毕业设计中英文翻译封皮格式及装订顺序
毕业论文材料装订顺序
论文装订及其它材料装订说明要求：统一装订成册，用深蓝色封皮装订,不必彩打
一、论文装订顺序：
1、封面
2、设计（论文）原创性声明
3、论文（设计）版权使用授权书
4、中文摘要（后跟关键词）
5、英文摘要（后跟关键词），中英文一定要对应
6、目录
7、正文
8、参考文献
9、致谢(可选)
二、其它材料装订顺序（在致谢之后）
10、立题审批表（毕业论文系统导出）
11、任务书（毕业论文系统导出）
12、开题报告（毕业论文系统导出）
13、中期检查（毕业论文系统导出）
14、指导记录（5次，毕业论文系统导出）
15、指导教师成绩评定表（毕业论文系统导出）
16、评阅教师意见表（毕业论文系统导出）
17、答辩成绩评定表（毕业论文系统导出）
18、论文成绩评定表（毕业论文系统导出）
19、检测报告（知网检测）。
毕业设计(论文)外文文献译文格式及装订要求
“毕业设计（论文）外文文献译文”格式及装订要求
全校所有专业的学生在完成毕业设计（论文）的同时，必须完成一篇专业外文文献翻译工作（将外文文献翻译成中文），要求译出3000汉字以上的有关技术资料或专业外文文献，内容要与毕业设计（论文）内容相关。
书写时具体格式要求参考“毕业论文（设计说明书）缩写稿格式、版面要求”，装订时按以下顺序独立装订：1、封面；2、外文文献译文；3、外文文献原文。
附件：毕业设计（论文）外文文献译文封面
毕业设计（论文）
外文文献译文及原文
学生：
学号：
院（系）：
专业：
指导教师：
20 年月日。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料和译文格式要求(模板)
成都东软学院外文资料和译文格式要求一、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印，幅面A4。
外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前，译文在后，于左侧装订。
二、具体要求1、至少翻译一篇内容与所选课题相关的外文文献。
2、译文汉字字数不少于4000字。
3、正文格式要求：宋体五号字。
译文格式参见《译文格式要求》，宋体五号字，单倍行距。
纸张纸张为A4纸，页边距上2.54cm、下2.54cm、左3.17cm、右3.17cm。
装订外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前，译文在后封面封面的专业、班级、姓名、学号等信息要全部填写正确。
封面指导教师必须为讲师以上职称，若助教则需要配备一名讲师协助指导。
讲师在前，助教在后。
指导教师姓名后面空一个中文空格，加职称。
页眉页眉说明宋体小五，左端“XX学院毕业设计（论文）”，右端“译文”。
页眉中的学院名称要与封面学院名称一致。
字数本科4000字。
附：外文资料和译文封面、空白页成都东软学院外文资料和译文专业：软件工程移动互联网应用开发班级：2班姓名：罗荣昆学号：12310420216指导教师：2015年 12月 8日Android page layoutUsing XML-Based LayoutsW hile it is technically possible to create and attach widgets to our activity purely through Java code, the way we did in Chapter 4, the more common approach is to use an XML-based layout file. Dynamic instantiation of widgets is reserved for more complicated scenarios, where the widgets are not known at compile-time (e g., populating a column of radio buttons based on data retrieved off the Internet).With that in mind, it’s time to break out the XML and learn how to lay out Android activities that way.What Is an XML-Based Layout?As the name suggests, an XML-based layout is a specification of widgets’ relationships to each other—and to their containers (more on this in Chapter 7)—encoded in XML format. Specifi cally, Android considers XML-based layouts to be resources, and as such layout files are stored in the res/layout directory inside your Android project.Each XML file contains a tree of elements specifying a layout of widgets and their containers that make up one view hierarchy. The attributes of the XML elements are properties, describing how a widget should look or how a container should behave. For example, if a Button element has an attribute value of android:textStyle = "bold", that means that the text appearing on the face of the button should be rendered in a boldface font style.Android’s SDK ships with a tool (aapt) which uses the layouts. This tool should be automatically invoked by your Android tool chain (e.g., Eclipse, Ant’s build.xml). Of particular importance to you as a developer is that aapt generates the R.java source file within your project, allowing you to access layouts and widgets within those layouts directly from your Java code. Why Use XML-Based Layouts?Most everything you do using XML layout files can be achieved through Java code. For example, you could use setTypeface() to have a button render its textin bold, instead of using a property in an XML layout. Since XML layouts are yet another file for you to keep track of, we need good reasons for using such files.Perhaps the biggest reason is to assist in the creation of tools for view definition, such as a GUI builder in an IDE like Eclipse or a dedicated Android GUI designer like DroidDraw1. Such GUI builders could, in principle, generate Java code instead of XML. The challenge is re-reading the UI definition to support edits—that is far simpler if the data is in a structured format like XML than in a programming language. Moreover, keeping generated XML definitions separated from hand-written Java code makes it less likely that somebody’s custom-crafted source will get clobbered by accident when the generated bits get re-generated. XML forms a nice middle ground between something that is easy for tool-writers to use and easy for programmers to work with by hand as needed.Also, XML as a GUI definition format is becoming more commonplace. Microsoft’s XAML2, Adobe’s Flex3, and Mozilla’s XUL4 all take a similar approach to that of Android: put layout details in an XML file and put programming smarts in source files (e.g., JavaScript for XUL). Many less-well-known GUI frameworks, such as ZK5, also use XML for view definition. While “following the herd” is not necessarily the best policy, it does have the advantage of helping to ease the transition into Android from any other XML-centered view description language. OK, So What Does It Look Like?Here is the Button from the previous chapter’s sample application, converted into an XMLlayout file, found in the Layouts/NowRedux sample project. This code sample along with all others in this chapter can be found in the Source Code area of .<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><Button xmlns:android="/apk/res/android"android:id="@+id/button"android:text=""android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent"/>The class name of the widget—Button—forms the name of the XML element. Since Button is an Android-supplied widget, we can just use the bare class name. If you create your own widgets as subclasses of android.view.View, you would need to provide a full package declara tion as well.The root element needs to declare the Android XML namespace:xmlns:android="/apk/res/android"All other elements will be children of the root and will inherit that namespace declaration.Because we want to reference this button from our Java code, we need to give it an identifier via the android:id attribute. We will cover this concept in greater detail later in this chapter.The remaining attributes are properties of this Button instance:• android:text indicates the initial text to be displayed on the button face (in this case, an empty string)• android:layout_width and android:layout_height tell Android to have the button’swidth and height fill the “parent”, in this case the entire screen—these attributes will be covered in greater detail in Chapter 7.Since this single widget is the only content in our activity, we only need this single element. Complex UIs will require a whole tree of elements, representing the widgets and containers that control their positioning. All the remaining chapters of this book will use the XML layout form whenever practical, so there are dozens of other examples of more complex layouts for you to peruse from Chapter 7 onward.What’s with the @ Signs?Many widgets and containers only need to appear in the XML layout file and do not need to be referenced in your Java code. For example, a static label (TextView) frequently only needs to be in the layout file to indicate where it should appear. These sorts of elements in the XML file do not need to have the android:id attribute to give them a name.Anything you do want to use in your Java source, though, needs an android:id.The convention is to use @+id/... as the id value, where the ... represents your locally unique name for the widget in question. In the XML layout example in the preceding section, @+id/button is the identifier for the Button widget.Android provides a few special android:id values, of the form @android:id/.... We will see some of these in various chapters of this book, such as Chapters 8 and 10.We Attach These to the Java How?Given that you have painstakingly set up the widgets and containers in an XML layout filenamed main.xml stored in res/layout, all you need is one statement in your activity’s onCreate() callback to use that layout:setContentView(yout.main);This is the same setContentView() we used earlier, passing it an instance of a View subclass (in that case, a Button). The Android-built view, constructed from our layout, is accessed from that code-generated R class. All of the layouts are accessible under yout, keyed by the base name of the layout file—main.xml results in yout.main.To access our identified widgets, use findViewById(), passing in the numeric identifier of the widget in question. That numeric identifier was generated by Android in the R class asR.id.something (where something is the specific widget you are seeking). Those widgets are simply subclasses of View, just like the Button instance we created in Chapter 4.The Rest of the StoryIn the original Now demo, the button’s face would show the current time, which would reflect when the button was last pushed (or when the activity was first shown, if the button had not yet been pushed).Most of that logic still works, even in this revised demo (NowRedux). However,rather than instantiating the Button in our activity’s onCreate() callback, we can reference the one from the XML layout:package youts;import android.app.Activity;import android.os.Bundle;import android.view.View;import android.widget.Button; import java.util.Date;public class NowRedux extends Activity implements View.OnClickListener { Button btn;@Overridepublic void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle);setContentView(yout.main);btn=(Button)findViewById(R.id.button);btn.setOnClickListener(this);upd ateTime();}public void onClick(View view) { updateTime();}private void updateTime() {btn.setText(new Date().toString()); }}The first difference is that rather than setting the content view to be a view we created in Java code, we set it to reference the XML layout (setContentView(yout.main)). The R.java source file will be updated when we rebuild this project to include a reference to our layout file (stored as main.xml in our project’s res/l ayout directory).The other difference is that we need to get our hands on our Button instance, for which we use the findViewById() call. Since we identified our button as @+id/button, we can reference the button’s identifier as R.id.button. Now, with the Button instance in hand, we can set the callback and set the label as needed.As you can see in Figure 5-1, the results look the same as with the originalNow demo.Figure 5-1. The NowRedux sample activity Employing Basic WidgetsE very GUI toolkit has some basic widgets: fields, labels, buttons, etc. Android’s toolkit is no different in scope, and the basic widgets will provide a good introduction as to how widgets work in Android activities.Assigning LabelsThe simplest widget is the label, referred to in Android as a TextView. Like in most GUI toolkits, labels are bits of text not editable directly by users. Typically, they are used to identify adjacent widgets (e.g., a “Name:” label before a field where one fills in a name).In Java, you can create a label by creating a TextView instance. More commonly, though, you will create labels in XML layout files by adding a TextView element to the layout, with an android:text property to set the value of the label itself. If you need to swap labels based on certain criteria, such as internationalization, you may wish to use a resource reference in the XML instead, as will be described in Chapter 9. TextView has numerous other properties of relevance for labels, such as:• android:typeface to set the typeface to use for the label (e.g., monospace) • android:textStyle to indicate that the typeface should be made bold (bold), italic (italic),or bold and italic (bold_italic)• android:textColor to set the color of the label’s text, in RGB hex format (e.g., #FF0000 for red)For example, in the Basic/Label project, you will find the following layout file:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><TextView xmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="You were expecting something profound?" />As you can see in Figure 6-1, just that layout alone, with the stub Java source provided by Android’s p roject builder (e.g., activityCreator), gives you the application.Figure 6-1. The LabelDemo sample applicationButton, Button, Who’s Got the Button?We’ve already seen the use of the Button widget in Chapters 4 and 5. As it turns out, Button is a subclass of TextView, so everything discussed in the preceding section in terms of formatting the face of the button still holds. Fleeting ImagesAndroid has two widgets to help you embed images in your activities: ImageView