELMS6Release: 24DL:DES fieldDESDesignationDL Form / ScreenLSOG6 / ELMS6DefinitionIndicates the professional designation phrase of a business listing.Definition NotesNote 1:Typically prints in the white pages and is used to identify the type of business when it is notinherently obvious from the name (e.g., Bob Smith and Daughters plmbr).Valid EntriesDesignation abbreviationsValid Entry NotesNote 1:Allowable values provided in yellow page header book (YPH). BAPCO-BellSouth®Advertising and Publishing Company.Data CharacteristicsUp to 25 alpha/numericExamplesattyConditional Usage NotesNote 1:Prohibited when the LACT field is Z.Note 2:Prohibited when the 1st character of the TOS is 2 and the State on the EU form is notKentucky or Lousiana and/or when the STYC is not SI or CI.When TOS=2 and DES is populated, the end user state must be Louisiana or Kentucky, or the STYC must = SI or CI.Business RulesRule 1:Designation will print in the white pages of the directory.Rule 2:Designation will print in lower case letters.Rule 3:Designation will not print, or affect placement in the yellow page section of the directory.Rule 4:Not allowed on Residence accounts except when the residence telephone number isindented in an arrangement with a business listing.* * * * * * * * * * End of definition for field DES * * * * * * * * * *CCP 2480 Attachment Listed BelowLOH-24.0-ELMS06CRB: 5005CCP: 2480MAP: ELMS6Release: 24xDSL R/C/O TablesxDSL LoopsProduct ListingxDSL LoopsThe xDSL Loops are capable loops providing a transmission path between a Collocation agreement and a customer premises, between two customer premises, or between two Collocation arrangements.Currently, three offerings are available for xDSL Loops:•2-Wire ADSL Capable Loop w/Network Interface Device (NID)•2-Wire HDSL Capable Loop w/NID•4-Wire HDSL Capable Loop w/NIDAsynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a 2-wire Metallic Interface consisting of metallic facilities only. ADSL is a transport technology only and cannot be transported over Digital Loop Carrier (DLC) or interoffice facilities. High-Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) is a transport technology that can either be 2-wire or 4-wire. The loop facility consists of only metallic facilities and cannot be transported over Digital Loop Carrier (DLC) or interoffice facilities.Ordering Forms/ScreensThe following chart illustrates the required, conditional and optional forms/screens for ordering this service. Detailed information will follow to assist you in filling out each of these forms/screens.Forms/ScreensxDSL LoopsSI LSR Hunting EU DL RS DRS PS NP LS LSNP RPL Proprietary R R R RR = Required C = Conditional O = OptionalService Inquiry Form InstructionsThe following two subsections provide instructions for the SI Process. The SI form is reproduced at the end of this section.SI Process for ADSL and HDSL Loops:Manual Service Inquiry Process1. CLEC will send manual SI (Service Inquiry) and LSR for ADSL or HDSL Loop setup to the UNE CRSG.2. UNE CRSG will forward the SI to OSPE.3. The completed SI and LSR will then be forwarded to the LCSC to process the service order to bill the CLEC for appropriate charges and provision the LSR.Electronic Loop Make UpThe Service Inquiry Form is not required when the CLEC uses the Electronic Loop Make Pre-order Function to qualify the loop. Refer to the BellSouth® Pre-Order Business Rules.If a new facility is being requested, the CLEC must obtain Loop Make-up (LMU) information (either manually or electronically), a Facility Reservation Number and populate the reservation number in the RESID field on the LSR.If the loop being ordered is a reuse of an existing facility and the CLEC has determined that the facility is compatible to the loop type being ordered, it is not necessary to obtain a RESID. Populate the RESID field with all "X's" and submit the electronic order.If Loop Modifications are required, a SI and LSR must be submitted manually, following the guidelines in theADSL/HDSL CLEC information Package.Service Inquiry FormNote:The Service Inquiry form is not included in this document. Contact your Local Support Manager (LSM)to obtain the form.Completing the DL Form/ScreenIf directory listings are required, refer to REQTYP J for more information on completing the DL form/screen.Completing the LSR and EU Forms/ScreensAccount level activities (ACT) apply to the entire account. A complete list of ACTs and their definition can be found in the Data Dictionary entry for ACT.The following chart shows all of the valid account level activities for this service.Valid Account Level ActivitiesxDSL LoopsN C D T R V S B W L YX X X X - X - - X - - “X” denotes valid account level activities. A dash (-) indicates a non-valid account level activity.The Required, Conditional and Optional (R/C/O) fields on the LSR and EU forms/screens will be given for every validACT code in the ACT Tables section.Completing the LS Form/ScreenThe Loop Service (LS) form/screen may be required or invalid depending on the account level activity. Each accountlevel activity has valid Line Level Activities (LNAs). These LNAs determine how, or if, the LS form/screen should bepopulated. A complete list of LNAs and their definition can be found in the Data Dictionary entry for LNA.The following chart gives the valid LNAs for each account level activity (ACT) and the associated LS form/screenusage for this service.If ACT is: Then LNA is: And LS form/screen is:N N RequiredC N &D for electronic orders; C for manual orders RequiredD D RequiredT N or T RequiredV N, V or D RequiredW W Required The Required, Conditional and Optional (R/C/O) fields for the Loop Service (LS) form/screen are listed according tothe Line Level Activity (LNA) in the LNA Tables Section.RCO TablesThe following tables show the Required, Conditional and Optional (R/C/O) fields on the validforms/screens for this product. All unmentioned fields are either invalid, not applicable, prohibited or not supported. When fields are populated which are not supported by BellSouth, these not supported fields will be ignored. Populating any other fields may result in a fatal reject or a clarification of the service request. Please note the following codes:- Optional fields marked with an asterisk (*) force at least one of the conditional fields to become required when populated.- Fields used only for manual orders are followed by (M).- Fields used only for electronic orders are followed by (E).- For fields marked with a DOUBLE asterisk (**) please refer to the Data Dictionary for clarification. See the Data Dictionary Section for additional information on each field.ACT= D: LSRRequiredACNA ACT ACTLAN BAN1CCCCNA D/TSENT DDDIMPCON IMPCON-TEL NO.INITINIT-FAX NO.INIT-TEL NO.NCNCI PG_OF_ (M)PONREQTYP SC SECNCITOSConditionalCUST LSO (E)NORPROJECT PROJINDR RCC (E)RPON SUP VEROptionalCIC REMARKS RORD (M)SN91087045 ACT Tables: Reqtyp A, xDSL LoopsACT= D: EURequiredAN (M)CITY NAMEPG_OF_ (M)PON (M)SASNSTATE ZIPConditionalAAI LD1LD2LD3LV1LV2LV3SANO SASDSASF SASS SATHVER (M)CITY STATEZIPOptionalLCON-NAME LCON-TEL NO.SASN*。

