2011清华考博英语题型回忆
清华大学考博英语-9_真题-无答案
清华大学考博英语-9(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabularyDirections: There are forty incomplete sentences in this part, For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best one **pletes the sentence, and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with single line through the center.1. She is a woman of ______ who has never abandoned her principles for the sake of her own benefits.A. dignity B. scarcity C. Integrity D. stability2. Many important mistakes have been escaping ______, and a lot of money has been lost as a result.A. detection B. scarcity C. integrity D. stability3. I say that not to persuade you, but merely to ______ my conscience.A. revolve B. relieve C. retrieve D. revive4. When he left high school, he ______ to go to college and study for a degree, rather than get a job straight away.A. opted B. forwent C. indulged D. excelled5. Arithmetic is one fundamental science, ______ all other physical sciences.A. undermining B. undertaking C. underscoring D. underlying6. In the professions where women ______ numerically, it would be reasonable to expect them to hold senior positions.A. tolerate B. integrate C. predominate D. accumulate7. Last year our school football team won four ______ games.A. obsessive B. concessive C. successive D. excessive8. I can't possibly mark your homework; your handwriting is ______.A. illogical B. illiterate C. illusive D. illegible9. Another big issue ______ the nation is the problem of the education of its citizens.A. confining B. illiterating C. conforming D. confronting10. The relation of the earth on its axis is responsible for the ______ of periods of light and darkness.A. alteration B. alternation C. alternative D. altercation11. As the artist was ______ to pollen, he seldom went into the country to sketch the natural beauty in spring.A. destructive B. allergic C. fragile D. unchallenged12. The virus attacks the plant, the flower does not open, and ______ no seeds are produced.A. consequently B. subsequently C. simultaneously D. spontaneously13. The medicine was supposed to cure all kinds of ______, ranging from colds to back pains.A. compliments B. ailments C. implements D. commitments14. Mass production is ______ only in an economy with a highly developed technology.A. vulnerable B. invaluable C. feasible D. compatible15. His past affection for Jane ______ any new relationship impossible for him.A. resented B. rendered C. repelled D. resorted16. With a candle in hand, he carefully ______ the narrow stairs to his bedroom.A. asserted B. ascertained C. assembled D. ascended17. Some plants are ______ to disease and must be taken good care of for the whole growing period.A. fantastic B. subordinate C. susceptible D. imperative18. The best films are those which ______ national or cultural barriers.A. transcend B. transit C. transcribe D. transect19. Such occupations were so ______ as to be unworthy of his full attention.A. triggering B. tripling C. trifling D. trembling20. Despite his unsuccessful career, he was ______ to think that he at least had a warm family to turn to.A. conferred B. consoled C. confessed D. convinced21. For years the girl had harbored her ______ against her stepmother. Today, she finally got the courage to speak it out.A. resentment B. rivalry C. compulsion D. concession22. The doctor was in a ______ as to whether to tell the patient the truth or a lie.A. prudence B. dilemma C. secrecy D. psychology23. ______ from power, he had to go back to his hometown and toil in his little farm.A. Relinquished B. Tumbled C. Displaced D. Retrieved24. Watching news program at night has become an ______ part of the lives of most people in big cities.A. automotive B. instructive C. unconventional D. integral25. He finally agreed to sign the agreement with us, but with some ______.A. recurrence B. rejection C. reluctance D. refutation26. "We didn't want to displease our most ______ supporters, therefore, we have provided them with the opportunity of getting extra tickets to any game this year," said the manager of the football club.A. acute B. ardent C. sheer D. fantastic27. Soil ______ is a natural process. It becomes a problem when human activity causes it to occur much faster than under natural conditions.A. preservation B. abrasion C. erosion D. eruption28. Poverty and domestic violence make it easy for her to trust that bad things will happen and take this ______ happiness away.A. adversary B. vulgar C. fragile D. superfluous29. Though this book was written more than 50 years ago, it has a relatively contemporary appeal, and its ______ plotting will amuse mystery lovers.A. intricate B. disparate C. compassionate D. passionate30. "The project goal is for students to **plex and interesting sentences, and ______ , whole paragraphs," The teacher explains.A. foremost B. ultimately C. readily D. intimately31. Hypertension places stress on a number of organs (called target organs), including the kidney, eyes, and heart, causing them to ______ over time.A. deteriorate B. distress C. underscore D. dilute32. To take revenge of the defeat last year, each player was making his ______ to win the match, Even their fans were cheering for them.A. setback B. endeavor C. remnant D. distinction33. Like most other **panies with a rigid ______, workers and managers have strictly defined duties.A. vitality B. jurisdiction C. hierarchy D. bureaucracy34. To maintain a leading position in the market, companies have to develop products which are cheaper, more ______ and more reliable than those of **petitors.A. innovative B. commensurate C. enlightening D. legitimate35. Working in the customs, I feel both exciting and challenging, for I have to face the difficulties of dealing with ______ groups of people.A. delicate B. deliberate C. discrete D. disparate36. Competitors from more than a hundred countries have ______ in Los Angeles for the Olympic Games.A. denounced B. converged C. detached D. sprawled37. The environmental movement is ______ to the widespread feelings of support for nature's inheritage in recent decades.A. testimony B. deliberate C. compensation D. compassion38. In the ______ chapters, the professor has traced the redefinition of Britain's global position in recent decades.A. obsolete B. abiding C. preceding D. wielding39. It is our firm ______ that a step forward has been taken and will bring the country back to economic prosperity.A. conviction B. empowerment C. imperative D. proposition40. Due to sluggish market conditions, the factory's workforce has ______ from over 4,000 to a few hundred.A. proclaimed B. dwindled C. repressed D. indulgedPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part of the test, there are four short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given end mark the Corresponding letter with a single bar a cross the square brackets on your machine scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneHow many things can you see in the night sky? A lot! On a clear night you might see the Moon, some planets, and thousands of sparkling stars.You can see even more with a telescope. You might see stars where before you only saw dark space. You might see that many stars look larger than others. You might see that some stars that look white are really red or blue. With bigger and bigger telescopes you can see more and more objects in the sky. And you can see those objects in more and more details.But scientists believe there are some things in the sky that we will never see. We won't see them with the biggest telescope in the world, on the clearest night of the year. That's because they're Invisible. They're the mysterious dead stars called black holes.You might find it hard to imagine that stars die. After all, our Sun is a star. Year after year we see it up in the sky burning brightly, giving us heat and light. The Sun certainly doesn't seem to be getting old or weak. But stars do burn out and die after billions of years.As a star's gases burn, they give off light and heat. But when the gas runs out, the star stops burning and begins to die.As the star cools, the outer layers of the star pull in toward the center. The star squashes into a smaller and smaller ball. If the star was very small, the star ends up as a cold. dark ball called a black dwarf. If the star was very big, it keeps squashing inward until it's packed together tighter than anything in the universe.Imagine if the each were crushed until it was the size of a tiny marble. That's how tightly this dead star, a black hole is packed. What pulls the star in toward its center with such power?. It's the same force that pulls you down when you jump--the force called gravity. A black hole is so tightly packed that its gravity sucks in everything--even light. The light from black hole can **e back toyour eyes. That's why you see nothing but blackness.So the next time you stare up at the night sky, remember: there's more in the sky than meets the eyes! Scattered in the silent darkness are black holes--the great mystery of space.1. According to the article, what causes a star to die?A. As its gases run out, it cools down. B. It collides with other stars. C. It can only live for about a million years. D. As it gets honer and hotter, it explodes.2. Which of the following statements is NOT a fact?A. Black holes are dead stars. B. Black holes have gravity, C. Black holes are invisible. D. There is nothing as mysterious as a black hole.3. What happens AFTER a star dies?A. It becomes invisible. B. It falls to Earth. C. It bums up all of its gases. D. It becomes brighter and easier to see,4. Why can't you see light when you look at a black hole?A. Because most black holes are so far away. B. Because the gravity of a black hole is so strong that it sucks the light inward. C. Because as the star's gases burn, it stops giving off heat and light. D. Because as a star cools, its outer layers pull in toward its center.5. What is the main idea of the article?A. The future of our Sun billions of years from now. B. The difference between our Sun and a dead star. C. The mystery of black holes in the universe, D. The sparking and dying stars in the sky.Passage TwoBy far the **mon difficulty in study is simple failure to get down to regular concentrated work. This difficulty is much greater for those who do not work to a plan and have no regular routine of study. Many students muddle along, doing a bit of this subject or that, as the mood lakes them, or letting their set work pile up until the last possible moment.Few students work to a set timetable. They say that ff they did construct a timetable for themselves they would not keep to it, or would have to alter it constantly, since they can never predict from one day to the next what their activities will be.There are many who stay away from the self-regimentation of a weekly timetable, and dislike being tied down to a definite program of work. Many able students claim that they work in cycles. When they become interested in a topic they work on it intensively for three or four days at a time. On other days they avoid **pletely. It has to be confessed that we do not fully understand **plexities of the motivation to work. Most people over 25 years of age have become conditioned to a work routine, and the majority of really productive workers set aside regular hours for the more important aspects or their work. The "tough-minded" school of workers is usually very contemptuous of the idea that good work can only be done spontaneously, under the influence of inspiration.Those who believe that they need only work and study as the fit takes them have a mistaken belief either in their own talent or in the value of "freedom". Freedom from restraint and disciplineleads to unhappiness rather than to "self-expression" or "personality development". Our society insists on regular habits, time keeping and punctuality and whether we like it or not, if we mean Io make our way in society we have to comply with its demands.1. The most widespread problem on applying oneself to study is that of ______.A. the failure to keep a routine of methodical and intensive work B. changing from one subject to another C. unwillingness to follow a systematic plan D. applying oneself to a subject only when one feels inclined2. According to the passage, there are many students who ______.A. do not like **manded to study according to e weekly timetable B. are too timid to accustom themselves to a weekly timetable C. refuse to exert themselves the whole week as if under military discipline D. shrink from the self-discipline required for working to a weekly plan3. Those workers with strict views on work ______.A. are very critical of the belief that good work can be a natural product of instinct B. reject the idea that good work is second nature to man C. do not regard as serious the opinion that good work can be done at any time regardless of inspiration D. despise the idea that work can be done well only when free from external pressure and prompted by internal stimulus4. In Paragraph 4 "as the fit lakes them" means ______.A. when they have the energy B. when they are in the mood C. when they find conditions suitable D. when they feel fit5. A suitable title for this passage might be ______.A. Attitudes to Study B. Study Plans C. Study and Self-discipline D. The Difficulties of StudyingPassage ThreeEvery year thousands of people are arrested and taken to court for shop-lifting. In Britain alone, about HK$ 3,000,000's worth of goods are stolen from shops every week. As a result of this "shrinkage" as the shops call it, the honest public has to pay higher prices.Shop-lifters can be divided into three main categories: the professionals, the deliberate amateurs, and the people who just can't help themselves. The professionals do not pose much of a problem for the store detectives, who, assisted by closed circuit television and various other technological devices, can usually cope with them. The professionals tend to go for high value goods in parts of the shops where security measures are tightest. And, in any case, they account for only a small percentage of the total losses due to shop-lifting.The same applies to the deliberate amateur who is to speak, a professional in training. Most of them get caught sooner or later, and they are dealt with severely by the coups.The real problem is the person who gives way to a sudden temptation and is in all other respects an honest and law-abiding citizen. Contrary to what one would expect, this kind of ship-lifter is rarely poor. He does not steal because he needs the goods and cannot afford to pay for them. He steals because he simply cannot stop himself. And there are countless others who, because of age sickness or plain absentmindedness, simply forget to pay for what they take fromthe shops.In order to prevent the growth on ship-lifting offences, some stores, in fact are doing their best to separate the thieves from the confused by prohibiting customers from taking bags into the store. However, what is most worrying about the whole problem is that it is yet another instance of the innocent majority being penalized and inconvenienced because of the actions of a small minority. It is the aircraft hijack situation in anther form. Because of the possibility of one passenger in a million boarding an aircraft with a weapon, the other 999,999 passengers much Subject themselves to searches and delays. Unless the situation in the shops improves, in ten years' time we may all have to subject ourselves to a body search every time we go into a store to buy a tin of beans!1. Why does the honest public have to pay higher prices when they go to the shops?A. There is a "shrinkage" in market values. B. Many goods are not available. C. Goods in many shops lack variety. D. There are many cases of shop-lifting.2. The third group of people steal things because they ______.A. are mentally ill B. are quite absent-minded C. can not resist the temptation D. can not afford to Pay for the goods3. According to the passage law-abiding citizens ______.A. can possibly steal things because of their poverty B. can possibly take away goods without paying C. have never stolen goods from the supermarkets D. are difficult to be caught when they steal things4. Which of the following is NOT true about the main types of shop-lifting?A. A big percentage of the total losses are caused by the professional. B. The deliberate amateurs will be punished severely if they get caught. C. People would expect that those who can't help themselves from stealing are poor. D. The professionals don't cause a lot of trouble to the store detectives.5. The aircraft hijack situation is used in order to show that ______.A. the professionals do not pose much of problem for the stores B. some people simply forget to pay for what take from the shops C. the honest public has to pay higher prices D. the third type of shop-lifters are dangerous peoplePassage FourThere are three general methods people use to explain and understand their world, beliefs, pseudoscience, and science.What are beliefs? Well, simply put, beliefs are what you believe to be true. In this first method of interpreting man and the world, certain people proved the information about how the world works. Their teachings are beyond question. Their followers accept these beliefs because they want to accept them, not because of scientific evidence. Some examples are religions, such as Christianity. Christians believe in one God. who created the universe and all that is in it. They believe that this God is active in history, guiding and teaching His people. Like many religions, Christianity provides a number of specific moral rules and principles that make up an important part of its teachings. Superstitions, such as Fung Shui, are **mon examples of beliefs.Pseudoscience, also called fake science, is any body or knowledge, methodology, belief, or practice that claims to be scientific or is made to appear scientific, but is actually not. In pseudoscience, people accept opinions, or choose to believe certain facts while intentionally ignoring others, resulting in a false understanding of things and events. Beliefs in magic, monsters, and ghosts fall into this category. Both Chinese Qigong and Indian Yoga are very good physical exercises that can help their practitioners keep fit, but when some magical power, they are turning Qigong or Yoga into pseudoscience. Many people follow pseudoscience be-cause belief in magic or mysterious powers is entertaining. Astrology has millions of followers all around the world, not because it helps them deal with the world in any better way, only because it is just fun.Of the three methods, only science provides a rational way of understanding the world. It does not provide a moral system as religion does and it may not always be as entertaining as pseudoscience sometimes is, but it is the only method that requires constant testing of facts, beliefs and ideas, resulting in changing theories as we get new information. Science teaches us to draw conclusions based on evidence and it also teaches us that some evidence is stronger than other evidence, and how to judge the evidence. Through our study of science, we learn to accept uncertainty, to question facts and theories, and to search constantly for truth.Most of us use all three methods in different proportions to view our world. Some scientists believe in theories without supporting evidence. And the scientific method is often used for unscientific purposes. But science is the only method that is constantly changing. It does not depend on the teachings of one man. Each scientist builds on the work of others and his findings, in turn, are used by others to increase our knowledge of the world.1. Which of the following would be a good title of the passage?A. Science and Pseudoscience. B. Religion and Science. C. Science, Pseudoscience and Religion. D. Different Ways of Viewing the World.2. Which of the following is TRUE?A. No beliefs are supported by scientific evidence. B. Pseudoscience always leads to false understanding of things or events. C. Science never questions facts. D. Scientists accept noting without scientific evidence.3. Which of the following is NOT true about science?A. Science accepts uncertainty. B. Science does not push people to follow any specific set of moral rules. C. Science teaches us to weigh different evidence. D. Science urges us not to accept any beliefs or ideas.4. Which of the following is TURE about pseudoscience? A. Qigong is pseudoscience. B. Pseudoscience provides no supporting evidence. C. Pseudoscience can be entertaining O. Pseudoscience has nothing to do with beliefs.5. The word "astrology" (Paragraph 3) most probably refers to ______.A. study of the position of stars in the belief that they influence human affairs B. a set of methods used in doing things efficiently in our life C. central data processing unit of a computer popularly used today D. scientific study of the earth's crust, rocks, etc, and of the history of its developmentPart Ⅲ ClozeDirections: There are twenty blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet,The Japanese desire for marriage had been very strong. In the fifth "world youth attitude survey" 1 by the Management and coordination Agency in 1993, over 70 percent of the Japanese 2 chose the answers "One should get married" or "It’s better to get married." Of the 11 countries surveyed, Japan was 3 only by the Philippines in the percentage advocating marriage 4 opposed to a single life.In recent years, however, there has been a spreading recognition among the Japanese public that something 5 is happening in people's attitudes toward marriage.When they began to have adequate food, clothing and shelter years of postwar shortages and thus became able to 6 their attention to other matters, the Japanese for the first time 7 a renewed look at the question of marriage. In the 1990s,people began to ask "What on earth is marriage anyway?" and to talk about marriage itself.In Japan. the proportion of men still unmarried in their thirties reached about 20 percent in the national census taken in 1985, and the 8 apparently exceeded 30 percent in 1995, The proportion of unmarried women in the 25-29 age bracket has been increasing 9 about 5 percent every five years until it is now nearly 50 percent.What are the real reasons that women choose not to marry? Early on, two were 10 : women were now better educated and more women were interested in working outside the home. Many women have become 11 independent, acquiring enough self-confidence to 12 a meaningful life outside of marriage. And 13 seems to be a wide gap in the way men and women view marriage. Women generally believe that, 14 women's roles in Japan's postwar society have become diversified, men have essentially remained unchanged 15 such circumstances, communication between the sexes is, in fact, far from easy.Besides that, in the postwar Japan, individualism has begun to lake 16 . The 50 years since the end of the war be regarded as process of a 17 from the family-centered to the individual-centered way of thinking. In Japan today, society has matured to a point 18 it now tolerates a diversity of marriage styles which were unthinkable not very long ago. In the future, such tolerance is almost 19 to in-crease. But a headlong plunge toward unbridled individualism is also dangerous. The ideal 20 may be to achieve a complementary fusion of the collectivism of Japan's **munity and the individual-ism of the new age.1. A. practiced B. conducted C. involved D. devised2. A. respondents B. correspondents C. counterparts D. reflectors3. A. surpassed B. preceded C. disadvantaged D. defeated4. A. when B. what C. lest D. as5. A. important B. common C. exciting D. unusual6. A. catch B. attract C. turn D. derive7. A. made B. took C. began D. learnt8. A. number B. amount C. figure D. data9. A. to B. by C. with D. data10. A. cited B. dealt C. obliged D. occurred11. A. monetarily B. economically C. mentally D. physically12. A. take B. face C. lead D. feel13. A. it B. that C. what D. there14. A. since B. while C. whether D. when15. A. Under B. Within C. On D. At16. A. interest B. advantage C. mark D. root17. A. range B. step C. shift D. drive18. A. which B. where C. that D. what19. A. known B. supposed C. prone D. certain20. A. approach B. attitude C. option D. standardPart Ⅳ TranslationDirections: Translate the following passage into Chinese, and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Henry Paulson, Treasury Secretary, left Shanghai yesterday, where he made an end of the visit to the three countries in Asia. As the chief economic policy consultant and economic affairs spokesman of the America president, Paulson delivered a keynote address in Shanghai Futures Exchange. And the address was viewed as the latest exposition of the economic policies of the Bush-administration towards China. During the speech, Paulson repeatedly emphasized that China's economic growth has benefit but no threat to the global economic growth. He declared that America welcomes the development of China to become a member of the global economy.Part Ⅴ Writing1. Directions：There is a picture below．Look at it carefully and write a composition of about 250 words based on what it conveys．。