and ImageButton. As the names suggest, they are image-based analogues to TextView and Button, respectively.Each widget takes an android:src attribute (in an XML layout) to specify what picture to use. These usually reference a drawable resource, described in greater detail in the chapter on resources. You can also set the image content based on a Uri from a content provider via setImageURI().ImageButton, a subclass of ImageView, mixes in the standard Button behaviors, for responding to clicks and whatnot.For example, take a peek at the main.xml layout from the Basic/ImageView sample project which is found along with all other code samples at : <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><ImageView xmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:id="@+id/icon"android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent"android:adjustViewBounds="true"android:src="@drawable/molecule" />The result, just using the code-generated activity, is shown in Figure 6-2.Figure 6-2. The ImageViewDemo sample applicationFields of Green. Or Other Colors.Along with buttons and labels, fields are the third “anchor” of most GUI toolkits. In Android, they are implemented via the EditText widget, which is a subclass of the TextView used for labels.Along with the standard TextView properties (e.g., android:textStyle), EditText has many others that will be useful for you in constructing fields, including:• android:autoText, to control if the fie ld should provide automatic spelling assistance• android:capitalize, to control if the field should automatically capitalize the first letter of entered text (e.g., first name, city) • android:digits, to configure the field to accept only certain digi ts • android:singleLine, to control if the field is for single-line input or multiple-line input (e.g., does <Enter> move you to the next widget or add a newline?)Beyond those, you can configure fields to use specialized input methods, such asandroid:numeric for numeric-only input, android:password for shrouded password input,and android:phoneNumber for entering in phone numbers. If you want to create your own input method scheme (e.g., postal codes, Social Security numbers), you need to create your own implementation of the InputMethod interface, then configure the field to use it via android: inputMethod.For example, from the Basic/Field project, here is an XML layout file showing an EditText:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><EditTextxmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:id="@+id/field"android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent"android:singleLine="false" />Note that android:singleLine is false, so users will be able to enter in several lines of text. For this project, the FieldDemo.java file populates the input field with some prose:package monsware.android.basic;import android.app.Activity;import android.os.Bundle;import android.widget.EditText;public class FieldDemo extends Activity { @Overridepublic void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle);setContentView(yout.main);EditText fld=(EditText)findViewById(R.id.field);fld.setText("Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 " + "(the \"License\"); you may not use this file " + "except in compliance with the License. You may " + "obtain a copy of the License at " +"/licenses/LICENSE-2.0");}}The result, once built and installed into the emulator, is shown in Figure 6-3.Figure 6-3. The FieldDemo sample applicationNote Android’s emulator only allows one application in the launcher per unique Java package. Since all the demos in this chapter share the monsware.android.basic package, you will only see one of these demos in your emulator’s launcher at any one time.Another flavor of field is one that offers auto-completion, to help users supply a value without typing in the whole text. That is provided in Android as the AutoCompleteTextView widget and is discussed in Chapter 8.Just Another Box to CheckThe classic checkbox has two states: checked and unchecked. Clicking the checkbox toggles between those states to indicate a choice (e.g., “Ad d rush delivery to my order”). In Android, there is a CheckBox widget to meet this need. It has TextView as an ancestor, so you can use TextView properties likeandroid:textColor to format the widget. Within Java, you can invoke: • isChecked() to determi ne if the checkbox has been checked• setChecked() to force the checkbox into a checked or unchecked state • toggle() to toggle the checkbox as if the user checked itAlso, you can register a listener object (in this case, an instance of OnCheckedChangeListener) to be notified when the state of the checkbox changes.For example, from the Basic/CheckBox project, here is a simple checkbox layout:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><CheckBox xmlns:android="/apk/res/android"android:id="@+id/check"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="This checkbox is: unchecked" />The corresponding CheckBoxDemo.java retrieves and configures the behavior of the checkbox:public class CheckBoxDemo extends Activityimplements CompoundButton.OnCheckedChangeListener { CheckBox cb;@Overridepublic void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle);setContentView(yout.main);cb=(CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.check);cb.setOnCheckedChangeListener(this);}public void onCheckedChanged(CompoundButton buttonView,boolean isChecked) {if (isChecked) {cb.setText("This checkbox is: checked");}else {cb.setText("This checkbox is: unchecked");}}}Note that the activity serves as its own listener for checkbox state changes since it imple ments the OnCheckedChangeListener interface (via cb.setOnCheckedChangeListener(this)). The callback for the listener is onCheckedChanged(), which receives the checkbox whose state has changed and what the new state is. In this case, we update the text of the checkbox to reflect what the actual box contains.The result? Clicking the checkbox immediately updates its text, as you can see in Figures 6-4 and 6-5.Figure 6-4. The CheckBoxDemo sample application, with the checkbox uncheckedFigure 6-5. The same application, now with the checkbox checkedTurn the Radio UpAs with other implementations of radio buttons in other toolkits, Android’s radio buttons are two-state, like checkboxes, but can be grouped such that only one radio button in the group can be checked at any time.Like CheckBox, RadioButton inherits from CompoundButton, which in turn inherits fromTextView. Hence, all the standard TextView properties for font face, style, color, etc., are available for controlling the look of radio buttons. Similarly, you can call isChecked() on a RadioButton to see if it is selected, toggle() to select it, and so on, like you can with a CheckBox.Most times, you will want to put your RadioButton widgets inside of aRadioGroup. The RadioGroup indicates a set of radio buttons whose state is tied, meaning only one button out of the group can be selected at any time. If you assign an android:id to your RadioGroup in your XML layout, you can access the group from your Java code and invoke:• check() to check a specific radio button via its ID (e.g., group.check(R.id.radio1))• clearCheck() to clear all radio buttons, so none in the group are checked• getCheckedRadioButtonId() to get the ID of the currently-checked radio button (or -1 if none are checked)For example, from the Basic/RadioButton sample application, here is an XML layout showing a RadioGroup wrapping a set of RadioButton widgets: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <RadioGroupxmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:orientation="vertical"android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent" ><RadioButton android:id="@+id/radio1"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Rock" /><RadioButton android:id="@+id/radio2"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Scissors" /><RadioButton android:id="@+id/radio3"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Paper" /></RadioGroup>Figure 6-6 shows the result using the stock Android-generated Java forthe project and this layout.Figure 6-6. The RadioButtonDemo sample application Note that the radio button group is initially set to be completely unchecked at the outset. To pre-set one of the radio buttons to be checked, use either setChecked() on the RadioButton or check() on the RadioGroup from within your onCreate() callback in your activity.It’s Quite a ViewAll widgets, including the ones previously shown, extend View, and as such give all widgets an array of useful properties and methods beyond those already described.Useful PropertiesSome of the properties on View most likely to be used include:• Controls the focus sequence:• android:nextFocusDown• android:nextFocusLeft• android:nextFocusRight• android:nextFocusUp• android:visibility, which controls wheth er the widget is initially visible• android:background, which typically provides an RGB color value (e.g., #00FF00 for green) to serve as the background for the widgetUseful MethodsYou can toggle whether or not a widget is enabled via setEnabled() and see if it is enabled via isEnabled(). One common use pattern for this is to disable some widgets based on a CheckBox or RadioButton selection.You can give a widget focus via requestFocus() and see if it is focused via isFocused(). You might use this in concert with disabling widgets as previously mentioned, to ensure the proper widget has the focus once your disabling operation is complete.To help navigate the tree of widgets and containers that make up an activity’s overall view, you can use:• get Parent() to find the parent widget or container• findViewById() to find a child widget with a certain ID• getRootView() to get the root of the tree (e.g., what you provided to the activity via setContentView())Android 页面布局使用XML进行布局虽然纯粹通过Java代码在activity上创建和添加部件，在技术上是可行的，我们在第4章中做的一样，更常见的方法是使用一种基于XML的布局文件。
毕业设计(论文)装订整理规范
毕业设计（论文）整理装订顺序要求：1 .封面2 .中文标题、摘要、关键词页3 .英文标题、摘要、关键词页4 .目录页（只包括以下5----8）5 .设计说明书(论文)正文6.工艺设计的工序卡7 .英译汉翻译8 .翻译英文原文9 .任务书10.中期检查报告11.教师指导记录表12.结题报告13.成绩评定及答辩评议表14.答辩过程记录15.设计图纸注：A.每名学生的论文（设计）须按以上顺序单独整理成册（用夹子夹好，不要用订书机装订）。
B.每位学生将毕业设计（论文）的全部资料包括图纸刻录一张光盘。
毕业生毕业论文必须按照本规定格式要求编写和排版。
一、结构说明毕业设计（论文）有10个部分组成：①题头（页眉、标题、作者、指导老师）；②中外文摘要；③关键词；④目录；⑤前言；⑥正文；⑦结束语；⑧致谢；⑨参考文献；［⑩附录；］。
除题头部分、正文标题和特别说明的部分，正文均采用宋体、小四、首行缩进2中文字符。
（一）题头1．页眉<论文题目>，首页无页眉（设置“页面设置”－“版式”为“首页不同”）。
2．论文题目［副标题］标题要求以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合，做到文、题贴切。
题名中不使用非规范的缩略词、符号、代号和公式，通常不采用问话的方式。
标题的中文字数一般不超过20个字，外文标题不超过10个实词，中外文标题应一致；如有必要可以加副标题，副标题应在标题后另起一行，居中排布。
3．作者：<系班级学号作者姓名> 指导老师：<指导老师姓名>（二）摘要摘要是毕业设计（论文）的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。
摘要主要是说明研究工作的目的、方法、结果和结论。
摘要应具有独立性和自含性，即不阅读毕业设计（论文），就能获得必要的信息，供读者确定有无必要阅读全文。
摘要中应用第三人称的方法记述论文的性质和主题，不使用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语，应采用“对…进行了研究”、“报告了…现状”、“进行了…调查”、“设计了…系统”等表达方式。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文译文格式详解
附件8
桂林航天工业学院
本科毕业设计（论文）外文译文
系名：
专业班级：
学生姓名：学号：
外文出处：
（用外文写）
附件：1.外文译文2.外文原文
年月日
填写要求
一、外文译文必须使用计算机打印，或用黑色水笔手工工整书写。
二、所选的外文原文不少于10000印刷字符，其内容必须与课题或专业方向紧密相关，由指导教师提供，并注明详细出处。
三、外文译文需在文本后附原文（或复印件）。
附件1：外文译文
译文标题（小二号黑体，居中）
×××××××××（小4号宋体，行间距取固定值23磅）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××…………。
（要求不少于5000汉字）
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专业英语翻译封面及格式
南京理工大学泰州科技学院专业外语外文资料翻译学院 (系)： 土木工程学院专 业： 土木工程姓 名：学 号：外文出处：附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
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(用外文写)附件1：外文资料翻译译文（空一行）译文标题（3号黑体，居中）（空一行）（可作为正文第1章标题，用小3号黑体，加粗，0.5行，段后0.5行）4号宋体，1.5倍行距，首行缩进2字符）×××××××××××××××××××××………1.1 ××××××（作为正文2级标题，用4号黑体，加粗）×××××××××（小4号宋体，1.5倍行距，首行缩进2字符）××××××…………1.1.1 ××××（作为正文3级标题，用小4号黑体，不加粗）×××××××××（小4号宋体，1.5倍行距，首行缩进2字符）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××………2 ×××××××（作为正文第2章标题，用小3号黑体，加粗，并留出上下间距为：段前0.5行，段后0.5行）×××××××××（小4号宋体，1.5倍行距，首行缩进2字符）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××………参考文献：（“参考文献”四个字为小四号黑体加粗，内容字体为Times New Roman，字号为小四号，不需要翻译，如下所示）[1] Frangopol, D. M., Structural optimization using reliability concepts. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1985,111, 2288-2301.2.12.2（1）说明：1、针对科技文献的翻译只要翻译题名、摘要、关键词、正文部分，作者、单位、注释和参考文献部分不用翻译；针对书或教材章节的翻译，直接翻译从正文部分开始。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料和译文格式要求