外贸英文函电期末复习整理

international business 国际商务economic integration经济一体化globalization of markets 市场全球化IMF 国际货币基金组织global financial system全球金融体系multinational company 跨国公司trade barrier 贸易壁垒GA TT 关税与贸易总协议market liberalization市场自由化emerging markets 新兴市场the globalization of capital资本全球化GNI国民总收入economic integration blocs经济一体化集团Coincide with 与......相符Foreign direct investment外国直接投资International portfolio investment国际证券投资Letter-head 信头Reference and date 编号与日期Inside name and address信内名称，地址Attention line 经办人Subject line 标题（事由）Complimentary close 结尾敬辞Carbon copy notation 抄送Identification line 辨认记号The second page第二页Trade with 经商，做买卖Trade in 经营（商品）deal indeal with 与...打交道,与...做生意,处理Commission house 提取佣金的商行Light industrial products 轻工产品State-operated corporation国营公司Joint venture 合资企业Deal exclusively in 独家经营Enjoy a high reputation享有很高的声誉Sister corporation 兄弟公司Supply sb. With sth.向某人供应某物Be assured of 使确信，使放心Get in touch with sb.与某人联系，接洽Do business with sb.与某人做贸易，成交Specific requirement 具体要求Through mutual efforts共同努力Equality and mutual benefit 平等互利In time 及时In turn 轮流地In short 总之Price list 价目单Cotton prints印花布Export terms 出口条款Fine in quality 质地优良Moderate in price 价格公道Novel in design 设计新颖Household electric appliance家用电器Energy-saving节能In order 妥当；整齐无误Make...to order 定做In good order 情况良好To one’s order以...为抬头，凭..指示Be subject to 以...为准By separate post 另邮Prompt shipment 即装Processing with supplied materials 来料加工Enquire for 询购某物Enquire about 打听某事Enquire into 调查Make sb an offer for 给某人报..的价格Sth be under offer 某商品在出售中The offer is firm for.....此报盘有效期为Make sb. an offer 向某人报盘Accept offer 接受报盘counter-offerRenew offer 恢复报盘还盘Decline offer 谢绝报盘Withdraw offer 撤销报盘Entertain offer 考虑报盘Non-firm offer 虚盘An offer without engagement 无约束性的报盘Wholesale price 批发价Gross price 毛价net price 净价Sell off 拍卖Sell out 卖完Repeat order 重复订购initial order初次订购Conditions of sales 销售条件A special allowance 特别折扣Subject to prior sale 以先售为条件Subject to change without notice 不经通知可以改变In cartons 装纸箱As per 按照Acknowledge receipt of 收到As a much lower price than 以比...低得多的价格Supply...from sock 供...现货Have...in stock 有...现货Out of stock 脱销With /in reference to... 关于For your reference 供你方参考Confirmed L/C 保兑信用证Commercial invoice 商业发票Make up 制作，准备Confirming bank 保兑行Confirming house 保付商行Shipping instructions 装船提示Agree on(upon)... 就...达成一致The rough handling 野蛮装卸Bill of exchange 汇票Promissory note 本票Demand draft（D/D) 票汇Telegraphic transfer(T/T）电汇Mail transfer（M/T）信汇Remitting/paying bank 汇出行/汇入行Collecting bank 托收银行Documents against payment 付款交单Documents against acceptance(D/A）承兑交单Commercial bill 商业汇票Banker’s bill 银行汇票Sight bill 即期汇票Time bill 远期汇票Irrevocable L/C 不可撤销信用证Unconfirmed L/C 非保兑信用证Non-transferable L/C 不可转让信用证Documentary L/C 跟单信用证Revolving L/C 循环信用证Reciprocal L/C 对开信用证Back to back L/C 对背信用证Red clause L/C 红条款信用证Standby letter of credit 备用信用证Clean L/C 光票信用证Reimbursing bank 偿付行Advising/opening bank 通知行/开证行Negotiating bank 议付行Give commission on.....对...商品给佣金At a discount 打折In payment of 支付In duplicate/triplicate一式两份/三份Draw up a contract 起草合同draft a..Have a contract ready for signature备好合同签字Sign(close,enter into) a contract 签订..Execute a contract 履行合同U31.我们在平等互利的基础上与其他国家进行贸易。