清华大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析讲解
清华大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info(information rich and the info poor.And that divide does exist today.My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty yearsago.What was less visible then,however,were the new,positive forces that work against the digital divide.There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow.As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized,it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all,the more people online,the more potential customers there are.More and more governments,afraid their countries will be left behind,want to spread Internet access.Within the next decade or two,one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together.As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead.And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had.Of course,the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty.And the Internet is not the only tool we have.But it has enormous potential.Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.To take advantage of this tool,some impoverished countries willhave to get over their outdated anti-coloni a l prejudices with respect to foreign investment.Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure(the basic structural foundations of a societyin the United States.When the United States built its industrials infrastructure,it didn't have the capital to do so.And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, barbors,highways,ports and so on—were built with foreign investment.The English,the Germans,the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony.They financed them.Immigrant Americans built them.Guess who owns them now?The Americans.I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter.The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure,which today is an electronic infrastructure,the better off you're going to be.That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled,or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled.But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.25.Digital divide is something_________.[A]getting worse because of the Internet[B]the rich countries are responsible for[C]the world must guard against[D]considered positive todayernments attach importance to the Internet because it _________.[A]offers economic potentials[B]can bring foreign funds[C]can soon wipe out world poverty[D]connects people all over the world27.The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of_________.[A]providing financial support overseas[B]preventing foreign capital's control[C]building industrial infrastructure[D]accepting foreign investment28.It seems that now a country's economy depends much on_________.[A]how well-developed it is electronically[B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants[C]whether it adopts America's industrial pattern[D]how much control it has over foreign corporations名师解析25.Digital divide is something_______.数字鸿沟是______。
清华大学考博英语试题题型
第一部分听力20分第一段你将听到一段介绍然后你需要写介绍的五处内容只读一遍没有任何的提示完全需要靠记忆写出来5个小题这部分要靠反应能力和记笔记的能力可以在日常中锻炼第二段给一段对话是一个面试的对话然后回答问题这部分读两遍需要回答问题7个小题这部分属于正常的听力范围第三段一个lecture 然后让你记笔记考的是你笔记的内容就是考验你的抓细节的能力可以参考托福英语听力的复习方法第二部分词汇10分前十个是让你用合适的词汇来替换句子的词汇要求就是你必须要明确句子中的词汇的意思然后还要知道选项的大体的意思注意熟词癖义后十个就是典型的单选第三部分阅读理解40分一共20个题一个2分和六级一样需要大量的练习阅读提高自己的推断判断能力第四部分完型填空10分20个空每个0.5分需要快速的阅读全文然后根据语境和上下文的提示来写出答案第五部分写作20分一道题目06年的是让你谈一下一个优秀的科研工作者所应该具备的素质其余年份的可以自己总结添加99年The prospect of electronic books00Two important possible changes which may occur in higher education in china in the 21st century 01The knowledge PhD students should acquire02My view on an admission interview foe PhD candidate03Effect of china’s entry into WTO on PhD program in china04Effect of research event on my later life and work05My aim for doctoral study06Qualities of top research workers07Harmful plagiarism in academic field in china 08Your expectation of your future PhD program。
2011年考博英语复习(有答案)
2011通用考博完型、改错、语法课程讲义第一章：概况第三章：完形填空专项练习1、Passage 3(1)(2)(3) (2004清华大学)For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the 61 of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel 62 to go to bed and pleased when the journey 63 . On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed 64 earlier than usual. When I 65 my cabin, I was surprised 66 that I was to havea companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected 67 but there was a suitcase 68 mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet 69 ，except that he was wearing 70 good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not 71 whoever he was and did not say 72 As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night. I felt cold but covered 73 as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized that a 74 was coming from the window opposite.I thought perhaps I had forgotten 75 the door, so I got up 76 the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and 77 the moon shone through it on to the other bed. 78 there. It took me a minute or two to 79 the door myself. I realized that my companion 80 through the window into the sea.61．A. reason B．motive C．cause D．sake 62．A. tired enough B．enough tired C．enough tiring D．enough tiring 63．A. is achieved B．finish C．is over D．is in the end64．A. quite B．rather C．fairly D．somehow 65．A. arrived in B．reached to C．arrived to D．reached at66．A. for seeing B．that I saw C．at seeing D．to see 67．A. being lonely B．to be lonely C．being alone D．to be alone 68．A. like B．as C．similar than D．the same that69．A. in each place B．for all parts C．somewhere D．anywhere 70．A. a so B．so C．such a D．such 71．A. treat together well B．pass together wellC．get on well together D．go by well together72．A. him a single word B．him not one wordC．a single word to him D．not one word to him73．A. up me B．up myself C．up to myself D．myselfup74．A. draft B．voice C．air D．sound75．A. to close B．closing C．to have to close D．forclosing76．A. to shut B．for shutting C．in shutting D．butshut77．A. while doing like that B．as I did like thatC．as I did so D．at doing so78．A. It was no one B．There was no oneC．It was anyone D．There was anyone79．A. remind to lock B．remember to lockC．remind locking D．remember locking80．A. had to jump B．was to have jumpedC．must have jumped D．could be jumped4、定语从句（1）1. The professor and her achievement ___ you told me about are admired by us allA. whoB. whichC. thatD. whom5. This is the best book ___ on the subject.A. which there isB. that there isC. which isD. what is2. I don’t suppose anything happens ___ he doesn’t foresee.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. as5、定语从句练习 Unit1（1）15. This is the shop ___ I often speak to you.A. whereB. whichC. of whichD. in which16. This is the shop ___ I often buy food stuff.A. whereB. whichC. of whichD. to which10. There can’t be any life on Venus, ___ the temperature is as high as 900F.A whichB when C. where D there31. I have kept up a friendship with a girl who I was at school __twenty years ago.A. aboutB. sinceC. tillD. with6、定语从句（2）--三个重要的关系代词3. Such people __ know Tom thought he was a trustworthy man.A. thatB. whichC. asD. whatAs引导定语从句：eg. He is honest as we know.As we know he is honest.Passage 1Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th centuryand the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened1 . As was discussed before, it was not2 the 19th century that the newspaperbecame the dominant pre-electronic 3 ，following in the wake of the pamphletand the book and in the 4 of the periodical.As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became“personal” too, as well as 13 ，with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing .Passage13Families have also 13 changes these years．more families consist ofone-parent households or two working parents; 14 ，children are likely to haveless supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 .13．A. survived B．noticed C．undertaken D．experienced14．A. contrarily B．consequently C．similarly D．simultaneously15．A. than B．that C．which D．as16．A. system B．structure C．concept D．heritage2. I don’t suppose anything happens ___ he doesn’t foresee.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. as3. Such people __ know Tom thought he was a trustworthy man.A. thatB. whichC. asD. what11. The reason__ he died was lack of medical care.A. which B for that C as D why14. We may encounter situations ___ this principle cannot be applied.A. whereB. whichC. whatD. as7、定语从句练习 Unit1（2）10. There can’t be any life on Venus, ___ the temperature is as high as 900F.A whichB when C. where D there25. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ___ his argument in favor ofthe new theory.A. which to base onB. on which to baseC. to base on whichD. which to be based on23. They will move into the new house next Friday, ____ it will be completely furnished.A. by the timeB. by which timeC. by that timeD. by this time20. The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree ___ the students’ potentiality is developed.A. of whichB. with whichC. in whichD. to which26. Water enters into a great variety of chemical reactions, ___ have been mentionedin previous pages.A. a few ofB. a few of whichC. a few of thatD. a few of them8、完形填空的出题方向（1）passage 5Are you always sure you know what people mean when they try to describe theirfeelings to you? We use both words and gestures to express our feelings, but theproblem is the these words and gestures can be interpreted in different ways．It is true that a smile means the same things in any language. So 51 laughteror crying. There are also a number of striking similarities in the way differentanimals show the 52 feeling. Does, tigers and humans, for example, often show their teeth when they are angry. This is probably 53 such behavior patterns are inherited rather than 54 .Fear is another emotion that is shown in 55 the same way all over the world. In Chinese and in English fiction, a phrase like he went pale and began to tremble' suggests that the man is 56 very afraid or has just had a very nasty shock. However,' he opened his eyes wide' is used to suggested anger in Chinese 57 in English it conveys surprise. In Chinese surprise can be described in a phrase like' they stretched 58 their tongues'．Sticking out your tongue in 59 is an insulting gesture or expresses disgust．Even in the same 60 , people differ 61 their ability to interpret and express feelings. Experiments in America have shown that women are usually better than men 62 recognizing fear, anger, love and happiness on people's faces. Disgust, contempt and suffering seem to 63 the most difficult emotions for people everywhere either to recognize or to 64 ．Other studies have 65 that older people usually find 66 easier to interpret body language （the way people stand or move etc.）than younger people 67 , and psychologists such as E. G．Beier have also shown that some people frequently give completely the wrong impression of 68 they feel. For instance, they try to show affection but in fact actually communicate dislike. Or when they want to show interest, they give the impression that they don't care. This can happen even among close friends and members of the same family. In 69 words, what we think we are communicating through language, voice, face and body movements may be the exact 70 of what other people understand．9、定语从句练习 Unit1（3）14. We may encounter situations ___ this principle cannot be applied.A. whereB. whichC. whatD. as10、what从句的特点9. ____ makes it rather disturbing was arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court.A. ThatB. WhatC. WhichD. Where15. When reports came into London Zoo ___ a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.A. whatB. asC. whichD. that10. ____ , Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government’s economic policies.A. Although not being an economist himselfB. Although not an economist himselfC. Although not having been an economist himselfD. Although being no an economist himself11、than引导定语从句的情况7. A microscope can reveal vastly __ detail than is visible to the naked eye.A. thanB. than moreC. more thanD. more6. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than___ in the public today.A. existsB. existC. existingD. existed…. children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 .15．A. than B．that C．which D．as12、as引导定语从句的情况（1）7. ____, he still retained the use of all his faculties.A. Because he was old and weakB. As he was old and sickC. Unless he was old and sickD. Old and sick as he wasAlthough he is a child, he can work out the problem.As引导倒装时，必须省冠词。
清华考博辅导班：清华大学考博英语真题大全
清华考博辅导班：清华大学考博英语真题大全2018年的考博生们是否对考博英语真题找不到而感到困惑？没关系，启道清华考博辅导班，凭借这十几年的考博辅导，总结考博英语真题如下，仅供参考。
1、清华考博辅导班-考查词组、固定搭配或习惯用法例2008. 4. I would never have a court of law if I hadn’t been so desperate.A. sought forB. accounted forC. turned upD. resorted to 这种题要求考生对动词词组进行辨析2、清华考博辅导班-考查同形词同形词辨析是指相同前缀、词根或后缀的词汇进行变形。
例2008. 31. Why be about that old coat? There’s no point in keeping it just because you were wearing it when you first met me. A. sensitive B. sensible C. sentimental D. sensational3、清华考博辅导班-考查同义词例2008. 2. We’d like to a table for five for dinner this evening. A. preserve B. reserve C. sustain D. retain 这种题要求考生对意义相近的单词进行辨析。
在复习词汇题时考生要多做练习，因为这部分在中科院考博英语试卷中的分数不是很多，有针对性的做些词汇练习，做到对词汇的大意有所了解，这部分还是比较容易得分的。
4、清华考博辅导班-细节题例如：2008. Question42. According to the investigators________. A. the new and 'more sophisticated games allow the players to take part in real violent acts. B. the new and more sophisticated games the players how to kill other people C. most computer and online games make the players forget the real life results D. most computer and online games cultivate young people with bad manners1.标志：针对性提问2.思路：做题的关键是返回原文，不要凭印象做题，返回原文要有定位意识3.细节题迷惑选项的常用手段有：偷换概念、扩大范围、正反混淆、颠倒因果、常识判断（列举和文章无关的常识，尽管常识是对的，但文章中未提，这也是错误答案）5、清华考博辅导班-主旨题例：2008 Question 56. The passage mainly concentrates on the subject of________.A. the drops of the applicants of the universitiesB. the dilemma of the admissionofficials C. the usual 'rules of college admissions D the effects of the hurricanes 针对文章的主要目的进行提问，要求对各段落的中心思想进行概括总结，从总体上判断文章的主旨。
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choosethe best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. The man is busy.B. The man has trouble breathing.C. The man is out of town on business.D. The man is hiding himself from the woman.【答案】A【解析】录音中男士回答道，“最近在做一个项目，甚至连呼吸的时间也没有”，可见他最近很忙。
【录音原文】W: I don’t see much of you these days, where have you been?M: I am working on a big project. I don’t even have time to breathe.Q: What can we learn from the conversation?2. A. He has a terrible backache.B. He has a bad headache.C. He has a toothache.D. He has a diarrhea.【答案】A【解析】录音最后一句“My back is killing me”表明男士是背痛才来看医生。
华慧清华大学考博英语完形填空题型概述及考情分析
清华大学考博英语完形填空题型概述及考情分析清华大学考博英语完形填空题需要考生综合考虑短文的内容安排、结构组织、内在逻辑及语言特色，主要测试词汇辨析、习惯用法、固定搭配、语法结构、逻辑推理和语篇理解等方面的知识和能力。
考生应具有借助词汇、句法及上下文线索对语言进行综合分析和应用的能力。
考点和词汇题类似，只是形式不一样，不仅要求牢固掌握词汇，还要求有良好的整体把握能力。
考博英语的完形填空题需要跳过空格阅读文章，通过自己的语感和英语知识，把握通篇段落和每个句子，从而选出空格处所缺的词汇，这也需要很好的阅读能力。
清华大学考博英语的完形填空题型给出一篇空白处较多的短文，通常有250词左右，要求考生就所给篇章中空白处所需的词或短语分别从四个选项中选出最佳答案，共20个选择题，每道题0.5分，共10分，每道题提供4个选项。
做清华大学考博英语完形填空除了要把握上下文的意思之外，还要能够对近义词，形近词以及词组进行辨析。
从清华考博历年的考题中看，完形填空的题型主要是动词，形容词，名词的词义辨析。
清华大学考博英语完形填空的试题特点不同于词汇与结构的考查。
完形填空侧重测试考生的阅读理解能力、逻辑推理判断能力和综合运用语言等方面的能力。
学生不仅要熟练掌握语法结构知识、词语的用法特点和搭配习惯，还必须培养较强的分析判断能力，能从语篇理解的角度出发，联系上下文，注意段落与段落、句子与句子之间的内在逻辑关系，既要做到语言形式和结构完整，还要做到意义完整，才能找到正确答案。
在平时的学习和训练过程中首先要学会运用语篇知识，利用段首句或首段最大限度地获取文章的信息。
因为通常完形填空的第一句话甚至前几句话都是完整的，这就提供了非常重要的信息，而且这里往往包含主题句，或为理解文章的大意和主要内容提供了必要的线索。
利用定义句寻找线索，在阅读中假如遇到不理解的生僻词或关键词，要学会在上下文中找出能够为其定义的短语或句子或同义词来帮助理解。
清华大学博士入学考试英语真题
清华大学博士研究生入学考试真题Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension 20%Part Ⅱ Vocabulary 10%Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A; B; C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWET SHEET with a single line through the center.21. The__________of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from other parts of the countryA. clashB. clarifyC. clarityD. clatter22. Business in this area has been__________because prices are too high.A. prosperousB. secretiveC. slackD. shrill23. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad__________when she was ill and had no money.A. plightB. polarizationC. plagueD. pigment24. He added a__________to his letter by saying that he would arrive before 8 pm.A. presidencyB. prestigeC. postscriptD. preliminary25. Some linguists believe that the________age for children learninga foreign language is 5 to 8.A. optimisticB. optionalC. optimalD. oppressed26. It all started in 1950; when people began to build their houses on the__________of their cities.A. paradisesB. omissionsC. orchardsD. outskirts27. The meeting was__________over by the mayor of the city.A. presumedB. proposedC. presentedD. presided28. The crowd__________into the hall and some had to stand outside.A. outgrewB. overthrewC. overpassedD. overflew29. It was clear that the storm__________his arrival by two hours.A. retardedB. retiredC. refrainedD. retreated30. This problem should be discussed first; for it takes__________overall the other issues.A. precedenceB. prosperityC. presumptionD. probability31. Her sadness was obvious; but she believed that her feeling of depression was__________.A. torrentB. transientC. tensileD. textured32. Nobody knew how he came up with this__________idea about the trip.A. wearyB. twilightC. unanimousD. weird33. The flower under the sun would__________quickly without any protection.A. winkB. withholdC. witherD. widower34. The__________of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance.A. segregationB. specificationC. spectrumD. subscription35. He__________himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A. repealedB. resentedC. relayedD. reproached36. Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a __________eventA. cholesterolB. charcoalC. catastrophicD. chronic37. He cut the string and held up the two__________to tie the box.A. segmentsB. sedimentsC. seizuresD. secre38. All the music instruments in the orchestra will be__________before it starts.A. civilizedB. chatteredC. chamberedD. chorded39. When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space; the air is said to be__________.A. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated40. She made two copies of this poem and posted them__________to different publishers.A. sensationallyB. simultaneouslyC. strenuouslyD. simplyPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension 40%Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions of unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A; B; C; and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Each year; millions of people in Bangladesh drink ground water that has been polluted by naturally high levels of arsenic poison. Finding safe drinking water in that country can be a problem. However; International Development Enterprises has a low-cost answer. This non-governmental organization has developed technology to harvest rainwater.People around the world have been harvesting rainwater for centuries. It is a safe; dependable source of drinking water. Unlike ground water; rainwater contains no minerals or salts and is free of chemical treatments. Best of all; it is free.The rainwater harvesting system created by International Development Enterprises uses pipes to collect water from the tops of buildings. The pipes stretch from the tops of buildings to a two-meter tall storage tank made of metal. At the top of the tank is a so-called“first-flush”device made of wire screen. This barrier prevents dirt and leaves in the water from falling inside the tank.A fitted cover sits over the “first-flush” device. It protects the water inside the tank from evaporating. The cover also prevents mosquito insects from laying eggs in the water.Inside the tank is a low coat plastic bag that collects the water. The bag sits inside another plastic bag similar to those used to hold grains. The two bags are supported inside the metal tank. All total; the water storage system can hold up to three-thousand-five-hundred liters of water. International Development Enterprises says the inner bags may need to be replaced every two to three years. However; if the bags are not damaged by sunlight; they could last even longer. International Development Enterprises says the water harvesting system should be built on a raised structure to prevent insects from eating into it at the bottom. The total cost to build this rainwater harvesting system is about forty dollars. However; International Development Enterprises expects the price to drop over time. The group says one tank can provide a family of five with enough rainwater to survive a five-month dry season.41. People in Bangladesh can use__________as a safe source of drinking water.A. ground waterB. rainwaterC. drinking waterD. fresh water42. Which of the following contributes to the low-cost of usingrainwaterA. Rainwater is free of chemical treatments.B. People have been harvesting rainwater for centuries.C. The water harvesting system is built on a platform.D. Rainwater can be collected using pipes.43. Which of the following actually prevents dirt and leaves from falling inside the tankA. a barrierB. a wire screenC. a first-flushD. a storage tank44. The bags used to hold water are likely to be damaged by__________.A. mosquito insectsB. a fitted coverC. a first-flush deviceD. sunlight45. What should be done to prevent insects from eating into the water harvesting system at the bottomA. The two bags holding the water should be put inside the metal tank.B. The inner bags need to be replaced every two years.C. The water harvesting system should be built on a platform.D. A cover should be used to prevent insects from eating it. Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:Where one stage of child development has been left out; or notsufficiently experienced; the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible; for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle; in fact; underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development; and is the basis of work in child clinics.The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food; to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one; he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things; particularly for food; is a very important element in upbringing; and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words; the first independent steps; or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate; but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early; a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaningof the words he reads. On the other hand; though; if a child is left alone too much; or without any learning opportunities; he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together; parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys; jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over times of coming home at night; punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general; the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.46. The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children__________.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed peoplewho aren't Jewish. Nearly 480; 000 American children under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And; if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication; it's almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen; who are usually around age 18; about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish; the number dropped to 38 percent; and when the mother wasn't Jew; just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish; too.“I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewishide ntification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking; and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children; but says it's not clear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completedwas not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion; whether they have any concern about their issues of identification; how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals.I think the new study's going to cover some of that;” she says. Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel; a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion; it's an experience. And with that in mind; Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults; and those with two Jewish parents; and those with just one; those who see themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a ReligionD. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish53. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's researchA. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraphA. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage: Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts; says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow; but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world; in short; because the people in those countries do not have secure in dividual rights;” he says.Certain simple economic activities; such as food gathering and making handicrafts; rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities; such as the mass production of goods; require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive; but it is reallyproperty-intensive; Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from beingtaken by bandits; whether roving or stationary;”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions; the way a dog possesses a bone; but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs; no matter how small; also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact; the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us; and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers;” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view; but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather; the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights; thereare strong incentives 刺激;动力to produce; invest; and engage in mutually advantageous trade; and therefore at least some economic advance;” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about OlsonA. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or viewA. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries; people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.58. What does Olson think about mass productionA. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking systemA. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.60. According to Olson; what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countriesA. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalD. lack of a free marketPart Ⅳ Cloze 10%Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A; B; C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another; and they do not make the voyage for the__61__of its interest. Most of us are quite happy whenwe feel__62__to go to bed and pleased when the journey__63__. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went tobed__64__earlier than usual. When I__65__my cabin; I wassurprised__66__that I was to have a companion during my trip; which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected__67__but there was a suitcase__68__mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet__69__; except that he was wearing__70__good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not__71__whoever he was and did not say__72__. As I had expected; he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night. I felt cold but covered__73__as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized that a __74__was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten__75__the door; so I got up__76__the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and__77__the moon shone through it on to the otherbed.__78__there. It took me a minute or two to__79__the door myself.I realized that my companion__80__through the window into the sea.61. A. reason B. motive C. cause62. A. tired enough B. enough tired C. enough tiringD. enough tiring63. A. is achieved B. finish C. is overD. is in the end64. A. quite B. rather C. fairlyD. somehow65. A. arrived in B. reached to C. arrived toD. reached at66. A. for seeing B. that I saw C. at seeingD. to see67. A. being lonely B. to be lonely C. being aloneD. to be alone68. A. like B. as C. similar thanD. the same that69. A. in each place B. for all parts C. somewhereD. anywhere70. A. a so B. so C. such aD. such71. A. treat together well B. pass together wellC. get on well togetherD. go by well72. A. him a single word B. him not one wordC. a single word to himD. not one word to him73. A. up me B. up myself C. up to myselfD. myself up74. A. draft B. voice C. airD. sound75. A. to close B. closing C. to have to closeD. for closing76. A. to shut B. for shutting C. in shuttingD. but shut77. A. while doing like that B. as I did like thatC. as I did soD. at doing so78. A. It was no one B. There was no oneC. It was anyoneD. There was anyone79. A. remind to lock B. remember to lockC. remind lockingD. remember locking80. A. had to jump B. was to have jumpedC. must have jumpedD. could be jumpedPart Ⅴ Writing 20%Directions: In this part; you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是 ..2. 使我难忘的原因是 ..3. 它对我后来的影响是 ..试题详解Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension略Part Ⅱ Vocabulary 10%21. C 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. C 26. D 27. D 28. B29. A 30.A31. B 32. D 33. C 34. A 35. D 36. C 37. A 38. D 39. B 40. BPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension41. B 42. A 43. B 44. D 45. C 46. B 47. B 48. D 49. D 50. A51. B 52. B 53. C 54. B 55. D 56. C 57. A 58. B 59. A 60. BPart Ⅳ Clo ze61. D 62. A 63. C 64. B 65. A 66. D 67. D 68. A69. D 70.D71. C 72. C 73. D 74. A 75. A 76. A 77. C 78. B 79. D 80. CPart Ⅴ Writing参考范文: Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work The most unforgettable thing in my research career by now is a course named aspects of translation that was given in the second semester when I was a senior undergraduate student.One of the reasons for which the course has left such a deep impression on me is that it was the first time I learned to look at and study translation from a completely new perspective; the perspective of linguistics. Before taking that course; I though that translation was no more than the mechanic practice of turning texts written in one language into those in another and didn't realize that it had anything to do with linguistics; though; in retrospect; the link ought to be obvious for linguistics is the science that studies language properly. It was very fortunate for me to attend during the same semester the course Introduction to Linguistics; which helped me pave the way for the study of that critical course. Obvious as the link between the two disciplines was; it was still a giant project to actually connect the two and the course proved to be very brain-consuming. However; once the barriers collapsed; the landscape altered and became much moreopen. I could appreciate many beautiful scenes that I had never discovered before.Encouraged by the first attempt at inter-disciplinary study; in my later research and life I always try to bridge what I have learned in different courses and different aspects of life; to fill them into my jigsaw of knowledge about the world and myself and to complete it and perfect myself.。
清华大学考博英语-1
清华大学考博英语-1(总分：68.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension{{/B}}(总题数：4，分数：10.00)(略){{B}}Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension{{/B}}Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each or them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.Eight times within the past million years, something in the Earth's climatic equation has changed, allowing snow in the mountains and the northern latitudes to accumulate from one season to the next instead of melting away. Each time, the enormous ice sheets resulting from this continual buildup lasted tens of thousands of years until the end of each particular glacial cycle brought a warmer climate. Scientists speculated that these glacial cycles were ultimately driven by astronomical factor: slow, cyclic changes in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit and in the tilt and orientation of its spin axis. But up until around 30 years ago, the lack of an independent record of ice-age timing made the hypothesis untestable.Then in the early 1950's Emiliani produced the first complete record of the waxings and wanings of first glaciations. It came from a seemingly odd place, the seafloor. Single-cell marine organisms called "foraminifera" house themselves in shells made from calcium carbonate. When the foraminifera die, sink to the bottom, and become part of seafloor sediments, the carbonate of their shells preserves certain characteristics of the seawater they inhabited. In particular, the ratio of a heavy isotope of oxygen (oxygen-18) to ordinary oxygen (oxygen-16) in the carbonate preserves the ratio of the two oxygens in water molecules. It is now understood that the ratio of oxygen isotopes reflects the proportion of the world's water locked up in glaciers and ice sheets. A kind of meteorological distillation accounts for the link. Water molecules containing the heavier isotope tend to condense and fall as precipitation slightly sooner than molecules containing the lighter isotope. Hence, as water vapor evaporated from warm oceans moves away from its source, its oxygen- 18 returns more quickly to the oceans than does its oxygen-16. What falls as snow on distant ice sheets and mountain glaciers is relatively depleted of oxygen-18. As the oxygen-18-poor ice builds up, the oceans become relatively enriched in the isotope. The larger the ice sheets grow, the higher the proportion of oxygen-18 becomes in seawater--and hence in the sedimentsAnalyzing cores drilled from seafloor sediments, Emiliani found that the isotopic ratio rose and fell in rough accord with the Earth's astronomicalcycles. Since that pioneering observation, oxygenisotope measurements have been made on hundreds of cores. The combined record enables scientists to show that the re-cord contains the very periodicities as the orbital processes. Over the past 800, 000 years, the global ice volume peaked every 100,000 years, matching the period of the orbital eccentricity variation. In addition, "wrinkles" superposed on each cycle--small decreases or surges in ice volume--have come at intervals of roughly 23,000 and 41,000 years, in keeping with the precession and tilt frequencies of the Earth's spin axis.（分数：2.50）(1).In opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ______（分数：0.50）A.unfolding a phenomenon. √B.posing a contrast.C.refuting a speculation.D.testifying a hypothesis.解析：[解析] 题干问：“在文章开头作者通过什么方式引入话题?”正确选项为A“揭示一种自然现象”。
清华大学考博英语真题paper two
清华大学考博英语真题paper twoI had visited the capital before although my friend Arthur had not, I first visited London as a student,reluctantly released from the bosom of a tearful mum,with a traveling trunk stuffed full of home-made fruit cakes and woolly vests.I was ill-prepared for the Spartan standards of the South.Through even the grimmest post-war days,as kids we had ploughed our way through corner cuts of beef and steamed puddings.So you can imagine my dismay when I arrived,that first day,at my London digs to be faced with a plate of tuna-paste sandwiches and a thin slice of cake left curling under a tea-towel. And that was supposed to be Sunday lunch!When I eventually caught up with my extremely irritating landlady, I met with a vision of splendor more in keeping with the Royal Enclosure at the races than the area in which she lived.Festooned with jewels and furs and plastered with exclusive cosmetics,she was a walking advert for Bond Street.Now,we have a none too elegant but very apt phrase for this in the North of England,and it was the one my friend Arthur came up with to describe London after three days there:‘All fur coat and nothing underneath’.Take our hotel.The reception area was plush and inviting,the lounge and dining-room posh enough to start Arthur speaking ‘properly’.But journey upstairs from one landing to the next,and the veneers of civilization fell away before your eyes.By the time we reached our room,all pretension to refinement and comfort had disappeared.The fur coat was off(back in the hands of the hire purchase company),and what we were really expected to put up with for a small fortune a night was exposed in all its shameful nakedness. It was little more than a garret,a shabby affair with patched and peeling walls.There was a stained sink with pipes that grumbled and muttered all night long and an assortment of furnishings that would have disgraced Her Majesty’s Prison Service.But the crowning glory was the view from the window.A peek behind the handsome façade of our fabled city.Rank gardens choked with rubbish;all the debris of life piled against the back door.It was a good job the window didn’t open,because from it all arose the unmistakable odor of the abyss.Arthur,whose mum still polishes her back step and disinfects her dustbin once a week,slumped on to the bed in a sudden fit of depression.‘Never mind’,I said,drawing the curtains.‘You can watch telly.’This was one of the hotel’s luxuries,which in the newspaper ad had persuaded us we were going to spend the week in style.It turned out to be a yellowing plastic thing with a picture which rolled over and over like a floundering fish until you took your fist to it.But Arthur wasn’t going to be consoled by any cheap technological gimmicks.He was sure his dad had forgotten to feed his pigeons and that his dogs were pining away for him.He grew horribly homesick.After a terrible night spent tossing and turning to a ceaseless cacophony of pipes and firedoors,traffic,drunks and low-flying aircraft, Arthur surfaced next day like a claustrophobic mole.London had got squarely on top of him.Seven million people had sat on him all night, breathed his air,generally fouled his living space,and come between him and that daily quota of privacy and peace which prevents us all from degenerating into mad axemen or reservoir poisoners.Arthur had to be got out of London for a while.81.When the writer first came to the capital.A he had been very reluctant to leave his motherB his mother had not wanted him to leave homeC he had made no preparations for his journey southD he had sent his possessions on ahead in a trunk82.The writer was surprised at what he received for Sunday lunch because.A food had always been plentiful at homeB he had been used to grimmer times at homeC things had been difficult after the war up NorthD beef had always been available from the butcher on the corner at home83.The landlady seemed to epitomize a phrase used in the North of England to indicate that things were.A tender underneath the surfaceB vulnerable to the outside worldC more profound than they seemedD beautiful but only superficially84.The room which the writer and his friend were to share.A was more suited to housing prisoners than hotel guestsB had a magnificent view from one of its windowsC had a door which provided access to a rubbish tipD was situated above some foul-smelling gardens85.The writer feels that in order to remain sane,one needs a certain amount of.A physical exerciseB fresh airC daily nourishmentD breathing spacePaper TwoPart V Translation(25%)Section A(12%)Directions:Translate the following English passage into Chinese. Write your version on Answer Sheet II.The idea that public status comes with a loss of privacy is unpersuasive.Far more persuasive is the thought that a person’s privacy may be breached if the information disclosed serves a proven public interest.A code of press practice specifies the various conditions that could count as involving a genuine public interest in publication,such as detecting or exposing crime,protecting public health,preventing the public from being misled.Showing public officials to be corrupt,grossly inefficient,criminally negligent,or dishonest is certainly in the public’s interest, provided that these failings bear directly on their performance of their public duties.Thus,for example,a revealing that a minister is a highly paid non-executive director of a company which regularly seeks contracts with the government is a matter for public concern. However,the majority of cases where privacy is breached touch on matters of sexual morality and it is much harder to see how the public interest is served by their disclosureSection B(13%)Directions:Translate the following Chinese passage into English. Write your version on Answer Sheet II.可以相当有把握地预言，未来的机械所需要的动力将主要是原子能。
清华大学博士英语入学考试完型
清华大学博士英语入学考试完型清华大学博士考试完型填空清华大学博士题中完型填空是在一篇难度适中的短文中设置20个空白，短文长约300—350个词，从四个给出的选项中选出一个最佳答案；选项可以是一个单词，也可以是一个短语。
文章多为说明文和记叙文完型填空是一项综合性的测试，也成为The use of English。
它是从语篇的水平上测试考生综合运用语言知识，测试词汇、语法、词组、句型及文章的整体结构。
主要是要求考生在全面理解短文的基础上，选择一个最佳答案，能够使短文的意思连贯、结构完整、合理。
因此需要注意语意、结构、逻辑和惯用法的关系。
基本要求：1）词汇和短语 2）语法知识 3）理解能力应试要求：了解命题、有一定的题量、应试策略。