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外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前，译文在后，于左侧装订。
二、具体要求1、至少翻译一篇内容与所选课题相关的外文文献。
2、译文汉字字数不少于4000字。
3、正文格式要求：宋体五号字。
附：外文资料和译文封面、空白页外文资料和译文专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：2010年12月23日5.2.5. Read/Write Spin LocksRead/write spin locks have been introduced to increase the amount of concurrency inside the kernel. They allow several kernel control paths to simultaneously read the same data structure, as long as no kernel control path modifies it. If a kernel control path wishes to write to the structure, it must acquire the write version of the read/write lock, which grants exclusive access to the resource. Of course, allowing concurrent reads on data structures improves system performance.Figure 5-2 illustrates two critical regions (C1 and C2) protected by read/write locks. Kernel control paths R0 and R1 are reading the data structures in C1 at the same time, while W0 is waiting to acquire the lock for writing. Kernel control path W1 is writing the data structures inC2, while both R2 and W2 are waiting to acquire the lock for reading and writing, respectively.Figure 5-2. Read/write spin locksEach read/write spin lock is a rwlock_t structure; its lock field is a 32-bit field that encodes two distinct pieces of information:∙ A 24-bit counter denoting the number of kernel control paths currently reading the protected data structure. The two's complement value of this counter is stored in bits 023 of the field.∙An unlock flag that is set when no kernel control path is reading or writing, and clear otherwise. This unlock flag is stored in bit 24 of the field.Notice that the lock field stores the number 0x01000000 if the spin lock is idle (unlock flag set and no readers), the number 0x00000000 if it has been acquired for writing (unlock flag clear and no readers), and any number in the sequence 0x00ffffff, 0x00fffffe, and so on, if it has been acquired for reading by one, two, or more processes (unlock flag clear and the two's complement on 24 bits of the number of readers). As the spinlock_t structure, the rwlock_t structure also includes a break_lock field.The rwlock_init macro initializes the lock field of a read/write spin lock to 0x01000000 (unlocked) and the break_lock field to zero.5.2.5.1. Getting and releasing a lock for readingThe read_lock macro, applied to the address rwlp of a read/write spin lock, is similar to thespin_lock macro described in the previous section. If the kernel preemption option has been selected when the kernel was compiled, the macro performs the very same actions as those of spin_lock( ), with just one exception: to effectively acquire the read/write spin lock in step 2, the macro executes the _raw_read_trylock( ) function:int _raw_read_trylock(rwlock_t *lock){atomic_t *count = (atomic_t *)lock->lock;atomic_dec(count);if (atomic_read(count) >= 0)return 1;atomic_inc(count);return 0;}The lock fieldthe read/write lock counteris accessed by means of atomic operations. Notice, however, that the whole function does not act atomically on the counter: for instance, the counter might change after having tested its value with the if statement and before returning 1. Nevertheless, the function works properly: in fact, the function returns 1 only if the counter was not zero or negative before the decrement, because the counter is equal to 0x01000000 for no owner, 0x00ffffff for one reader, and 0x00000000 for one writer.If the kernel preemption option has not been selected when the kernel was compiled, theread_lock macro yields the following assembly language code:movl $rwlp->lock,%eaxlock; subl $1,(%eax)jns 1fcall _ _read_lock_failed1:where _ _read_lock_failed( ) is the following assembly language function:_ _read_lock_failed:lock; incl (%eax)1: pausecmpl $1,(%eax)js 1block; decl (%eax)js _ _read_lock_failedretThe read_lock macro atomically decreases the spin lock value by 1, thus increasing the number of readers. The spin lock is acquired if the decrement operation yields a nonnegative value; otherwise, the _ _read_lock_failed( ) function is invoked. The function atomically increases the lock field to undo the decrement operation performed by the read_lock macro, and then loops until the field becomes positive (greater than or equal to 1). Next, _ _read_lock_failed( ) tries to get the spin lock again (another kernel control path could acquire the spin lock for writing right after the cmpl instruction).Releasing the read lock is quite simple, because the read_unlock macro must simply increase the counter in the lock field with the assembly language instruction:lock; incl rwlp->lockto decrease the number of readers, and then invoke preempt_enable( ) to reenable kernel preemption.5.2.5.2. Getting and releasing a lock for writingThe write_lock macro is implemented in the same way as spin_lock( ) andread_lock( ). For instance, if kernel preemption is supported, the function disables kernel preemption and tries to grab the lock right away by invoking_raw_write_trylock( ). If this function returns 0, the lock was already taken, thus the macro reenables kernel preemption and starts a busy wait loop, as explained in the description of spin_lock( ) in the previous section.The _raw_write_trylock( ) function is shown below:int _raw_write_trylock(rwlock_t *lock){atomic_t *count = (atomic_t *)lock->lock;if (atomic_sub_and_test(0x01000000, count))return 1;atomic_add(0x01000000, count);return 0;}The _raw_write_trylock( ) function subtracts 0x01000000 from the read/write spin lock value, thus clearing the unlock flag (bit 24). If the subtraction operation yieldszero (no readers), the lock is acquired and the function returns 1; otherwise, the function atomically adds 0x01000000 to the spin lock value to undo the subtraction operation.Once again, releasing the write lock is much simpler because the write_unlock macro must simply set the unlock flag in the lock field with the assembly language instruction:lock; addl $0x01000000,rwlpand then invoke preempt_enable().5.2.6. SeqlocksWhen using read/write spin locks, requests issued by kernel control paths to perform a read_lock or a write_lock operation have the same priority: readers must wait until the writer has finished and, similarly, a writer must wait until all readers have finished.Seqlocks introduced in Linux 2.6 are similar to read/write spin locks, except that they give a much higher priority to writers: in fact a writer is allowed to proceed even when readers are active. The good part of this strategy is that a writer never waits (unless another writer is active); the bad part is that a reader may sometimes be forced to read the same data several times until it gets a valid copy.Each seqlock is a seqlock_t structure consisting of two fields: a lock field of type spinlock_t and an integer sequence field. This second field plays the role of a sequence counter. Each reader must read this sequence counter twice, before and after reading the data, and check whether the two values coincide. In the opposite case, a new writer has become active and has increased the sequence counter, thus implicitly telling the reader that the data just read is not valid.A seqlock_t variable is initialized to "unlocked" either by assigning to it the value SEQLOCK_UNLOCKED, or by executing the seqlock_init macro. Writers acquire and release a seqlock by invoking write_seqlock( ) and write_sequnlock( ). The first function acquires the spin lock in the seqlock_t data structure, then increases the sequence counter by one; the second function increases the sequence counter once more, then releases the spin lock. This ensures that when the writer is in the middle of writing, the counter is odd, and that when no writer is altering data, the counter is even. Readers implement a critical region as follows:unsigned int seq;do {seq = read_seqbegin(&seqlock);/* ... CRITICAL REGION ... */} while (read_seqretry(&seqlock, seq));read_seqbegin() returns the current sequence number of the seqlock; read_seqretry() returns 1 if either the value of the seq local variable is odd (a writer was updating the data structure when the read_seqbegin( ) function has been invoked), or if the value of seq does not match the current value of the seqlock's sequence counter (a writer started working while the reader was still executing the code in the critical region).Notice that when a reader enters a critical region, it does not need to disable kernel preemption; on the other hand, the writer automatically disables kernel preemption when entering the critical region, because it acquires the spin lock.Not every kind of data structure can be protected by a seqlock. As a general rule, the following conditions must hold:∙The data structure to be protected does not include pointers that are modified by the writers and dereferenced by the readers (otherwise, a writer couldchange the pointer under the nose of the readers)∙The code in the critical regions of the readers does not have side effects (otherwise, multiple reads would have different effects from a single read) Furthermore, the critical regions of the readers should be short and writers should seldom acquire the seqlock, otherwise repeated read accesses would cause a severe overhead. A typical usage of seqlocks in Linux 2.6 consists of protecting some data structures related to the system time handling (see Chapter 6).5.2.7. Read-Copy Update (RCU)Read-copy update (RCU) is yet another synchronization technique designed to protect data structures that are mostly accessed for reading by several CPUs. RCU allows many readers and many writers to proceed concurrently (an improvement over seqlocks, which allow only one writer to proceed). Moreover, RCU is lock-free, that is, it uses no lock or counter shared by all CPUs; this is a great advantage over read/write spin locks and seqlocks, which have a high overhead due to cache line-snooping and invalidation.How does RCU obtain the surprising result of synchronizing several CPUs without shared data structures? The key idea consists of limiting the scope of RCU as follows:1.Only data structures that are dynamically allocated and referenced by meansof pointers can be protected by RCU.2.No kernel control path can sleep inside a critical region protected by RCU.When a kernel control path wants to read an RCU-protected data structure, it executes the rcu_read_lock( ) macro, which is equivalent to preempt_disable( ). Next, the reader dereferences the pointer to the data structure and starts reading it. As stated above, the reader cannot sleep until it finishes reading the data structure; the end of the critical region is marked by the rcu_read_unlock( ) macro, which is equivalent to preempt_enable( ).Because the reader does very little to prevent race conditions, we could expect that the writer has to work a bit more. In fact, when a writer wants to update the data structure, it dereferences the pointer and makes a copy of the whole data structure. Next, the writer modifies the copy. Once finished, the writer changes the pointer to the data structure so as to make it point to the updated copy. Because changing the value of the pointer is an atomic operation, each reader or writer sees either the old copy or the new one: no corruption in the data structure may occur. However, a memory barrier is required to ensure that the updated pointer is seen by the other CPUs only after the data structure has been modified. Such a memory barrier is implicitly introduced if a spin lock is coupled with RCU to forbid the concurrent execution of writers.The real problem with the RCU technique, however, is that the old copy of the data structure cannot be freed right away when the writer updates the pointer. In fact, the readers that were accessing the data structure when the writer started its update could still be reading the old copy. The old copy can be freed only after all (potential) readers on the CPUs have executed the rcu_read_unlock( ) macro. The kernel requires every potential reader to execute that macro before:∙The CPU performs a process switch (see restriction 2 earlier).∙The CPU starts executing in User Mode.