国际人才英语考试(初级)优秀等级证书

国际人才英语考试(初级)优秀等级证书
国际人才英语考试（English Test for International Communication），简称国才考试（ETIC），是北京外国语大学中国外语测评中心在中国特色社会主义进入新时代，“一带一路”大步推进，各层次国际交往日趋频繁，我国参与全球治理能力不断提升，国际影响力不断增强的大背景下研发的英语沟通能力认证体系，旨在为国家和用人单位培养、选拔具有国际视野，熟练运用外语，通晓国际规则，精通国际谈判的“国才”。

国才考试充分体现“分类优秀”原则，包括“国才初级”“国才中级”“国才高级”“国才高端”和“国才高翻”五大类别，服务于各级各类、各行各业的人才培养与选拔，满足不同层次国际交流活动的不同需求。

《科技英语》课件

Technical documentation
In the industry, scientific and technical English is used to write technical manuals, operation manuals, and product descriptions.
Academic research
In the academic community, scientific and technical English is widely used for paper publication, academic exchange, and research report writing.
Hale Waihona Puke 02CHAPTERTechnical English Vocabulary
Prototype
A scaled down or preliminary version of a product that is used to test and refine its design before full scale production
Promoting technological progress
Science and technology English is an important tool for disseminating new ideas, discoveries, and innovative achievements, which helps to promote the development and progress of science and technology.
01
Artistic Intelligence (AI)

国际学术交流英语英语

国际学术交流英语英语英文回答：International academic exchange is a crucial aspect of higher education that fosters collaboration, innovation, and the dissemination of knowledge across borders. It involves the exchange of students, scholars, and researchers between institutions in different countries, enriching educational experiences and advancing scientific research.One of the primary benefits of international academic exchange is the exposure to diverse perspectives and methodologies. Students and scholars learn from experts in their fields from different cultural backgrounds, broadening their intellectual horizons and fostering cross-cultural understanding. This diversity of perspectives stimulates creativity, innovation, and the generation of new ideas.International academic exchange also facilitates the transfer of knowledge and skills. Students and researchers gain access to specialized knowledge, cutting-edge research facilities, and advanced technologies through exchange programs. This exposure enhances their academiccapabilities and prepares them for careers in a globalized world.Furthermore, international academic exchange promotes collaboration and networking. Collaborative research projects between institutions in different countries foster interdisciplinary approaches, pooling resources and expertise to address complex global challenges. Networks established through exchange programs facilitate ongoing communication and knowledge sharing, sustaining collaboration beyond the exchange period.Cultural exchange is another significant aspect of international academic exchange. Students and scholars immersed in different cultures develop a deeper understanding of global perspectives, break down stereotypes, and foster empathy for diverse communities.This cultural exchange enriches their personal and professional lives, preparing them to thrive in an increasingly interconnected world.In conclusion, international academic exchange plays a vital role in advancing higher education and research. It promotes intellectual growth, facilitates knowledge transfer, fosters collaboration, and enhances cross-cultural understanding. By embracing international exchange, institutions create opportunities for students, scholars, and researchers to shape a more interconnected and knowledge-driven global community.中文回答：国际学术交流是高等教育中至关重要的一环，它促进了跨境合作、创新和知识传播。