Sample 1Double Ine and No Kids (DINK) bees fashionable in China. The DINK couples are usually regarded as those who have higher educations and __31__ careers with higher ines. The increase in DINK families has shattered the Chinese traditional idea of the family and __32__ typical.A survey conducted recently in Beijing by a market survey pany __33__ that about 3.3 percent of 1,300 surveyed families in Beijing said they have __34__plans to have children. It is estimated there are about 600,000 DINK families in large cities like Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing.Why they choose such a lifestyle is concluded in__35__ reasons. Some are showing great worry for the rapid growth of population; some are indulged in building a more well-off family; some are showing sharp __36__ to get themselves free from theobligation of raising children.__37__, most people still believe it is necessary to bear a child to keep the family line on. As an old Chinese saying goes, there are three aspects infailing to be a filial son and the __38__ serious one is to have no heir for the family. So childless couples will suffer discrimination __39__ family members and neighbors.But it is clear that the new tide of ideas has e, which suggests young people __40__ to choose their own way of life. They are installing modern ideas into traditional families and society. In the modernization process, personal choices will be highly respected.31. A. stable B. available C. achievable D. liable32. A. had bee B. may bee C. became D. bees33. A. directed B. induced C. indicated D. dictated34. A. no B. not C. hardly D. scarcely35. A. elegant B. abundant C. similar D. various36. A. tension B. attention C. intention D.interaction37. A. Moreover B. However C. According D. Generally38. A. most B. more C. latest D. less39. A. into B. to C. at D. from40. A. wanted B. should want C. want D. had wantedSample 2Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. 67 a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the 68 in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The 69 student is considered to be 70 who is motivated to learn for the sake of 71 , not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned 72 brief written ments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is 73 for learning the material assigned. When research is 74 , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to pleteit with 75 guidance. It is the 76 responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain77 a university library works; they expect students,78 graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference 79 in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but 80 that their students should not be 81 dependent on them. In the UnitedStates professors have many other duties 82 teaching, such as administrative or research work. 83 , the time that a professor can spend with student outside of class is 84 . If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either 85 a professor during office hour 86 make an appointment.67 a) If b) Although c) Because d) Since68 a) suggestion b) context c) abstract d) information69 a) poor b) ideal c) average d) disappointed70 a) such b) one c) any d) some71 a) fun b) work c) learning d) prize72 a ) by b) in c) for d) with73 a) criticized b) innocent c) responsible d) dismissed74 a) collected b) distributed c) assigned d) finished75 a) maximum b) minimum c) possible d) practical76 a) student’s b) professor’s c) assistant’s d) librarian’s77 a) when b) what c) why d) how78 a) particularly b) essentially c) obviously d) rarely79 a) selections b) collections c) sources d) origins80 a) hate b) dislike c) like d) prefer81 a) too b) such c) much d) more82 a) but b) except c) with d) besides83 a) However b) Therefore c) Furthermore d) Nevertheless84 a) plentiful b) limited c) irregular d) flexible85 a) greet b) annoy c) approach d) attach86 a) or b) and c) to d) butPassage 1The United States has historically had higher rates of marriage than those of other industrialized countries. The current annual marriage 56 in the United States—about 9 new marriages for every 1,000 people—is 57 higher than it is in other industrialized countries. However, marriage is 58 as widespread as it was several decades ago. 59 of American adults who are married 60 from 72 percent in 1970 to 60 percent in 2002. This does not mean that large numbers of people will remain unmarried 61 their lives. Throughout the 20th century, about 90 percent of Americans married at some 62 in their lives. Experts 63 that about the same proportion of today’s young adults will eventually marry.The timing of marriage has varied 64 over the past century. In 1995 the average age of women in the United States at the time of their first marriage was 25. The average age of men was about 27. Men and womenin the United States marry for the first time an average of five years later than people did in the 1950s. 65 , young adults of the 1950s married younger than did any previous 66 inU.S. history. Today’slater age of marriage is 67 the age of marriage between 1890 and 1940. Moreover, a greater proportion of the population was married (95 percent) during the 1950s than at any time before 68 . Experts do not agree on why the “marriage rush” of the late 1940s and 1950s occurred, but most social scientists believe it represented a 69 to the return of peaceful and prosperity after 15 years of severe economic70 and war.56. A. rate B. ratio C percentage D. poll57. A. potentially B intentionally C. randomlyD.substantially58 A. not any longer B. no more C. no longer D. not any more59 A. A proportion B. The proportion C. The number D.A number60 A. declined B .deteriorated C deduced D demolished61 A past B passing C throughout D through62 A period B level C point D respect63 A project B plan C promise D propose64 A unexpectedly B irregularly C flexibly D consistently65 A Beside B However C Whereas D Nevertheless66 A descendants B ascendants C population D generation67 A according to B in line with C based D caused by68 A and after B or after C or since D ever since69 A refusal B realization C response D reality70 A repression B aggression C restriction D depressionPassage 2In recent years a new farming revolution has begun, one that involves the 61 of life at a fundamentallevel – the gene. The study of genetics has 62 a new industry called biotechnology. As the name suggest, it 63 biology and modem technology through such techniques as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech panies specialize inagriculture and are working feverishly to 64 seedsthat give a high yield, that 65 diseases, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for 66 chemicals. If such goals could be achieved, it would be most 67. But some have raised concerns about genetically engineered crops.In nature, genetic diversity is created within certain 68 .A rose can be crossed with a different kind of rose, but a rose will never cross with a potato. Genetic engineering, 69 usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another 70 to transfer a desired characteristic. This could mean,for example, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with anti-freeze 71 from an artic fish, and inserting it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. 72, then, biotechnology allows humans to 73 the genetic wallsthat separate species.Like the green revolution, 74 some call the gene revolution contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity---some say even more so 75 geneticists can employ techniques such as cloning and 76 culture(培养), processes that produce perfectly 77 copies. Concerns about the erosion of biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new 78,such as the effects that they may have on us and the environ ment. “We are flying blindly into a new 79 of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential 80,” said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.61. A. manipulation B. management C. manufacture D. maturity62. A. got along with B. given rise to C. e up with D. lived up to63. A. broods B. breeds C. blends D. blasts64. A. hatch B. train C. duplicate D. patent65. A. restrict B. resist C. reverse D. retrieve66. A. hostile B. hydraulic C. hazardous D. harmless67. A. beneficial B. disappointing C. surprising D. extreme68. A. lines B. limits C. space D. ages69. A. after all B. on the other hand C. in any case D. as a rest70. A. to the point B. in no case C. in an attempt D. with regard71. A. quality B. property C. priority D. quantity72. A. In essence B. In part C. In advance D. Inreturn73. A. brake B. blaze C. breach D. brand74. A. what B. as C. where D. so75. A. that B. because C. if D. when76. A. skin B. tissue C. organ D. muscle77. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical78. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals79. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme80. A. navigation B. mystery C. outes D. destinationPassage 3Imagine fishermen walking down to the seashore, ready to carry out their early morning routine of preparing their boats and net. ___71___ they hope for a good catch of fish. But to their ___72___ , a horriblesight meets their still sleepy eyes. Thousands of fish have washed ___73___ dead. The cause of this mass destruction A red tide!Red tides are a global ___74___. They have been observed on both the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts of the United States and Canada. They havealso___75___ in many other places. Though relatively few people are ___76___ them, red tides are not new.In the Philippines, a red tide was first seen in the province of Bataan in 1908. Since then, red tides have been seen in many other ___77___. A Philippines red tide expert told us that " ___78___ the fish kills, thePhilippines has documented 1, 926 cases of dead shellfish poisoning caused by red tides. "The term "red tide" ___79___ the discoloration of water that sometimes occurs in certain areas of the ocean or sea. Although the color is often red, it may also be ___80___ of brown or yellow. The World Book Encyclopedia reports that "the discolored areas mayrange from ___81___ a few square yards to more than 2, 600 square kilometers. "What causes such discoloration Red tides are generally caused by several ___82___ of single—celled organisms. These tiny organisms have hair—like projections which they use to ___83___ themselves in water. There are about 2, 000 varieties of these organisms, 30 of which carry poisonous ___84___. These minute organisms usually stay in warm waters with high content of salt.A red tide occurs when there is a sudden and rapid___85___ of these organisms. The concentration ofthese organisms may ___86___ to 50, 000, 000 per quart of water! Although scientists do not fully understand why this happens. It is known that these organisms___87___ when certain conditions simultaneously affect the water. These include abnormal weather, ___88___ temperatures, an oversupply of nutrients in the water, a generous ___89___ sunlight, and favorable water currents. When a heavy rainfall occurs, minerals and other nutrients are sometimes washed ___90___ the land into coastal waters. These nutrients can contribute to the breeding of the organisms. The result Red tides!71. A. As a result B. As it is C. As expected D. As usual72. A. satisfaction B. disappointment C. astonishmentD. regret73. A. ashore B. aboard C. aside D. across74. A. question B. crisis C. phenomenon D. situation75. A. occupied B. occurred C. acquired D. accused76. A. assured of B. worried about C. concerned aboutD. aware of77. A. sandy beaches B. river mouths C. coastal areasD. reef areas78. A. except B. besides C. despite D. without79. A. applies to B. sums up C. copes with D. leads to80. A. shadows B. shades C. shakes D. shapes81. A, less than B. more than C. as much as D. as little as82. A. ponents B. elements C. ingredients D. species83. A. propel B. probe C. proceed D. prompt84. A. materials B. substances C. masses D. objects85. A. bolt B. block C. bloom D. blast86. A. scale B. plunge C. gauge D. swell87. A. accelerate B. acmodate C. accumulate D. acpany88. A. optimum B. minimum C. maximum D. momentum89. A. means of B. amount of C. way to D. account for90. A. over B. on C. by D. fromPassage 4With 950 million people, India ranks second to China among the most populous countries. But since China71 a family planning program in 1971, India has been closing the 72. Indians have reduced their birth rate but not nearly 73 the Chinese have. If current growth rates continue, India’s population will 74China’s around the year 2028 75 about 1.7 billion. Should that happen, it won’t be the 76 of the enlightened women of Kerala, a state in southern India. 77India as a whole adds almost 20 million people a year, Kerala’s population is virtually 78 . The reason is No mystery: nearly two-thirds of Kerala women practice birth control, 79 about 40% in the entire nation.The difference 80 the emphasis put on health programs, 81 birth control, by the state authorities, 82 in 1957 became India’s first elected Communist 83 . And a n educational tradition and matrilineal(母系的) customs in parts of Kerala help girls and boys get 84 good schooling. While one in three Indian women is 85 , 90% of those in Kerala can read and write.Higher literacy rates 86 Family planning. “Unlike our Parents, we know that we can do more for our children if we have 87 of them,” says Laila Cherian, 33, who lives in the Village of Kudamaloor. She has Limited herself 88 three children—one below the national 89 of four. That kind of restraint(抑制；克制)will keep Kerala from putting added 90 on world food supplies.71. A. discovered B. circulated C. launched D. transmitted72. A. gap B. top C. bit D. bet73. A. as many as B. as well as C. as soon as D. as much as74. A. shake B. pass C. rocket D. impress75. A. on B. in C. at D. for76. A. force B. fight C. false D. fault77. A. While B. Since C. Because D. Suppose78. A. reliable B. stable C. countable D. flexible79. A. benefited from B. involved with C. pared with D. resulted from80. A. lies in B. shows off C. results in D. departs from81. A. reviving B. including C. practicing D. containing82. A. that B. since C. what D. which83. A. group B. alliance C. government D. bureau。
清华大学 考博英语真题 完形填空部分
清华大学（2006-2013）2006 年Part Ⅳ Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Consumers and producers obviously make decisions that mold the economy, but there is a third 61 element to consider the role of government. Government has a powerful 62 on the economy in at least four ways: Direct Services. The postal system, for example, is a federal system 63 the entire nation, as is the large and complex military establishment. Conversely, the construction and 64 of most highways, the 65 of the individual states, and the public educational systems, despite a large funding role by the federal government, are primarily 66 or by county or city governments. Police and fire protection and sanitation 67 are also the responsibilities of local government. Regulation and Control. The government regulates and controls private 68 in many ways, for the 69 of assuring that business serves the best70 of the people as a whole. Regulation is necessary in areas where private enterprise is granteda 71 , such as in telephone or electric service, or in other areas where there is limited competition, as with railroads or airlines. Public policy permits such companies to make a reasonable 72 , but limits their ability to raise prices 73 , since the public depends on their services. Often control is 74 to protect the public, as for example, when the Food and Drug Administration bans harmful drugs, or requires standards of 75 in food. In other industries, government sets guidelines to ensure fair competition without using direct control. Stabilization and Growth. Branches of government, including Congress and such entities as the Federal Reserve Board, attempt to control the extremes of boom and bust, of inflation and depression, by 76 tax rates, The money supply, and the use of credit. They can also 77 the economy through changes in the amount of public spending by the government itself. Direct Assistance. The government provides many kinds of help to 78 and individuals. For example, tariffs 79 certain products to remain relatively free of foreign competition; imports are sometimes taxed so that American products are able to 80 better with certain foreign goods. Government supports individuals who cannot adequately care for themselves, by making grants to working parents with dependent children, by providing medical care for the aged and the indigent, and through social welfare system.61.A.economy B. horror C. magnifier D. element62.A.elevation B. emotion C. effect D. election63.A.dripping B. serving C. diverging D. clamping64.A.clearance B. combustion C. commence D. maintenancemonplace B. responsibility C. conductivity D. consequence66.A.consoled B. compacted C. paid D. bracketed67.A.services B. boycotts C. budgets D. charters68.A.banquet B. boom C. arena D. enterprise69.A.assertion B. purpose C. asset D. assumption70.A.admiration B. interests C .adoption D. accuracy71.A.monopoly B. acceptance C. abolition D. morality72.A.proximity B. blend C. breast D. profit73.A.fairly B. unfairly C. friendly D. unnecessarily74.A.exercised B. broadened C. bankrupted D. exemplified75.A.faculty B. quantity C. quality D. fragment76.A.applauding B. assessing C. ascending D. adjusting77.A.affect B. accommodate C. adhere D. affirm78.A.beverage B. businesses C. bondage D. botany79.A.perplex B. permit C. perturb D. plunderpensate B. confront C. console D. compete61、D62、C63、B64、D65、B66、C67、A68、D69、B70、B71、A72、D73、B74、A75、C76、D77、A78、B79、B80、D2007 年Part IV Cloze (10%)Directions：There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B，C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36 miles of a coastline. Most of the world’s great seaport cities would be56 : New Orleans , Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo. Some countries —Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific — would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt, 57 large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme 58 .Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons, 59 in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world 60 water quality may result as 61 flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking, water supplies, and irreplaceable，natural 62 could be flooded with ocean water，destroying forever many of the 63 plant and animal species living there.Food supplies and forests would be 64 affected Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would 65 grain-growing regions pole-wards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants，such as weeds and the insects 66 the crops.Human health would also be affected Warming could 67 tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever, malaria，and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful 68 of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer 69 . There will be some 70 from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will 71 new agricultural lands，and warmer temperature will make some of today’s colder regions more72 . But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems — both plant and animal—will be less able than man to cope and 73 . Any change of temperature, rainfall，and sea level of the magnitude now 74 will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well.The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions 75 by global warming.56. A. ascended B. assaulted C. erased D. endangered57. A. which B. where C. when D. what58. A. dislocation B. discontent C. distribution D. distinction59. A. rebuking B. rambling C resulting D. rallying60. A. Increased B. Reduced C. Expanded D. Saddened61. A. inland B. coastal C. urban D. suburban62. A. dry-land B. mountain C. wetlands D. forest63. A. unique B. precious C. interesting D. exciting64. A, geologically B. adversely C. secretively D. serially65. A. shift B. generate C. grease D. fuse66. A. hiking B. hugging C. attacking D. activating67. A. endanger B. accommodate C. adhere D. enlarge68. A. profits B. values C. effects D. interests69. A. conditions B. accommodation C. surroundings D. evolution70. A. adjustments B. benefits C. adoptions D. profits71. A. alternate B. abuse C. advocate D. create72. A. accidental B. habitable C. anniversary D. ambient73. A. adapt B. alleviate C. agitate D. assert74. A. ascertained B. conformed C. consoled D. anticipated75. A. tutored B. relayed C. triggered D. reflected2008年Part ⅣCloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.The changes in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at the Earth’s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those 61 by models that take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability.To 62 the question of attribution requires the 63 of more powerful and complexmethods，beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused on 64 maps or patterns of temperature change in 65 and in models. Pattern analysis is the climatologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned 66 , and makes it possible to achieve more definitive 67 of the observed climate changes to a particular cause or causes.The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole 68 cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful 69 technique. The basic idea 70 pattern-based approaches is that different 71 causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to 72 a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change 73 by models and those actually observed.The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible 74 on global climate and that these activities will have an increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are 75 the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric 76 of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere.Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the 77 of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the 78 of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the 79 of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climatic effects of these particles began only recently and the overall 80 is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.61. A. incensed B. personify C. interact D. predicted62. A. array B. ascertain C. probe D. perturb63. A. application B. integration C. avenge D. intervene64. A. conforming B. comparing C. biding D. budgeting65. A. junctions B. junctures C. obligations D. observations66. A. optionally B. ornamentally C. previously D. predicatively67. A. attribution B. autonomy C. indication D. induction68. A. immune B. seasonal C. formidable D. perceptible69. A. analysis B. disposal C. antigen D. disincentive70. A. avenging B. underestimating C. ascending D. underlying71. A. potential B. respectable C. secretive D. sturdy72. A. weary B. obtain C. wink D. retard73. A. oriented B. kenned C. predicted D. lapsed74. A. modification B. nomination C. penetration D. influence75. A. paving B. altering C. retreating D. saluting76. A. stabilities B. popularities C. concentrations D. hierarchies77. A. abundance B. hemisphere C. fixture D. distress78. A. burial B. argumentation C. legislation D. amount79. A. disposals B. properties C. certainties D. blends80. A. calculation B. assignment C. budget D. effect。
清华大学考博英语阅读题及其解析