∙The CPU executes the idle loop (see the section "Kernel Threads" in Chapter 3).In each of these cases, we say that the CPU has gone through a quiescent state.The call_rcu( ) function is invoked by the writer to get rid of the old copy of the data structure. It receives as its parameters the address of an rcu_head descriptor (usually embedded inside the data structure to be freed) and the address of a callback function to be invoked when all CPUs have gone through a quiescent state. Once executed, the callback function usually frees the old copy of the data structure.The call_rcu( ) function stores in the rcu_head descriptor the address of the callback and its parameter, then inserts the descriptor in a per-CPU list of callbacks. Periodically, once every tick (see the section "Updating Local CPU Statistics" in Chapter 6), the kernel checks whether the local CPU has gone through a quiescent state. When all CPUs have gone through a quiescent state, a local taskletwhose descriptor is stored in the rcu_tasklet per-CPU variableexecutes all callbacks in the list.RCU is a new addition in Linux 2.6; it is used in the networking layer and in the Virtual Filesystem.5.2.8. SemaphoresWe have already introduced semaphores in the section "Synchronization and Critical Regions" in Chapter 1. Essentially, they implement a locking primitive that allows waiters to sleep until the desired resource becomes free.Actually, Linux offers two kinds of semaphores:∙Kernel semaphores, which are used by kernel control paths∙System V IPC semaphores, which are used by User Mode processesIn this section, we focus on kernel semaphores, while IPC semaphores are described in Chapter 19.A kernel semaphore is similar to a spin lock, in that it doesn't allow a kernel control path to proceed unless the lock is open. However, whenever a kernel control path tries to acquire a busy resource protected by a kernel semaphore, the corresponding process is suspended. It becomes runnable again when the resource is released. Therefore, kernel semaphores can be acquired only by functions that are allowed to sleep; interrupt handlers and deferrable functions cannot use them.A kernel semaphore is an object of type struct semaphore, containing the fields shown in the following list.countStores an atomic_t value. If it is greater than 0, the resource is free that is, itis currently available. If count is equal to 0, the semaphore is busy but noother process is waiting for the protected resource. Finally, if count isnegative, the resource is unavailable and at least one process is waiting for it.waitStores the address of a wait queue list that includes all sleeping processes that are currently waiting for the resource. Of course, if count is greater than orequal to 0, the wait queue is empty.sleepersStores a flag that indicates whether some processes are sleeping on thesemaphore. We'll see this field in operation soon.The init_MUTEX( ) and init_MUTEX_LOCKED( ) functions may be used to initialize a semaphore for exclusive access: they set the count field to 1 (free resource with exclusive access) and 0 (busy resource with exclusive access currently granted to the process that initializes the semaphore), respectively. The DECLARE_MUTEX and DECLARE_MUTEX_LOCKED macros do the same, but they also statically allocate the struct semaphore variable. Note that a semaphore could also be initialized with an arbitrary positive value n for count. In this case, at most n processes are allowed to concurrently access the resource.5.2.8.1. Getting and releasing semaphoresLet's start by discussing how to release a semaphore, which is much simpler than getting one. When a process wishes to release a kernel semaphore lock, it invokes the up( ) function. This function is essentially equivalent to the following assembly language fragment:movl $sem->count,%ecxlock; incl (%ecx)jg 1flea %ecx,%eaxpushl %edxpushl %ecxcall _ _uppopl %ecxpopl %edx1:where _ _up( ) is the following C function:__attribute__((regparm(3))) void _ _up(struct semaphore *sem){wake_up(&sem->wait);}The up( ) function increases the count field of the *sem semaphore, and then it checks whether its value is greater than 0. The increment of count and the setting of the flag tested by the following jump instruction must be atomically executed, or else another kernel control path could concurrently access the field value, with disastrousresults. If count is greater than 0, there was no process sleeping in the wait queue, so nothing has to be done. Otherwise, the _ _up( ) function is invoked so that one sleeping process is woken up. Notice that _ _up( ) receives its parameter from the eax register (see the description of the _ _switch_to( ) function in the section "Performing the Process Switch" in Chapter 3).Conversely, when a process wishes to acquire a kernel semaphore lock, it invokes the down( ) function. The implementation of down( ) is quite involved, but it is essentially equivalent to the following:down:movl $sem->count,%ecxlock; decl (%ecx);jns 1flea %ecx, %eaxpushl %edxpushl %ecxcall _ _downpopl %ecxpopl %edx1:where _ _down( ) is the following C function:__attribute__((regparm(3))) void _ _down(struct semaphore * sem){DECLARE_WAITQUEUE(wait, current);unsigned long flags;current->state = TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE;spin_lock_irqsave(&sem->wait.lock, flags);add_wait_queue_exclusive_locked(&sem->wait, &wait);sem->sleepers++;for (;;) {if (!atomic_add_negative(sem->sleepers-1, &sem->count)) {sem->sleepers = 0;break;}sem->sleepers = 1;spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sem->wait.lock, flags);schedule( );spin_lock_irqsave(&sem->wait.lock, flags);current->state = TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE;}remove_wait_queue_locked(&sem->wait, &wait);wake_up_locked(&sem->wait);spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sem->wait.lock, flags);current->state = TASK_RUNNING;}The down( ) function decreases the count field of the *sem semaphore, and then checks whether its value is negative. Again, the decrement and the test must be atomically executed. If count is greater than or equal to 0, the current process acquires the resource and the execution continues normally. Otherwise, count is negative, and the current process must be suspended. The contents of some registers are saved on the stack, and then _ _down( ) is invoked.Essentially, the _ _down( ) function changes the state of the current process from TASK_RUNNING to TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE, and it puts the process in the semaphore wait queue. Before accessing the fields of the semaphore structure, the function also gets the sem->wait.lock spin lock that protects the semaphore wait queue (see "How Processes Are Organized" in Chapter 3) and disables local interrupts. Usually, wait queue functions get and release the wait queue spin lock as necessary when inserting and deleting an element. The _ _down( ) function, however, uses the wait queue spin lock also to protect the other fields of the semaphore data structure, so that no process running on another CPU is able to read or modify them. To that end, _ _down( ) uses the "_locked" versions of the wait queue functions, which assume that the spin lock has been already acquired before their invocations.The main task of the _ _down( ) function is to suspend the current process until the semaphore is released. However, the way in which this is done is quite involved. To easily understand the code, keep in mind that the sleepers field of the semaphore is usually set to 0 if no process is sleeping in the wait queue of the semaphore, and it is set to 1 otherwise. Let's try to explain the code by considering a few typical cases. MUTEX semaphore open (count equal to 1, sleepers equal to 0)The down macro just sets the count field to 0 and jumps to the nextinstruction of the main program; therefore, the _ _down( ) function is notexecuted at all.MUTEX semaphore closed, no sleeping processes (count equal to 0, sleepers equal to 0)The down macro decreases count and invokes the _ _down( ) function withthe count field set to -1 and the sleepers field set to 0. In each iteration of theloop, the function checks whether the count field is negative. (Observe thatthe count field is not changed by atomic_add_negative( ) because sleepers isequal to 0 when the function is invoked.)∙If the count field is negative, the function invokes schedule( ) tosuspend the current process. The count field is still set to -1, and thesleepers field to 1. The process picks up its run subsequently insidethis loop and issues the test again.∙If the count field is not negative, the function sets sleepers to 0 and exits from the loop. It tries to wake up another process in thesemaphore wait queue (but in our scenario, the queue is now empty)and terminates holding the semaphore. On exit, both the count fieldand the sleepers field are set to 0, as required when the semaphore isclosed but no process is waiting for it.MUTEX semaphore closed, other sleeping processes (count equal to -1, sleepers equal to 1)The down macro decreases count and invokes the _ _down( ) function withcount set to -2 and sleepers set to 1. The function temporarily sets sleepers to 2, and then undoes the decrement performed by the down macro by addingthe value sleepers-1 to count. At the same time, the function checks whethercount is still negative (the semaphore could have been released by theholding process right before _ _down( ) entered the critical region).∙If the count field is negative, the function resets sleepers to 1 andinvokes schedule( ) to suspend the current process. The count field isstill set to -1, and the sleepers field to 1.∙If the count field is not negative, the function sets sleepers to 0, tries to wake up another process in the semaphore wait queue, and exitsholding the semaphore. On exit, the count field is set to 0 and thesleepers field to 0. The values of both fields look wrong, becausethere are other sleeping processes. However, consider that anotherprocess in the wait queue has been woken up. This process doesanother iteration of the loop; the atomic_add_negative( ) functionsubtracts 1 from count, restoring it to -1; moreover, before returningto sleep, the woken-up process resets sleepers to 1.So, the code properly works in all cases. Consider that the wake_up( ) function in _ _down( ) wakes up at most one process, because the sleeping processes in the wait queue are exclusive (see the section "How Processes Are Organized" in Chapter 3).Only exception handlers , and particularly system call service routines , can use the down( ) function. Interrupt handlers or deferrable functions must not invoke down( ),because this function suspends the process when the semaphore is busy. For this reason, Linux provides the down_trylock( ) function, which may be safely used by one of the previously mentioned asynchronous functions. It is identical to down( ) except when the resource is busy. In this case, the function returns immediately instead of putting the process to sleep.A slightly different function called down_interruptible( ) is also defined. It is widely used by device drivers, because it allows processes that receive a signal while being blocked on a semaphore to give up the "down" operation. If the sleeping process is woken up by a signal before getting the needed resource, the function increases the count field of the semaphore and returns the value -EINTR. On the other hand, if down_interruptible( ) runs to normal completion and gets the resource, it returns 0. The device driver may thus abort the I/O operation when the return value is -EINTR.Finally, because processes usually find semaphores in an open state, the semaphore functions are optimized for this case. In particular, the up( ) function does not execute jump instructions if the semaphore wait queue is empty; similarly, the down( ) function does not execute jump instructions if the semaphore is open. Much of the complexity of the semaphore implementation is precisely due to the effort of avoiding costly instructions in the main branch of the execution flow.5.2.9. Read/Write SemaphoresRead/write semaphores are similar to the read/write spin locks described earlier in the section "Read/Write Spin Locks," except that waiting processes are suspended instead of spinning until the semaphore becomes open