常用国内国际单位、协会、机构名称英文翻译大全

教科文卫体委员会
Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and
Sports
社会和法制委员会
Committee for Social and Legal Affairs
民族和宗教委员会
Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs
宪法修改委员会
Committee for Revision of the Constitution
国家发展和改革委员会
National Development and Reform Commission
国家经济贸易委员会
State Economic and Trade Commission
国防科学技术工业委员会
中国民主促进会(民进)
China Association for Promoting Democracy
中国农工民主党
Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party
中国致公党
China Zhi Gong Dang
九三学社
Jiu San Society
台湾民主自治同盟(台盟)
省直辖市自治区特别行政区地级市县区镇自治州、自治区、自治县省会中国共产党中国共产党中央委员会中国人民政治协商会议
中华人民共和国国务院中央军委全国代表大会第一届中央全会(一中全会) 社区院 Yard 村 Vallage 巷/弄 Lane 楼/栋 Building 街 Street 信箱 Mailbox
中央翻译局
Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC

电气控制柜LEC系列

P
S
pressure,this is used a lot for the living water supply system and fire-fighting boosting system. S: specially used type for the submerged sewage pump This type is compatible with the all characters of liquid level control and also has the water-leak, motor s winding overheat
1 1 2 4 6 8 9 23
LEC SERIES ELECTRIC CONTROL CABINET
LEC
OUTLINE LEC
LEC series electric control cabinet is meticulously designed and manufactured b y Liancheng C o . b y m e a n s o f f u l l y absorbing the advanced experience on water pump control both at home and abroad and continual perfecting and optimizing during both production and application in many years. This product is durable with the choice of both domsetic and imported excellent components and has the functions of overload, short-circuit, overflow, phase-off, water leak protection and automatic timing switch,alternatice switch and starting of the spare pump at a failure and can be used for water supply for high buildings, fire-fighting, residential quarters, boilers, air-conditioning circulation, cooling system and for sewage drainage etc.many fileds. Besides, those designs, installations and debuggings with special requirements can also be provided for the u s er s . Th i s C o . h o l d s complete design technologies, advanced pr o d u c t i o n an d d e t e c t i o n equipments and strict quality guarantee system and post-sale service and will provide users with better services to get rid of their troubles back at bome while making the products perfected day by day.

国际学术交流英语PPT培训课件

01
Overview of English for International Academic Exchange
Definition
English for International Academic Exchange (EIAAE) is a specialized field of English language teaching that focuses on preparing learners for the academic demands of studying on road or participating in international academic activities
The Importance of Academic Exchange
19th century: The need for English language proficiency for international academic exchange arises due to the increasing popularity of Western universities and the spread of English as a global language
Increasing global competitiveness
being able to engage in international academic circles is crucial for countries and institutions seeking to maintain a competitive edge in the global knowledge economy
Determine the theme and purpose of the PPT, ensuring that the content is closely related to the theme.

lec 法

lec 法
LEC（Legal English Certificate）是一项专门针对法律英语能力的考试和认证项目。

它由国际法学会（ILEC）与剑桥英语考试委员会（Cambridge English Assessment）合作开发，旨在测试非英语母语人士在法律领域中的英语能力。