清华大学考博英语阅读题及其解析Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about105malesborn for every100females,but this ratio drops to near balance atthe age of maturity,and among70-year-olds there are twice as manywomen as men.But the great universal of male mortality is beingchanged.Now,boy babies survive almost as well as girls do.This meansthat,for the first time,there will be an excess of boys in thosecrucial years when they are searching for a mate.More important,another chance for natural selection has been removed.Fifty yearsago,the chance of a baby(particularly a boy baby)surviving dependedon its weight.A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certaindeath.Today it makes almost no difference.Since much of the Gengduo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zixun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xunqq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi variation is due to genes,one moreagent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide:stay alive,but have fewer children.Few people are as fertile as in the past.Except in some religious communities,very few women have15children.Nowadays the number of births,like the age of death,has becomeaverage.Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring.Again,differences between people and the opportunity for natural selectionto take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening.The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and povertyfor the remaining tribal peoples.The grand mediocrity of today―everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost80%of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us,this means that evolution is over;the biological Utopia has arrived.Strangely,it has involved little physical change.No other species fills so many places in nature.But in the past100,000 years—even the past100years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not.We did not evolve,because machines and society did it for us.Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution:“they look at an organic being as average looks at a ship,as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”No doubt we will remember a20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were,they will look just like us.15.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A]A lack of mates.[B]A fierce competition.[C]A lower survival rate.[D]A defective gene.16.What does the example of India illustrate?[A]Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B]Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C]The middle class population is80%smaller than that of the tribes.[D]India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because____.[A]life has been improved by technological advance[B]the number of female babies has been declining[C]our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D]the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A]Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution[B]Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution[C]The Evolutionary Future of Nature[D]Human Evolution Going Nowhere名师解析15.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?根据第一段，做男人以前有什么危险?[A]A lack of mates.缺少配偶。
清华大学考博英语真题及答案详解
Part I Vocabulary (20%)Directions: There are forty incomplete sentences in this part For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence, and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. The European Union countries, were once worried that they would not have suppliesof petroleum.A. sufficientB. efficient C potential D. proficient2. We'd like to a table for five for dinner this evening.A. preserveB. reserveC. sustainD. retain3. Britain has the highest of road traffic in the world-over 60 cars for every mile ofroad.A. popularityB. prosperityC. intensityD. density4. I would never have a court of law if I hadn’t been so desperate.A. sought forB. accounted forC. turned upD. restored to5. The energy by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.A. transferredB. releasedC. conveyedD. delivered6. It is required that during the process, great care has to be taken to protect the silkfrom damage.A. sensitiveB. sensible C tender D. delicate7. To our , Geoffrey’s illne ss proved not to be as serious as we had feared.A. reliefB. viewC. anxietyD. judgment8. The government will take some action to the two big quarreling companies.A. jigsawB. jotC. impulseD. reconcile9. As automation became popular in most factories, labor was made ♦A. disincentiveB. redundantC. diverseD. discontent10. They have her unreasonable request for her annual salary.A. destinedB. chordedC. repelledD. commenced11. When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite qualified sources of informationand examples.A. unbiasedB. manipulatedC. distortedD. conveyed12. It is apparent that winning the scholarship is o f one's intelligence in the field ofphysics.A. parallelismB. alliterationC. testimonyD. rhythm13. In court he repeated his that he was not guilty in front of the jury.A. impressionsB. alliterationsC. clausesD. assertions14. Shopping malls have some advantage in suffering from shorter periods of business.A. staleB. slackC. ferrousD. abundant5. According to the Geneva n o prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. RoutinesBefore the general election many senior citizens signed the against the spreading ofnuclear arms.A. contractB. petitionC. supplicationD. potential7. Scientists believe that there is not enough oxygen in the Moon’s atmosphere to plant life.A. adaptB. personalizeC. sustain D, describeI can’t remember exactly what triggered the explosion but it was pretty .A. estimatingB. devastatingC. reprocessingD. preferringThe industry has pumped amounts of money into political campaigns, making itless and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.A. potentialB. substantialC. massiveD. traditional20. I was entrusted to to a newspaper article making predictions for the New Year.A. contributeB. detractC. convertD. entail21. After 1989, the external vanished, but the danger to American civilization remained.A. disruption B, menace C. liability D, emergence22. The government is trying to help these enterprises out of the by various means.A. flightB. plight C delight D. twilight23. An archaeologist has to pay much attention to details of an unearthed object.A. miserableB. minusC. minuteD. moist24. The girl her tab lemate’s arm to see if she was fast asleep at class.A. pinchedB. punchedC. pitchedD. preached25. Most of the local people involved in the affair have been and dismissed.A. smuggledB. prosecutedC. salutedD. thrived26. I can respect someone who is f or their actions, but I cannot respect someone who is always pointing the finger.A. millenniumB. dominantC. accountableD. commercial27. All the products made in China are sold and distributed in with the U.S. Export Administration Regulations and also local country rules.A. complianceB. prosperityC. merchandise D‘ intersection28. One of the main reasons is that the university’s attracts students and faculty staff all over the world.A. fraudB. respondentC. misconductD. prestige29. Even though the investigation has been going on for two months, the police have no further details about the accident.A. comprisedB. formulatedC. releasedD. incorporated30. They want to stimulate economic growth in the region by offering to foreign investors.A. incentivesB. abundancesC. warriorsD. outnumbers31. Why be about that old coat? There’s no point in keeping it just because you were wearing it when you first met me.A. sensitiveB. sensibleC. sentimental D, sensational32. and hard work are the cornerstones of this company.A. MutilationB. InnovationC. EmpireD. Strength33. The protests were part of their against the proposed building development in the area.A. commissionB. commitmentC. conventionD. campaign34. Some people seem to on the pressure of working under a deadline.A. render B- evolve C. prevail D. thrive35. These changes have not been sufficient to the losses.A. stemB. stimulate C cause D. compensate36. Psychologists believe that children are easily influenced by their .A. conditionsB. combinations C, peersD. granaries37. Several for global warming have been suggested by climate researchers.A. systemsB. sentences C fallacies D. hypotheses38. These natural resources will be sooner or later if the present rate of exploitation continues.A, depleted B. deployed C. inclined D. mingled39. The military operations yesterday were targeted at the military installations.A. propelledB. commencedC. plaguedD. modulated40. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the between the computer and the human brain.A. profile B- mighty C. analogy D, leakagePart II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThere are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and another trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games may also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language，，，says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately，it’s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.，，One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said * These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We’re teaching kids in the most incredible manner wh at it，s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also sa id “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.” In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,OCX) people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield. They also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suidde. If you like, you can also dismember them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seemsunrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?41. Which of the following computer games are NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A. Those that teach how to fly an airplane.B. Those that teach the features of the earth.C Those that help people use computer language.D. Those that teach computer technology.42. According to the investigators, .A. the new and more sophisticated games allow the players to take part in real violent actsB. the new and more sophisticated games teach the players how to kill other peopleC. most computer and online games make the players forget the real life resultsD. most computer and online games may cultivate young people with bad manners43. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB- it is hard to find evidence of a link between violence and computer gamesC. there are now more incidents of violence due to computer gamesD. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence44. The author uses “television advertising” as an example to show that•A. the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeB. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC. there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real lifeD. other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifePassage TwoThe collapse of the Earth’s magnetic field—which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures—appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field’s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet’s lines of magnetic force*During a reversal，the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity (极）•The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and anintals that rely on the inagnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite daims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world’s largest effort at tracking the field’s shifts. A grou p of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get some idea * of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather，，，said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. “I，m personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the mission.”No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is comingon its way, it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago，when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates electromagnetism. This process is known as the geophysical generator. In a car’s generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.45. According to the passage, the Earth’s magnetic field has•A, misguided many a man and animalB. begun to change in the opposite direction C caused the changes on the polaritiesD. been weakening in strength for a long time46. During the transition of the Earth’s magnetic field*A. the compass will become uselessB. man and animals will be confused in directionsC. the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappearD. the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger47. The author says '. the public has no reason to panic” because•A. the transition is still thousands of years from nowB. the transition can be precisely predicted by scientistsC. the process of the transition will take a very long time to finishD. the new transition will come 780,000 years from now48. The cause of the transition of tiKe Earth、magnetic field comes from .A. the movement deep inside the EarthB. the periodical reverses of the Earth C the force coming from outer space D. the mechanical movement of the EarthPassage ThreeThe terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a jarring reminder that in today’s world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger a visceral response no matter how close ox far away from home tihe event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it’s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren’t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is predicated upon inducing a climate of fear that is incommensurate with the actual threat，’，says Middle Eastern historian Richard Buliiet of Columbia University. uEvery time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”‘There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target，or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person，，，Buliiet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn’t what you do, but ifs how it，s covered that determines the effect”For example, Buliiet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed，but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening’s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Buliiet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group’s power rather than an individual cmninal act. “You don’t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It’s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized，”says Buliiet. ‘The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities•，’Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. Army Reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan，says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it’s tihe only tactic they have available to them. “They don’t have M-16s, and we have M-16S. They don’t have the mighty military power that we have，and they only have access to things like kidnapping，，，says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare，even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy，”Haroun tells WebMD. ‘"You haven’t really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you’ve achieved a lot of demoralization,”49. Which of the following statement is NOT among the reasons that change the rules of psychological warfare?A. Break the morale of their opponent.B. Advances in technology.C. The popularity of the Internet,D. Prosperity of media.50. According to Richard Bulliet, why does “publicizing an act of violence becom es animportant part of terrorism itself’？A. Because psychological terrorism is a tactic.B. Because terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threat.C. Because the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threat.D‘ Because publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat.51. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that .A. the impact of psychological terror relies largely on how the acts are publicizedB. there are various ways to have the impact of psychological terrorC. the American media is effectiveD. the ways determines the effect52. The randomness and the ubiquity of the terrorist acts bring to the public the impressionthat •A. the terrorists are exerting total power over their captivesB. the threat is a collective demonstration of the group’s powerC. the terrorists are powerful and pervasiveD. the force becomes generalized rather than personalizedPassage FourIn a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this fall’s entering classes—the first since Katrina—will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require students—who increasingly are applying to multiple institutions—to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications—about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillard won’t release numbers’ but spokeswoman Maureen Larkins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last year’s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted students will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class—1,400, compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to woo admitted students, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mails, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot with larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year’s level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. It，s also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from August to mid-September “to avert the majority of the hurricane season，”Larkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-on-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other tihings, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted students and hosted a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admissions officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants, “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city (are) saying, ‘I want to be a part of (the action)，，，，says Stieffel, noting that Loyola’s transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are applying, we feel, are more likely to come，，，he says.53. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. many of the students require smaller classes than usual in the institutionsB. most college admissions officials cannot predict how many students will commit to enrolling in their institutions by May 1 this yearC many of the students are increasingly applying to multiple institutions to make theirchoices by May 1 this yearD. in typical years, most colleges require students to apply and commit to theirinstitutions54. The following statements are false other than ♦A* Tulane University also saw drops in application this yearB. Xavier University, as a historically black Catholic institution, fell behind the recruitment schedule of Dillard UniversityC. Xavier University dean Winston Brown says the total number that he hopes to enroll is about 1,500 freshmenD. Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions due to receiving fewer applications of students55. In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are ,A. reducing the tuition respectivelyB. hosting meetingsC. increasing the scholarships respectivelyD. extending the application deadline56. The passage mainly concentrates on the subject of .A. the drops of the applicants of the universitiesB. the dilemma of the admission officialsC. the usual rules of college admissionsD. the effects of the hurricanesPassage FiveThe difference between avian flu and human flu that should be commanding our rapt attention today is that avian influenza, specifically the H5N1 strain known as bird flu, threatens to become the young people's plague. And it is a growing contender to cause a devastating worldwide pandemic in the next few years.We are too used to thinking of flu as an annual annoyance that kills only the frail and elderly. But that just isn't the case for H5N1. With a mortality rate of over 50 percent, this bird flu has killed over 110 people, striking the young and able-bodied the hardest. Its victims cluster predominantly among 5-to-30-year-old, a pattern that has held up in the 34 known to have died from bird flu so far this year.This vulnerability may stem from the robust and fast-responding immune systems of the young. The victims overreact to the alien virus, triggering a massive immune response called a cytokine storm, turning healthy lungs into a sodden mass of dying tissues congested with blood, toxic fluid, and rampaging inflammatory cells. As air spaces choke off, the body loses oxygen and other organs fail.Scientists have recently shown that H5N1 has ominous parallels with the devastating 1918 flupandemic, which also jumped directly to humans from birds and disproportionately attacked the young and the strong. With a pattern highly suggestive of a cytokine storm, death sometimes came within just hours，turning many World War I troop ships into death ships.Now imagine hundreds of thousands of young people laboring on respirators, or lying alone in corridors and makeshift hospital rooms, too sick to be helped when the supply of beds, equipment, and trained staff run out. Seem like hype? Not to the medical experts who discussed these scenarios during last week’s US. News Health Summit on emergency preparedness.This picture puts a face on the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ projections that, if H5N1 mutates into a readily human-transmissible from 209,000 to 1.9 million Americans could die. Part of our readiness thinking should be to heed the blunt words of HHS Secretary Michael Leavitt at the summit: Any family or community that fails to prepare for the worst, with the expectation that the federal or state government will come to the rescue，will be “tragically wrong/5 In a pandemic, the govemmenfs medical resources will be stretched thin, and it won’t be able to guarantee first-line help to any hometown, local hospital, or college campus. Even the national stockpile of Tamiflu，the antiviral that is the best we have to prevent or lessen the impact of the illness, has its limits. If a college student is hospitalized with a possible H5N1 infection, the feds will provide drugs. But they will not make it available to fend off the virus in the many others who may have come in dose contact with the infected student. In the existing federal guidance on H5N1, the young and healthy fall into the lowest-priority group for antiviral drugs and vaccines. Student health centers or other providers had better scrounge up their own stockpiles. Containing possible outbreaks on college campuses may be all but impossible. Social distancing—avoiding close contact with other people with air kisses instead of smooches, or even by donning masks and gloves—will be tough to enforce.The threat poses a uniquely difficult challenge. In the best of all scenarios, the virus will lose its fury and leave in its wake a new culture of individual and community preparedness. But we need to get ready now, and not for the best scenario but for the worst.57. The difference between avian flu and human flu is that .A. the avian flu should be commanding our rapt attentionB. the avian flu mainly threatens the young peopleC. the avian flu is to cause a devastating worldwide pandemic in the next few yearsD. the avian flu is an annual annoyance that kills only the frail and elderly58. The reason that bird flu strikes the young and able-bodied the hardest may be .A. the body loses oxygen and other organs failB. a sodden mass of dying tissuesC. the enthusiastic immune systems of the youngD. the overreaction of blood, toxic fluid, and rampaging inflammatory cells59. According to the author, which is the best source that college students can rely upon if there are outbreaks of bird flu on college campuses?A. The national stockpile of Tamifu,B. The govemmenfs medical resources.C. Drugs provided by the feds.D. The stockpile of the students health centers.60. We can learn from the passage that ,A. it is impossible that bird flu outbreaks on college campuses。