again.Many kernel control paths may concurrently acquire a read/write semaphore for reading; however, every writer kernel control path must have exclusive access to the protected resource. Therefore, the semaphore can be acquired for writing only if no other kernel control path is holding it for either read or write access. Read/write semaphores improve the amount of concurrency inside the kernel and improve overall system performance.The kernel handles all processes waiting for a read/write semaphore in strict FIFO order. Each reader or writer that finds the semaphore closed is inserted in the last position of a semaphore's wait queue list. When the semaphore is released, the process in the first position of the wait queue list are checked. The first process is always awoken. If it is a writer, the other processes in the wait queue continue to sleep. If it is a reader, all readers at the start of the queue, up to the first writer, are also woken up and get the lock. However, readers that have been queued after a writer continue to sleep.Each read/write semaphore is described by a rw_semaphore structure that includes the following fields:countStores two 16-bit counters. The counter in the most significant word encodesin two's complement form the sum of the number of nonwaiting writers(either 0 or 1) and the number of waiting kernel control paths. The counter inthe less significant word encodes the total number of nonwaiting readers andwriters.wait_listPoints to a list of waiting processes. Each element in this list is arwsem_waiter structure, including a pointer to the descriptor of the sleepingprocess and a flag indicating whether the process wants the semaphore forreading or for writing.wait_lockA spin lock used to protect the wait queue list and the rw_semaphorestructure itself.The init_rwsem( ) function initializes an rw_semaphore structure by setting the count field to 0, the wait_lock spin lock to unlocked, and wait_list to the empty list. The down_read( ) and down_write( ) functions acquire the read/write semaphore for reading and writing, respectively. Similarly, the up_read( ) and up_write( ) functions release a read/write semaphore previously acquired for reading and for writing. The down_read_trylock( ) and down_write_trylock( ) functions are similar todown_read( ) and down_write( ), respectively, but they do not block the process if the semaphore is busy. Finally, the downgrade_write( ) function atomically transforms a write lock into a read lock. The implementation of these five functions is long, but easy to follow because it resembles the implementation of normal semaphores; therefore, we avoid describing them.5.2.10. CompletionsLinux 2.6 also makes use of another synchronization primitive similar to semaphores: completions . They have been introduced to solve a subtle race condition that occurs in multiprocessor systems when process A allocates a temporary semaphore variable, initializes it as closed MUTEX, passes its address to process B, and then invokes down( ) on it. Process A plans to destroy the semaphore as soon as it awakens. Later。
毕业设计中英文翻译封皮格式及装订顺序
毕业设计中英文翻译学生姓名： 学号： 学专 指导教师：年 月（小二号居中）三号楷体 三号楷体 三号楷体1．×××××××（一级标题用小3号黑体，加粗，并留出上0.5行，段后0.5行）（作为文章2级标题，用小4号黑体，加粗）×××××××××（小4号宋体）××××××…………1.1.1 ××××（作为正文3级标题，用小4号黑体，不加粗）×××××××××（小4号宋体，行距1.5倍）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××………装订顺序：1、英文文章2、中文翻译外文翻译译文题目一种自动化夹具设计方法原稿题目A Clamping Design Approach for Automated Fixture Design原稿出处Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2001) 18:784–789一种自动化夹具设计方法塞西尔美国，拉斯克鲁塞斯，新墨西哥州立大学，，工业工程系，虚拟企业工程实验室（VEEL）在这片论文里，描述了一种新的计算机辅助夹具设计方法。
对于一个给定的工件，这种夹具设计方法包含了识别加紧表面和夹紧位置点。
通过使用一种定位设计方法去夹紧和支撑工件，并且当机器正在运行的时候，可以根据刀具来正确定位工件。
英语专业毕业论文格式
外国语学院英语专业毕业论文格式一、论文基本构件及装订顺序1．汉语封皮2．英语封皮3．谢辞4．英、中文论文摘要和英、中文关键词5．正文，包括 introduction, body, notes, conclusion, bibliography 五部分。
6．如有附录，放在参考文献之后。
二、基本要求1．长度约6000字左右（只计算正文长度，页码从论文正文即Introduction标起，一律标在正下方）。
2．打印及纸张：毕业论文统一在word 2003格式下排版打印文本。
使用A4规格的纸张，上下左右边距为A4纸标准边距，论文正文为双倍行距，小四号字，Times New Roman 字体，文中小标题与正文字号和字体一致, 并加粗。
3．论文经指导老师同意后方可定稿。
论文打印1式5份，提交答辩小组。
答辩后，向学院提交修改稿（纸制和电子文档）存档。
三、具体要求1．封皮英、汉语封皮均可复制，但应认真填写及更改相关内容, 如中、英文题目及你的姓名等。
填写汉语封皮中的内容时应注意以下几点：（1）分类号分H和I两种，其中I代表文学类；H代表语言、文字类；（2）单位代码：104；（3）密级：一般；（4）字体，字号与要求项目保持一致，均为宋体。
英语封皮上所有内容全部为Times New Roman字体，三号字，所有字母一律大写，但书名要斜体。
英、汉封皮格式详见附件。
汉语封皮可从教务处网站下载。
2．论文题目论文题目（title）是用概括性强的语言恰当地反映论文的内容。
论文题目字数（或单词数）一般不应超过25个，用词组的形式表述。
3．谢辞谢辞（Acknowledgements）应单独成页，置于英语封皮之后。
谢辞是对论文写作过程中获得的各种帮助表示感谢，这些帮助可以是导师的指导和批阅、老师和同学的支持或是原著作者对引文的授权许可等等。
致谢的顺序一般是由主要到次要，由个人到集体，主要针对那些提供过直接帮助的个人或机构。
此外致谢辞要真挚、简练、恰到好处。
外文文献翻译封面格式及要求(模版)
毕业论文外文文献翻译院年级专业：2009级XXXXXXXXXXX 姓 名：学 号：附 件：备注：（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可）1.从所引用的与毕业设计（论文）内容相近的外文文献中选择一篇或一部分进行翻译（不少于3000实词）；2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部分，第一部分为外文文献；第二部分为该外文文献的中文翻译，两部分之间用分页符隔开。
也就是说，第一外文文献部分结束后，使用分页符，另起一页开始翻译。
3.格式方面，外文文献的格式，除了字体统一使用Times new roman 之外，其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。
中文翻译的格式，跟中文论文的格式一样。
（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.）范文如下：注意,下面内容每一部份均已用分页符分开了,如果用本模板,请将每一模块单独删除,直接套用到每一模板里面,不要将全部内容一次性删除.【Abstract】This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based onthe theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.，Times New Roman.【Key Words】Brand positioning; Marketing mix; Positioning Strategy; enlightenment, lessons；ABC（本页为英文文献摘要，关键词两项一起单独一页，字体为：Times New Roman，小四号，1.5倍行距）(注:以下为英文文献正文内容,英文全文3000字.具体标题以原文为准.全文字体为Times New Roman.行间距为1.5倍.字号大小与论文正文的各级标题一致.如下:)I.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons fromthe failure of the WONG LO KAT.II.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.III.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal teabeverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.【摘要】本文是对凉茶饮料的宏观环境以及凉茶市场内部主要品牌的竞争对手进行了系统分析。
毕业论文装订要求及字体要求(最新版本) (1)
毕业论文装订的若干要求一、论文分两部分装订：1、《毕业设计（论文）》部分：包括封面（黄色封皮）、任务书、论文、英文原文及翻译；2、《毕业设计（论文）其他材料部份》：蓝色封皮、其他材料清单（目录）、选题报告、论文指导书、开题报告、成绩评定表（指导教师、评阅人、答辩委员会评分及评语）、答辩记录表；二、《毕业设计（论文）》部分，即黄皮书内：按下列顺序整理、装订成册，在装订时订在纸张的左边。
（一）毕业设计（论文）说明书装订顺序1、第1页封面2、第2页任务书3、第3页题目，作者学校、班次、姓名，指导教师单位、姓名、职称（职务）（格式详见附1、第Ⅰ页，居右，页码用罗马数字）4、第4页与第3页相应的外文（格式详见附2）（第Ⅱ页，居右，页码用罗马数字）5、第5页目录（格式见附3、第Ⅲ页，居右，页码用罗马数字）6、第6页中文摘要及中文关键词7、第7页与第6页相应的外文8、第8页前言（格式如下）：从前言开始要重新标页！（从第1页开始，页码用阿拉伯数字）前言(黑体四，居中)（首行缩进）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX（内容字体为宋体小四号）9、第9页正文（小四号，1.5倍行距）10、结论（格式如下）：结论（黑体四，居中）（首行缩进）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX（内容字体为宋体小四号字间距为标准字间距，行间距设为1.5行，段前段后设置为0.05行。
）11、总结与体会（格式如下）：总结与体会（黑体四，居中）（首行缩进）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX（内容字体为宋体小四号字间距为标准字间距，行间距设为1.5行，段前段后设置为0.15行。
）12、谢辞（格式如下）：谢辞（黑体四，居中）（首行缩进）XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX（摘要内容字体为宋体，小四号字，字间距为标准字间距，行间距设为1.5行，段前段后设置为0.05行。
毕业设计论文中英文翻译要求(最新)
附件1（毕业设计一）材料科学与工程学院毕业实习环节外文翻译要求一、翻译论文的选择：1、与自己毕业设计相关的外文参考文献2、该译文可以作为设计论文中文献综述中的部分内容；3、原则上选取的英语原文不超过5页。
二、译文结构内容1、作者，英文原文题目，期刊名称，卷期号，年份，起止页码，2、文章题目，作者（保持英文，不需翻译），作者单位（英文不变）3、摘要，关键词4、正文部分：引言，试验过程，结果与讨论，结论，参考文献（保持原文状态）5、译文中的图标需要翻译，图可以复印后粘贴或扫描插入三、译文和原文统一装订在一起，独立与毕业论文一起上交四、几点附属说明1 文章所在期刊的期刊名及相关信息不要翻译。
2 文章的作者，作者的单位，地址，下注的通讯作者的情况，参考文献不要翻译。
3文章的题目，摘要，关键词，及正文都要按照原文的顺序来翻译。
4文章中图表翻译示例如下：此为翻译前的表格：此为翻译后的表格：表1 微波和常规方法加工的粉体金属样品的性能Table 1 Properties of microwave and conventionally processedpowdered metal samplesMW 代表微波烧结；conv代表常规方法。
大部分微波烧结的样品的断裂模量比常规方法烧结的要高。
许多微波烧结的样品的密度也是高于常规方法烧成的样品。
MW, microwave processed; conv., conventionally processed. Themodulus of rupture(MOR) of most microwave-processed samples ishigher than that of the conventional samples. The densities of manymicrowave-processed samples are also higher than those ofconventional samples.即表头和注释中英文都要。
毕业设计(论文)说明书装订顺序和毕业设计盒子内容顺序
根据我院具体情况，现将我院毕业论文装订的要求具体内容规定如下：
毕业设计（论文）任务书、开题报告、指导记录、成绩评价表不与论文说明书装订在一起。
（一）毕业设计（论文）说明书装订顺序：
1. 封面
2. 独创性声明
3. 中英文摘要及关键词
4. 目录
5. 前言或引言
6. 正文
7. 结论
8. 致谢
9. 参考文献
10. 附录（可选）
11.封底
（二）毕业设计档案盒内容及顺序（毕设档案由以下7部分组成，由1-7从上到下依次排列）
1.卷内目录（学生统计毕设2-6各文档总页数（包括封面、封底页数）并制作卷内目录，参照附件《卷内目录》，《卷内目录》模板2016年6月再上传）
2.毕业设计任务书、开题报告、中期检查表三个表按顺序装订成一本
3.指导教师审阅评价表、评阅教师审阅评价表、验收答辩记录及评价表、成绩评定表四个表按顺序装订成一本
4.毕业设计（论文）说明书
5.英文翻译资料（原文）
6.英文翻译资料（译文）
7.光盘(含卷内目录、任务书、开题报告、中期检查表、毕业设计（论文）说明书、英文翻译资料原（译）文、电路图、程序等全套内容)。
毕业论文(设计)撰写与装订的格式规范
毕业论文(设计)撰写与装订的格式规范第一部分:封面1.封面:由学校统一设计。
2.封皮颜色按学位种类划分,农科类用绿色封皮,工科类用黄色封皮,理科类用灰色封皮,管理学用粉色封皮。
3.需填写的项目一律电脑打印,不得手写。
第二部分:目录目录(三号,宋体,加粗,居中)中文摘要(关键词)(小四号,宋体,下同)…(页码)外文摘要(关键词)………………………………(页码)前言…………………………………………………(页码)1 XXXXXX(一级标题)……………………………(页码)1.1 XXXXXX(二级标题)…………………………(页码)1.1.1 xxxxxx(三级标题)…………………………(页码)1.1.1.1 xxxxxx(四级标题)………………………(页码)参考文献……………………………………………(页码)致谢…………………………………………………(页码)第三部分:摘要与关键词1.中文摘要与关键词(单独用页)摘要(三号,宋体,加粗,居中)摘要内容(五号,宋体)关键词标题(五号,宋体,顶格,加粗)关健词内容(五号,宋体,词间用分号隔开)2.外文摘要与关键词(单独用页)外文摘要标题(三号,英文用Times New Roman,加粗,居中)外文摘要内容(五号,英文用Times New Roman)外文关键词标题(五号,英文用Times New Roman,顶格,加粗)外文关键词内容(五号,英文用Times New Roman,每个词组(或词)的第一个字母大写,词组(或词)间用分号隔开)第四部分:论文(设计)主题1.标题标题一律采用本规范中目录部分的样式,最多分四级。
一级标题,三号字,宋体,顶格,加粗二级标题,四号字,宋体,顶格,加粗三级标题,小四号字,宋体,顶格,加粗2.正文小四号字,宋体。
3.引文注释引文后注释标示示例:“激光平地技术能够大幅度地提高土地平整的精度,激光感应系统的灵敏度至少比人工肉眼判断和操作人员手动控制的准确度提高10~50倍,是常规平地技术所不及的[1]”。
论文装订要求
毕业设计（论文）档案装订要求
1. 毕业设计（论文）单独装订。
装订顺序为：封面→中英文摘要→目录→正文→参考文献→致谢→附录→实验数据表及相关图纸（大于3#图幅时单独装订）→封底2．任务书、开题报告、中期进展情况检查表、指导记录表、实习表格及成绩评定表等作为附件单独装订在一起。
装订顺序为：任务书→开题报告→中期进展情况检查表→指导记录表→生产、实习联系单（反馈单）→实习报告→实习鉴定表→答辩记录表→成绩评定表
3．上述两项同实习日志一同装入档案袋内。
4．教师指导记录本（白色封面）以系为单位存档、备查。
外文文献翻译封面格式和要求模版
毕业论文外文文献翻译年级专业：2011级国际经济与贸易姓 名：学 号：附 件：Challenges and Opportunities备注：（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可）1.从所引用的与毕业设计（论文）内容相近的外文文献当选择一篇或一部份进行翻译（很多于3000实词）；2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部份，第一部份为外文文献，页码从正文开始到英文终止；第二部份为该外文文献的中文翻译，页码从头从正文开始到终止，中英文两部份之间用分页符隔开。
也确实是说，第一外文文献部份终止后，利用分页符，另起一页开始翻译。
3.格式方面，外文文献的格式，除字体统一利用Times new roman之外，其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。
中文翻译的格式，跟中文论文的格式一样。
（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.）【Abstract】Exports of dairy products are becoming increasingly important in terms of export earnings for Australia. The industry is the fourth highest foreign exchange earner compared toall Australia's food exports. However, Australian exports of dairy products account for about 67 per cent of the total Australian production of dairy products, and about 13 per cent of total world exports of dairy products. About 68 per cent of Australian dairy products exports are sold on Asian markets. The purpose of this paper is to examine the challenging issues and opportunities for Australian exports of dairy products on world markets and to identify potential and emerging export markets for Australian dairy is highly restricted on its access to world dairy product markets by the impact of export subsidies and other trade barriers of overseas markets. The current cconomic and political crises in Asia are also not favourable to maintain export sales on some of the Asian export support schcme in Australia has made exporting attractive relativc to domestic sales. But it is anticipated that the termination of the scheme after June 2000, will reduce production and exports by 6 and 20 per cent, respectively in the short run. However, in the long run,resources will be efficiently used without government intervention and Australian dairy products will also bc competitivc on the domestic is scope for greater market opportunities in the emerging markets in Asia and other parts of the world for Australian dairy will also bcnefit from the agreement on international trade that directs exporting countries to reduce export subsidy and remove non-tariff trade barriers on exports of dairy products. Australia should implement appropriatc measures to increase the milk yield per ww, to improve the quality of dairy products and to identify the need for market promotion and rescarch in order to increase the volume of dairy product exports on world markets, especially in Asia and othcr potential markets such as Middle East,Africa, Europe and the Americas. 