LEC考试分为几个不同的部分，涵盖了法律英语的各个方面，包括阅读理解、写作、口语和听力技能。

通过参加LEC考试并获得相应的证书，考生可以证明自己具备良好的法律英语能力，这对于从事法律职业或涉及法律领域的工作非常有帮助。

考试内容涵盖了法律英语的专业词汇、常用表达、法律文书的理解与撰写等方面。

考生需要熟悉与法律相关的词汇和表达，了解英语在法律领域中的特点和用法。

此外，良好的阅读、写作、口语和听力技能也是成功通过LEC考试的关键。

参加LEC考试可以提高法律从业者在国际交流和合作中的竞争力，帮助其更好地理解和运用英语在法律环境中的要求和规范。

同时，LEC考试也对于希望进入法律职业或与国际法律相关的领域工作的人士来说，是一种重要的能力认证和职业发展机会。

值得注意的是，LEC考试是一项专业性的考试，需要考生具备一定的英语基础和法律知识储备。

因此，考生在准备考试前应该系统地学习法律英语的相关知识，掌握常用的法律词汇和表达，提高自己的英语技能，并参加相应的培训或辅导课程进行针对性的复习和训练。

BellSouth CLEC 营业流程 - 电话费用调整指南说明书

BellSouth Interconnection Services675 West Peachtree StreetAtlanta, Georgia 30375Carrier NotificationSN91082469Date: February 12, 2004To: Resale Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLEC)Subject: Resale CLECs – (Billing and Business/Operational Process) - REVISED: Toll Blocking Option Deposit Waiver for Credit-Challenged End Users (originally posted June 26, 2001,latest revision January 21, 2004)This is to advise that the Toll Blocking Option Deposit Waiver for Credit-Challenged End Users (USOC TBODW) will be available for use on March 14, 2004. In the interim, please continue to submit all billing adjustments for those charged for periods prior to September 30, 2001, to your BellSouth account team representative. Please submit all charges incurred after September 30, 2001, using the normal Billing Adjustment Request (BAR) form and present for refund using the normal Billing Adjustment procedure. Any billing adjustments for periods prior to September 30, 2001, please submit those charges to your BellSouth Local Contract Manager. BellSouth will not accept CREX true up adjustment requests for any charges billed after May 1, 2004.In order to better serve its customers, BellSouth has scheduled to make available for resale a new Uniform Service Order Code (USOC), TBODW, allowing CLECs to waive a deposit for credit-challenged1 end users. The appearance of the TBODW USOC will allow the CLEC to block toll calls at no charge to their end users. BellSouth systems will populate the Field Identifier (FID) Toll Billing Exception (TBE) with data of “A” that will block third number and collect calls. Effective March 14, 2004, CLECs may begin utilizing the TBODW USOC via the electronic and manual-ordering processes in place of CREX1, CREXA, and CREX7 for existing and new credit-challenged end users. This change is associated with Change Control Process (CCP) CR 1263, which is posted on the CCP Web Site.BellSouth has determined that some CLEC end users that were deemed credit-challenged may have been eligible for a toll blocking deposit waiver beginning on November 16, 1999, in Georgia and Tennessee and on November 23, 1999, in Alabama, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina.Beginning 4th Quarter 2001, a billing true-up process began. The true-up adjustments will be applied as a credit to the CLECs’ Q Accounts in line with the applicable credit-challenged end user’s Earning Telephone Number (ETN). Any CLEC with records indicating that a credit- challenged end user was eligible for the toll blocking deposit waiver during those timeframes through September 30, 2001 should submit the attached billing true-up request form to its BellSouth Local Contract Manager for verification and processing. Standard billing dispute timeframes of sixty (60) days will apply.For credit-challenged end users only, the CLEC will need to provide BellSouth with the USOC, TBODW, and the Customized Code Restriction USOC (CREX1, CREXA, CREX7). Please contact1Credit-Challenged refers to Residential end users who do not have the ability to either a. place a security deposit for full telecommunications services and/or b. do not have the ability to pay for service beyond basic flat rate dial-tone. These end users have typically been either disconnected or denied for non-payment in the past..your BellSouth Local Contract Manager for details on the procedure for placing bulk orders for existing credit-challenged end users and with any questions your company may have regarding processing of the Credit-Challenged True-Up Forms.The electronic and manual ordering procedures to TBODW are specified below.The following USOC must appear with the TBODW USOC:USOC STATECREX 1 LA, MS, TN, KY, SC, AL, GACREX A Florida only (calls within the expanded local exchange area will beblocked)CREX 7 Tennessee and Kentucky – This option is only available in conjunction with one of the Area Plus LATAWide services.Following are the Area Plus LATAWide USOCs:TENNESSEE KENTUCKYAT3 AQ3AT3CL AQ3CLATL AQCATLCL AQCCLThe following restrictions apply for Toll Blocking Option Deposit Waiver:•No other toll blocking USOC allowed•End users will be denied access to 1+ dialing through the CREX1, CREXA, option at no charge •Optional Calling Plans (OCP) will not be allowed on accounts with the TBODW USOC in place •The TBODW USOC is valid in all states except North Carolina•The FID TBE with data of “A” is required to block third number and collect callsOnce the USOC TBODW is available, BellSouth will no longer be held responsible for the incorrect application of the USOCs TBODW, CREX1, CREXA and CREX7. BellSouth will not accept CREX true up BAR forms or make adjustments for any charges billed after May 1, 2004. BellSouth reserves the right to audit CLEC records to ensure that TBODW is only being used for credit-challenged end users.Should you have any questions please contact your Local Contract Manager.Sincerely,ORIGINAL SIGNED BY PAMELA TIPTON FOR JERRY HENDRIXJerry Hendrix – Assistant Vice PresidentBellSouth Interconnection Services©2004 BellSouth Interconnection ServicesBellSouth marks contained herein are owned by BellSouth Intellectual Property Corporation.。