清华大学考博英语真题阅读理解精选
清华大学考博英语真题阅读理解精选Reading Passage1The Cost of SurvivalMost corporations aren't managed for change.By Peter McGrathIn the go-go years of the late1990s,no economic theorist looked better than Joseph Schumpeter,the Austrian champion of capitalism who died in1950.His distinction?A theory he called"creative destruction."The idea was straight-forward:in with the new,out with the panies had life cycles,just as people do.They were born, they grew up.And when a better competitor came along,they died due to capital starvation.It was the way things were,and the way they should be.The markets had no sentiment.Capitalism was relentless, unforgiving.In their book"Creative Destruction"(367pages.Doubleday. $27.50),Richard N.Foster and Sarah Kaplan of the consulting firm McKinsey&Co.apply Schumpeter's logic in the context of a technology-driven economy.They want their corporate readers to understand the implications of one basic idea:there is an inescapable conflict between the internal needs of a corporation and the total indifference capital markets have for those needs.Managers care desperately about the survival of their companies.Investors don't give a hoot.This was always true,the authors say,but until recently nobody really noticed because of the relatively languid pace ofeconomic change.No more.In the1920s,when the first Standard& Poor's index was compiled,a listed company had a life expectancy of more than65years.In1998the annual turnover rate of S&P firms was nearly10percent,implying a corporate lifetime of only10years.How does anyone manage in this environment?Foster and Kaplan argue that companies today must embrace"discontinuity,"the idea that everything they have always done is now irrelevant.Consider Intel:'by its top executives'own accounts,the company had to kill its ground-breaking memory-chip business once it became clear that Japanese companies could deliver essentially the same product at a lower price.Intel then moved into the much more lucrative microprocessor business.It was an obvious decision,but one that was hard to make.Memory chips were Intel's core competence.They were at the heart of the company's self-image.The transition was wrenching, said Intel chief Andrew Grove.But as a result,the company survived and prospered.From now forgotten automobile companies like Studebaker to early technology leaders like Wang,the corporate landscape is littered with the bones of companies that couldn't adapt to change.At bottom, say Foster and Kaplan,corporations are managed for survival."They presume continuity in the business environment.They fail to introduce new products for fear of cannibalizing current product lines.They turn down acquisition opportunities to keep from diluting earnings.They prize rational decision making and internal controlsystems.They resist contrary information,and often punish managers who voice it.And all the while,capital markets are dedicated to finding and funding new competitors.Incumbents ignore this fact to their peril:if they don't cannibalize their product lines,someone else will do it for them.Even the greatest of brand names are not immune.As the authors ask rhetorically,would IBM even exist today had it stuck to its core business in mainframe computers?"Unless the corporation can learn to overcome the natural bias for denial,"they write,"it will,in the long term,fail,or at best underperform."The successful company,Foster and Kaplan conclude,is one that manages for discontinuity.It presumes change.It is comfortable with fluid and even vague decision making.It has relatively flat hierarchies.In short,it adopts the fearlessness of capital markets themselves.And it doesn't have to be a start-up,or even a young company.Typical success stories include Coming,which shifted its business from glass to optical fiber just in time to capture a growing market,and General Electric,which dumped one fifth of its asset base in the first four years of Jack Welch's tenure as CEO.Not long ago,it was fashionable to liken business to warfare. Executives were reading Sun-tm,Machiavelli and Clausewitz for guidance on how to overcome the competition.But business differs from war in one vital respect.In war the advantage lies with the defense. In the New Economy,as Foster and Kaplan make clear,it belongs to the attacker.Reading Passage2Is Someone Spying on You?Spying on your kids in your home is one thing.But what about when your employer snoops on you at work?Big Brother is almost certainly watching you.A staggering82%of major U.S.corporations admitted to electronically monitoring their employees,in a recent study conducted by the American Management Association(AMA).But it's not just worker efficiency(browsing while on the job)that companies are monitoring.Many employers worry that they'll be liable for sexual harassment and other charges brought against employees who misuse e-mail and other Web-based communications.The case of Peter Chung,who was fired from the New York City investment firm Carlyle Group for boasting about his dating exploits in an e-mail to his pals--a missive that subsequently made its way to a far broader audience--is a recent example of how employers are taking a tougher stand on misuse of office e-mail.An entire industry of surveillance products that cater to wary employers has grown out of thisbackdrop of mistrust and caution.With no comprehensive federal law in place for the regulation of employee surveillance,almost all on-the-job activities are fair game.Voice mail and e-mail are routinely scrutinized by nearly half of all major panies, as are individual computer files.Soilware such as SpectorSoWs Spector can monitor and record every keystroke,log visited websitesand even take snapshots of an employee's screen every30seconds. Companies are also turning to filters for their computer networks to block out inappropriate material.More than15%of the U.S.firms surveyed in the AMA study said that they routinely videotaped employee activities in the year2000.And a number of smaller repair-service companies are considering installing global-positioning-satellite devices in company cars to deter employees from goofing off while away from the office.Some workers are fed up and have decided not to take it anymore. Barry Steinhardt of the National ACLU says that his office increasingly"gets lots of calls from workers who want to know what they can do about their employers spying on them."So what can you do to protect yourself?One way to hide your footsteps on the Web is through an anonymizer program like Zero Knowledge's Freedom($59.95at ).It allows you to surf the Net undetected and to send and receive encrypted e-mails. Note though,that your company's network security system will probably snag the encrypted data,so be prepared to explain it.A better solution might simply be to educate yourself and know what they know.The Privacy Foundation()offers a free bug-detection program.The site also has plenty of workplace-surveillance articles and links to other products that undermine the efforts of intrusive employers.Only you know whether it's smart to do this from your work PC.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
清华大学考博英语-4.doc
清华大学考博英语-4(总分：134.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：10，分数：7.50)1.The child should always ______ the same basic procedure: seeing the whole word-hearing and pronouncing-writing from memory.（分数：1.00）A.go throughB.take overC.respond toD.carry off2.The government decided to take a______action to strengthen the market management.（分数：0.50）A.diverseB.durableC.epidemicD.drastic3.They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any______ones in this area?（分数：0.50）A.evacuatedB.emptyC.vacantD.vacate4.He told a story about his sister who was in a sad ______ when she was ill and had no money.（分数：1.00）A.plightB.polarizationC.plagueD.pigment5.Her talk at the seminar clearly______from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.（分数：0.50）A.alternatedB.amplifiedC.designatedD.diverged6.In the new shark repellent method, an insulated cable is buried on the bottom of the sea arounda beach from which people swim.（分数：1.00）A.frighteningB.resistingC.protectiveD.raising7.Nobody knew how he came up with this ______ idea about the trip.（分数：1.00）A.wearyB.twilightC.unanimousD.weird8.Some people seem to______on the pressure of working under a deadline.（分数：0.50）A.renderB.evolveC.prevailD.thrive9.The industry has pumped______amounts of money into political campaigns, making it less and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.（分数：0.50）A.potentialB.substantialC.massiveD.traditional10.These melodious folk songs are generally ______ to Smith, a very important musician of the century.（分数：1.00）A.devotedB.contributedposedD.ascribed二、Part Ⅱ Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：88.00)There are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography and another trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. "A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language," says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. "Unfortunately. It"s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged from eight to fifteen."One study showed that almost 90 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said, "There are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We"re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it"s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.They also said, "The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts." In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,000 people by the time all levels are compelled. A description of the outcome of the game says: "Your victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield, they also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suicide. If you like, you can also dismember them."Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?（分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following computer games are NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?（分数：2.00）A.Those that teach how to fly an airplane.B.Those that teach the features of the earth.C.Those that help people use computer language.D.Those that teach computer technology.(2).According to the investigators,______（分数：2.00）A.the new and more sophisticated games allow the players to take parting real violent actsB.the new and more sophisticated games teach the players how to kill other peopleC.most computer and online games male the players forget the real life resultsD.most computer and online games may cultivate young people with bad manners(3).It can be inferred from the passage that______（分数：2.00）A.more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB.it is hard to find evidence of a link between violence and computer gamesC.there are now more incidents of violence because of computer gamesD.simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence(4).The author uses" television advertising" as an example to show that______（分数：2.00）A.the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeputer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC.there is little link between computer games and increased violence in real lifeD.other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifeWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics.The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.Every parent watches eagerly the child"s acquisition of each new skill--the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child"s own happiness and well-being.（分数：10.00）(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children ______.（分数：2.00）A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery ______.（分数：2.00）A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn"t initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around himD.always feels the word around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills ______.（分数：2.00）A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are ______.（分数：2.00）A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline ______.（分数：2.00）A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child"s happinessI have had just about enough of being treated like a second-class citizen, simply because I happen to be that put-upon member of society--a customer. The more I go into shops and hotels, banks and post offices, railway stations, airports and the like, the more I am convinced the things are being run solely to suit the firm, the system, or the union. There seems to be a deceptive new motto for so-called "service" organizations--Staff Before Service.How often, for example, have you queued for what seems like hours at the Post office or the supermarket because there were not enough staff on duty to man all the service grilles or checkout counters? Sure? in these days of high unemployment it must be possible to hire cashiers and counter staff. Yet supermarkets, hinting darkly at higher prices, claim that uncovering all their cash registers at any one time would increase overheads. And the Post office says we cannot expect all their service grilles to be occupied "at times when demand is low".It is the same with hotels. Because waiters and kitchen staff must finish when it suits them, dining rooms close earlier or menu choice is cut short. As for us guests, we just have to put up with it. There is also the nonsense of so many friendly hotel night porters having been thrown out of their jobs in the interests of "efficiency" (i. e. profits) and replaced by coin--eating machines which offer everything from lager to laxatives. Not to mention the creeping threat of the tea-making kit in your room: a kettle with a mixed collection of tea bags, plastic milk cartons and lump sugar. Who wants to wake up to a raw teabag? I do not, especially when I am paying for "service".Can it be stopped, this worsening of service, this growing attitude that the customer is always a nuisance? I angrily hope so because it is happening, sadly, in all walks of life.Our only hope is to hammer home our anger whenever and wherever we can and, if all else fails, bring back into practice that other, older slogan--Take Our Custom Elsewhere.（分数：50.00）(1).The writer feels that nowadays a customer ______（分数：10.00）A.deserves the lowest status in society.B.is unworthy of proper consideration.C.receives unexpected quality service.D.is the victim of some public services.(2).The writer argues that the quality of service is changing because ______（分数：10.00）A.customers" demands have radically changed.B.services provided never become consistent.C.the staff receive more consideration than customers.D.the staff are less considerate than their employers.(3).According to the writer, long queues at counters are caused by ______（分数：10.00）A.difficulties in hiring employees.B.deliberate understaffing.ck of cooperation between staff members.D.employers" irresponsibility.(4).Service organizations contend that keeping all checkout counters operated can result in ______（分数：10.00）A.demands by cashiers for a pay raise.B.insignificant benefits for the customers.C.a rise in the coat for providing service.D.needs to purchase expensive equipment.(5).The writer suggests that a customer ______（分数：10.00）A.put up with the rode manners of the staff.B.be patient when queuing before checkout counters.C.try to control his temper when ill-treated.D.go to other places where good service is available.Rubidium, potassium and carbon are three common elements used to date the history of Earth. The rates of radioactive decay of these elements are absolutely regular when averaged out over a period of time; nothing is known to change them. To be useful as clocks, the elements have to be fairly common in natural minerals, unstable but decay slowly over millions of years to form recognizable "daughter" products which are preserved minerals.For example, an atom of radioactive rubidium decays to form an atom of strontium (another element) by converting a neutron in its nucleus to a proton and releasing an electron, generating energy in the process. The radiogenic daughter products of the decay-in this case strontiumatoms--diffuse away and are lost above a certain very high temperature. So by measuring the exact proportions of rubidium and strontium atoms that are present in a mineral, researchers can work out how long it has been since the mineral cooled below that critical "blocking" temperature. The main problems with this dating method are the difficulty in finding minerals containing rubidium, the accuracy with which the proportions of rubidium and strontium are measured, and the fact that the method gives only the date when the mineral last cooled below the blocking temperature. Because the blocking temperature is very high, the method is used, mainly for recrystallized (igneous or metamorphic) rocks, not for sediments--rubidium-bearing minerals in sediments simply record the age of cooling of the rocks which were eroded to form the sediments, not the age of deposition of the sediments themselves.Potassium decays to form (a gas) which is sometimes lost from its host mineral by escaping through pores. Although potassium-argon dating is therefore rather unreliable, it can sometimes be useful in dating sedimentary rocks because potassium is common in some minerals which form in sediments at low temperatures. Assuming no argon has escaped, the potassium-argon date records the age of the sediments themselves.Carbon dating is mainly used in archaeology. Most carbon atoms (carbon-12) are stable and do not change over time. However, cosmic radiation bombarding the upper atmospheres constantly interacting with nitrogen in the atmosphere to create an unstable form of carbon, carbon-14.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the common feature of rubidium, potassium and carbon?（分数：2.00）A.They can be made into clocks.B.They are rich in content.C.Their decay is slow but regular.D.The products of their decay are the same.(2).What aspect of rubidium decay is useful for dating?（分数：2.00）A.The atom produced by the decay is above a certain point of temperature.B.The atom produced by the decay is easy to be detected at a cool temperature.C.The decay produced a. neutron and an electron.D.The decay is sensitive to the changes in temperature.(3).What is the limitation of the rubidium method?（分数：2.00）A.Rubidium is everywhere in the rock.B.Strontium atoms are hard to detect at the normal temperature.C.It cannot date sediments.D.It is time-consuming.(4).Which of the following is the major factor that affects the accuracy of potassium dating?（分数：2.00）A.the number of the mineral poresB.the number of missing argon atomsC.external temperatureD.mineral temperature(5).The underlined word "cosmic" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.（分数：2.00）A.radioactiveanicC.terrestrialD.universalToday"s college students are more narcissistic (自恋的) and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society."We need to stop endlessly repeating "You"re special" and having children repeat that back," said the study"s lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. "Kids areself-centered enough already. Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with others," he said. The study asserts that narcissists "are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlling and violent behaviors". Twenge, the author of "Generation Me: Why Today"s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled- and More Miserable Than Ever Before", said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.Some analysts have commended today"s young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications. Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced(非常明显的)that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. "Permissiveness seems to be a component," he said. "A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for."Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don"t necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed (气馁；灰心) by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. "We"re encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody shouldstand in your way," Kader said. "I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships."Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. "People are worried about themselves--but in the sense of where are they"re going to find a place in the world," she said. "People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn"t mean they"re not concerned about the rest of the world." Besides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said. "It would be more depressing if people answered, "No, you are not special.""（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, a narcissistic person may______（分数：2.00）A.hate criticismB.be dishonest to his / her partnerC.be unwilling to help othersD.all the above(2).The italicized word "commended"(Line 1, Para.3) means______（分数：2.00）A.praisedB.criticizedC.recommendedD.disfavored(3).Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Narcissism may result in bad consequences.B.College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C.Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narmssism upsurge.D.Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.(4).It is implied that______（分数：2.00）A.both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB.the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC.the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD.college students are pessimistic about their future(5).It is proper to be______when you hear someone say "you are special".（分数：2.00）A.objectiveB.pessimisticC.optimisticD.worried三、Part Ⅲ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the 1 of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel 2 to go to bed and pleased when the journey 3 . On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed 4 earlier than Usual. When I 5 my cabin, I was surprised 6 that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected 7 but there was a suitcase 8 mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet 9 , except that he was wearing 10 good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not 11 whoever he was and did not say 12 . As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night.I felt cold but covered 13 as well as I could and tried to go back to sleep. Then I realized thata 14 was coming from somewhere. I thought perhaps I had forgotten 15 the door, so I got up 16 the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and 17 , the moon shone through it on to the other bed. 18 there.It took me a minute or two to 19 the door myself. I realized that my companion 20 through the window into the sea.（分数：20.00）A.reasonB.motiveC.causeD.sakeA.tired enoughB.enough tiredC.enough tiringD.enough tiringA.is achievedB.finishC.is overD.is in the endA.quiteB.ratherC.fairlyD.somehowA.arrived inB.reached toC.arrived toD.reached atA.for seeingB.that I sawC.at seeingD.to seeA.being lonelyB.to be lonelyC.being aloneD.to be aloneA.likeB.asC.similar thanD.the same thatA.in each placeB.for all partsC.somewhereD.anywhereA.a soB.soC.such aD.suchA.treat together wellB.pass together wellC.get on well togetherD.go by well togetherA.him a single wordB.him not one wordC.a single word to himD.not one word to himA.up meB.up myselfC.up to myselfD.myself upA.draftB.voiceC.airD.soundA.to closeB.closingC.to have to closeD.for closingA.to shutB.for shuttingC.in shuttingD.but shutA.while doing like thatB.as I did like thatC.as I did soD.at doing soA.It was no oneB.There was no oneC.It was anyoneD.There was anyoneA.remind to lockB.remember to lockC.remind lockingD.remember lockingA.had to jumpB.was to have jumpedC.must have jumpedD.could be jumped四、Part Ⅳ Translation(总题数：1，分数：-1.00)11.The hardest hit of all that week were Wall Street"s specialist firms, the traders who were charged with maintaining orderly markets. That task required them to purchase stocks when there were no other buyers and to make sales when other sellers disappeared. Until the end of that week, a total 52 specialist lb-ms had worked on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange: each had handled the shares of 20 to 30 specified Big Board companies. on Black Monday, the specialists grimly fulfilled their responsibilities, buying millions of shares as prices plunged all around them. Their losses could amount to as much as $ 50 million. Securities firms outside Wall Street also felt mortal pain. The 4,500 accounts of the New York Stock Exchange member were taken over by Rodman & Renshaw, a Chicago firm.（分数：-1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、Part Ⅴ Writing(总题数：1，分数：20.00)12.1．优秀的科研工作者需要具备什么素质?2．举例说明这些素质的重要性。