【Keywords】Australia, Dairy Milk（本页为英文文献摘要，关键词两项一路单唯一页，字体为：Times New Roman，小四号，倍行距）I. DAIRY PRODUCTS INDUSTRY IN AUSTRALIADairy manufacturing is one of Australia's leading dairy terms of foreign exchange earnings, the industry ranks fourth (after meat, wheat and sugar) compared to all Australia's food exports(ADIC, 1996). The real gross value of production was estimated atA$billion in 1997, accounting for about 66 per cent of the combined value of market and manufacturing milk at the farm gate. The total real value of Australian exports of dairy products was about $ billion in 1996, and represented about 8 per cent of total farm exports. Likewise, Australia's dairy exports contributed about 2 per cent to total Australian exports in 1995-96 (Doucouliagos,1997). However, Australia has little influence on world price as its share accounted for about 13 per cent of world trade in 1996.Manufacturing milk is produced in all states in Australia, and there are significant regional differences in the production of dairying due to climatic and natural resources that are favorable to dairying to be produced based on year round pasture grazing (NSWA, 1996-97). In 1997, national milk production was estimated at 9 billion litres, and New South Wales is second behind Victoria, accounting for 13 per cent and 62 per cent, respectively of the nation's annual milk production(ABARE, 1997). Total milk production increased at an average of about per cent between 1988 and 1997. About billion litres of milk were used for manufacturing purposes, accounting for about 79 per cent of the total milk production. Victoria accounts for 79 per cent,Tasmania 6 per cent, and NSW 5 per cent of the total dairy products produced in the country (ADC,1997).The production of dairy products recorded an average increase of per cent between 1988 and 1997. However, Australian exports of dairy products as a proportion of total production increased on average by per cent over the same period. This was due to world surplus production of dairy products as a result of domestic industry support by some of the world's largest producers (EU and USA). Subsidised exports of dairy products account for about 50 per cent of globally traded dairy products, and this lowers international market prices of dairy products (ADIC, 1997). Australian production of dairy products accounted for about 4 per cent of total world production, and about 13 per cent of total world export sales . Thus, price taker countries such as Australia are adversely affected by the exportable surpluses of dairy products directed to world markets by major exporting countries.The expansion of milk production in Australia has come from an increase in the number of dairy cows. The number of daq cows increased from 1,714,000 head in 1988 to 2,046,000 head in 1997, an average increase of about per cent. The milk yield per cow also recorded an average increase of about 2 per cent over the same , the milk yield per cow declined by about 5 per cent in 1997 compared to 1996. This is attributed to drought and other adverse weather conditions experienced by many dairy-producing regions.Australia's dairy products industry has the potential to increase the volume of its production and exports since the country is well endowed with natural resources necessary to increase dairy also has suitable climate that is favourable to dairy production based on year round pasture production. In addition, Australia's dairy farms are family owned and operated, and hired labour does not contribute a higher percentage to the cost of production. Thus, Australia is considered as one of the efficient, low cost milk producing countries (ADC,1997). The country has also locational advantage to have access to the Asian markets, which are the major importers of Australian dairy domestic production capacity and the exports of dairy products are positively related. Accordingly,the volume of exports could be increased through the expansion of manufacturing milk production by increasing the number of dairy herds and milk yield per cow, provided Australia makes an effort to undertake marketing promotion and research to capture sizeable market shares in the potential and emerging study carried out by ABARE has projected that milk production in Australia will increase by about 3 per cent a year to the 1999-2000 fiscal has been attributed mainly to the estimated increase in the number of dairy herds, milk yield per cow, improved pasture, livestock management techniques and increased capital investment (ADIC, 1996).ARRANGEMENTS FOR MANUFACTURING MILK IN AUSTRALIA To facilitate the proper functioning of a free market system, market information must be available so that buyers and sellers are aware of the production and pricing arrangements (Kidane and Gunawardana,Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 00:35 10 June 2021 1997, p. 37). Thus, producers and consumers would perform their functions efficiently, and prices and quality of dairy products will be competitive. To assist in meeting these market criteria, the government has established the Australian Dairy Industry Council (ADIC), Products Federation Inc. (ADPF), Australia Dairy Farmers' Federation Ltd. (ADFF), Market MilkFederation of Australia Inc. (MMFA),Australian Dairy Corporation (ADC) and Dairy Research Development Corporation (DRDC). These organisations are expected among other things to disseminate market information and coordinate production and market activities. For example, some of the major objectives of the ADC are to improve the domestic market for dairy pioducts; to provide technical and product advice to emerging markets; to undertake a range of export promotion activities in overseas markets;and international promotion focused on growing Asian markets such as Japan, Hong Kong, China, Vietnam, Singapore, etc. (ADIC,1996). The farm gate pricing and domestic milk support schemes are discussed below.(i)Farm Gate PricingThe government does not have formal control over the prices processors pay to farmers Producing milk used in manufacturing products. The manufacturing milk prices are based on both milk fat and protein, and payment to farmers by processors also depends on the quality, volumes and seasonal incentives. High prices are offered to farmers by factories to encourage them to maintain production during the dry period.Most manufacturers offer different prices as their profits are affected by factors such as product mix, marketing strategies and processing efficiencies (NSWA, 1996-97). Consequently, farm gate prices paid for manufacturing milk are lower than the prices paid for market milk . (ii)Domestic Milk Support SchemePrior to July 1, 1995, the marketing of manufactured dairy products were funded by a levy on all Australian milk production under the Market Support Scheme (Crean Plan). The scheme raised domestic farm gate prices for manufacturing milk above international prices by about 2 cents a litre. However, following the Uruguay Round agreement on manufactured dairy products, Australia introduced a scheme known as 'Domestic Market Support Scheme (DMS)' on July 1, 1995. The new scheme that is administered by the Australian Dairy Corporation imposes compulsory levies both on market milk and manufacturing milk for sales on the domestic market. In 1997-98, the rates of these levies were about and cents per litre,respectively (ADC, 1997). The funds raised by these levies are targeted to make domestic support payment to farmers who produce manufacturing milk. This scheme provides incentives to farmers to increase production of milk used in dairy products for export markets. However,this extended market arrangement will cease at the end of June 2000,and like many other industries,the dairy industry will receive Commonwealth assistance estimated at 5 per cent in tariff terms after June 2000. In 1995/96, this implicit export subsidy increased gross returns on manufacturing milk by about 7 per cent (Industry Commission, 1997). This has made exporting dairy products more attractive and has encouraged milk producers to use most of the resources in the production of dairying.However, it is predicted that the removal of this export support will reduce milk production by 6 per cent and the volume of exports by 20 per cent as producers will concentrate on the domestic markets. This will have a short term effect of reducing manufacturing milk producers' incomes, and may also encourage producers to move some resources into alternative enterprises in the long run. Consequently, this is likely to reduce production of manufactured dairy products for export markets with effect from the end of June 2000. However, given the available resources necessary to increase the volume of production, with efficient use of resources without government intervention and export promotion undertaken by ADC and DRDC, Australian dairy producers will still have the incentives to focus on both export and domestic markets. Optimal allocation of resources is also likely to increase dairy production, while domestic prices will decline, as the exportable surplus will be directed to domestic markets (ABARE, 1991a). DAIRY PRODUCTS EXPORTS AND CHALLENGING ISSUESIn Australia, milk production is subject to seasonal influences, but production and exports of dairy products have recorded an average increase of about per cent and per cent between 1988 and 1997. The export price, which includes export freight,insurance, export commission and handling charges, is very attractive compared to the domestic wholesale prices. This partly acts as an incentive for producers to direct a large percentage of their dairy products to export markets and Australian dairy products to be less competitive on domestic markets.Australia is considered as a relatively non-subsidized exporter compared to EU and the USA, and Australia has to compete with countries, which have considerable domestic dairy industry support and guaranteed price for manufactured products. Australia is being excluded by the impact of these export subsidy programs of the major competitors to have access to world markets. As specified in the Uruguay Round Outcome (GAW, the agreement (reduction in export subsidies and use of tariffs as trade barriers)is being implemented over a five year period with effect from , the short run effect from the termination of the domestic support scheme and thelimited access that Australia will have to overseas markets until the Uruguay agreement is fully implemented, will have negative impacts on the exports of Australian dairy products.Cheese, skim milk powder and whole milk powder are the major components of exports of Australian dairy products and account for 22, 33 and 17 per cent of the total exports. Australian exports have continued to grow and accounted for about 67 per cent of total production of dairy products in 1997. However, Australia still has the potential to increase the volume of dairy production,which can be achieved by improved feed, breeding and farm management practices. But Australia will have to give priority to export development to sell the additional supply of dairy products to emerging markets in Asia, Middle East, Africa and the Americas.In 1997, major importers of Australian dairy products (mainly skim milk powder, cheese and whole milk powder) were Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Singapore, and their market shares accounted for about 41 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products. Japan and the Philippines are the major importers of Australian cheese and skim milk powder, respectively. In 1997, Japan's imports of cheese accounted for about 47 per cent of Australia's total exports of cheese, and the Philippines's imports of skim milk powder accounted for about per cent of ~ustralia's total exports of skim milk powder (ABARE, 1997). The total volume of exports and total real value of dairy products have increased by 21 per cent and per cent, respectively in 1997 compared to 1996. The world dairy production also increased by about 2 per cent over the same period. This partly affected the Australian export prices and the increase in the value of exports is substantially lower compared to the volume of exports .Asia is the leading export market for Australian dairy , it is anticipated that there are considerable hurdles-to maintain sales on export markets in the region. Most of the Asian nations are experiencing slow economic growth due to the recent financial crisis and political instability in some parts of the region.Australia imports dairy products (mainly cheese) to meet the increasing domestic consumption as most of the country's dairy products are exported due to the relative attractiveness of exporting to domestic total domestic consumption of dairy products fluctuated throughout the 1990s but has shown an upward trend in recent years. Thus, the volume of dairy products sales on the domestic market had also fluctuated during the same period but increased on average by about 2 per cent between 1988 and 1997. Similarly, the consumption per person ofdairy products has been fluctuating since 1989 but has increased on average by per cent over the same period.Imports of dairy products increased on average by about per cent, and exports of the same product recorded an average increase of about per cent, between 1988 and of imported dairy products are relatively lower compared with the prices of domestically processed dairy products. Imports of dairy products at lower prices have made the Australian processed dairy products less competitive on domestic markets. New Zealand is the major supplier of cheese to Australia. The closer Economic Relations agreement between New Zealand and Australia has made Australia's domestic markets more accessible to New Zealand's exportable surplus production of dairy products (ABARE, 1991b). Australia's production costs are similar to those in NZ, but dairy products imported from NZ are relatively cheaper compared to Australia's dairy products sold on domestic markets. Limited domestic market capacity and the inaccessibility of other overseas markets for NZ's exportable excess production, are some of the factors that made NZ's dairy products relatively cheaper on the Australian domestic market.