中国商务部国际贸易学会商务英语证书

中国商务部国际贸易学会商务英语证书The International Trade Certificate in Business English issued by the China Ministry of Commerce requires a thorough understanding of both business practices and English language skills. This certification is designed to test the proficiency of individuals in conducting international business transactions and communicating effectively in English.To obtain this certificate, candidates must demonstrate their knowledge and skills in various aspects of international trade. This includes understanding trade policies, regulations, and practices in different countries, as well as knowing how to negotiate and communicate with international clients and suppliers.In addition, candidates must have a strong command of the English language, including grammar, vocabulary, and business communication skills. They should be able to write business correspondence, reports, and presentations in English, as well as participate in meetings, negotiations, and other business activities in English.The International Trade Certificate in Business English is a valuable credential for individuals who are involved ininternational trade and business. It demonstrates their ability to communicate effectively in English and navigate the complexities of international trade.中国商务部国际贸易学会商务英语证书要求考生在国际贸易和商务英语方面具有深入的了解和技能。

lec英语学习计划

lec英语学习计划IntroductionEnglish has become a global language, and its importance cannot be overstated. It is the language of international communication, business, science, and education. For students of the Language Education Center (LEC), mastering English is essential for success in their academic and professional endeavors. Therefore, it is crucial to create a comprehensive English learning plan that addresses all aspects of language learning and provides students with the tools and resources they need to achieve proficiency in English. This plan will include strategies for improving speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills, as well as recommendations for supplementary activities and resources to support students' language learning goals.Speaking SkillsOne of the most critical aspects of language learning is developing strong speaking skills. To improve their speaking abilities, LEC students should engage in regular conversation practice, both in and out of the classroom. In-class activities can include pair and group discussions, role-plays, and presentations. Outside of class, students should seek opportunities to practice speaking with native English speakers, either through language exchange programs, conversation cafes, or online speaking partners. Additionally, students should make use of language learning apps and websites that offer speaking exercises and pronunciation practice.Listening SkillsListening is another essential skill for language learners, as it is necessary for comprehending spoken English in various contexts. To improve their listening abilities, LEC students should regularly listen to English audio materials, such as podcasts, news reports, and audiobooks. They should also take advantage of the center’s listening reso urces, including recordings of native speakers, lectures, and discussions. In addition, students can practice listening to different English accents and dialects to develop a broader understanding of the language. Furthermore, using subtitle features with English language movies and TV shows can also enhance students’ listening skills.Reading SkillsImproving reading skills is crucial for language learners, as it helps them to expand their vocabulary, comprehension, and cultural knowledge. LEC students should engage in regular reading practice by exploring a variety of English texts, including novels, short stories, newspapers, and academic articles. Reading widely across different genres and topics can help students to become more proficient readers. Additionally, students can also use online resources, such as digital libraries, e-books, and reading comprehension exercises, to further develop their reading abilities. Building a reading habit can significantly aid their language learning journey.Writing SkillsWriting is an essential skill for academic and professional communication. To develop their writing skills, LEC students should practice writing regularly, in a variety of genres such as essays, emails, reports, and creative writing. They can benefit from engaging in writing exercises and receiving feedback from teachers and peers. Utilizing writing resources, such as grammar and vocabulary books, online writing tools, and writing workshops, can also help students to improve their writing proficiency. Moreover, focusing on the structure and organization of writing and utilizing different styles and techniques can enhance their competency.Language Learning Resources and ActivitiesIn addition to the four language skills, students should also take advantage of various language learning resources and activities to support their English proficiency goals. These resources can include language learning apps, language exchange partners, English learning websites, online courses, and social media language communities. Participating in English language clubs, attending language-focused events and workshops, and seeking out language immersion experiences, such as study abroad programs, can also provide valuable opportunities for language practice and cultural immersion. Furthermore, integrating English into daily life activities, such as using English language media, listening to English music, and participating in English-speaking social events, can further enhance language learning.Assessment and Goal SettingTo monitor their progress and set achievable language learning goals, LEC students can benefit from regular assessments and self-evaluations. This can include taking standardized English proficiency tests, such as the TOEFL or IELTS, as well as regular progress tests and assignments in their English classes. Setting specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals can help students to stay motivated and focused on their language learning journey. Additionally, seeking feedback from teachers and peers, and keeping track of their language learning achievements, can provide students with a clear understanding of their language proficiency and areas for improvement.ConclusionIn conclusion, developing a comprehensive English learning plan for LEC students is crucial for their language proficiency. By implementing strategies to improve speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills, as well as utilizing language learning resources and activities, students can achieve success in mastering the English language. It is also essential for students to regularly assess their progress and set achievable language learning goals to stay motivated and focused on their language learning journey. By following this English learning plan, LEC students can enhance their language skills and achieve proficiency in English.。