清华大学考博英语
清华大学考博复习资料1．Abandon Abandon The The The match match match was was was abandoned abandoned abandoned because because because of of of bad bad weather. Ban /abolish /abort /cancel /cross out /wipe out /put off /delay Desert Desert /forsake /forsake /forsake /leave /leave /cease /cease /depart /depart /depart /discard /discard / relinquish /surrender /quit /withdraw /give up （24） *Abandon oneself to 沉湎于，放纵（感情）沉湎于，放纵（感情）沉湎于，放纵（感情） *ban sb from doing sth 禁止某人做某事禁止某人做某事 *Cancel sth out 抵消抵消抵消 *Cross out 划掉，勾掉（错误的内容） Cross sb’s mind （注意、想法等）闪现，掠过（注意、想法等）闪现，掠过 Cross Cross sth sth sth off off 划掉，删去（已处理过或不再需要的东西） *wipe out 磨灭磨灭 表示放弃、取消等意思的时候一定是ing 形式 Wipe sth down （用湿布）把（表面）擦干净（用湿布）把（表面）擦干净 Wipe sth up （用布）擦净（用布）擦净 *put up with 忍耐忍耐忍耐 容忍（讨厌的人或事） Put up 建造（房屋）搭起（帐篷）； Put sth up 1、张贴张贴（布告等）（布告等）；2、抬高，提高（价格等）；3、出卖； Put sb up 为…提供食宿； Put sb up to 纵容，鼓动，教唆 *Put out 熄灭；使不安，激怒；熄灭；使不安，激怒； Put sth out 出版，发布；出版，发布； Put oneself out 自找麻烦自找麻烦自找麻烦 put an end to = stop it 停止做某事停止做某事 put the blame on 归罪于归罪于 put to death 处死处死 put it right 改正改正 put paid to 毁坏，破坏，结束毁坏，破坏，结束 Put sth about 散布（谣言等）散布（谣言等） Put sth across/over 解释，说明；清楚地表达自己解释，说明；清楚地表达自己的意思的意思 Put sth aside 1、把（某事）撇开不理，不考虑；2、（为特殊目的）而储蓄；3、放下（手里的活）；4、留出（一段时间） Put sth away 把…收起来；储存 Put sb /sth down 1、一再当众批评一再当众批评（某人）（某人）；2、付（订金）；3、写下，记下；4、宰杀；5、镇压（革命、反叛等），击败；6、着陆；7、贬低贬低 羞辱；8、～ as （没有充分根据就）认为（某人）是…；9、 ～for 把（某人）登记在参加者的名单上，登记注册；10、*～to 把…归因于归因于 Put sth forth (树)长出叶子 Put (sb./sth.) forward 1、提出（计划、建议等）；2、将…提前；3、向前拨；、向前拨； Put in 1、安装（设备）、安装（设备）；2、花费（时间作某事）；3、插话；4、提交、提交 提出（要求）；5、选举；6、（船）进港；进港； Put in for 提出正式要求提出正式要求 Put into 把…加进加进 加上；（船）进港 *Put sb /sth off 1、推迟、推迟 延期；2、搪塞，敷衍，推诿；3、阻止，劝阻； *Put sb off sth 阻止, 使气馁 Put sb /sth on 1、穿上，戴上；2、打开（灯或电器装置）；3、播放；4、装出，假装；5、增加，提高；6、上演、上演 演出；7、提供；8、欺骗，哄骗；9、增加；、增加； Put (sb.) onto 提供关于提供关于…的信息的信息 Put through 把（电话）接通； Put sth through 使（某人）做（不愉快或困难的事）；做成做成 完成（一件工作） Put sb through 使经历，使经受使经历，使经受使经历，使经受 *Put to 1、向…提问，向…提议；2、Put sb /sth to sth 使经受…考验；3、Put sb to sth 使处于…状态 Put together 形成一个团体；合在一起；使构成整体 Desert /forsake *Delay doing sth 推迟，延期推迟，延期 leave over 剩下的，狼藉的样子；剩下的，狼藉的样子； Leave sth to sb 教某人做某事 leave off 忘记某人 Leave sb/sth out 忽略，遗漏忽略，遗漏忽略，遗漏 Leave it at that 到此为止到此为止 Leave go/hold of 松开，放开松开，放开松开，放开 Leave for 去哪里去哪里 cease *depart from 背离，违反（惯例、传统等） *discard v. 扔掉，弃置扔掉，弃置 *Surrender to sb /sth 投降、听任某物摆布 get out ：走出去；滚；：走出去；滚；：走出去；滚； get away with 胜利逃脱；做了（坏事）而未受惩胜利逃脱；做了（坏事）而未受惩罚 Get away To escape （从犯罪现场）脱身bug out get through 1、to reach someone, esp. by telephone （尤指通过电话）与某人取得联系；2、to (cause to) be understand understand by by by sb. sb. （使）某人理解；3、to(cause to(cause to) to) successfully to the end of （使）成功（使）成功 ，（使）完成（使）完成 Get Get across across across To To To (cause (cause (cause to) to) to) be be be understand understand understand (esp. (esp. (esp. by by by a a large group) （使）被理解（尤指一大群人） Get ahead To advance (beyond someone or sth) 前进，进步（超越某人或某事）进，进步（超越某人或某事） Get along 1、Leave, move away 走开走开走开 离开；2、go well 进展进展 顺利进行；3、to continue (often in spite of difficult) （常指不顾困难）继续下去; 4、= get on 相处相处得好得好 合得来 Get around/round to find time 找到时间，有时间（做某事） Get back 1、To return, esp. go home 回去回去 回家；2、重新掌权；3、～、～ at someone 报复报复 反击 Get by To continue one’s way of life 度日，过活；to be good enough but not bad 尚好，过得去尚好，过得去 Get down 1、艰难咽下；、艰难咽下；2、写下，记下；3、（get sb. down ）使紧张，使难过 Get down to 开始认真对待开始认真对待开始认真对待 Get in 1、到达，进入，进去（交通工具）；2、（get sb. in ）请人（到家里）帮忙；3、插话；4、to take part in 参与 Get into 同get in ； (get sb. Into sth) 使…陷入困境 up the creek ；to learn or become accustomed to 学会，熟悉，习惯于熟悉，习惯于 Get off 离开；下（交通工具）；逃脱惩罚；逃脱惩罚 Get on 1、同、同get along ；2、变迟，变老；3、继续（常指在中断之后）；4、取得成功；5、坐上，骑上；6、登上；登上； Get on for （时间、年龄、距离等的）接近 Get onto (无被动语态) 交谈，写信，联系，接触；查出查出 识破某人的骗局；开始谈论，着手干 Get out of 1、逃避责任；2、能够停止或摆脱；3、逼出；4、to gain from 从…得到 Get Get over over 完成，结束（一般指不愉快的事）；复原，恢复（健康、快乐等）； Get around 钻空子，利用…漏洞；说服某人漏洞；说服某人 Get together 集会，聚会；集会，聚会； Get Get up up 起床；（风，火等）增强，加剧；数量增大；大； Get up to 到达到达To reach be given to 喜欢喜欢 Give sb /sth away 1 Give sb /sth away 1、赠送赠送（礼物）（礼物）（礼物）颁发颁发颁发（奖品）（奖品）；2、表露，流露；3、泄露（秘密）；4、（因做蠢事）丧失，丢失；5、（在婚礼上）将新娘交给新郎；（在婚礼上）将新娘交给新郎； Give sb Back sth 1 Give sb Back sth 1、归还，恢复；2、使（某人）恢复（品质、能力和特点） Give in 1 Give in 1、屈服，让步；2、呈上，交上； Give of Give of 献出（自身或某物）以帮助他人献出（自身或某物）以帮助他人献出（自身或某物）以帮助他人 Give off Give off 发出，放出（气体、气味等）发出，放出（气体、气味等）发出，放出（气体、气味等） Give out Give out 分发；用完，用尽分发；用完，用尽 Give over Give over 停止停止停止 *Give up *Give up 放弃，停止；停止尝试；认为没救了；放弃，停止；停止尝试；认为没救了；投案2．Abide W e have to abide by the rules of the game. (Abide /observe /discover /adapt) Her Her fame will abide for sure. Last /endure / continue /persist /remain /stay (10) *Abide by 遵守（法律）、信守（协议） *observe sb doing sth 看到，注意到 discover *Adapt (+to) （使）适应，（使）适合（使）适合 Be well adapted to 特别适应 Adapt (+for) 改造，改装改造，改装 *at (long) last 最终，终于最终，终于最终，终于 endure / continue *persist in (doing) 坚持，执意坚持，执意坚持，执意 *stay on （在通常的时间以后）（在通常的时间以后）继续留下工作（学习）3．You have to keep ______ with the times. Abreast up /catch up with /go along with /fit in with （4） Keep abreast of 了解了解…的最新情况 *catch on 1、开始变得流行；、开始变得流行；2、理解，开始明白 Catch sight of 一时见到，注意到一时见到，注意到 catch (sb) out 1、使某人措手不及；2、发觉某人的错误的错误 catch sb doing 当场抓住当场抓住 *catch up 1、赶上赶上 拉平；2、～ with 追上，超过；3、～、～ on 补做（工作）； catch up in 被卷入，被牵涉被卷入，被牵涉 Catch at 尽力抓住 *Go off 1、爆炸，铃声大作；、爆炸，铃声大作；2、（机器）停止运转；3、进行得（成功或失败）；4、变质，（食物）变坏；5、go go off off off (sb./sth.) (sb./sth.) 失去兴趣，不再喜欢；6、入睡，失去知觉；停止进行；*go off with 携…潜逃，带…私奔； Go about (sth.) 着手，开始工作；从事着手，开始工作；从事 Go after (sb /sth) 追逐，追求；设法获得追逐，追求；设法获得 Go against (sb /sth) 1、违反，违背，反对；2、不利于；3、与…不符不符 go ahead 1、开始，继续；、开始，继续；2、先走、先走 Go along 继续；赞同，支持 *Go along with 同意，赞成，支持同意，赞成，支持同意，赞成，支持 Go around /round 1、经常做某事（尤指不赞成的事）；2、通常（穿着），习惯于；3、（疾病）传播，流行；4、（与某人一起）在公共场所露面；5、足够分配；6、转动，旋转 Go Go at/for at/for at/for (sb.) (sb.) (sb.) 11、（无被动）袭击；2、攻击，打击；击； Go away 1、离开，走开；、离开，走开；2、外出 Go back 1、返回，回复；、返回，回复；2、、追溯到 Go back on (sth.) 食言，毁约食言，毁约 Go by 1、过去，经过（时间或地点）、过去，经过（时间或地点）；2、（无被动）依照…做，遵守；3、根据…做判断go by the name of 称为称为 go down 1、下楼；、下楼；2、（质量、标准等）下降，降低；3、下沉；4、消肿；5、被接受；被记录下来；6、到达，延伸到；7、往南去；8、输了（比赛），降级；9、（计算机）暂停运转，死机；10、（灯光）暗下来；11、～with 感染上（传染病） go far 有成就，成功；满足许多需要 go too far 太过分太过分太过分 Go for sb /sth 1、去参加某种活动2、攻击，抨击；3、争取得到；4、同Go at/for (sb.)；喜欢，被…吸引；5、同Go after (sb./sth.)；6、包括…在内，可适用于；7、出售 Go in for (sth.) 1、参加，从事（技能、知识竞赛）；2、惯于，爱好、惯于，爱好 Go into (sth.) 1、进入，加入（地方、职业等）；2、被用在…；3、详细解释；4、探究，彻底调查5、（汽车等）撞在…上；上； *Go on 1、继续下去；、继续下去；2、转而做另一件事；3、发生；4、以（某事）为根据（做出判断）5、（时间）过去；6、开始运转，使工作，实施；7、抱怨不停；喋喋不休；8、接近（年龄、时间等）、接近（年龄、时间等） go out 1、（为了娱乐）离家，出门，经常出外消遣；（去远方）旅行；2、交往，谈恋爱；3、（灯）熄灭；4、广播；5、出国；6、落潮，过时；7、公开，公布；8、对…充满同情；9、（时间）结束 Go over (sth.) 1、走近；2、查看，仔细检查；3、重读，重看；4、转向，改变（信仰等）；5、转播；6、清除，打扫； Go through (sth.) 1、经受，经历，忍受；2、用光；3、通过，被接受；4、得到正式认可，被批准；5、磨破，穿破；6、练习，排练；7、仔细检查；8、从头到尾阅读尾阅读 Go Go through through through with with with (sth.) (sth.) （常指艰难地）完成，做完 Go to (sth.) 使经历；使经历；进入，开始经历（某一状态） go together （两件事物）互相协调，相配 go under 下沉，沉没 Go up 上升；被建造起来；炸毁，被烧毁上升；被建造起来；炸毁，被烧毁 *Go with (sth.) 1、与…相配，适合于；2、伴随，陪伴；3、同意，接受（看法）、同意，接受（看法） Go Go without without without (sth) (sth) 同do do without; without; without; it it it goes goes goes without without saying 不言而喻不言而喻 Fit in 1、（因为有共同的兴趣和爱好）被他人接受；2、fit sb /sth in 安排时间做某事（见某人）；3、*fit in with 使某事适合于使某事适合于 4．Absorb He was absorbed in a book and didn't hear you call. Engage /occupy /bend over /involve /be busy with (6) *Be absorbed in 吸引（某人）吸引（某人），使专心，使专心 be absorbed into 并入，吞并并入，吞并 absorption with/in 专注 *Engage sb to do sth 安排雇用安排雇用 Engage in 参加，参与参加，参与 *be occupied with 忙于做某事忙于做某事 *Bend the rules 通融通融 Bend Bend one’s one’s mind mind /effort /effort /effort /thoughts /thoughts /thoughts to to 专心致志于…，集中全力于… Bend over backwards (to do sth) 竭尽全力做某事 *Involve doing sth 包含，包含，包含，包括，包括，包括，需要需要 Involve sb in sth 要求（允许）参与 *Be busy with 正在工作的，无空闲的正在工作的，无空闲的 Busy doing with 忙于做某事忙于做某事5．Abundant /rich The rivers and forests of the New World were abundant in fish and game. *An abundance of 丰富，充裕丰富，充裕丰富，充裕 In abundance 充满了，丰富的充满了，丰富的 Abundantly clear 显而易见 *rich (+in) 富含…的；丰富的；的；丰富的；6．access In many schools, students don't have sufficient access to the library. W ay /approach /approach /solution /solution /solution /answer /answer /answer / / / Accessible Accessible Accessible /available /available /handy /ready /convenient /obtainable /at hand (12) *Have access to 有权做某事有权做某事 *Stand in the way of = prevent 阻碍…实施 Right of way 有权有权 *be Under way = start 开始；在进行中 *Get one’s own way 自行其是；随心所欲；为所欲为 *Give way 退让；让步；屈服 Have it both ways 左右逢源，见风使舵左右逢源，见风使舵 *In a way 某种方法，某一方面某种方法，某一方面 In no way 无论如何，决不无论如何，决不 In the way /in sb’s way 挡住去路，碍事挡住去路，碍事 *By the way 顺便顺便 By way of 当做，用作，作为当做，用作，作为当做，用作，作为 *approach sb for 接洽，交涉接洽，交涉 Approach sb /sth about (doing) （同上） *Answer back 回嘴，反驳回嘴，反驳 Answer for 对…负责；担保负责；担保 Answer Answer to to 对（某人）负责，对（某事，尤指错事）做出解释 （antenna ） *Come in handy 迟早有用迟早有用迟早有用 *ready to do sth 准备好了做 *convenient for sb /sth 方便的，合宜的方便的，合宜的 *Hand down 传下来，传给；宣布，宣判；传下来，传给；宣布，宣判； Hand over 移交，拿给移交，拿给 Hand around 060917 7．His words are never in _____ with his deeds. (Situation /accordance /according /fit) /fit) I'm in agreement with Mr. Moore. In agreement In agreement with /be compatible with /comply with /conform to /be in proportion to (9) Of your own accord 出于自愿，主动地 With one accord 一致地一致地 In accordance with （正式）按照，依照（正式）按照，依照 According According to 据…所说；～所说；～ (as) 【英，正式】按照按照 Fit in 1、（因为有共同的兴趣和爱好）被他人接受；2、fit sb /sth in 安排时间做某事（见某人）；3、fit in with 使某事适合于使某事适合于 *be In agreement with 一致同意一致同意 *be compatible with 兼容，一致兼容，一致兼容，一致 *comply with 服从，遵守服从，遵守 *conform to 遵守（法律、规定等）遵守（法律、规定等） *be in proportion to （与某物）成比例，相称 8．Account He asked no one's advice; he did it on his own (account).independently Y Y ou have to take everything into account /consideration /Attention /regard /respect /mind Give Give us an account of what happened. Story /reason /information /description /tale /statement He He has has has been been been asked asked asked to to to account account account for for for his his his absence. absence. (Describe /tell /relate / Describe (19) N.*Take sth into account/take account of 把某事考虑在内，思考虑在内，思考 On account of 因为，由于因为，由于因为，由于 On account 赊帐 By/from all account 根据各方面所说根据各方面所说根据各方面所说 V . Account for Account for 是…原因，= answer for ；对…做出（满意的）解释（满意的）解释 Count in (out on) = back on; rely on; *Take sth into consideration 考虑到某事 Attention *as regards 至于，关于 *Respect for 考虑，顾及，重视 In respect of 关于，有关关于，有关关于，有关 With respect to With respect to 关于，谈到 *Make up one’s mind 做出决定，拿主意；做出决定，拿主意； Take one’s mind off sth 不再想某件（烦心事） Keep /bear sth in mind 记住某事（有用或重要的信息） Stick in one’s mind 对（名字、细节等）对（名字、细节等）经久不忘经久不忘 Put one’s mind to 专心于… Keep one’s mind on 专心于… Story *by reason of （正式）因为（正式）因为… Reason to do sth （正确或充分的）理由做某事（正确或充分的）理由做某事 Reason sth out （通过推理）解释，解决（通过推理）解释，解决 Reason with 与…讲道理，说服讲道理，说服 *for information only 仅供参考仅供参考 description /tale /statement Describe *Tell off 责备，斥责；叫出（做某事）责备，斥责；叫出（做某事） Tell on 告发 Tell against sb 不利于不利于… Tell sb /sth apart 区分，区别 Tell of 描绘，描述 *Relate to 1、有关，涉及；、有关，涉及；2、与…直接相关；3、与…和睦相处；4、认同，产生共鸣 *to say the least 至少可以说 to say nothing of 更不用说，何况更不用说，何况 *explain sth away 通过解释消除（某事的影响）通过解释消除（某事的影响），辩解9．Acquire to acquire a good knowledge of English. Attain /obtain /gain /earn /secure （6） Acquire 得到；掌握，获得；～得到；掌握，获得；～ a a taste taste taste for for 开始喜欢上 Attain /obtain *Gain (sth) from （使从某种局面、机会或事件中）受益，获利受益，获利 Gain the upper hand 占上风，处于有利地位，控制 Gain currency （某种观点）流行起来 There’s nothing to be gained 无济于事 Gain ground 稳步发展， Gain on /upon 逼近，赶上逼近，赶上 Earn /secure10．Active He is very active in politics. Energetic Energetic /spirited /lively /dynamic /excited /enthusiastic （7） *Active duty 现役现役 Be active in (doing) sth 积极参加活动 *group *group dynamics dynamics 群体动态（指某一团体成员之间的相互行为和态度）间的相互行为和态度） （以上99） 060920 11．Adapt To our delight, she quickly adapted (herself) to the situation. Adjust Adjust /accommodate /accommodate /accommodate /alter /alter /alter /vary /vary /vary /arrange /arrange /arrange /modify /modify /make fit （8） *Adapt (+to) （使）适应，（使）适合（使）适合 Adapt for (+for) 改造，改装改造，改装改造，改装 Be well adapted to 特别适应 *Adjust (+to) 适应，使适合适应，使适合 *accommodate to 使适应，顺应使适应，顺应 alter /vary *Arrange to do sth 安排，筹划安排，筹划 modify *Make V . Make a start(+on /with) 开始做某事开始做某事 ～ believe (that)假装假装 to pretend ； ～ sb do sth 强迫某人做某事；强迫某人做某事；be made to do sth ～ do with sth. 将就，凑合用；将就，凑合用；将就，凑合用； ～ it 1、及时赶到；2、成功；3、能参加、出现；4、（在生病或事故之后）活下来；（在生病或事故之后）活下来； ～ it up 和解，和好和解，和好 Make it up for （用好东西）赔偿，偿还；（用好东西）赔偿，偿还； Make up to (sb.) 企图得到…欢心；make (it) up to （用好东西）赔偿，偿还；（用好东西）赔偿，偿还； make one’s way 闯出一条路，闯出一条路， make time 抽出时间抽出时间 ～ living (doing sth) （做某事）为生；（做某事）为生； ～ or break (使)完全成功或彻底失败；完全成功或彻底失败； *make away with 带着东西逃跑带着东西逃跑; bug out Make at 采用什么手段 Make for sth. 向…（快速）走去；导致,有利于，倾向倾向 Make sb /sth into 将…制成；制成； Make (sth.) of (sth.) 理解，看待；对待，处理； Make off 仓皇逃走仓皇逃走 Make out 1、（费力）理解，辨认出；2、（以完整的形式）填写，开列；3、（泛指在商业、人际关系或生活中）成功；4、声称，假装；5、把…说成是，说成是，声称声称（尤指自己）重要；指自己）重要； Make (sth.) over （尤指法律上的）转让，转交 Make up 1、编造，虚构；2、化妆；整理备用；3、补足；4、（make sth. up ）偿还，归还；）偿还，归还；5、（争吵后）和解 12．Accustom She is ______to living in comfort. (Accustomed /used /addict /be familiar with) (4) *Accustom oneself to 使某人习惯于使某人习惯于 Be accustomed to (doing) sth 习惯（做）某事习惯（做）某事 *Be used to (doing) 习惯（做）某事习惯（做）某事 Used to do sth 过去常做某事 Use sb to do sth 利用某人做某事利用某人做某事 Be in use （机器、场所等）在使用中（机器、场所等）在使用中 *addicted (+to) 对…上瘾的 *be familiar with 通晓，熟悉通晓，熟悉通晓，熟悉 13．Admit It will take you half an hour to get to the station, allowing for traffic delays. (Allow (Allow /admit /admit /accept /accept /permit /permit /permit /receive /receive /receive /confess /confess /acknowledge /adopt) (8) *Allow sb to do sth 允许，容许，准许允许，容许，准许 Allow for 考虑，顾及 *Admit of (sth) 【正式】允许有【正式】允许有【正式】允许有 Admit (to) doing sth 承认（做错了事、犯了罪）承认（做错了事、犯了罪） * Accept sth from sb 接受，同意做接受，同意做 *permit sb to do sth 【正式】允许，准许做某事【正式】允许，准许做某事 Permit of 容许有，允许有 receive *confess to doing sth 承认（使自己尴尬的事情）承认（使自己尴尬的事情） *Be acknowledge as 被公认为是被公认为是… *adopt an approach /strategy /policy 采用某方法、战略、政策等战略、政策等060923 14．Adequate Adequate Their Their Their earnings earnings earnings are are are barely barely barely adequate adequate adequate to to to their their needs. Enough /sufficient /satisfactory /plenty /ample (6) *Adequate to do sth 可以胜任的 *enough to do sth 足够做…事 Near enough 几乎，差不多几乎，差不多 *Sufficient to do sth 足够做某事足够做某事 satisfactory *plenty (+of) 丰富，大量，众多 Plenty big /bright enough 非常（足够）大（明亮）的 In plenty 供应充足，多得很供应充足，多得很 ample 15．Advantage The great advantage we have over them is that they are short of money. Benefit Benefit /gain /gain /gain upper upper upper hand hand hand /interest /interest /interest /profit /profit /profit /harvest /harvest /crop /earnings /returns (9) *Take advantage of sb （不公正地）利用某人，占便宜便宜 Take advantage of sth （巧妙地）利用某物（巧妙地）利用某物 *benefit (+from /by) 获益，受益，得到好处获益，受益，得到好处 *Gain the upper hand 占上风，占上风，处于有利地位，处于有利地位，处于有利地位，控控制 Gain (sth) from （使从某种局面、机会或事件中）受益，获利 Gain currency （某种观点）流行起来 There’s nothing to be gained 无济于事 Gain ground 稳步发展稳步发展 Gain on /upon 逼近，赶上逼近，赶上逼近，赶上 *be in the public /national interest 出于公众、国家利益 *Profit by /from 从中获益，取得教训从中获益，取得教训从中获益，取得教训 *reap a harvest 获得成果；尝到苦果获得成果；尝到苦果获得成果；尝到苦果 *A crop of 一群一群（同时到达的人），一批一批（同时发（同时发生的事） Crop up （尤指问题）突然发生（出现） *in return (for) （作为（作为…的）交换（回报）的）交换（回报）16．Aim His aim is to win the game. Purpose /intention /goal /end /target /objective /motive /destination (9) Aim *On purpose 故意（地）故意（地） For the purpose of 为了…目的目的 *(have <no>) intention (of doing) to do sth （不）打算做某事 with the intention of doing 意图，目的，打算意图，目的，打算 Intention to do sth 目标是 *No end 非常非常 No end of 大量的，许多大量的，许多 Make (both) ends meet 收支仅能相抵 target /objective /motive /destination （以上143） 060926 17．Amass He amassed a great fortune in twenty years. Accumulate Accumulate /assemble /assemble /assemble /gather /gather /gather /increase /increase /increase /collect /collect /collect /compile /compile /heap up /store up Mass /bulk /quantity /load /amount /volume /accumulation /pile/heap /crowd /multitude /pack /gang (22) Figure /digit /measure Amass Accumulate assemble*gather around /round 聚拢过来聚拢过来Gather sth in 收（庄稼）收（庄稼） Gather sth together /up 集拢，拾拢 *compile sth from /for sth 编辑，编纂，编制，汇编 *heap up （杂乱地）堆积，堆放 *be in store 将要发生，将要出现将要发生，将要出现将要发生，将要出现 Store up 储存；制造（麻烦） *A mass of 大量，大宗大量，大宗大量，大宗 Masses of 许多的，大量的 The masses 群众，平民群众，平民 *the bulk (of sth) （某物的）主要部分，大半 In bulk 整批的，大批的 Bulk sth out 使膨胀，看起来更厚实，充实使膨胀，看起来更厚实，充实 *quantity of 若干数量；大量，许多若干数量；大量，许多 *load sb /sth down 给（某人）过重的负担 No amount of sth will do sth 毫无结果，毫无影响毫无结果，毫无影响 *Amount to sth 总计，达到总计，达到 not amount to much /anything 没多大了不起没多大了不起 *A pile of /(also) piles of 一大堆，大量一大堆，大量 Pile in /into 拥进，挤进拥进，挤进 Pile on 过分地称赞、批评等；过分夸大坏的情况 Pile out 挤出，蜂拥而出挤出，蜂拥而出 Pile up 堆积，积累 *crowd sb /sth out 把…挤出，排挤挤出，排挤 *pack sth away 将（某物）收拾起来将（某物）收拾起来将（某物）收拾起来 Pack sb /sth in 吸引（大批的人）；把（太多东西）塞入； Pack sb /sth off 把打发走，撵走把打发走，撵走 Pack up 完成工作，停工；（机器）出故障，失灵；停止做某事做某事*a multitude of 【正式或文】大批，大量，大群，众多【正式或文】大批，大量，大群，众多【正式或文】大批，大量，大群，众多 The multitude 大众，民众 *figure sth /sb out 想出，理解（某事）；看透，理解（某人）*Half measure 折中办法折中办法 Measure sb /sth against （用比较的方法）评判（用比较的方法）评判 Measure out 量出量出Measure up 合格，达到标准合格，达到标准18．Ambitious These young men were ambitious for success and money. Eager for /longing for / hopeful for /wish for /crave for /be set on /be bent on /be intent upon *be ambitious for sb 希望某人成功希望某人成功 *Eager for 急于得到 *longing for 渴望，盼望 *wish for sth 最理想的；默默期盼最理想的；默默期盼最理想的；默默期盼 Wish sth away 希望（不愉快的事）自行消失希望（不愉快的事）自行消失希望（不愉快的事）自行消失 *crave for 渴望，热望；恳求，请求 *Set the table 准备饭菜准备饭菜准备饭菜 *Set on 攻击；使攻击，使追逐； set aside 存钱存钱 set sth in See to sb/sth 照顾，照料 set up 1、建造，设立；2、安排（会议），建立（制度）；3、安装，架设；4、树起，垒起，设置；、树起，垒起，设置； Set out 同set off；开始一项行动；set sth. out 同Set forth阐明；陈列，布置；动身踏上；按顺序拜访 Set in （疾病或不好的天气）来临而且（也许）持续持续 Set foot in/on 登上，涉足，访问登上，涉足，访问登上，涉足，访问 Set short by 重视重视重视 Set the pace 定出步调，速率定出步调，速率 Set to work 开始工作开始工作开始工作 *Set about (sth.) 开始做，开始；以（某种方式）开始做，开始；以（某种方式）处理；攻击处理；攻击 Set sb /sth against 彼此均衡，从…减去；敌对，使与（某人）对立； *Set apart 使（某人或某物）与众不同；留出（作某种用途） *Set (sth.) aside 另外存放；拨出；置之不理另外存放；拨出；置之不理 Set (sth.) back 使倒退；推迟；使倒退；推迟；Set (sb.) back (sth.) 使某人花费 Set (sb./sth.) down 写，写，记下；制定，规定；将（车）停下让下车停下让下车 Set forth 陈述观点，阐明；出发，启程陈述观点，阐明；出发，启程 Set off 1、出发，动身；、出发，动身；2、引起，激发（意外事件）；3、触发；4、 引发（爆炸）；5、（衣服、颜色等）衬托（某物）很漂亮；6、激起（某人）的情感、激起（某人）的情感 *Be bent on 下决心做，专心于，埋头于下决心做，专心于，埋头于下决心做，专心于，埋头于 *Intent on /upon 专注的，专心致志的专注的，专心致志的专注的，专心致志的06092719．Amount His debt now amounts to 1,000 pounds. Add up to /approximate /total /sum up *Add up to 总的来讲，等于说 add sth to sth 把…和…放在一起 add fuel to the fire 火上浇油火上浇油 add (sth) in 加进，包括加进，包括 add (sth) on 加盖，加建；附加，增加加盖，加建；附加，增加 add to（使）增加 add up 把…加起来；not ～不合情理；积少成多 approximate /total *Sum up 概括，总结；对…做出判断20．The future of her marriage is supposed to be decided by the amount of money.Sum /measure /quantity /price /value *at any price 不惜任何代价，无论如何不惜任何代价，无论如何不惜任何代价，无论如何 Not at any price 无论如何也不21．Angle Try looking at this affair from a different angle. Aspect Aspect /view /point of view /opinion /belief /attitude /impression /notion /idea /thought /conception /judgment /theory /outlook（15）061107； *Angle for（以暗示的方法）猎取，谋求 *aspect (+of) 方面 *point of view 观点，看法观点，看法观点，看法 On view （画、照片）在展览，在陈列（画、照片）在展览，在陈列 In view of 鉴于，由于，考虑到鉴于，由于，考虑到鉴于，由于，考虑到 *opinion (+of) 意见，主张，看法 A second opinion 他人的鉴定他人的鉴定他人的鉴定 Be of the opinion (that) 认为，主张认为，主张 *Be Beyond belief 难以置信难以置信 *attitude (+towards) 心态，感觉，看法 With attitude 我行我素的打扮 *impression *impression (+of) (+of) （对人、事等的）印象，感想 Be under the impression (that) 原以为，误以为原以为，误以为 *notion (+of) （尤指错误或模糊的）概念，观点，看法看法 *spare a thought for 给（某人）一点关心给（某人）一点关心 conception /judgment /theory *outlook (+on) （对生活、世界的）看法，观点，态度态度 Outlook (+for) 前景，远景前景，远景22．Announce He had to announce the death of Johnson before the board. Proclaim Proclaim /broadcast /broadcast /broadcast /report/state /report/state /report/state /declare /declare /declare /notify /notify /tell /make known（9）061107； Announce *report back 回报，汇报回报，汇报 Report to sb 向…负责，向…报告 state *Declare against 声明反对 Declare for 声明支持 *notify sb of 通知，告知通知，告知06092923．Anticipate A g ood good good general general general can can can anticipate anticipate anticipate what what what the the enemy will do. 。
清华大学考博英语