Ⅳ.EXPORT MARKET OPPORTUNITIES FOR AUSTXALIAN DAIRY PRODUCTS In 1997, Australian total real export value of dairy products was estimated at $ billion and recorded an increase of about per cent compared with 1996 . Australian exports of dairy products to . Asia and other Asian countries accounted for about 44 and 25 per cent of their total imports of dairy products, respectively and about 69 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products in 1996. Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore,Thailand and Taiwan are the major importers of Australia's dairy products, and their imports account for about 55 per cent of Australia's total exports (ABARE, 1997).Japan, which is considered the number one Asian per capita consumer of dairy products, is the largest importer of dairy products in the Asian region. It is also the largest market for Australian dairy products and the major export market especially for Australian cheese. In 1996, its total imports of dairy products were estimated at thousands tonnes, and about 48 per cent of its total imports was purchased from Australia .Cheese accounted for about 22 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products in 1997, and exports to Japan accounted for about 48 per cent of Australia's total exports of cheese (ABARE, 1997). Under the Uruguay Round agreement on dairy products trade, Japan iscommitted to purchase a minimum of about 137,202 tonnes of dairy provides greater export market opportunities for Australian dairy products in the Japanese market. This is based on the assumption that Japan would take action to reduce any existing trade barriers under the proposed Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) free trade agreement and the Uruguay (GATT) commitment.The bulk of Australia's dairy products are exported to the Asian countries, mainly due to Australia's geographical proximity to the region. The lower transportation costs have given Australia competitive advantage over other exporting countries. However, as a result of the recent financial crisis and political instability in some of the Asian countries, their economic growth is slowing down. Australia will need to give priority to export development to emerging markets in which it has competitive advantage. Australia has to diversify its export market base and focus on the markets in Africa, the Americas, Middle East, Europe, Russia, and the Pacific. The imports of dairy products of these countries accounted for about 12, 24, 11, 8 and 3 per cent of total world exports, respectively in 1996. Australia's exports of dairy products to these countries account for about , , , , and per cent of total world exp&, respectively during the same are also estimated at 20 per cent of the total consumption requirements. The preferential tariff agreement between China and Australia will remove the trade barriers for Australian dairy products exports to China (ADIC, 1996).Australia's exports to China accounted for about 5 per cent of China's total dairy products imports in 1996. There is also a scope for greater export market opportunities for Australian dairy products in S. Korea. It is estimated that per capita consumption of dairy products will rise from 45 kg in 1991-92 to more than 63 kg in 2000 (ADIC, 1996). The country is expected to liberalise its trade barriers under the Uruguay Round arrangement. Australia's exports of dairy products to S. Korea account for about per cent of Australia's total exports and per cent of S. Korea's total imports . The geographical proximity and quality of Australian dairy products will provide better opportunities for Australian exporters to have large market shares in the Chinese and S. Korean markets.Australian exports of dairy products to Europe mainly consist of cheese, and the Australian exports account for 5 per cent of Europe'stotal imports of cheese. However, after the implementation of the Uruguay Round agreement, Australia's exports to Europe increased at anaverage of over 30 per cent between 1995 and 1997 (ABARE,1997). Australia has to make efforts to establish markets in the EU member countries as the annual global EU quotas are increasing by 83,175 tonnes for cheese and curd, 67,933 for SMP and 10,000 tonnes for butter (ADC, 1997). Likewise, the USA has agreed to increase import levels for all major dairy products, and Australia has to compete in terms of quality and volume to increase its market share in the USA market.【摘要】关于澳大利亚的出口收入，奶制品出口变得愈来愈重要。
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毕业设计中英文翻译学生姓名： 学号： 学 院： 专 业：指导教师：2012年6月韩雷 080203428机械工程与自动化学院 过程装备与控制工程 崔宝珍The discussion of washing machine and PLC The reason why a washing machine like this can wash and get the water out of the clothes at the same time is because it has a double layer drum. When washing and rinsing, the pulsator spins and makes the water swirl.. To get the water out of the clothes, the inner wall f the drum spins and the water goes through the holes.These days, the “centrifugal force washing machines” are quite popular. This type of machine does not use a pulsator. Instead, the inner wall spins really quickly. When the drum spins, the dirty clothes get stuck to the wall. The water and detergent also try to escape through the holes of the wall but before they do so, they are forced to escape through the clothes. When this happens, the power of the water and detergent removes the dirt form the clothes. Another good thing about this type of machine is that clothes don’t get tangled up so you don’t have to worry about your clothes getting ripped or damaged.Next, let’s look at some different types of washing machines!Many of you probably think that the water inside washing machines goes round and round. Actually, different washing machines make water flow in different ways.Whirlpool typeThis type of washing machine uses a pulsator to force the water to move like a whirlpool inside the Drum. The spinning water forces the dirt out form the clothes inside the machine. Some of the newer models of this type also make the whirlpool move up and down to make it clean clothes even better!Agitator stirring typeThis type of washing machine has something that looks like a propeller at the bottom of the tub. This Propeller spins around and stirs the water. The water then forces the dirt out from the clothes in the machine. Thegood thing about this type of machine is that clothes do not get tangled up and clothes get evenly washed.Drum typeThis type of machine has a drum with many holes in it. There are also protrusions bumps on the wall of the drum. As the drum turns, the clothes are picked up by the protrusions. When the clothes fall down from the top of the drum through the water, the movement removes dirt from the clothes. Centrifugal force typeAs we have said before, the spinning drum pushes the water and detergent out through the wall of the inner drum. The power that comes form spinning the drum is called centrifugal force., which is where the name comes from. The water is forced through the clothes and then the holes in the inner wall. After one cycle, the water is recycled back into the tank and the process starts again. This cycle is what cleans the clothes!In Japan, people first started using machines in 1930. But then the price of a washing machine was so high that most average persons could not buy one for their homes.Looking back now, there was something strange and funny on some of the first versions of the washing machine .The machine had two rollers that were used to sandwich each shirt and other clothes to squeeze the water out of them. The rollers were turned by hand, and in fact, you needed a lot of strength to turn those things! Still, people then thought it wasa really neat invention! This type of water squeezer was used for almost30 years until something new came along. The spin drier that used “centrifugal force” to get most of the water out of the clothes.In 1953, the nozzle type washing machine was first sold in Japan. This washing machine is like the older brother of the swirling washing machine that you see today. The price of these washing machines was lower and because of this, more people bought them. The first fully automatic washing machine was introduced in 1968, and after that, washing clothesbecame a lot easier to do!There are a lot of different types of washing machines. What kind of washing machine do you have in your house?Fully automatic:The fully automatic machine has two drum layers that wash, rinse and remove water from clothes together. All you have to do is add detergent and put in dirty clothes and then washing machine will do the rest. There is also a new type of fully automatic washing machine that can dry clothes after they have been washed.Twin tub:This washing machine has one part that dose the washing and another part that does the squeezing. Even though it’s a hassle to take the clothes out and move them to other tub, the good thing is that you can wash and squeeze at the same time with one machine.Front loading:The main feature of front loaders is that they use a lot less water than other types. This is the type of Washing machine that dry cleaners use but a lot of people in western countries have this type of washing machine in their homes too.Let’s try to make the best washing machine in the world!We should already thank the scientists that invented the fully automatic washing machine because it makes washing clothes a piece of cake.Scientists are still trying really hard to find ways to make washing machines a lot handier to use for everyone. Some of the things that they are trying to do are to find better ways of making clothes clean and ways to make washing machines last longer. There are washing machines with d trying function today so you don’t even have to hang clothes after words because it dries them automatically! Amazing!Scientists are also trying to find ways to use less water and less detergent in washing machines at present. This is because that it is better to use less water for preserving the environment.What are washing machines of the future going to be like? Maybe there will be a washing machine that dries and folds your clothes after washing them, or maybe there will be one that will wash your clothes while you are still wearing them! How handy would that be! Remember, if the first washing machine was like a dream to people in the old days, all the dreams you have about washing machines of the future may come true!Plc control system design elements Originally, the PLC was represented by the acronym PC. There was some confusion with using this acronym as it is commonly accepted to represent personal computer. Therefore, PLC is now commonly accepted to mean programmable logic