International R&D spillovers

I This is analogous to Terleckyj’s imported across industries.
(1974)
use of input-output
weights
to model
how R&D is
D. T. Coe, E. Helpman / European Economic Review 39 (I 9951859-887
861
ity. Some of our estimates suggest that foreign R&D capital stocks have stronger effects on domestic productivity the larger the share of domestic imports in GDP. It follows that more open economies extract larger productivity benefits from foreign R&D than less open economies. Moreover, measuring the importance of the R&D capital stock by the elasticity of TFP with respect to the R&D capital stock, our estimates suggest that the foreign R&D capital stock may be at least as important as the domestic R&D capital stock in the smaller countries, while in the larger countries (the G7) the domestic R&D capital stock may be more important. The next section contains a discussion of the theory that underlies our empirical specification. A brief review of the main features of our data is presented in Section 3, and the sources and construction of the data are described in an appendix. The main empirical findings and their economic interpretations are reported in Section 4. Section 5 concludes.

电信常用缩略语

电信常用缩略语AMSP <haha> access multiservice platform 多业务接入平台ATM <haha> asynchronous transfer mode 异步传输模式BMSP <haha> Backbone multiservice platform 高速链路多业务平台CAGR <haha> compound annual growth rate 复合成长率CAPEX <haha> capital expenditure 资本支出CLEC <haha> competitive local-exchange carriers 具有竞争力的本地交换运营商FCC <haha> Federal Communicatons Commission 美国通信委员会Gbps <haha> gigabit per second 千兆/秒IAD <haha> integrated access device 综合接入装置IOC <haha> independent operating company 自主营业公司IP <haha> Internet Protocol 网际协议IPPBX <haha> IP-private branch exchage 网际协议专用交换机IPVN <haha> Internet Protocol Virtual Private Network 网际协议虚拟专用通信网ISC <haha> International Softswitch Consortium 国际软交换协会LAN <haha> local-area network 局部网MPLS <haha> multiprotocol label switching 多协议标签交换NEBS <haha> Network Equipment Building System 网络设备制造系统NG <haha> next generation 下一代NGN <haha> next-generation networking 下一代网络OSMINE <haha> Operations Systems Modification of Intelligent Network Elements 智能网络元件的操作系统修改OSS <haha> operations support system 运行支援系统PRI <haha> Primary Rate Interface 原速率接口PSTN <haha> public switched telephone network 公众交换电话网PTT <haha> Postal, Telegraph and Telephone 邮政，电报和电话QOS <haha> quality of service 服务质量R&D <haha> research and development 研究与开发ROI <haha> return on investment 投资回收率SDH <haha> synchronous digital hierarchy 同步数字系统SIP <haha> system-in-a-package 单封装系统SLA <haha> service-level agreement 服务水平的协议SONET <haha> Synchronous Optical Network 同步光网络TDM <haha> time division multiple access 时分多址联接方式ACC <haha> Automatic Congestion Control information message <haha> 自动拥塞控制信息消息API <haha> Application Programming Interface <haha> 应用编程接口BIB <haha> Backward Indicator Bit <haha> 后向指示比特CAMEL <haha> Customized Applications for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic <haha> 移动网增强逻辑的用户应用CAP <haha> CAMEL Application Part <haha> CAMEL应用部分CDR <haha> Call Detail Record <haha> 呼叫详细记录CE <haha> ConformitéEuropéene <haha> 法语，符合欧盟（指令）CIC <haha> Circuit Identification Code <haha> 电路识别码DB <haha> DataBase <haha> 数据库DPC <haha> Destination Point Code <haha> 目的信令点编码DXC <haha> Digital Cross Connect equipment <haha> 数字交叉连接设备EAI <haha> Enterprise Application