清华大学考博复习资料1．Abandon The match was abandoned because of bad weather.Ban /abolish /abort /cancel /cross out /wipe out /put off /delayDesert /forsake /leave /cease /depart /discard / relinquish /surrender /quit /withdraw /give up （24）*Abandon oneself to 沉湎于，放纵（感情）*ban sb from doing sth 禁止某人做某事*Cancel sth out 抵消*Cross out 划掉，勾掉（错误的内容）Cross sb’s mind （注意、想法等）闪现，掠过Cross sth off 划掉，删去（已处理过或不再需要的东西）*wipe out 磨灭表示放弃、取消等意思的时候一定是ing形式Wipe sth down （用湿布）把（表面）擦干净Wipe sth up （用布）擦净*put up with 忍耐容忍（讨厌的人或事）Put up 建造（房屋）搭起（帐篷）；Put sth up 1、张贴（布告等）；2、抬高，提高（价格等）；3、出卖；Put sb up 为…提供食宿；Put sb up to 纵容，鼓动，教唆*Put out 熄灭；使不安，激怒；Put sth out 出版，发布；Put oneself out 自找麻烦put an end to = stop it 停止做某事put the blame on 归罪于put to death 处死put it right 改正put paid to 毁坏，破坏，结束Put sth about 散布（谣言等）Put sth across/over 解释，说明；清楚地表达自己的意思Put sth aside 1、把（某事）撇开不理，不考虑；2、（为特殊目的）而储蓄；3、放下（手里的活）；4、留出（一段时间）Put sth away 把…收起来；储存Put sb /sth down 1、一再当众批评（某人）；2、付（订金）；3、写下，记下；4、宰杀；5、镇压（革命、反叛等），击败；6、着陆；7、贬低羞辱；8、～as （没有充分根据就）认为（某人）是…；9、～for 把（某人）登记在参加者的名单上，登记注册；10、*～to把…归因于Put sth forth (树)长出叶子Put (sb./sth.) forward 1、提出（计划、建议等）；2、将…提前；3、向前拨；Put in 1、安装（设备）；2、花费（时间作某事）；3、插话；4、提交提出（要求）；5、选举；6、（船）进港；Put in for 提出正式要求Put into 把…加进加上；（船）进港*Put sb /sth off 1、推迟延期；2、搪塞，敷衍，推诿；3、阻止，劝阻；*Put sb off sth 阻止, 使气馁Put sb /sth on 1、穿上，戴上；2、打开（灯或电器装置）；3、播放；4、装出，假装；5、增加，提高；6、上演演出；7、提供；8、欺骗，哄骗；9、增加；Put (sb.) onto 提供关于…的信息Put through 把（电话）接通；Put sth through使（某人）做（不愉快或困难的事）；做成完成（一件工作）Put sb through 使经历，使经受*Put to 1、向…提问，向…提议；2、Put sb /sth to sth 使经受…考验；3、Put sb to sth 使处于…状态Put together 形成一个团体；合在一起；使构成整体Desert /forsake*Delay doing sth 推迟，延期leave over 剩下的，狼藉的样子；Leave sth to sb 教某人做某事leave off 忘记某人Leave sb/sth out 忽略，遗漏Leave it at that 到此为止Leave go/hold of 松开，放开Leave for 去哪里cease*depart from 背离，违反（惯例、传统等）*discard v. 扔掉，弃置*Surrender to sb /sth 投降、听任某物摆布get out：走出去；滚；get away with 胜利逃脱；做了（坏事）而未受惩罚Get away To escape （从犯罪现场）脱身bug outget through 1、to reach someone, esp. by telephone （尤指通过电话）与某人取得联系；2、to (cause to) be understand by sb. （使）某人理解；3、to(cause to) successfully to the end of （使）成功，（使）完成Get across To (cause to) be understand (esp. by a large group) （使）被理解（尤指一大群人）Get ahead To advance (beyond someone or sth) 前进，进步（超越某人或某事）Get along 1、Leave, move away 走开离开；2、go well 进展顺利进行；3、to continue (often in spite of difficult) （常指不顾困难）继续下去; 4、= get on 相处得好合得来Get around/round to find time 找到时间，有时间（做某事）Get back 1、To return, esp. go home 回去回家；2、重新掌权；3、～at someone 报复反击Get by To continue one’s way of life 度日，过活；to be good enough but not bad 尚好，过得去Get down 1、艰难咽下；2、写下，记下；3、（get sb. down）使紧张，使难过Get down to 开始认真对待Get in 1、到达，进入，进去（交通工具）；2、（get sb. in）请人（到家里）帮忙；3、插话；4、to take part in 参与Get into 同get in；(get sb. Into sth) 使…陷入困境up the creek；to learn or become accustomed to 学会，熟悉，习惯于Get off 离开；下（交通工具）；逃脱惩罚Get on 1、同get along；2、变迟，变老；3、继续（常指在中断之后）；4、取得成功；5、坐上，骑上；6、登上；Get on for（时间、年龄、距离等的）接近Get onto (无被动语态) 交谈，写信，联系，接触；查出识破某人的骗局；开始谈论，着手干Get out of 1、逃避责任；2、能够停止或摆脱；3、逼出；4、to gain from 从…得到Get over 完成，结束（一般指不愉快的事）；复原，恢复（健康、快乐等）；Get around 钻空子，利用…漏洞；说服某人Get together 集会，聚会；Get up 起床；（风，火等）增强，加剧；数量增大；Get up to 到达To reachbe given to 喜欢Give sb /sth away 1、赠送（礼物）颁发（奖品）；2、表露，流露；3、泄露（秘密）；4、（因做蠢事）丧失，丢失；5、（在婚礼上）将新娘交给新郎；Give sb Back sth 1、归还，恢复；2、使（某人）恢复（品质、能力和特点）Give in 1、屈服，让步；2、呈上，交上；Give of 献出（自身或某物）以帮助他人Give off 发出，放出（气体、气味等）Give out 分发；用完，用尽Give over 停止*Give up 放弃，停止；停止尝试；认为没救了；投案2．Abide We have to abide by the rules of the game. (Abide /observe /discover /adapt)Her fame will abide for sure. Last /endure / continue /persist /remain /stay (10)*Abide by遵守（法律）、信守（协议）*observe sb doing sth 看到，注意到discover*Adapt (+to) （使）适应，（使）适合Be well adapted to 特别适应Adapt (+for) 改造，改装*at (long) last 最终，终于endure / continue*persist in (doing) 坚持，执意*stay on （在通常的时间以后）继续留下工作（学习）3．You have to keep ______ with the times.Abreast up /catch up with /go along with /fit in with（4）Keep abreast of 了解…的最新情况*catch on 1、开始变得流行；2、理解，开始明白Catch sight of 一时见到，注意到catch (sb) out 1、使某人措手不及；2、发觉某人的错误catch sb doing 当场抓住*catch up 1、赶上拉平；2、～with 追上，超过；3、～on 补做（工作）；catch up in 被卷入，被牵涉Catch at 尽力抓住*Go off 1、爆炸，铃声大作；2、（机器）停止运转；3、进行得（成功或失败）；4、变质，（食物）变坏；5、go off (sb./sth.) 失去兴趣，不再喜欢；6、入睡，失去知觉；停止进行；*go off with 携…潜逃，带…私奔；Go about (sth.) 着手，开始工作；从事Go after (sb /sth) 追逐，追求；设法获得Go against (sb /sth) 1、违反，违背，反对；2、不利于；3、与…不符go ahead 1、开始，继续；2、先走Go along 继续；赞同，支持*Go along with 同意，赞成，支持Go around /round 1、经常做某事（尤指不赞成的事）；2、通常（穿着），习惯于；3、（疾病）传播，流行；4、（与某人一起）在公共场所露面；5、足够分配；6、转动，旋转Go at/for (sb.) 1、（无被动）袭击；2、攻击，打击；Go away 1、离开，走开；2、外出Go back 1、返回，回复；2、、追溯到Go back on (sth.) 食言，毁约Go by 1、过去，经过（时间或地点）；2、（无被动）依照…做，遵守；3、根据…做判断go by the name of 称为go down 1、下楼；2、（质量、标准等）下降，降低；3、下沉；4、消肿；5、被接受；被记录下来；6、到达，延伸到；7、往南去；8、输了（比赛），降级；9、（计算机）暂停运转，死机；10、（灯光）暗下来；11、～with 感染上（传染病）go far 有成就，成功；满足许多需要go too far 太过分Go for sb /sth 1、去参加某种活动2、攻击，抨击；3、争取得到；4、同Go at/for (sb.)；喜欢，被…吸引；5、同Go after (sb./sth.)；6、包括…在内，可适用于；7、出售Go in for (sth.) 1、参加，从事（技能、知识竞赛）；2、惯于，爱好Go into (sth.) 1、进入，加入（地方、职业等）；2、被用在…；3、详细解释；4、探究，彻底调查5、（汽车等）撞在…上；*Go on 1、继续下去；2、转而做另一件事；3、发生；4、以（某事）为根据（做出判断）5、（时间）过去；6、开始运转，使工作，实施；7、抱怨不停；喋喋不休；8、接近（年龄、时间等）go out 1、（为了娱乐）离家，出门，经常出外消遣；（去远方）旅行；2、交往，谈恋爱；3、（灯）熄灭；4、广播；5、出国；6、落潮，过时；7、公开，公布；8、对…充满同情；9、（时间）结束Go over (sth.) 1、走近；2、查看，仔细检查；3、重读，重看；4、转向，改变（信仰等）；5、转播；6、清除，打扫；Go through (sth.) 1、经受，经历，忍受；2、用光；3、通过，被接受；4、得到正式认可，被批准；5、磨破，穿破；6、练习，排练；7、仔细检查；8、从头到尾阅读Go through with (sth.) （常指艰难地）完成，做完Go to (sth.) 使经历；进入，开始经历（某一状态）go together （两件事物）互相协调，相配go under 下沉，沉没Go up 上升；被建造起来；炸毁，被烧毁*Go with (sth.) 1、与…相配，适合于；2、伴随，陪伴；3、同意，接受（看法）Go without (sth) 同do without; it goes without saying 不言而喻Fit in 1、（因为有共同的兴趣和爱好）被他人接受；2、fit sb /sth in 安排时间做某事（见某人）；3、*fit in with 使某事适合于4．Absorb He was absorbed in a book and didn't hear you call.Engage /occupy /bend over /involve /be busy with (6)*Be absorbed in 吸引（某人），使专心be absorbed into 并入，吞并absorption with/in 专注*Engage sb to do sth 安排雇用Engage in 参加，参与*be occupied with 忙于做某事*Bend the rules 通融Bend one’s mind /effort /thoughts to 专心致志于…，集中全力于…Bend over backwards (to do sth) 竭尽全力做某事*Involve doing sth 包含，包括，需要Involve sb in sth 要求（允许）参与*Be busy with 正在工作的，无空闲的Busy doing with 忙于做某事5．Abundant /rich The rivers and forests of the New World were abundant in fish and game.*An abundance of 丰富，充裕In abundance 充满了，丰富的Abundantly clear 显而易见*rich (+in) 富含…的；丰富的；6．access In many schools, students don't have sufficient access to the library.Way /approach /solution /answer / Accessible /available /handy /ready /convenient /obtainable /at hand (12)*Have access to 有权做某事*Stand in the way of = prevent 阻碍…实施Right of way 有权*be Under way = start 开始；在进行中*Get one’s own way 自行其是；随心所欲；为所欲为*Give way 退让；让步；屈服Have it both ways 左右逢源，见风使舵*In a way 某种方法，某一方面In no way 无论如何，决不In the way /in sb’s way 挡住去路，碍事*By the way 顺便By way of 当做，用作，作为*approach sb for 接洽，交涉Approach sb /sth about (doing) （同上）*Answer back 回嘴，反驳Answer for 对…负责；担保Answer to 对（某人）负责，对（某事，尤指错事）做出解释（antenna）*Come in handy 迟早有用*ready to do sth 准备好了做*convenient for sb /sth 方便的，合宜的*Hand down 传下来，传给；宣布，宣判；Hand over 移交，拿给Hand around0609177．His words are never in _____ with his deeds. (Situation /accordance /according /fit)I'm in agreement with Mr. Moore. In agreement with /be compatible with /comply with /conform to /be in proportion to (9)Of your own accord 出于自愿，主动地With one accord 一致地In accordance with （正式）按照，依照According to 据…所说；～(as) 【英，正式】按照Fit in 1、（因为有共同的兴趣和爱好）被他人接受；2、fit sb /sth in 安排时间做某事（见某人）；3、fit in with 使某事适合于*be In agreement with 一致同意*be compatible with 兼容，一致*comply with 服从，遵守*conform to 遵守（法律、规定等）*be in proportion to （与某物）成比例，相称8．Account He asked no one's advice; he did it on his own (account).independentlyYou have to take everything into account /consideration /Attention /regard /respect /mindGive us an account of what happened. Story /reason /information /description /tale /statementHe has been asked to account for his absence. (Describe /tell /relate / Describe (19)N.*Take sth into account/take account of 把某事考虑在内，思考On account of 因为，由于On account 赊帐By/from all account 根据各方面所说V.Account for 是…原因，= answer for；对…做出（满意的）解释Count in (out on) = back on; rely on;*Take sth into consideration 考虑到某事Attention*as regards 至于，关于*Respect for 考虑，顾及，重视In respect of 关于，有关With respect to 关于，谈到*Make up one’s mind 做出决定，拿主意；Take one’s mind off sth 不再想某件（烦心事）Keep /bear sth in mind 记住某事（有用或重要的信息）Stick in one’s mind 对（名字、细节等）经久不忘Put one’s mind to 专心于…Keep one’s mind on 专心于…Story*by reason of （正式）因为…Reason to do sth （正确或充分的）理由做某事Reason sth out （通过推理）解释，解决Reason with 与…讲道理，说服*for information only 仅供参考description /tale /statementDescribe*Tell off 责备，斥责；叫出（做某事）Tell on 告发Tell against sb 不利于…Tell sb /sth apart 区分，区别Tell of 描绘，描述*Relate to 1、有关，涉及；2、与…直接相关；3、与…和睦相处；4、认同，产生共鸣*to say the least 至少可以说to say nothing of 更不用说，何况*explain sth away 通过解释消除（某事的影响），辩解9．Acquire to acquire a good knowledge of English. Attain /obtain /gain /earn /secure（6）Acquire 得到；掌握，获得；～a taste for 开始喜欢上Attain /obtain*Gain (sth) from （使从某种局面、机会或事件中）受益，获利Gain the upper hand 占上风，处于有利地位，控制Gain currency （某种观点）流行起来There’s nothing to be gained 无济于事Gain ground 稳步发展，Gain on /upon 逼近，赶上Earn /secure10．Active He is very active in politics.Energetic /spirited /lively /dynamic /excited /enthusiastic（7）*Active duty 现役Be active in (doing) sth 积极参加活动*group dynamics 群体动态（指某一团体成员之间的相互行为和态度）（以上99）06092011．Adapt To our delight, she quickly adapted (herself) to the situation.Adjust /accommodate /alter /vary /arrange /modify /make fit（8）*Adapt (+to) （使）适应，（使）适合Adapt for (+for) 改造，改装Be well adapted to 特别适应*Adjust (+to) 适应，使适合*accommodate to 使适应，顺应alter /vary*Arrange to do sth 安排，筹划modify*MakeV.Make a start(+on /with) 开始做某事～believe (that)假装to pretend；～sb do sth 强迫某人做某事；be made to do sth～do with sth. 将就，凑合用；～it 1、及时赶到；2、成功；3、能参加、出现；4、（在生病或事故之后）活下来；～it up 和解，和好Make it up for （用好东西）赔偿，偿还；Make up to (sb.) 企图得到…欢心；make (it) up to （用好东西）赔偿，偿还；make one’s way 闯出一条路，make time 抽出时间～living (doing sth) （做某事）为生；～or break (使)完全成功或彻底失败；*make away with 带着东西逃跑; bug outMake at 采用什么手段Make for sth. 向…（快速）走去；导致,有利于，倾向Make sb /sth into 将…制成；Make (sth.) of (sth.) 理解，看待；对待，处理；Make off 仓皇逃走Make out 1、（费力）理解，辨认出；2、（以完整的形式）填写，开列；3、（泛指在商业、人际关系或生活中）成功；4、声称，假装；5、把…说成是，声称（尤指自己）重要；Make (sth.) over（尤指法律上的）转让，转交Make up 1、编造，虚构；2、化妆；整理备用；3、补足；4、（make sth. up）偿还，归还；5、（争吵后）和解12．Accustom She is ______to living in comfort. (Accustomed /used /addict /be familiar with) (4) *Accustom oneself to 使某人习惯于Be accustomed to (doing) sth 习惯（做）某事*Be used to (doing) 习惯（做）某事Used to do sth 过去常做某事Use sb to do sth 利用某人做某事Be in use （机器、场所等）在使用中*addicted (+to) 对…上瘾的*be familiar with 通晓，熟悉13．Admit It will take you half an hour to get to the station, allowing for traffic delays.(Allow /admit /accept /permit /receive /confess /acknowledge /adopt) (8)*Allow sb to do sth 允许，容许，准许Allow for考虑，顾及*Admit of (sth) 【正式】允许有Admit (to) doing sth 承认（做错了事、犯了罪）* Accept sth from sb 接受，同意做*permit sb to do sth 【正式】允许，准许做某事Permit of 容许有，允许有receive*confess to doing sth 承认（使自己尴尬的事情）*Be acknowledge as 被公认为是…*adopt an approach /strategy /policy 采用某方法、战略、政策等06092314．Adequate Their earnings are barely adequate to their needs.Enough /sufficient /satisfactory /plenty /ample (6)*Adequate to do sth 可以胜任的*enough to do sth 足够做…事Near enough 几乎，差不多*Sufficient to do sth 足够做某事satisfactory*plenty (+of) 丰富，大量，众多Plenty big /bright enough 非常（足够）大（明亮）的In plenty 供应充足，多得很ample15．Advantage The great advantage we have over them is that they are short of money.Benefit /gain upper hand /interest /profit /harvest /crop /earnings /returns (9)*Take advantage of sb（不公正地）利用某人，占便宜Take advantage of sth（巧妙地）利用某物*benefit (+from /by) 获益，受益，得到好处*Gain the upper hand 占上风，处于有利地位，控制Gain (sth) from （使从某种局面、机会或事件中）受益，获利Gain currency （某种观点）流行起来There’s nothing to be gained 无济于事Gain ground 稳步发展Gain on /upon 逼近，赶上*be in the public /national interest 出于公众、国家利益*Profit by /from 从中获益，取得教训*reap a harvest 获得成果；尝到苦果*A crop of 一群（同时到达的人），一批（同时发生的事）Crop up （尤指问题）突然发生（出现）*in return (for) （作为…的）交换（回报）16．Aim His aim is to win the game.Purpose /intention /goal /end /target /objective /motive /destination (9)Aim*On purpose 故意（地）For the purpose of 为了…目的*(have <no>) intention (of doing) to do sth （不）打算做某事with the intention of doing 意图，目的，打算Intention to do sth 目标是*No end 非常No end of 大量的，许多Make (both) ends meet 收支仅能相抵target /objective /motive /destination（以上143）06092617．Amass He amassed a great fortune in twenty years. Accumulate /assemble /gather /increase /collect /compile /heap up /store upMass /bulk /quantity /load /amount /volume /accumulation /pile/heap /crowd /multitude /pack /gang (22)Figure /digit /measureAmassAccumulateassemble*gather around /round 聚拢过来Gather sth in 收（庄稼）Gather sth together /up 集拢，拾拢*compile sth from /for sth 编辑，编纂，编制，汇编*heap up （杂乱地）堆积，堆放*be in store 将要发生，将要出现Store up 储存；制造（麻烦）*A mass of 大量，大宗Masses of 许多的，大量的The masses 群众，平民*the bulk (of sth) （某物的）主要部分，大半In bulk 整批的，大批的Bulk sth out 使膨胀，看起来更厚实，充实*quantity of 若干数量；大量，许多*load sb /sth down 给（某人）过重的负担No amount of sth will do sth 毫无结果，毫无影响*Amount to sth 总计，达到not amount to much /anything 没多大了不起*A pile of /(also) piles of 一大堆，大量Pile in /into 拥进，挤进Pile on 过分地称赞、批评等；过分夸大坏的情况Pile out 挤出，蜂拥而出Pile up 堆积，积累*crowd sb /sth out 把…挤出，排挤*pack sth away 将（某物）收拾起来Pack sb /sth in 吸引（大批的人）；把（太多东西）塞入；Pack sb /sth off 把打发走，撵走Pack up 完成工作，停工；（机器）出故障，失灵；停止做某事*a multitude of 【正式或文】大批，大量，大群，众多The multitude 大众，民众*figure sth /sb out 想出，理解（某事）；看透，理解（某人）*Half measure 折中办法Measure sb /sth against （用比较的方法）评判Measure out 量出Measure up 合格，达到标准18．Ambitious These young men were ambitious for success and money.Eager for /longing for / hopeful for /wish for /cravefor /be set on /be bent on /be intent upon*be ambitious for sb 希望某人成功*Eager for 急于得到*longing for 渴望，盼望*wish for sth 最理想的；默默期盼Wish sth away 希望（不愉快的事）自行消失*crave for 渴望，热望；恳求，请求*Set the table 准备饭菜*Set on 攻击；使攻击，使追逐；set aside 存钱set sth in See to sb/sth 照顾，照料set up 1、建造，设立；2、安排（会议），建立（制度）；3、安装，架设；4、树起，垒起，设置；Set out 同set off；开始一项行动；set sth. out 同Set forth阐明；陈列，布置；动身踏上；按顺序拜访Set in （疾病或不好的天气）来临而且（也许）持续Set foot in/on 登上，涉足，访问Set short by 重视Set the pace 定出步调，速率Set to work 开始工作*Set about (sth.) 开始做，开始；以（某种方式）处理；攻击Set sb /sth against 彼此均衡，从…减去；敌对，使与（某人）对立；*Set apart 使（某人或某物）与众不同；留出（作某种用途）*Set (sth.) aside 另外存放；拨出；置之不理Set (sth.) back 使倒退；推迟；Set (sb.) back (sth.) 使某人花费Set (sb./sth.) down 写，记下；制定，规定；将（车）停下让下车Set forth 陈述观点，阐明；出发，启程Set off 1、出发，动身；2、引起，激发（意外事件）；3、触发；4、引发（爆炸）；5、（衣服、颜色等）衬托（某物）很漂亮；6、激起（某人）的情感*Be bent on 下决心做，专心于，埋头于*Intent on /upon 专注的，专心致志的06092719．Amount His debt now amounts to 1,000 pounds.Add up to /approximate /total /sum up*Add up to 总的来讲，等于说add sth to sth 把…和…放在一起add fuel to the fire 火上浇油add (sth) in 加进，包括add (sth) on 加盖，加建；附加，增加add to（使）增加add up 把…加起来；not ～不合情理；积少成多approximate /total*Sum up 概括，总结；对…做出判断20．The future of her marriage is supposed to be decided by the amount of money.Sum /measure /quantity /price /value*at any price 不惜任何代价，无论如何Not at any price 无论如何也不21．Angle Try looking at this affair from a different angle.Aspect /view /point of view /opinion /belief /attitude /impression /notion /idea /thought /conception /judgment /theory /outlook（15）061107；*Angle for（以暗示的方法）猎取，谋求*aspect (+of) 方面*point of view 观点，看法On view （画、照片）在展览，在陈列In view of 鉴于，由于，考虑到*opinion (+of) 意见，主张，看法A second opinion 他人的鉴定Be of the opinion (that) 认为，主张*Be Beyond belief 难以置信*attitude (+towards) 心态，感觉，看法With attitude 我行我素的打扮*impression (+of) （对人、事等的）印象，感想Be under the impression (that) 原以为，误以为*notion (+of) （尤指错误或模糊的）概念，观点，看法*spare a thought for 给（某人）一点关心conception /judgment /theory*outlook (+on) （对生活、世界的）看法，观点，态度Outlook (+for) 前景，远景22．Announce He had to announce the death of Johnson before the board.Proclaim /broadcast /report/state /declare /notify /tell /make known（9）061107；Announce*report back 回报，汇报Report to sb 向…负责，向…报告state*Declare against 声明反对Declare for 声明支持*notify sb of 通知，告知06092923．Anticipate A good general can anticipate what the enemy will do.Expect /look forward to /await /foresee /hope for （6）061107；*anticipate (doing) 期待做某事*expect (to do) 希望做某事*Look forward to 期望，期待Be looking to do sth 正打算（期待）做某事*look (sb) up （顺便）拜访，看望；look (sth) up （在书中）查找；look up 好转，有起色；look up to 尊敬，尊重look at 1、看；2、浏览，泛泛地读；3、检查，察看；4、仔细考虑；5，看待，对待；look out take care 当心，留神；挑选，找出Look to tend to 依靠，仰仗Look after take care of 照料，照顾Look ahead 向前看，作未来的打算Look back 回顾回想；never ～获得全胜Look down on 看不起，轻视Look down your nose at 看不起，对…不屑一顾Look for 寻找Look in 探望，短暂访问Look into (sth) 调查，检查Look on onlooker 旁观；regard 看待Look (sth) over 快速查看Look through 审核仔细检查；（假装）没有注意到await /foresee*hope for /to do sth 盼望，期望24．Anything The hotel is anything but satisfactory. Not at all 061107；*anything but 一点也不*(not) at all 无论如何（都不），一点儿（都不）All along 自始至终All at once 同时All but 几乎，差不多All for 完全赞成For all 尽管All in all 归根到底All of sudden 突然All round 全面地All the more 更加All the same 还是，仍然All too 极，过于25．The apparent things might not tell of the truth.Apparent /obvious /seeming /evident /clear /plain （6）061107；*apparent (+to) 显而易见的，明白易懂的obvious /seeming /evident*Clear up 说明，解释清楚；整理，收拾Clear up after 替…收拾Clear away 收拾，整理Clear off 迅速离开Clear out 清除，整理Be clear (about /to) 确切知道，充分了解be privy to*Make sb /sth plain 把…说清楚06093026．Apart Apart from his nose, he is quite good-looking.Apart from the injuries to his face and hands, he broke both legs.Except for /other than /but /but for /besides /moreover /also /too /as well /in addition（12）061112 *Joking apart 说正经的Quite apart from 撇开…来说，不考虑Apart from 除了，只是；除…以外*except for 除…之外，没有Except from （正式）把排除在外，不计*other than 除了*But for 要不是，除非Besides 除…之外，还有Besides (doing sth)moreover /also /too*Such as （用来列举事物）如像；像…这样的*As well 也，还As usual 像平常一样So as(not) to 以便（免）So …as to 这（那）样…一致So(停顿) as to 这样…以使As for 至于，说到As to 至于，说到As yet 到这时为止As if(though) 就仿佛…似的；引导从句做状语、表语As against （和…过去情况加以比较）而…是much as 尽管（倒装）As well as同（一样也），和，也，还As a matter of fact 事实上，实际上，不瞒你说As a result(consequence) 结果（发生某情况As a result of 由于…As a rule 一般（说来），通常As a whole 作为总体，总的说来As … as anything 极为，非常As …as …can be 到了最…的程度，极其As …as one can 尽力，尽可能As …as …permit 在…许可范围内尽量As …as possible 尽可能，尽量As follows 如下As from 从…时起As good as 几乎已经，实际已经As it is(was) 根据现在情况看，就以现在样子As it were 可以这么说，姑且这么说As many (much etc.) as 到…程度，多达As one likes(choose etc.) 爱怎样就怎样As opposed to 和…相反As the matter(position/it) stands 在现在的情况下As things are 照目前情况So(as) far as 就…而论，据…So(as) long as 只要Such …as to 那样…以致Won’t(wouldn’t) so much as 连…都不As best one can(could) 尽其可能地，尽可能好地As much 同样（做），同样（想）As soon 宁愿As soon as 一…就；～possible 尽快地May as well 不妨，不如*In addition 另外27．He was appointed member of the committee.Name /elect /nominate /choose /assign /vote for28．Appeal I appeal to him for help. Implore /plead /beg （4）061112*AppealN.Appeal for 恳求，呼吁Appeal to 上诉，申诉V.Appeal (to sb) for sth 恳请，呼吁Appeal to sb 吸引某人*Implore sb to do sth 乞求，哀求*Plead for 祈求，央求Plead with sb to do sth 恳求*Beg sb to do sth 请求，恳求29．Apply Please apply to the secretary for further information.The rules of safe driving apply to everyone. 061112*apply (+to) 申请Apply (+for) 申请Apply sth to 使用，应用Apply yourself 致力于，专心于Apply force /pressure 用力/施压06100130．Approve Many people don't approve of the plan. DisapproveLike /prefer /endorse /accept /think well of（7）061112*Approve (+of) 赞成，同意*disapprove (+of) 反对，非难*be like to do sth 有可能做某事*Prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁愿做…而不愿做…Prefer doing sth to doing sth 喜欢…胜过…endorse/accept*Think of /about doing sth 考虑做某事的可能性Think better of it 认为还是不做的好Think on your feet 思路敏捷Think to do sth 设法做某事Think back 回想起，追忆Think of sb /sth 1、想出（新主意等）；2、回忆起；3、对（某人）关怀；4、what do you think of …你怎么认为Think sth out 把（某事）考虑好Think sth over 认真考虑某事Think sth through 认真考虑（某事可能出现的结果）Think sth up 想出，构思出（主意、名字等）31．Arise The company's losses this year arise almost entirely from the new taxes.Rise /raise /rouse /arouse /ariseOriginate /derive /stem / flow /come /emerge /appear /show up /turn up（14）061114*Arise (+from) （由…）引起（产生）*riseV.Rise from 从…升起rise up 反抗，造反rise to sth 对某事（尤指令人气愤的评论）反应强烈rise out of sth 起因于某事，由某事引起rise above 1、超脱，不计较；2、克服，摆脱；3、（水平）超过，搞出；4、（知识、智慧）超越（他人）5、改善（境遇）rise against 起义，造反；2、对…反感N.Rise (+in) 增加Rise (+of) 升迁，兴起*Rouse sb (from their sleep /slumbers) （艰难地把某人从沉睡中）叫醒*Originate (+in /from /with) 发源，始于*Derive (+from) 源自，源于*Stem from 源于，来自，由…发生*Flow from 来自，产生于，源自In full flow n. 滔滔不绝*Come and go 忽来忽去；变化Come unstuck 遇到困难，失败How come 怎么会这样To come 将来Come about 发生，产生（尤指不受控制地）Come across/upon 1、遇见，碰上；2、受欢迎，起到效果；3、被理解Come after 查找（某人）Come along 1、come on （尤指教育或健康）进展，进步，好转2、（意外地）出现，碰巧遇到；3、跟随（某人）；Come apart 碎裂；无法处理；Come around /round 1、拜访，探访；2、改变观点；3、降临，发生；4、苏醒Come at 1、逼近；2、（大量信息）涌向；3、考虑、处理问题Come away 脱落，脱离；离开；Come back 回来；记起；重新流行；驳斥；Come between 离间，使分开；妨碍某人做某事；Come by sth 1、得到，获得；2、顺路拜访Come down 1、（价格、水平等）下降，降低；2、南下，（从大城市）来到；3、（建筑物）被拆毁；4、～on the side of （深思熟虑后）决定支持某人；5、～in the world 落魄，潦倒，失势；6、～to the earth 回到现实中；7、～on 痛斥；8、～to 归结为，落到…手里Come down with （无被动）患病Come for 来接，来拿；试图伤害，强行带走；Come forward (+as) 毛遂自荐，自告奋勇Come from 产自，来自Come in 1、到达，达到；2、进入（房间）；3、卷入，参与；4、流行起来；5、～for 挨批评，受责备；Come into 1、继承遗产；2、卷入（某事）；3、进入某种状态Come out 1、显露，泄露；2、（事实）变得清楚；3、（书、唱片）出版，发行；4、（言语）说出，道出；5、宣布，声称；6、褪去，消失；Come out with （尤指出乎意料地）说出，提出Come of age 1、到达法定年龄；2、达到巅峰时期*Come of sth 由于…而产生,是…的结果Come off 1、脱离，分开；2、进行得…；3、达到效果，成功Come on 1、（灯或机器）打开，开动；2、快点儿，加油，高兴点儿；3、改善，提高；4、偶然发现；5、～to 转到（新话题）Come over 1、拜访；2、突然感觉…；3、清楚地理解（观点）；4、表现为，显得Come through 1、（消息、结果等）公开，公布；2、安然渡过Come to 醒过来Come to sth 达到某种状态（目的）Come under 被统治（控制、影响）；2、列在…之下Come up 1、被提到，被考虑；2、北上，去大城市；3、走近；4、升起；5、（问题或困难）突然出现；6、～for 定期回顾，检查Come up with 想出，提出（主意、计划）；提供*emerge (+from) 浮现，出现；（从困境中）摆脱出来*show up 1、到达；2、使（某物）显现出来；3、显露；Show sb around 带某人参观*Show off 1、（自我）炫耀；2、炫耀（某物）；3、使夺目Show over 带某人参观Be on show 在陈列，在展出V. *Turn down 关小，调低（音量等）；拒绝，摒弃Turn off 关上（电源等）；转入拐入（另一条路）；（使）厌烦Turn one’s hand to 着手做…*Turn (sb) against （使）转而反对Turn around 完成，提供，生产出；使（业务）好转Turn away 打发走，拒绝接纳；拒绝给（某人）同情Turn back（使）折回*Turn in 1、交回，交还；2、交差；3、～（sb）～告发，交给警方；4、上床睡觉；Turn into 1、变成；2、（通过魔法）使…变成；3、（季节）变化Turn on 1、打开，接通（电源等）；2、突然攻击。
清华考博英语近年作文题目
清华近年考博英语作文题目一览98/10 现代社会的竞争（观点对比型）99/5 电子书籍的前景（观点对比型）99/10 清华大学的校训：自强不息，厚德载物（观点论述型）00/5 21 世纪高等教育将发生的两大重要变化（观点论述型）01/3 博士生应该获得的知识：博专（观点对比型）英语题型 1.听力理解（20 分）：放音时间22min 左右，其中应该包括往答题纸上写的时间，全是主观题，没有选择题；2.词汇（10 分）：一共20 个，全都是填空形式，没有选画横线部分的同义词的题型；建议做题时间8min3.阅读（40 分）：一共20 个，全部是选择题，没有回答问题和写summary 的题型；建议时间40min4.完形填空（10 分）：共20 个空，建议时间10－15min5.5.作文（20 分）：图表题的可能性很小，很有可能是命题作文。
建议时间35-40min清华大学2004 年政治经济学专业博士生入学考试试题清华大学2004 年政治经济学专业博士生入学考试试题（包括《西方经济学》《政治经济学》原题，以及面试所提问题，还有专业英语试题介绍。
非常详尽）一、西方经济学1、概述预期效用理论，同个一人为什么既参加保险又参与赌博？(15 分)2、概述信息不对称所导致的两种后果，并给出解决措施。
(10 分)3、概述科斯定理，讨论产权界定对讨价还价的影响。
(15 分)4、根据田忌赛马故事，(1)、写出双方的策略集合；(5 分)(2)、分别运用策略式和扩展式进行描述；(10 分)(3)、田忌赢得比赛是不是纳什均衡？为什么？(5 分)5、运用代数方法或几何方法推导蒙代尔模型，解释独立货币政策、浮动汇率制度和资本自由流动政策三者只能选其二。
(20 分)6、根据IS－LM 模型讨论相机抉择财政政策的作用机制，说说宏观经济政策是应该遵守规则还是应该相机抉择。
(20 分)二、政治经济学（《资本论》）1、《资本论》中马克思经济学的研究方法都有哪些？如何借鉴这些方法构建中国经济学？(40 分)2、马克思判断生产劳动与非生产劳动的两条标准是什么？它们是否具有逻辑一致性？应如何结合理论和实践发展提出新的判断标准？(30 分)3、何种情况下价值量与生产力成反比？何种情况下成正比？何种情况下无关？为什么？(30 分)三、专业英语1、英汉译。
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清华大学2011年博士生入学考试题型回忆：（一）
一、词汇30题，15分，没有同义词替换，全是选择填空。
词汇难度中等，有以前考试中出过的词。
二、阅读4篇，40分（比去年少了一篇文章喔），每篇文章五个问题。
四篇文
章主题分别为：1、美国的自由问题；2、金融话题（记不清了，好像和利率、失业、市场萧条等问题有关）；3、妇女是慷慨的捐款者；4、食品运动（和环保运动作比较）
三、完型填空一篇，10分，20题，是关于印度妇女受教育程度与生育率之间的
关系话题
四、翻译一篇，10分，主题是“美国繁琐费时的纳税系统”
五、作文，“今年春节后政府提高利率的举措对中国经济带来的影响”，25分，
不少于300字
（个人感觉，今年清华的考博英语试题偏重金融话题，阅读题量小了，翻译没有很难的词汇，但多长难句型，比较绕。
完型很简单，拿分有谱。
作文题目按理说也不算偏，但很多词汇如果没复习到的话写起来就有点麻烦，所以复习时建议每种话题都至少背一篇范文。
作文字数要求高了，分值也增长了，主观题占分增多说明出题者考察能力的意图。
）
（二）
一、词汇：4选1，共30题，每题0.5分，总计15分。
整体感觉是考的词不难，很少有生词难词，一般考博英语词汇书上介绍的那些词都不中，不过自己单词底子薄，所以还是挺有难度，值得注意的是，有好几个题目貌似是中央某部委答记者问的英文翻译——后面这种感觉更强烈。
二、阅读：4篇，20个选择题，每题2分，共40分
内容：关于美国社会问题，题目不难，题型分布：1个划线处的单词替换，3个段落大意，及1个主旨或题目选择。
三、完型：1篇文章，20空单选，每题0.5分，共10分。
内容：印度人口趋势
四、翻译：英译汉，3个自然段，500词左右，10分
五、作文：25分，要求300词以上
内容：春节后第一个工作日央行提高基准利率0.5个百分点。
题型分布：
Part 1 词汇20%（40题）；Part 2 阅读理解40%（20题，4篇）
Part 3 完形10% 20题；Part 4 翻译E-C 10%；
Part5 写作20% 不少于300字
注：核研院博士招生考试：考核内容的组成：分笔试和面试两部分。
笔试只包括外语。
面试包括外语口语、专业基础知识、科研素质等三个部分。
时间分配：外语笔试为一个考试单元（单元Ⅰ），时间为1小时。
外语口试、专业基础知识与科研素质考试为一个考试单元（单元Ⅱ），采用面试的方式，每位考生考试时间为40分钟。
（估计题目形式和之前的会有区别：侧重阅读和作文）。