controller.A PLC is a user-friendly, microprocessor-based specialized computer that carries out control functions of many types and level of complexity. Its purpose is to monitor crucial process parameters and adjust process operations accordingly. It can be programmed, controlled, and operated by a person unskilled in operating computer. Essentially, a PLC’s operator draws the lines and devices of ladder diagrams with a keyboard onto a display screen. The resulting drawing is converted into computer machine language and run as a user program.The computer takes the place of much of the external wiring required for control of a process. The PLC will operate any system that has output devices that go on and off (known as discrete, or digital, outputs). It can also operate any system with variable (analog) outputs. The PLC can be operated on the input side by on-off devices (discrete, or digital) or by variable (analog) input devices.Today, the big unit growth in the PLC industry is at the low end-where small keeps getting smaller. When a few years ago the micro PLC enteredthe market, some thought that these devices had “bottomed out”. Now,nano PLCs-generally defined as those with 16 or fewer I/O-are spreading. Some can fit into your shirt pocket, being no larger than a deck of cards and at the time of this writing, PLC Direct plants to introduce a PLC the size of a box of Tic-Tac candy that will include many features of current micro models. The first PLC systems evolved from conventional computers in the late 1960s and early 1970s. These first PLCs were installed primarily in automotive plants. Traditionally, The auto plants had to be shut down for up to a month at model changeover time. The early PLCs were used along with other new automation techniques to shorten the changeover time. One of the major time-consuming changeover procedures had been the wiring of new or revised relay and control panels. The PLC keyboard reprogramming procedure replaced the rewiring of a panel full of wires, relays, timers and other components. The new PLCs helped reduce changeover time to a matter of few days.There was a major problem with these early 1970s computer/PLC reprogramming procedures. The programs were complicated and required a highly trained programmer to make the changes. Through the late 1970s, improvements were made in PLC programs to make them somewhat more user friendly; in 1978, the introduction of the microprocessor chip increased computer power for all kinds of automatic systems and lowered the computing cost. Robotics, automatic devices, and computers of all types, including the PLC, consequently underwent many improvements. PLC programs, written in high-level language, became more understandable to more people, and PLCs became more affordable.In the 1980s, with more computer power per dollar available, the PLC came into exponentially increasing use. Some large electronics and computer companies and some diverse corporate electronics divisions found that the PLC had become their greatest volume product. The market for PLCs grew from a volume of $80 million in 1978 to $1 billion per year by 1990and is still growing. Even the machine tool industry, where compute numerical controls (CNCs) have been used in the past, is using PLCs. PLCs are also used extensively in building energy and security control systems. Other nontraditional uses of PLCs, such as in the home and in medical equipment, having exploded in the 1990s and will increase as we enter the new millennium.A person knowledgeable in relay logic systems can master the major PLC functions in a few hours, These functions might include coils, contacts, timers and counters. The same is true for a person with a digital logic background. For persons unfamiliar with ladder diagrams or digital principles, however, the learning process takes more time.A person knowledgeable in relay logic can master advanced PLC functions in a few days with proper instruction. Company schools and operating manuals are very helpful in mastering these advanced functions. Advanced functions in order of learning might include sequence/drum controller, register bit use, and more functions.Following are 8 major advantages of using a programmable controller.①Flexibility. In the past, each different electronically controlled production machine required own controller; 15 machines might require 15 different controllers. Now it is possible to use just one model of a PLC to run any one of the 15 machines.②Implementing Change and Correcting Errors. With a wired relay-type panel, any program alterations require time for rewriting of panels and devices. When a PLC program circuit or sequence design change is made, the PLC program can be changed from a keyboard sequence in a matter of minutes. No rewiring is required for a PLC-controlled system.③Large quantities of contacts. The PLC has a large number of contacts for each coil available in its programming. suppose that a panel-wired relay has four contacts and all are in use when a design change requiringthree more contacts is made. Time would have to be taken to procure and install a new relay or relay contact block. Using a PLC, however, only three more contacts would be typed in. the three contact would be automatically available in the PLC. Indeed, a hundred contacts can be used from one relay-if sufficient computer memory is available.④Lower cost. Increased technology makes it possible to condense more functions into smaller and less expensive packages. Now you can purchase a PLC with numerous relays, timers and counters, a sequencer, and other function for a few hundred dollars.⑤Pilot Running. A PLC programmed circuit can be evaluated in the office or lab. The program can be typed in, tested, observed, and modified if needed, saving valuable factory time. In contrast, conventional relay systems have been tested on the factory floor, which can be very time consuming.⑥Visual Observation. A PLC circuit’s operation can be seen during operation directly on a CRT screen. The operation or misoperation of a circuit can be observed as it happens. Logic paths light up on the screen as they are energized. Troubleshooting can be done more quickly during visual observation. In advanced PLC systems, an operator message can be programmed for each possible malfunction.In advanced PLC systems, an operator message can be programmed for each possible malfunction. The malfunction description appears on the screen when the malfunction is detected by the PLC logic. Advanced PLC systems also may have descriptions of the function of each circuit component.⑦Speed of Operation. Relays can take an unacceptable amount of time to actuate. The operational speed for the PLC program is very fast. The speed for the PLC logic operation is determined by scan time, which isa matter of milliseconds.⑧Ladder or Boolean Programming Method. The PLC programming can beaccomplished in the ladder mode by an electrician or technician. Alternatively, a PLC programmer who works in digital or Boolean control systems can also easily perform PLC programming.In modern industrial production equipment, and large numbers of simulations of the control devices, such as the cease electrical, electromagnetic devices to turn, the number of products, temperature, power, and set the flow control, the automatic control of the industrial site, If a programmable controller (PLC) to resolve the issue has become a cybernetic one of the most effective tools, this article describes Plc control system design should be noted. Hardware purchase many products currently on the market Plc, with the exception of domestic brands, foreign : Japan Omron, Mitsubishi, FUJJ, ANASONIC, Germany Siemens, Korean LG. In recent years, Plc greater decline in the prices of products, increasing its performance cost rate. This is a technical staff chosen Plc important reasons. Then, how to purchase Plc products?First, the system should first determine the size of single control system with Plc or using Plc networking, thus calculating Plc importing, exporting. Few, and in some Plc to be in real need have a certain cushion Second, determine the type of load under Plc export-led type of load is the DC or exchange-type, big or small currents, and Plc export points such as the frequency of movements, the use of relays to determine export-export, or transistor output, or goods of export gates. Different load choose different ways to export to the operating system's stability is very important.Third, the storage capacity and speed while foreign manufacturers of Plc products essentially the same, but there are some differences. Currently the company has not yet found full compatibility between products. The development of software companies are not the same, and users of storage capacity and procedures to implement the Directive speed are two important indicators. General greater storage capacity,faster speed on the Plc higher prices, but should be based on system size reasonable choice Plc products.Fourth, programming devices Plc programming can purchase three ways : Using hand-held programming device programming in general, it can provide businesses phrases programming language table. This approach inefficient, but the capacity of small systems, the products more suitable for small consumption, and small size, ease of debugging scene, but also lower costs. Using graphical programming device programming, the programming device used Trapezoid Chart programming for visual and general electrical personnel shortly be applied easily, but the programming device prices higher. Using IBM personal computers and software packages using Plc programming, this approach is the most efficient way, but most of the company's Plc development software packages expensive, and that means not at the scene debugging. Therefore, the system should be based on the size and level of difficulty, the length of the development cycle and reasonable funding of the purchase Plc products.Fifth, And large companies to choose their quality guaranteed products, and good technical support, after sales services are generally better, but also help expand your product and software upgrades.For small systems, such as 80 points within the system. Generally do not need expansion; When a larger system, we must expand. Different companies products to the total points system and the expansion of the number of modules have limitations when expansion can not meet the requirements, can network structure; At the same time, some manufacturers of individual products do not support the expansion module directives, in software development, we must pay attention to. When using such simulation module temperature, some of the manufacturers, see related technical manuals. Many types of companies expansion modules, such as single-input modules, single output modules, input output modules, temperature modules, high-speed input module. This modular design Plcproduct development provided for the convenience of users.When using a Plc network design, its much more difficult to control than single Plc. First you should choose their own more familiar type, its basic instructions and a more in-depth understanding of the functional commands, and the speed and direction of the implementation of storage capacity users should also be careful about the procedure. Otherwise, you can not adapt to the real-time requirements, resulting in the collapse of the system. In addition to communications interfaces, communication protocols, data transmission speed should also be considered. Finally, we must seek to Plc businessmen network design and software technical support and detailed technical information for the selection of several workstations in your system size.In the preparation of the software, should first become familiar with the use of Plc software products specification, the question skilled later programming. If using graphical programming device or software package programming may direct programming, if using hand-held programming device programming, should be painted Trapezoid Chart before programming, so can less mistakes speed was fast. After the first air conditioning programming procedures to be normal functioning of all, again in equipment debugging.洗衣机与PLC浅谈洗衣机之所以能兼具洗条和脱水的功能，是因为它有一个双层水槽。