Integration <haha> 企业应用集成FISU <haha> Fill-In Signal Unit <haha> 填充信令单元FIB <haha> Forward Indicator Bit <haha> 前向指示比特FTP <haha> File Transfer Protocol <haha> 文件传输协议GMSC <haha> Gateway Mobile Switching Center <haha> 关口移动交换中心GSM <haha> Global System for Mobile Communications <haha> 全球移动通信系统GT <haha> Global Title <haha> 全局码GUI <haha> Graphic User Interface <haha> 图形用户界面HBA <haha> Hardware failure oriented group Blocking-Acknowledgement message <haha> 面向硬件故障的群闭塞证实消息HGB <haha> Hardware failure oriented Group Blocking message <haha> 面向硬件故障的群闭塞消息HGU <haha> Hardware failure oriented Group Unblocking message <haha> 面向硬件故障的群解除闭塞消息HLR <haha> Home Location Register <haha> 归属位置寄存器HUA <haha> Hardware failure oriented group Unblocking-Acknowledgement message <haha> 面向硬件故障的群解除闭塞证实消息HW <haha> High Way <haha> 高速信号线IEC <haha> International Electrotechnical Commission <haha> 国际电工委员会IMSI <haha> International Mobile Subscriber Identity <haha> 国际移动用户标识IP <haha> Internet Protocol <haha> 网际协议IP <haha> Intelligent Peripherals <haha> 智能外设ISUP <haha> ISDN User Part <haha> ISDN用户部分ITU-T <haha> ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector <haha> 国际电信联盟-电信标准部LAN <haha> Local Area Network <haha> 局域网LAN Switch <haha> Local Area Network Switch <haha> 以太网交换机LSSU <haha> Link Status Signal Unit <haha> 链路状态信令单元MAP <haha> Mobile Application Part <haha> 移动应用部分MBA <haha> Maintenance oriented group Blocking-Acknowledgement message <haha> 面向维护的群闭塞证实消息MGB <haha> Maintenance oriented Group Blocking message <haha> 面向维护的群闭塞消息MGU <haha> Maintenance oriented Group Unblocking message <haha> 面向维护的群解除闭塞消息MSC <haha> Mobile Switching Centre <haha> 移动交换中心MSU <haha> Message Signal Unit <haha> 消息信令单元MTP <haha> Message Transfer Part <haha> 消息传递部分MTBF <haha> Mean Time Between Failure <haha> 平均故障间隔时间MTTR <haha> Mean Time To Repair <haha> 平均修复时间MUA <haha> Maintenance oriented group Unblocking-Acknowledgement message <haha> 面向维护的群解除闭塞证实消息NEBS <haha> Network Equipment Building System <haha> 网络设备制造系统OAM <haha> Operations, Administration and Maintenance <haha> 操作、管理与维护OMAP <haha> Operation and Maintenance Application Part <haha> 操作维护应用部分OPC <haha> Origination Point Code <haha> 源信令点编码PPS <haha> PrePaid Service <haha> 预付费业务PSTN <haha> Public Switched Telephone Network <haha> 公用电话交换网SBA <haha> Software generated group Blocking-Acknowledgement message <haha> 软件产生的群闭塞证实消息SCCP <haha> Signalling Connection Control Part <haha> 信令连接控制部分SCMG <haha> SCCP Management <haha> SCCP管理SCP <haha> Service Control Point <haha> 业务控制点SGB <haha> Software generated Group Blocking message <haha> 软件产生的群闭塞消息SGU <haha> Software generated Group Unblocking message <haha> 软件产生的群解除闭塞消息SMSC <haha> Short Message Service Center <haha> 短消息业务中心SP <haha> Signalling Point <haha> 信令点SSP <haha> Service Switching Point <haha> 业务交换点STP <haha> Signalling Transfer Point <haha> 信令转接点SUA <haha> Software generated group Unblocking-Acknowledgement message <haha> 软件产生的群解除闭塞证实消息TCAP <haha> Transaction Capability Application Part <haha> 事务处理能力应用部分TDR <haha> Transaction Detail Record <haha> 事务详细记录TUP <haha> Telephone User Part（SS7）<haha> 电话用户部分UDTS <haha> Unit DaTa Service <haha> 单位数据业务UL <haha> Underwriters Laboratories <haha> 承诺实验室（美国）VLR <haha> Visitor Location Register <haha> 拜访位置寄存器WAN <haha> Wide Area Network <haha> 广域网WS <haha> Work Station <haha> 工作站XUDTS <haha> Enhanced Unit DaTa Service <haha> 增强的单位数据业务。